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Ragi N, Walmsley SJ, Jacobs FC, Rosenquist TA, Sidorenko VS, Yao L, Maertens LA, Weight CJ, Balbo S, Villalta PW, Turesky RJ. Screening DNA Damage in the Rat Kidney and Liver by Untargeted DNA Adductomics. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:340-360. [PMID: 38194517 PMCID: PMC10922321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution, tobacco smoke, and red meat are associated with renal cell cancer (RCC) risk in the United States and Western Europe; however, the chemicals that form DNA adducts and initiate RCC are mainly unknown. Aristolochia herbaceous plants are used for medicinal purposes in Asia and worldwide. They are a significant risk factor for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and RCC to a lesser extent. The aristolochic acid (AA) 8-methoxy-6-nitrophenanthro-[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid (AA-I), a component of Aristolochia herbs, contributes to UTUC in Asian cohorts and in Croatia, where AA-I exposure occurs from ingesting contaminated wheat flour. The DNA adduct of AA-I, 7-(2'-deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam I, is often detected in patients with UTUC, and its characteristic A:T-to-T:A mutational signature occurs in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in AA-associated UTUC. Identifying DNA adducts in the renal parenchyma and pelvis caused by other chemicals is crucial to gaining insights into unknown RCC and UTUC etiologies. We employed untargeted screening with wide-selected ion monitoring tandem mass spectrometry (wide-SIM/MS2) with nanoflow liquid chromatography/Orbitrap mass spectrometry to detect DNA adducts formed in rat kidneys and liver from a mixture of 13 environmental, tobacco, and dietary carcinogens that may contribute to RCC. Twenty DNA adducts were detected. DNA adducts of 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), an atmospheric pollutant, and AA-I were the most abundant. The nitrophenanthrene moieties of 3-NBA and AA-I undergo reduction to their N-hydroxy intermediates to form 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) adducts. We also discovered a 2'-deoxycytidine AA-I adduct and dA and dG adducts of 10-methoxy-6-nitro-phenanthro-[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid (AA-III), an AA-I isomer and minor component of the herbal extract assayed, signifying AA-III is a potent kidney DNA-damaging agent. The roles of AA-III, other nitrophenanthrenes, and nitroarenes in renal DNA damage and human RCC warrant further study. Wide-SIM/MS2 is a powerful scanning technology in DNA adduct discovery and cancer etiology characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Inesta-Vaquera F, Miyashita L, Grigg J, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Defining the in vivo mechanism of air pollutant toxicity using murine stress response biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 888:164211. [PMID: 37196967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution can cause a wide range of serious human diseases. For the informed instigation of interventions which prevent these outcomes there is an urgent need to develop robust in vivo biomarkers which provide insights into mechanisms of toxicity and relate pollutants to specific adverse outcomes. We exemplify for a first time the application of in vivo stress response reporters in establishing mechanisms of air pollution toxicity and the application of this knowledge in epidemiological studies. We first demonstrated the utility of reporter mice to understand toxicity mechanisms of air pollutants using diesel exhaust particles compounds. We observed that nitro-PAHs induced Hmox1 and CYP1a1 reporters in a time- and dose-dependent, cell- and tissue-specific manner. Using in vivo genetic and pharmacological approaches we confirmed that the NRF2 pathway mediated this Hmox1-reporter induction stress reporter activity. We then correlated the activation of stress-reporter models (oxidative stress/inflammation, DNA damage and Ah receptor -AhR- activity) with responses in primary human nasal cells exposed to chemicals present in particulate matter (PM; PM2.5-SRM2975, PM10-SRM1648b) or fresh roadside PM10. To exemplify their use in clinical studies, Pneumococcal adhesion was assessed in exposed primary human nasal epithelial cells (HPNEpC). The combined use of HPNEpC and in vivo reporters demonstrated that London roadside PM10 particles induced pneumococcal infection in HPNEpC mediated by oxidative stress responses. The combined use of in vivo reporter models with human data thus provides a robust approach to define the relationship between air pollutant exposure and health risks. Moreover, these models can be used in epidemiological studies to hazard ranking environmental pollutants by considering the complexity of mechanisms of toxicity. These data will facilitate the relationship between toxic potential and the level of pollutant exposure in populations to be established and potentially extremely valuable tools for intervention studies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Inesta-Vaquera
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | | | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
