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Johri N, Matreja PS, Agarwal S, Nagar P, Kumar D, Maurya A. Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Activated Protein C (APC) in Mitigating Reperfusion Injury and Cardiac Ischemia: a Promising Avenue for Novel Therapeutic Interventions. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:345-355. [PMID: 37851312 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, which results from plaque formation in the coronary arteries, hinders the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart, leading to ischemia. Reperfusion injury remains a significant challenge for researchers, and the mechanisms underlying myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) are not entirely understood. The review directs future research into potential targets in clinical treatment based on our present understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of MIRI. The study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying MIRI and offers direction for future research in this area. The use of targeted therapies may hold promise in improving cardiac function in the elderly and minimizing the adverse effects of revascularization therapies. The purpose of this review is to analyze the role of activated protein C (APC) in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and discuss the potential of APC-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Johri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- School of Health & Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Prithpal S Matreja
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalabh Agarwal
- Department of Cardiology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Nagar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepanshu Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mavridis T, Choratta T, Papadopoulou A, Sawafta A, Archontakis-Barakakis P, Laou E, Sakellakis M, Chalkias A. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs): Biology and Therapeutic Potential in Perioperative Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0. [PMID: 38326662 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is a devastating complication that occurs during surgery or within 30 days following the surgical procedure. Its prevalence ranges from 0.08 to 10% although it is most likely an underestimation, as sedatives and narcotics can substantially mask symptomatology and clinical presentation. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are of paramount importance. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a unique family of G-protein-coupled receptors, are widely expressed throughout the human body and play essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This review elucidates the biology and significance of PARs, outlining their diverse functions in health and disease, and their intricate involvement in cerebrovascular (patho)physiology and neuroprotection. PARs exhibit a dual role in cerebral ischemia, which underscores their potential as therapeutic targets to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Mavridis
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital (TUH)/The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin, D24 NR0A, Ireland
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Choratta
- Department of General Surgery, Metaxa Hospital, 18537, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Androniki Papadopoulou
- Department of Anesthesiology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, 54635, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assaf Sawafta
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larisa, 41110, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Laou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 15773, Athens, Greece
| | - Minas Sakellakis
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center-North Central Bronx Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Athanasios Chalkias
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5158, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Ruf L, Bukowska A, Gardemann A, Goette A. Coagulation Factor Xa Has No Effects on the Expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 and No Proinflammatory Effects on HL-1 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2849. [PMID: 38132169 PMCID: PMC10741780 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), characterised by irregular high-frequency contractions of the atria of the heart, is of increasing clinical importance. The reasons are the increasing prevalence and thromboembolic complications caused by AF. So-called atrial remodelling is characterised, among other things, by atrial dilatation and fibrotic remodelling. As a result, AF is self-sustaining and forms a procoagulant state. But hypercoagulation not only appears to be the consequence of AF. Coagulation factors can exert influence on cells via protease-activated receptors (PAR) and thereby the procoagulation state could contribute to the development and maintenance of AF. In this work, the influence of FXa on Heart Like-1 (HL-1) cells, which are murine adult atrial cardiomyocytes (immortalized), was investigated. PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4 expression was detected. After incubations with FXa (5-50 nM; 4-24 h) or PAR1- and PAR2-agonists (20 µM; 4-24 h), no changes occurred in PAR expression or in the inflammatory signalling cascade. There were no time- or concentration-dependent changes in the phosphorylation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 or the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In addition, there was no change in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, fibronectin). Thus, FXa has no direct PAR-dependent effects on HL-1 cells. Future studies should investigate the influence of FXa on human cardiomyocytes or on other cardiac cell types like fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ruf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alicja Bukowska
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Gardemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Goette
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Vincenz-Hospital Paderborn, Am Busdorf 2, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Li S, Wang W, Lin L, Yang L, Cai Y, Yang X, Zhang T, Xiao C, Yan H, Gao N, Zhao J. Oligosaccharide Blocks PAR1 (Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1)-PAR4-Mediated Platelet Activation by Binding to Thrombin Exosite II and Impairs Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:253-266. [PMID: 36519467 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inappropriate activation and aggregation of platelets can lead to arterial thrombosis. Thrombin is the most potent platelet agonist that activates human platelets via two PARs (proteinase-activated receptors), PAR1 and PAR4. The aim is to study the activity and mechanism of an oligosaccharide HS-11 (the undecasaccharide, derived from sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata) in inhibiting thrombin-mediated platelet activation and aggregation and to evaluate its antithrombotic activity. METHODS Platelet activation was analyzed by detecting CD62P/P-selectin expression using flow cytometry. The HS-11-thrombin interaction and the binding site were studied by biolayer interferometry. Intracellular Ca2+ mobilization of platelets was measured by FLIPR Tetra System using Fluo-4 AM (Fluo-4 acetoxymethyl). Platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, and bleeding Assay were assessed. RESULTS An oligosaccharide HS-11, depolymerized from fucosylated glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata blocks the interaction of thrombin with PAR1 and PAR4 complex by directly binding to thrombin exosite II, and completely inhibits platelet signal transduction, including intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, HS-11 potently inhibits thrombin-PARs-mediated platelet aggregation and reduces thrombus formation in a model of ex vivo thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS The study firstly report that the fucosylated glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharide has antiplatelet activity by binding to thrombin exosite II, and demonstrates that thrombin exosite II plays an important role in the simultaneous activation of PAR1 and PAR4, which may be a potential antithrombotic target for effective treatment of arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.).,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (S.L., W.W., L.L., Y.C., T.Z.)
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.).,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (S.L., W.W., L.L., Y.C., T.Z.)
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.).,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (S.L., W.W., L.L., Y.C., T.Z.)
| | - Lian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.)
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.).,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (S.L., W.W., L.L., Y.C., T.Z.)
| | - Xingzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.)
| | - Taocui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.).,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (S.L., W.W., L.L., Y.C., T.Z.)
| | - Chuang Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, China (C.X.)
| | - Hui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.)
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China (N.G., J.Z.)
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (S.L., W.W., L.L., L.Y., Y.C., X.Y., T.Z., H.Y., J.Z.).,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China (N.G., J.Z.)
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Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Protects SMA560 Astrocytes Against Thrombin-Induced Cell Death by Improving Mitochondrial Function. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin activation after cerebral hemorrhage induces the death of neurons and astrocytes. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) shows nutritional functions and cell protection. This study aimed to clarify the protective effects of PQQ on thrombin-induced cell death in astrocytes. Murine SMA560 astrocytoma cells were used in this study. The cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assay. The changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed by CellROX® Deep Red and JC-1, respectively. The expression of apoptotic genes was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Thrombin dose- and time-dependently induced SMA560 cell death. PQQ significantly repressed thrombin-induced SMA560 cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Thrombin led to the diminishment of MMP, increased production of ROS, and the upregulated expression of apoptotic genes including c-Jun, TP53, Bim, Puma, and Noxa in SMA560 cells. Meanwhile, PQQ treatment significantly attenuated the effects of thrombin on ROS, MMP, and gene expression in SMA560 cells. In conclusion, PQQ protects SMA560 astrocytes against thrombin-induced cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function in vitro.
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Yu X, Li S, Zhu X, Kong Y. Inhibitors of protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4): a review of recent patents (2013-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:153-170. [PMID: 35081321 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2034786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4), belonging to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), is expressed on the surface of Human platelets, and the activation of it can lead to platelets aggregation. Studies demonstrated that PAR4 inhibition protect mice from arterial/arteriolar thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and cerebral infarct, while do not affect the haemostatic responses integrity. Therefore, PAR4 has been a promising target for the development of anti-thrombotic agents. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent patents and literature on PAR4 and their application published between 2013 and 2021. EXPERT OPINION PAR4 is a promising anti-thrombotic target and PAR4 inhibitors are important biologically active compounds for the treatment of thrombosis. Most the recent patents and literature focus on PAR4 selective inhibitors, and BMS-986120 and BMS-986141, which were developed by BMS, have entered clinical trials. With the deep understanding of the crystal structures and biological functions of PAR4, we believe that many other novel types of molecules targeting PAR4 would enter the clinical studies or the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Yu
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
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7
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Tarandovskiy ID, Buehler PW, Karnaukhova E. C1-inhibitor influence on platelet activation by thrombin receptors agonists. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2022; 28:10760296221120422. [PMID: 35996317 PMCID: PMC9421059 DOI: 10.1177/10760296221120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease activated receptors 1 (PAR1) and 4 (PAR4) agonists are used to study platelet activation. Data on platelet activation are extrapolated across experimental settings. C1-inhibitor (C1INH) is a protease inhibitor present in plasma but not in isolated platelet suspensions. Here we show that C1INH affects platelet activation through PAR1 and PAR4 agonists. METHODS Platelets were isolated from healthy donor whole blood and then labeled with anti-CD62P and PAC1 antibodies. The platelet suspensions were exposed to PAR1 agonists SFLLRN, TFLLR and TFLLRN; PAR4 agonists AYPGKF and GYPGQV; ADP and thrombin. Flow-cytometric measurements were performed in 5, 10 and 15 min after activation. RESULTS 0.25 mg/ml C1INH addition made platelets to faster expose CD62P and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex after activation with PAR1 agonists. Conversely, C1INH addition led to inhibition of platelet activation with PAR4 agonists and thrombin. Activation with ADP was not affected by C1INH. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that C1INH can modify platelet activation in the presence of synthetic PAR agonists used in platelet research. These observations may be relevant to the development of new methods to assess platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Tarandovskiy