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Teng P, Shao H, Huang B, Xie J, Cui S, Wang K, Cai J. Small Molecular Mimetics of Antimicrobial Peptides as a Promising Therapy To Combat Bacterial Resistance. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2211-2234. [PMID: 36739538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinically, antibiotics are widely used to treat infectious diseases; however, excessive drug abuse and overuse exacerbate the prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, making the development of novel antibiotics extremely difficult. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is one of the most promising candidates for overcoming bacterial resistance owing to its unique structure and mechanism of action. This study examines the development of small molecular mimetics of AMPs over the past two decades. These mimetics can selectively disrupt membranes, which are the characteristic antibacterial mechanism of AMPs. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of small AMP mimetics are discussed. The small molecular mimetics of AMPs are anticipated to garner interest and investment in discovering new antibiotics. This Perspective will assist in revitalizing the golden age of antibiotics in the current era of combating bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Teng
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Haodong Shao
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Junqiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Kairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Penning TM, Su AL, El-Bayoumy K. Nitroreduction: A Critical Metabolic Pathway for Drugs, Environmental Pollutants, and Explosives. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1747-1765. [PMID: 36044734 PMCID: PMC9703362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitro group containing xenobiotics include drugs, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, carcinogens (e.g., nitroarenes and aristolochic acid) and explosives. The nitro group undergoes a six-electron reduction to form sequentially the nitroso-, N-hydroxylamino- and amino-functional groups. These reactions are catalyzed by nitroreductases which, rather than being enzymes with this sole function, are enzymes hijacked for their propensity to donate electrons to the nitro group either one at a time via a radical mechanism or two at time via the equivalent of a hydride transfer. These enzymes include: NADPH-dependent flavoenzymes (NADPH: P450 oxidoreductase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase), P450 enzymes, oxidases (aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase) and aldo-keto reductases. The hydroxylamino group once formed can undergo conjugation reactions with acetate or sulfate catalyzed by N-acetyltransferases or sulfotransferases, respectively, leading to the formation of intermediates containing a good leaving group which in turn can generate a nitrenium or carbenium ion for covalent DNA adduct formation. The intermediates in the reduction sequence are also prone to oxidation and produce reactive oxygen species. As a consequence, many nitro-containing xenobiotics can be genotoxic either by forming stable covalent adducts or by oxidatively damaging DNA. This review will focus on the general chemistry of nitroreduction, the enzymes responsible, the reduction of xenobiotic substrates, the regulation of nitroreductases, the ability of nitrocompounds to form DNA adducts and act as mutagens as well as some future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
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Bárta F, Dedíková A, Bebová M, Dušková Š, Mráz J, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Hodek P, Stiborová M. Co-Exposure to Aristolochic Acids I and II Increases DNA Adduct Formation Responsible for Aristolochic Acid I-Mediated Carcinogenicity in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910479. [PMID: 34638820 PMCID: PMC8509051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant extract aristolochic acid (AA), containing aristolochic acids I (AAI) and II (AAII) as major components, causes aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), unique renal diseases associated with upper urothelial cancer. Recently (Chemical Research in Toxicology 33(11), 2804–2818, 2020), we showed that the in vivo metabolism of AAI and AAII in Wistar rats is influenced by their co-exposure (i.e., AAI/AAII mixture). Using the same rat model, we investigated how exposure to the AAI/AAII mixture can influence AAI and AAII DNA adduct formation (i.e., AA-mediated genotoxicity). Using 32P-postlabelling, we found that AA-DNA adduct formation was increased in the livers and kidneys of rats treated with AAI/AAII mixture compared to rats treated with AAI or AAII alone. Measuring the activity of enzymes involved in AA metabolism, we showed that enhanced AA-DNA adduct formation might be caused partially by both decreased AAI detoxification as a result of hepatic CYP2C11 inhibition during treatment with AAI/AAII mixture and by hepatic or renal NQO1 induction, the key enzyme predominantly activating AA to DNA adducts. Moreover, our results indicate that AAII might act as an inhibitor of AAI detoxification in vivo. Consequently, higher amounts of AAI might remain in liver and kidney tissues, which can be reductively activated, resulting in enhanced AAI DNA adduct formation. Collectively, these results indicate that AAII present in the plant extract AA enhances the genotoxic properties of AAI (i.e., AAI DNA adduct formation). As patients suffering from AAN and BEN are always exposed to the plant extract (i.e., AAI/AAII mixture), our findings are crucial to better understanding host factors critical for AAN- and BEN-associated urothelial malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Alena Dedíková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Michaela Bebová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Šárka Dušková