- Hemostasis Branch, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Department of Pathology and The Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Karnaukhova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Lucchesi A, Napolitano R, Bochicchio MT, Giordano G, Napolitano M. Platelets Contribution to Thrombin Generation in Philadelphia-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: The "Circulating Wound" Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111343. [PMID: 34768772 PMCID: PMC8583863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current cytoreductive and antithrombotic strategies in MPNs are mostly based on cell counts and on patient's demographic and clinical history. Despite the numerous studies conducted on platelet function and on the role of plasma factors, an accurate and reliable method to dynamically quantify the hypercoagulability states of these conditions is not yet part of clinical practice. Starting from our experience, and after having sifted through the literature, we propose an in-depth narrative report on the contribution of the clonal platelets of MPNs-rich in tissue factor (TF)-in promoting a perpetual procoagulant mechanism. The whole process results in an unbalanced generation of thrombin and is self-maintained by Protease Activated Receptors (PARs). We chose to define this model as a "circulating wound", as it indisputably links the coagulation, inflammation, and fibrotic progression of the disease, in analogy with what happens in some solid tumours. The platelet contribution to thrombin generation results in triggering a vicious circle supported by the PARs/TGF-beta axis. PAR antagonists could therefore be a good option for target therapy, both to contain the risk of vascular events and to slow the progression of the disease towards end-stage forms. Both the new and old strategies, however, will require tools capable of measuring procoagulant or prohaemorrhagic states in a more extensive and dynamic way to favour a less empirical management of MPNs and their potential clinical complications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Assay
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Fibrinogen/metabolism
- Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thrombin/biosynthesis
- Thrombophilia/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Lucchesi
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Roberta Napolitano
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Teresa Bochicchio
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Giulio Giordano
- Internal Medicine Division, Hematology Service, Regional Hospital “A. Cardarelli”, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Mariasanta Napolitano
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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Fan L, Zhu X, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Seidner DL, Ness R, Murff HJ, Yu C, Huang X, Shrubsole MJ, Hou L, Dai Q. Magnesium treatment on methylation changes of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Nutrition 2021; 89:111340. [PMID: 34116393 PMCID: PMC8102075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 requires host-expressed TMPRSS2 to facilitate the viral spike protein priming. This study aims to test the hypothesis that magnesium (Mg) treatment leads to DNA methylation changes in TMPRSS2. METHODS This study is nested within the Personalized Prevention of Colorectal Cancer Trial, a double-blind 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial, which enrolled 250 participants from Vanderbilt University Medical Center. RESULTS We found that 12 wk of personalized Mg treatment significantly increased 5-methylcytosine methylation at cg16371860 (TSS1500, promoter) by 7.2% compared to the placebo arm (decreased by 0.1%) in those ages < 65 y. The difference remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, and baseline methylation as well as correction for false discovery rate (adjusted P = 0.014). Additionally, Mg treatment significantly reduced 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels at cg26337277 (close proximity to TSS200 and the 5' untranslated region, promoter) by 2.3% compared to an increase of 7.1% in the placebo arm after adjusting for covariates in those ages < 65 y (P = 0.003). The effect remained significant at a false discovery rate of 0.10 (adjusted P = 0.088). CONCLUSIONS Among individuals ages < 65 y with calcium-to-magnesium intake ratios equal to or over 2.6, reducing the ratio to around 2.3 increased 5-methylcytosine modifications (i.e., cg16371860) and reduced 5-hydroxymethylcytosine modifications (i.e., cg26337277) in the TMPRSS2 gene. These findings, if confirmed, provide another mechanism for the role of Mg intervention in the prevention of COVID-19 and treatment of early and mild disease by modifying the phenotype of the TMPRSS2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiangzhu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Douglas L Seidner
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease and Surgical Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Reid Ness
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Harvey J Murff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Liu S, Yuan D, Li S, Xie R, Kong Y, Zhu X. Synthesis and evaluation of novel and potent protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonists based on a quinazolin-4(3H)-one scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113764. [PMID: 34391031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is an important target in antiplatelet therapy to reduce the risk of heart attack and thrombotic complications in stroke. PAR4 antagonists can prevent harmful and stable thrombus growth, while retaining initial thrombus formation, by acting on the late diffusion stage of platelet aggregation, and may provide a safer alternative to other antiplatelet agents. To date, only two PAR4 antagonists, BMS-986120 and BMS-986141 have entered clinical trials for thrombosis. Thus, the development of a potent and selective PAR4 antagonist with a novel chemotype is highly desirable. In this study, we explored the activity of quinazolin-4(3H)-one-based PAR4 antagonists, beginning with their IDT analogues. By repeated structural optimisation, we developed a series of highly selective PAR4 antagonists with nanomolar potency on human platelets. Of these, 13 and 30g, with an 8-benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one structure, showed optimal activity (h. PAR4-AP PRP IC50 = 19.6 nM and 6.59 nM, respectively) on human platelets. Furthermore, 13 and 30g showed excellent selectivity for PAR4 versus PAR1 and other receptors (IC50s > 10 μM) on human platelets. And 13 and 30g were lack of cross-reactivity for PAR1 or PAR2 (PAR1 AP FLIPR IC50 > 3162 nM, PAR2 AP FLIPR IC50 > 1000 nM) in the calcium mobilization assays. Metabolic stability assays and cytotoxicity tests of 13 and 30g indicated that these compounds could sever as promising drug candidates for the development of novel PAR4 antagonists. In summary, the quinazolin-4(3H)-one-based analogues are the first reported chemotypes with excellent activity and selectivity against PAR4, and, in the current study, we expanded the structural diversity of PAR4 antagonists. The two compounds, 13 and 30g, found in our study could be promising starting points with great potential for further research in antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangde Liu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Duo Yuan
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Roujie Xie
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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11
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Fan L, Zhu X, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Seidner DL, Ness R, Murff HJ, Yu C, Huang X, Shrubsole MJ, Hou L, Dai Q. Magnesium Treatment on Methylation Changes of Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.11.21253287. [PMID: 33758885 PMCID: PMC7987044 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.11.21253287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 requires host-expressed TMPRSS2 to facilitate the viral spike (S) protein priming. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that Mg treatment leads to DNA methylation changes in TMPRSS2 . METHODS This study is nested within the Personalized Prevention of Colorectal Cancer Trial (PPCCT), a double-blind 2×2 factorial randomized controlled trial, which enrolled 250 participants from Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Target doses for both Mg and placebo arms were personalized. RESULTS We found that 12-week of personalized Mg treatment significantly increased 5-mC methylation at cg16371860 (TSS1500, promoter) by 7.2% compared to placebo arm (decreased by 0.1%) in those aged < 65 years old. The difference remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex and baseline methylation as well as FDR correction (FDR-adjusted P =0.014). Additionally, Mg treatment significantly reduced 5-hmC level at cg26337277 (close proximity to TSS200 and 5'UTR, promoter) by 2.3% compared to increases by 7.1% in the placebo arm after adjusting for covariates in those aged < 65 years old ( P =0.003). The effect remained significant at FDR of 0.10 (adjusted P value=0.088). CONCLUSION Among individuals aged younger than 65 years with the Ca:Mg intake ratios equal to or over 2.6, reducing Ca:Mg ratios to around 2.3 increased 5-mC modifications (i.e. cg16371860) and reduced 5-hmC modifications (i.e. cg26337277) in the TMPRSS2 gene. These findings, if confirmed, provide another mechanism for the role of Mg intervention for the prevention of COVID-19 and treatment of early and mild disease by modifying the phenotype of the TMPRSS2 genotype.
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12
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Han X, Nieman MT, Kerlin BA. Protease-activated receptors: An illustrated review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 5:17-26. [PMID: 33537526 PMCID: PMC7845062 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important regulators of cell behavior, survival, and apoptosis. They communicate to cells directly through a special class of G‐protein–coupled receptors known as protease‐activated receptors (PARs). N‐terminal PAR proteolysis unmasks a neo‐N‐terminus, which serves as a tethered ligand to activate PARs. Using this unique irreversible activation mechanism, PARs relay information across cell membranes. The year 2020 is the 30th year since discovery of the first member of this family, PAR1. In this illustrated review, we highlight achievements in the PAR field over the past 3 decades. Additionally, the known expression profiles of PARs in human tissues and across species are portrayed. We also illustrate the tethered ligand activation mechanism, which is unique to PARs, and PAR regulatory mechanisms. PAR1 was originally named “thrombin receptor” because thrombin was the first protease identified to activate PAR1. However, over the past 30 years, a growing number of proteases have been found to cleave PARs and trigger differential downstream signaling depending on cleavage site, cell type, and species. We exemplify the diversity of PAR1‐mediated signaling outcomes in platelets and endothelial cells as pertinent examples to the hemostasis, thrombosis, and vascular biology fields. Further, the termination and regulation of PAR signaling via endocytosis and currently available pharmacologic approaches are depicted. We conclude with portrayal of clinically translational aspects of PAR biology including pharmacologic manipulation and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Bryce A Kerlin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus OH USA.,Department of Pediatrics The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus OH USA
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13
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Liu S, Li S, Yuan D, Wang E, Xie R, Zhang W, Kong Y, Zhu X. Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonists: Research progress on small molecules in the field of antiplatelet agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112893. [PMID: 33049608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a key target in antiplatelet medication to reduce the risk of heart attack and thrombotic complications in stroke. PAR4 antagonists can prevent harmful and stable thrombus growth while retaining initial thrombus formation by acting on the late diffusion stage of platelet activation, which may provide a safer alternative than other antiplatelet agents. Currently, research on PAR4 antagonists is of increasing interest in the field of antiplatelet agents. This article provides an overview of the discovery and development of small-molecule antagonists of PAR4 as novel antiplatelet agents, including structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, progress of structure and bioassay optimization, and the latest structural and/or clinical information of representative small-molecule antagonists of PAR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangde Liu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Duo Yuan
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Enmao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Roujie Xie
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal & Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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14
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Solà-Tapias N, Vergnolle N, Denadai-Souza A, Barreau F. The Interplay Between Genetic Risk Factors and Proteolytic Dysregulation in the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1149-1161. [PMID: 32090263 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC] are the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Previous studies reported increased levels of proteolytic activity in stool and tissue samples from IBD patients, whereas the re-establishment of the proteolytic balance abrogates the development of experimental colitis. Furthermore, recent data suggest that IBD occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who develop an abnormal immune response to intestinal microbes once exposed to environmental triggers. In this review, we highlight the role of proteases in IBD pathophysiology, and we showcase how the main cellular pathways associated with IBD influence proteolytic unbalance and how functional proteomics are allowing the unambiguous identification of dysregulated proteases in IBD, paving the way to the development of new protease inhibitors as a new potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Solà-Tapias