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic; (Š.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic; (Š.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Heinz H. Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences Division, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Toxicology Department, GAB Consulting GmbH, Heinrich-Fuchs-Str. 96, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-432018-0
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
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Liu J, Li H, Li H, Fang S, Shi J, Chen Y, Zhong R, Liu S, Lin S. Rational Design of Dipicolylamine-Containing Carbazole Amphiphiles Combined with Zn 2+ as Potent Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents with a Membrane-Disruptive Mechanism. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10429-10444. [PMID: 34235929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become one of the most urgently important problems facing healthcare providers. A novel series of dipicolylamine-containing carbazole amphiphiles with strong Zn2+ chelating ability were synthesized, biomimicking cationic antimicrobial peptides. Effective broad-spectrum 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ was identified as the most promising antimicrobial candidate. 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 0.78-3.125 μg/mL), weak hemolytic activity, and low cytotoxicity. Time-kill kinetics and mechanism studies revealed 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ had rapid bacterial killing properties, as evidenced by disruption of the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, effectively preventing bacterial resistance development. Importantly, 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ showed excellent in vivo efficacy in a murine keratitis model caused by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027. Therefore, 16 combined with 12.5 μg/mL Zn2+ could be a promising candidate for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Haizhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shanfang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Jinguo Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Rongcui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shouping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shuimu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
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Shang D, Liu Y, Zhang J, Hu X. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of patients with urothelial carcinoma after renal transplantation by inhibiting LEF1/β-catenin signaling. Bioengineered 2020; 11:1350-1367. [PMID: 33289586 PMCID: PMC8291807 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1843834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is to investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in the progression of urothelial carcinoma (UC) after renal transplants (RT). A total of 114 UC patients were gathered, including 60 cases of primary UC and 54 cases UC after RT. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of the 54 patients with UC after RT, and immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to examine the protein expression. The proliferative ability of two UC cell lines, and 5637, were measured by WST-1 assay. Transwell system was used to analyze the migration and invasion of UC cells. PPARγ agonist Rosiglitazone and the antagonist GW9662 were used to alter the PPARγ expression. siRNA targeting LEF1 and expression vector containing full-length cDNA of LEF1 regulated the expression of LEF1. Pathway analysis indicated that PPARγ expression was significantly down regulated. Compared with normal urothelium and primary UC, the expression of PPARγ in UC was significantly decreased in RT group. PPARγ expression was correlated with tumor size, clinical stage, pathological and recurrence. PPARγ inactivates LEF1/β-catenin signaling in UC cells. PPARγ decreased the protein expression of MMP2, and calpain-2. PPARγ suppresses the proliferation, and invasion of UC cells depending on the expression of LEF1. PPARγ inhibited tumor proliferation and metastasis by inhibiting LEF1/β-catenin signaling, and the expression of PPARγ in UC after RT decreased significantly. Our findings also suggested that PPARγ may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of UC after RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Shang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Thennila M, Muthumanickam S, Sivabharathy M, Yuvaraj P, Selvakumar K. Heterogeneous Cu(I)‐SBA‐15 Mediated Catalytic Reduction of Substituted Nitroarenes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Thennila
- Research Department of Chemistry Thiagarajar College Madurai Tamilnadu 625009 India
- Department of Physics Sethu Institute of Technology Kariapatti Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu 626 115 India
| | | | - Madasamy Sivabharathy
- Department of Physics Sethu Institute of Technology Kariapatti Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu 626 115 India
| | - Paneerselvam Yuvaraj
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Branch Laboratory, Lamphelpat Imphal Manipur 795004 India