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexandre Denadai-Souza
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédérick Barreau
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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15
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Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors. Thromb Res 2020; 196:87-98. [PMID: 32853981 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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16
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Platelets in Healthy and Disease States: From Biomarkers Discovery to Drug Targets Identification by Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124541. [PMID: 32630608 PMCID: PMC7352998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are a heterogeneous small anucleate blood cell population with a central role both in physiological haemostasis and in pathological states, spanning from thrombosis to inflammation, and cancer. Recent advances in proteomic studies provided additional important information concerning the platelet biology and the response of platelets to several pathophysiological pathways. Platelets circulate systemically and can be easily isolated from human samples, making proteomic application very interesting for characterizing the complexity of platelet functions in health and disease as well as for identifying and quantifying potential platelet proteins as biomarkers and novel antiplatelet therapeutic targets. To date, the highly dynamic protein content of platelets has been studied in resting and activated platelets, and several subproteomes have been characterized including platelet-derived microparticles, platelet granules, platelet releasates, platelet membrane proteins, and specific platelet post-translational modifications. In this review, a critical overview is provided on principal platelet proteomic studies focused on platelet biology from signaling to granules content, platelet proteome changes in several diseases, and the impact of drugs on platelet functions. Moreover, recent advances in quantitative platelet proteomics are discussed, emphasizing the importance of targeted quantification methods for more precise, robust and accurate quantification of selected proteins, which might be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, and their strong clinical impact in the near future.
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17
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Rayees S, Joshi JC, Tauseef M, Anwar M, Baweja S, Rochford I, Joshi B, Hollenberg MD, Reddy SP, Mehta D. PAR2-Mediated cAMP Generation Suppresses TRPV4-Dependent Ca 2+ Signaling in Alveolar Macrophages to Resolve TLR4-Induced Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:793-805.e4. [PMID: 30995477 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs), upon sensing pathogens, trigger host defense by activating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), but the counterbalancing mechanisms that deactivate AM inflammatory signaling and prevent lethal edema, the hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI), remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate the essential role of AM protease-activating receptor 2 (PAR2) in rapidly suppressing inflammation to prevent long-lasting injury. We show that thrombin, released during TLR4-induced lung injury, directly activates PAR2 to generate cAMP, which abolishes Ca2+ entry through the TRPV4 channel. Deletion of PAR2 and thus the accompanying cAMP generation augments Ca2+ entry via TRPV4, causing sustained activation of the transcription factor NFAT to produce long-lasting TLR4-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Rescuing thrombin-sensitive PAR2 expression or blocking TRPV4 activity in PAR2-null AMs restores their capacity to resolve inflammation and reverse lung injury. Thus, activation of the thrombin-induced PAR2-cAMP cascade in AMs suppresses TLR4 inflammatory signaling to reinstate tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Rayees
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jagdish Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad Tauseef
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sukriti Baweja
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ian Rochford
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bhagwati Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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de la Fuente M, Han X, Miyagi M, Nieman MT. Expression and Purification of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4) and Analysis with Histidine Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange. Biochemistry 2020; 59:671-681. [PMID: 31957446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolysis of the N-terminus, which exposes a tethered ligand that interacts with the receptor. Numerous studies have focused on the signaling pathways mediated by PARs. However, the structural basis for initiation of these pathways is unknown. Here, we describe a strategy for the expression and purification of PAR4. This is the first PAR family member to be isolated without stabilizing modifications for biophysical studies. We monitored PAR4 activation with histidine hydrogen-deuterium exchange. PAR4 has nine histidines that are spaced throughout the protein, allowing a global view of solvent accessible and nonaccessible regions. Peptides containing each of the nine His residues were used to determine the t1/2 for each His residue in apo or thrombin-activated PAR4. The thrombin-cleaved PAR4 exhibited a 2-fold increase (p > 0.01) in t1/2 values observed for four histidine residues (His180, His229, His240, and His380), demonstrating that these regions have decreased solvent accessibility upon thrombin treatment. In agreement, thrombin-cleaved PAR4 also was resistant to thermolysin digestion. In contrast, the rate of thermolysin proteolysis following stimulation with the PAR4 activation peptide was the same as that of unstimulated PAR4. Further analysis showed the C-terminus is protected in thrombin-activated PAR4 compared to uncleaved or agonist peptide-treated PAR4. The studies described here are the first to examine the tethered ligand activation mechanism for a PAR family member biophysically and shed light on the overall conformational changes that follow activation of PARs by a protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de la Fuente
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-4965 , United States
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19
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Lu N, Meng F, Yuan J, Liu L, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao T, Xu W, Tang L, Xu Y. Characterizing the interaction modes of PAR4 receptor with agonist and antagonist by molecular simulation approach. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633619500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a promising target for antiplatelet therapy. In this study, homology modeling and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the binding modes of PAR4 agonists and antagonists. The outcomes show that agonists have good docking scores, and they also form more hydrogen bonds with PAR4 than antagonists. To reveal the different conformational changes caused by agonist and antagonist, molecular dynamic simulations were carried out on three selected PAR4 systems. Simulation results show that PAR4 activation involves breaking interactions of 3–7 lock switch (Try157 and Tyr322) and ionic lock switch (Arg188 and Asp173), and formation of transmission switch among Tyr161, Asn300 and Phe296. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the major change for agonist bound system takes place in the intracellular region while that for antagonist bound system is in the extracellular region. The binding free energy of BMS-986120 is much lower than AYPGKF, suggesting high affinity of antagonist. Moreover, the electronegative aspartic residues Asp230 and Asp235 at ECL2 are important for PAR4 binding to agonist. Clarifying the PAR4 structural characteristics may be helpful to understand the activation mechanism, giving insights into the molecular design and discovery of novel potential PAR4 antagonists in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Yanshi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lida Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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20
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Hu M, Liu P, Liu Y, Yue M, Wang Y, Wang S, Chen X, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Hu X, Ke Y, Hu H. Platelet Shp2 negatively regulates thrombus stability under high shear stress. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:220-231. [PMID: 30444570 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Shp2 negatively regulates thrombus stability under pathological shear rate. Shp2 suppresses TXA2 receptor-mediated platelet dense granule secretion. Through αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling, Shp2 targets calmodulin-dependent activation of Akt. Shp2 may serve to prevent the formation of unwanted occlusive thrombi. SUMMARY: Background Perpetuation is the final phase of thrombus formation; however, its mechanisms and regulation are poorly understood. Objective To investigate the mechanism of Shp2 in platelet function and thrombosis. Methods and results We demonstrate that the platelet-expressed Src homology region 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 is a negative regulator of thrombus stability under high shear stress. In a ferric chloride-induced mesenteric arteriole thrombosis model, megakaryocyte/platelet-specific Shp2-deficient mice showed less thrombi shedding than wild-type mice, although their occlusion times were comparable. In accordance with this in vivo phenotype, a microfluidic whole-blood perfusion assay revealed that the thrombi formed on collagen surfaces by Shp2-deficient platelets were more stable under high shear rates than those produced by wild-type platelets. Whereas Shp2 deficiency did not alter platelet responsiveness towards thrombin, ADP and collagen stimulation, Shp2-deficient platelets showed increased dense granule secretion when stimulated by the thromboxane A2 analog U46619. Shp2 appears to act downstream of integrin αIIb β3 outside-in signaling, inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473 and Thr308) and dense granule secretion. Calmodulin was also shown to bind both Shp2 and Akt, linking Shp2 to Akt activation. Conclusions Platelet Shp2 negatively regulates thrombus perpetuation under high shear stress. This signaling pathway may constitute an important mechanism for the prevention of unwanted occlusive thrombus formation, without dramatically interfering with hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
| | - P Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
| | - M Yue
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
| | - S Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
| | - X Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
| | - J Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy
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21
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Han X, Nieman MT. PAR4 (Protease-Activated Receptor 4): PARticularly Important 4 Antiplatelet Therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:287-289. [PMID: 29367229 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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22
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Suzuki S, Lis A, Schmitz C, Penner R, Fleig A. The TRPM7 kinase limits receptor-induced calcium release by regulating heterotrimeric G-proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3069-3078. [PMID: 29500477 PMCID: PMC6033657 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The melastatin-related transient receptor potential member 7 (TRPM7) is a unique fusion protein with both ion channel function and enzymatic α-kinase activity. TRPM7 is essential for cellular systemic magnesium homeostasis and early embryogenesis; it promotes calcium transport during global brain ischemia and emerges as a key player in cancer growth. TRPM7 channels are negatively regulated through G-protein-coupled receptor-stimulation, either by reducing cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or depleting phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) levels in the plasma membrane. We here identify that heterologous overexpression of human TRPM7-K1648R mutant will lead to disruption of protease or purinergic receptor-induced calcium release. The disruption occurs at the level of Gq, which requires intact TRPM7 kinase phosphorylation activity for orderly downstream signal transduction to activate phospholipase (PLC)β and cause calcium release. We propose that this mechanism may support limiting GPCR-mediated calcium signaling in times of insufficient cellular ATP supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Suzuki
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Queen's Medical Center, 1301 Punchbowl St., Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Annette Lis