| | - Kodirajan Selvakumar
- Research Department of Chemistry Thiagarajar College Madurai Tamilnadu 625009 India
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Lin S, Liu J, Li H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Luo J, Liu S. Development of Highly Potent Carbazole Amphiphiles as Membrane-Targeting Antimicrobials for Treating Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9284-9299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuimu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Jiayong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Jiachun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shouping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P. R. China
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Carpio Arévalo JM, Feuser PE, Rossi GR, Trindade ES, da Silva Córneo E, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Sayer C, Cadena SMSC, Noleto GR, Martinez GR, Hermes de Araújo PH, Merlin Rocha ME. Preparation and characterization of 4-nitrochalcone-folic acid-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocapsules and cytotoxic activity on HeLa and NIH3T3 cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bussolaro D, Wright SL, Schnell S, Schirmer K, Bury NR, Arlt VM. Co-exposure to polystyrene plastic beads and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants in fish gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelial cells derived from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:706-714. [PMID: 30849588 PMCID: PMC6794159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic plastic (MP) particles are a ubiquitous contaminant in aquatic environments, which may bind hydrophobic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), altering their environmental fate and interactions with biota. Using rainbow trout gill (RTgill-W1) and intestinal (RTgutGC) epithelial cells we investigated the effects of polystyrene microbeads (PS-MBs; 220 nm) on the cyto- and genotoxicity of the environmental pollutants benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) over 48 h (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM). The Alamar Blue bioassay, used to assess cytotoxicity, showed that both pollutants significantly decreased cell viability by 10-20% at 10 μM in both cell lines after 48 h whereas PS-MBs (5 or 50 μg mL-1) were non-toxic. Cytotoxicity in cells treated with PS-MBs together with BaP or 3-NBA were similar to those observed after exposure to BaP or 3-NBA alone. Using the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assay 3-NBA, but not BaP, induced DNA damage in RTgutGC cells at 10 μM (∼10% tail DNA in the absence and ∼15% tail DNA in the presence of FPG versus ∼1% in controls), whereas PS-MBs alone showed no detrimental effects. Interestingly, comet formation was substantially increased (∼4-fold) when RTgutGC cells were exposed to PS-MBs (50 μg mL-1) and 10 μM 3-NBA compared to cells treated with 3-NBA alone. Further, using 32P-postlabelling we observed strong DNA adduct formation in 3-NBA-exposed RTgutGC cells (∼900 adducts/108 nucleotides). 3-NBA-derived DNA adduct formation was significantly decreased (∼20%) when RTgutGC cells were exposed to MB and 3-NBA compared to cells treated with 3-NBA alone. Our results show that PS-MBs impact on the genotoxicity of 3-NBA, causing a significant increase in DNA damage as measured by the comet assay in the intestinal cell line, providing proof of principle that MPs may alter the genotoxic potential of PAHs in fish cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bussolaro
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraná, Curitiba Campus, CEP: 80.230 - 150., Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Stephanie L Wright
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Schnell
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas R Bury
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, Neptune Quay, Ipswich, IP4 1QJ, Suffolk, United Kingdom.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King's College London in partnership with Public Health England and Imperial College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Murray JR, Mesaros CA, Arlt VM, Seidel A, Blair IA, Penning TM. Role of Human Aldo-Keto Reductases in the Metabolic Activation of the Carcinogenic Air Pollutant 3-Nitrobenzanthrone. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1277-1288. [PMID: 30406992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) is a potent mutagen and suspected human carcinogen detected in diesel exhaust particulate and ambient air pollution. It requires metabolic activation via nitroreduction to promote DNA adduct formation and tumorigenesis. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) has been previously implicated as the major nitroreductase responsible for 3-NBA activation, but it has recently been reported that human aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) displays nitroreductase activity toward the chemotherapeutic agent PR-104A. We sought to determine whether AKR1C isoforms could display nitroreductase activity toward other nitrated compounds and bioactivate 3-NBA. Using discontinuous enzymatic assays monitored by UV-HPLC, we determined that AKR1C1-1C3 catalyze three successive two-electron nitroreductions toward 3-NBA to form the reduced product 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA). Evidence of the nitroso- and hydroxylamino- intermediates were obtained by UPLC-HRMS. Km, kcat, and kcat/ Km values were determined for recombinant AKR1C and NQO1 and compared. We found that AKR1C1, AKR1C3, and NQO1 have very similar apparent catalytic efficiencies (8 vs 7 min-1 mM-1) despite the higher kcat of NQO1 (0.058 vs 0.012 min-1). AKR1C1-1C3 possess a Km much lower than that of NQO1, which suggests that they may be more important than NQO1 at the low concentrations of 3-NBA to which humans are exposed. Given that inhalation represents the primary source of 3-NBA exposure, we chose to evaluate the relative importance of AKR1C1-1C3 and NQO1 in human lung epithelial cell lines. Our data suggest that the combined activities of AKR1C1-1C3 and NQO1 contribute equally to the reduction of 3-NBA in A549 and HBEC3-KT cell lines and together represent approximately 50% of the intracellular nitroreductase activity toward 3-NBA. These findings have significant implications for the metabolism of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and suggest that the hitherto unrecognized nitroreductase activity of AKR1C enzymes should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health , King's College London , SE1 9NH , United Kingdom.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards , King's College London in partnership with Public Health England and Imperial College London , London SE1 9NH , United Kingdom
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation , Grosshansdorf 22927 , Germany
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Wohak LE, Baranski AC, Krais AM, Schmeiser HH, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. The impact of p53 function on the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic air pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone and its metabolites 3-aminobenzanthrone and N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone in human cells. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:311-321. [PMID: 30215795 PMCID: PMC6180618 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53, encoded by TP53, is a key player in a wide network of signalling pathways. We investigated its role in the bioactivation of the environmental carcinogen 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA)found in diesel exhaust and its metabolites 3-aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA) and N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone (N-OH-3-ABA) in a panel of isogenic human colorectal HCT116 cells differing only with respect to their TP53 status [i.e. TP53(+/+), TP53(+/-), TP53(-/-), TP53(R248W/+) or TP53(R248W/-)]. As a measure of metabolic competence, DNA adduct formation was determined using 32P-postlabelling. Wild-type (WT) p53 did not affect the bioactivation of 3-NBA; no difference in DNA adduct formation was observed in TP53(+/+), TP53(+/-) and TP53(-/-) cells. Bioactivation of both metabolites 3-ABA and N-OH-3-ABA on the other hand was WT-TP53 dependent. Lower 3-ABA- and N-OH-3-ABA-DNA adduct levels were found in TP53(+/-) and TP53(-/-) cells compared to TP53(+/+) cells, and p53's impact was attributed to differences in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 expression for 3-ABA whereas for N-OH-3-ABA, an impact of this tumour suppressor on sulphotransferase (SULT) 1A1/3 expression was detected. Mutant R248W-p53 protein function was similar to or exceeded the ability of WT-p53 in activating 3-NBA and its metabolites, measured as DNA adducts. However, identification of the xenobiotic-metabolising enzyme(s) (XMEs), through which mutant-p53 regulates these responses, proved difficult to decipher. For example, although both mutant cell lines exhibited higher CYP1A1 induction after 3-NBA treatment compared to TP53(+/+) cells, 3-NBA-derived DNA adduct levels were only higher in TP53(R248W/-) cells but not in TP53(R248W/+) cells. Our results show that p53's influence on carcinogen activation depends on the agent studied and thereby on the XMEs that mediate the bioactivation of that particular compound. The phenomenon of p53 regulating CYP1A1 expression in human cells is consistent with other recent findings; however, this is the first study highlighting the impact of p53 on sulphotransferase-mediated (i.e. SULT1A1) carcinogen metabolism in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Wohak
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Ann-Christin Baranski
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Annette M Krais
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King’s College London, Public Health England and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, King’s College London, Public Health England and Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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DNA Adducts Formed by Aristolochic Acid Are Unique Biomarkers of Exposure and Explain the Initiation Phase of Upper Urothelial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102144. [PMID: 29036902 PMCID: PMC5666826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a plant alkaloid that causes aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), unique renal diseases frequently associated with upper urothelial cancer (UUC). This review summarizes the significance of AA-derived DNA adducts in the aetiology of UUC leading to specific A:T to T:A transversion mutations (mutational signature) in AAN/BEN-associated tumours, which are otherwise rare in individuals with UCC not exposed to AA. Therefore, such DNA damage produced by AA-DNA adducts is one rare example of the direct