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Queen's Medical Center, 1301 Punchbowl St., Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmitz
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Reinhold Penner
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Queen's Medical Center, 1301 Punchbowl St., Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Andrea Fleig
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Queen's Medical Center, 1301 Punchbowl St., Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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Tourdot BE, Stoveken H, Trumbo D, Yeung J, Kanthi Y, Edelstein LC, Bray PF, Tall GG, Holinstat M. Genetic Variant in Human PAR (Protease-Activated Receptor) 4 Enhances Thrombus Formation Resulting in Resistance to Antiplatelet Therapeutics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1632-1643. [PMID: 29748334 PMCID: PMC6023764 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet activation after stimulation of PAR (protease-activated receptor) 4 is heightened in platelets from blacks compared with those from whites. The difference in PAR4 signaling by race is partially explained by a single-nucleotide variant in PAR4 encoding for either an alanine or threonine at amino acid 120 in the second transmembrane domain. The current study sought to determine whether the difference in PAR4 signaling by this PAR4 variant is because of biased Gq signaling and whether the difference in PAR4 activity results in resistance to traditional antiplatelet intervention. APPROACH AND RESULTS Membranes expressing human PAR4-120 variants were reconstituted with either Gq or G13 to determine the kinetics of G protein activation. The kinetics of Gq and G13 activation were both increased in membranes expressing PAR4-Thr120 compared with those expressing PAR4-Ala120. Further, inhibiting PAR4-mediated platelet activation by targeting COX (cyclooxygenase) and P2Y12 receptor was less effective in platelets from subjects expressing PAR4-Thr120 compared with PAR4-Ala120. Additionally, ex vivo thrombus formation in whole blood was evaluated at high shear to determine the relationship between PAR4 variant expression and response to antiplatelet drugs. Ex vivo thrombus formation was enhanced in blood from subjects expressing PAR4-Thr120 in the presence or absence of antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data support that the signaling difference by the PAR4-120 variant results in the enhancement of both Gq and G13 activation and an increase in thrombus formation resulting in a potential resistance to traditional antiplatelet therapies targeting COX-1 and the P2Y12 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Tourdot
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Hannah Stoveken
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Derek Trumbo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Jennifer Yeung
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K., M.H.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, MI (Y.K.)
| | - Leonard C Edelstein
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (L.C.E.)
| | - Paul F Bray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (P.F.B.)
| | - Gregory G Tall
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.)
| | - Michael Holinstat
- From the Department of Pharmacology (B.E.T., H.S., D.T., J.Y., G.G.T., M.H.) .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K., M.H.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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24
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Han X, Nieman MT. Protease activated receptor 4: a backup receptor or a dark horse as a target in antiplatelet therapy? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:56. [PMID: 29610748 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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25
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Morikawa Y, Kato H, Kashiwagi H, Nishiura N, Akuta K, Honda S, Kanakura Y, Tomiyama Y. Protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) variant influences on platelet reactivity induced by PAR4-activating peptide through altered Ca 2+ mobilization and ERK phosphorylation in healthy Japanese subjects. Thromb Res 2018; 162:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Lê VB, Riteau B, Alessi MC, Couture C, Jandrot-Perrus M, Rhéaume C, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Protease-activated receptor 1 inhibition protects mice against thrombin-dependent respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:388-403. [PMID: 29105740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. However, its role remains controversial. The goal of our study was to investigate the contribution of PAR1 to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacological approaches were used to investigate the role of PAR1 during RSV and hMPV infection, in vitro using epithelial A549 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of virus infection. KEY RESULTS In vitro, the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-56110 reduced the replication of RSV and hMPV in A549 cells. In agreement with these results, RWJ-56110-treated mice were protected against RSV and hMPV infections, as indicated by less weight loss and mortality. This protective effect in mice correlated with decreased lung viral replication and inflammation. In contrast, hMPV-infected mice treated with the PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2 showed increased mortality, as compared to infected mice, which were left untreated. Thrombin generation was shown to occur downstream of PAR1 activation in infected mice via tissue factor exposure as part of the inflammatory response, and thrombin inhibition by argatroban reduced the pathogenicity of the infection with no additive effect to that induced by PAR1 inhibition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data show that PAR1 plays a detrimental role during RSV and hMPV infections in mice via, at least, a thrombin-dependent mechanism. Thus, the use of PAR1 antagonists and thrombin inhibitors may have potential as a novel approach for the treatment of RSV and hMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Ba Lê
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Béatrice Riteau
- UMR INSERM U1062/INRA 1260/AMU, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomy-Pathology, Laval University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Budnik I, Shenkman B, Hauschner H, Zilinsky I, Savion N. Role of heterotrimeric G proteins in platelet activation and clot formation in platelets treated with integrin αIIbβ3 inhibitor. Platelets 2017; 29:265-269. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1295136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Budnik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Shenkman
- National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hagit Hauschner
- Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Isaac Zilinsky
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Naphtali Savion
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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28
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Budnik I, Shenkman B, Savion N. Role of G protein signaling in the formation of the fibrin(ogen)–integrin αIIbβ3–actin cytoskeleton complex in platelets. Platelets 2016; 27:563-75. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1147544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Budnik
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute and the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Shenkman
- National Hemophilia Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Naphtali Savion
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute and the Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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29
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Tillery LC, Epperson TA, Eguchi S, Motley ED. Featured Article: Differential regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation by protease-activated receptors in adult human endothelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:569-80. [PMID: 26729042 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215622584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors have been shown to regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase through the phosphorylation of specific sites on the enzyme. It has been established that PAR-2 activation phosphorylates eNOS-Ser-1177 and leads to the production of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide, while PAR-1 activation phosphorylates eNOS-Thr-495 and decreases nitric oxide production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In this study, we hypothesize a differential coupling of protease-activated receptors to the signaling pathways that regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production in primary adult human coronary artery endothelial cells. Using Western Blot analysis, we showed that thrombin and the PAR-1 activating peptide, TFLLR, lead to the phosphorylation of eNOS-Ser-1177 in human coronary artery endothelial cells, which was blocked by SCH-79797 (SCH), a PAR-1 inhibitor. Using the nitrate/nitrite assay, we also demonstrated that the thrombin- and TFLLR-induced production of nitric oxide was inhibited by SCH and L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor. In addition, we observed that TFLLR, unlike thrombin, significantly phosphorylated eNOS-Thr-495, which may explain the observed delay in nitric oxide production in comparison to that of thrombin. Activation of PAR-2 by SLIGRL, a PAR-2 specific ligand, leads to dual phosphorylation of both catalytic sites but primarily regulated eNOS-Thr-495 phosphorylation with no change in nitric oxide production in human coronary artery endothelial cells. PAR-3, known as the non-signaling receptor, was activated by TFRGAP, a PAR-3 mimicking peptide, and significantly induced the phosphorylation of eNOS-Thr-495 with minimal phosphorylation of eNOS-Ser-1177 with no change in nitric oxide production. In addition, we confirmed that PAR-mediated eNOS-Ser-1177 phosphorylation was Ca(2+)-dependent using the Ca(2+) chelator, BAPTA, while eNOS-Thr-495 phosphorylation was mediated via Rho kinase using the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, suggesting protease-activated receptor coupling to Gq and G12/13, respectively. These data suggest a vascular bed specific differential coupling of protease-activated receptors to the signaling pathways that regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production that may be responsible for endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakeisha C Tillery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Tenille A Epperson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Evangeline D Motley
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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30
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Thrombin-induced reactive oxygen species generation in platelets: A novel role for protease-activated receptor 4 and GPIbα. Redox Biol 2015; 6:640-647. [PMID: 26569550 PMCID: PMC4656914 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are essential for maintaining haemostasis and play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Upon ligation of platelet receptors through subendothelial matrix proteins, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, further amplifying the platelet activation response. Thrombin, a potent platelet activator, can signal through GPIbα and protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR4 on human platelets, and recently has been implicated in the generation of ROS. While ROS are known to have key roles in intra-platelet signalling and subsequent platelet activation, the precise receptors and signalling pathways involved in thrombin-induced ROS generation have yet to be fully elucidated. Objective To investigate the relative contribution of platelet GPIbα and PARs to thrombin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Methods and results Highly specific antagonists targeting PAR1 and PAR4, and the GPIbα-cleaving enzyme, Naja kaouthia (Nk) protease, were used in quantitative flow cytometry assays of thrombin-induced ROS production. Antagonists of PAR4 but not PAR1, inhibited thrombin-derived ROS generation. Removal of the GPIbα ligand binding region attenuated PAR4-induced and completely inhibited thrombin-induced ROS formation. Similarly, PAR4 deficiency in mice abolished thrombin-induced ROS generation. Additionally, GPIbα and PAR4-dependent ROS formation were shown to be mediated through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) proteins. Conclusions Both GPIbα and PAR4 are required for thrombin-induced ROS formation, suggesting a novel functional cooperation between GPIbα and PAR4. Our study identifies a novel role for PAR4 in mediating thrombin-induced ROS production that was not shared by PAR1. This suggests an independent signalling pathway in platelet activation that may be targeted therapeutically. PAR4 plays an important role in platelet-derived ROS generation. Thrombin-induced ROS generation in platelets require both GPIbα and PAR4. Potential functional association between GPIbα and PAR4 receptors and mouse and human platelets. GPIbα and PAR4-dependent ROS formation is mediated through FAK and NOX1 proteins.
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