association of exposure and cancer development (UUC) in humans, confirming that the covalent binding of carcinogens to DNA is causally related to tumourigenesis. Although aristolochic acid I (AAI), the major component of the natural plant extract AA, might directly cause interstitial nephropathy, enzymatic activation of AAI to reactive intermediates capable of binding to DNA is a necessary step leading to the formation of AA-DNA adducts and subsequently AA-induced malignant transformation. Therefore, AA-DNA adducts can not only be utilized as biomarkers for the assessment of AA exposure and markers of AA-induced UUC, but also be used for the mechanistic evaluation of its enzymatic activation and detoxification. Differences in AA metabolism might be one of the reasons for an individual’s susceptibility in the multi-step process of AA carcinogenesis and studying associations between activities and/or polymorphisms of the enzymes metabolising AA is an important determinant to identify individuals having a high risk of developing AA-mediated UUC.
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15
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Pink M, Verma N, Zerries A, Schmitz-Spanke S. Dose-Dependent Response to 3-Nitrobenzanthrone Exposure in Human Urothelial Cancer Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1855-1864. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pink
- Institute
and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Postgraduate
Course for Toxicology and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for
Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nisha Verma
- Institute
and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Zerries
- Institute
and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute
and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstr. 25/29, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Sridhar J, Goyal N, Liu J, Foroozesh M. Review of Ligand Specificity Factors for CYP1A Subfamily Enzymes from Molecular Modeling Studies Reported to-Date. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071143. [PMID: 28698457 PMCID: PMC6152251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family 1A enzymes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, are two of the most important enzymes implicated in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds through oxidation. These enzymes are also known to metabolize environmental procarcinogens into carcinogenic species, leading to the advent of several types of cancer. The development of selective inhibitors for these P450 enzymes, mitigating procarcinogenic oxidative effects, has been the focus of many studies in recent years. CYP1A1 is mainly found in extrahepatic tissues while CYP1A2 is the major CYP enzyme in human liver. Many molecules have been found to be metabolized by both of these enzymes, with varying rates and/or positions of oxidation. A complete understanding of the factors that govern the specificity and potency for the two CYP 1A enzymes is critical to the development of effective inhibitors. Computational molecular modeling tools have been used by several research groups to decipher the specificity and potency factors of the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 substrates. In this review, we perform a thorough analysis of the computational studies that are ligand-based and protein-ligand complex-based to catalog the various factors that govern the specificity/potency toward these two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Navneet Goyal
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
| | - Maryam Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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17
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Zhang ZH, Balasubramanian R. Effects of Cerium Oxide and Ferrocene Nanoparticles Addition As Fuel-Borne Catalysts on Diesel Engine Particulate Emissions: Environmental and Health Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4248-4258. [PMID: 28346827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically examined the potential impacts of doping CeO2 and Fe(C5H5)2 nanoparticles as fuel-borne catalysts (FBCs) to ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel on the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics of diesel particulate matter (DPM). The FBCs-doped fuels are effective in promoting soot oxidation and reducing the DPM mass emissions, but lead to a significant increase in the total particle counts due to the formation of self-nucleated metallic nanoparticles. Compared to undoped ULSD, the FBCs-doped fuels result in higher concentrations of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes, higher fractions of organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in particles, show slight alterations in soot nanostructure, reduce soot ignition temperature and activation energy. Exposure of the human-type II cell alveolar epithelial cells (A549) to DPM derived from FBCs-doped fuels shows a decrease in cell viability and alterations in the global gene expression with a broad range of biochemical pathways. The overall variations in DPM characteristics are mainly caused by the catalytic combustion process, and are related to the type, properties and contents of FBCs used in diesel fuel as well as the engine operating conditions. Environmental and health implications of the study are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore , 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 02-19, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore , 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 02-19, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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18
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Arlt VM, Meinl W, Florian S, Nagy E, Barta F, Thomann M, Mrizova I, Krais AM, Liu M, Richards M, Mirza A, Kopka K, Phillips DH, Glatt H, Stiborova M, Schmeiser HH. Impact of genetic modulation of SULT1A enzymes on DNA adduct formation by aristolochic acids and 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1957-1975. [PMID: 27557898 PMCID: PMC5364269 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) causes aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). Conflicting results have been found for the role of human sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) contributing to the metabolic activation of aristolochic acid I (AAI) in vitro. We evaluated the role of human SULT1A1 in AA bioactivation in vivo after treatment of transgenic mice carrying a functional human SULT1A1-SULT1A2 gene cluster (i.e. hSULT1A1/2 mice) and Sult1a1(-/-) mice with AAI and aristolochic acid II (AAII). Both compounds formed characteristic DNA adducts in the intact mouse and in cytosolic incubations in vitro. However, we did not find differences in AAI-/AAII-DNA adduct levels between hSULT1A1/2 and wild-type (WT) mice in all tissues analysed including kidney and liver despite strong enhancement of sulfotransferase activity in both kidney and liver of hSULT1A1/2 mice relative to WT, kidney and liver being major organs involved in AA metabolism. In contrast, DNA adduct formation was strongly increased in hSULT1A1/2 mice compared to WT after treatment with 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), another carcinogenic aromatic nitro compound where human SULT1A1/2 is known to contribute to genotoxicity. We found no differences in AAI-/AAII-DNA adduct formation in Sult1a1(-/-) and WT mice in vivo. Using renal and hepatic cytosolic fractions of hSULT1A1/2, Sult1a1(-/-) and WT mice, we investigated AAI-DNA adduct formation in vitro but failed to find a contribution of human SULT1A1/2 or murine Sult1a1 to AAI bioactivation. Our results indicate that sulfo-conjugation catalysed by human SULT1A1 does not play a role in the activation pathways of AAI and AAII in vivo, but is important in 3-NBA bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Walter Meinl
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Simone Florian
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eszter Nagy
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Frantisek Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marlies Thomann
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Iveta Mrizova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Annette M Krais
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maggie Liu
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Meirion Richards
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amin Mirza
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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White PA, Douglas GR, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Quantitative relationships between lacZ mutant frequency and DNA adduct frequency in Muta™Mouse tissues and cultured cells exposed to 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:299-312. [PMID: 28096451 PMCID: PMC5638019 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of stable DNA adducts in a target tissue can be used to assess biologically effective dose; however, the utility of the metric in a risk assessment context depends on the likelihood that the DNA damage will be manifested as mutation. Previously, we employed the Muta™Mouse system to examine the induction of lacZ mutants and DNA adducts following exposure to the well-studied mutagenic carcinogen 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA). In this follow-up work, we examined the empirical relationships between total adduct frequency and mutant frequency (MF) in tissues and cultured cells following acute 3-NBA exposure. The results show a significant induction of DNA damage and lacZ mutants in liver, colon and bone marrow, as well as FE1 pulmonary epithelial cells. In contrast, lung and small intestine samples had low, but significantly elevated adduct levels, with no significant increases in lacZ MF. Additional analyses showed a significant relationship between the mutagenic efficiency of total adducts, measured as the slope of the relationships between MF and total adduct frequency, and tissue-specific mitotic index (MI). The lack of mutation response in lung, in contrast to the high in vitro MF in FE-1 lung cells, is likely related to the 100-fold difference in MI. The lack of small intestine mutagenic response may be related to limited metabolic capacity, differences in DNA repair, and /or chemically induced apoptosis that has been observed for other potent mutagens. The results indicate that interpretation of adduct frequency values in a risk assessment context can be improved by considering the MI of the target tissue; however, more generalised interpretation is hampered by tissue-specific variations in metabolic capacity and damage processing. The work provides a proof of principle regarding the use of the Muta™Mouse system to critically examine the health risks associated with tissue-specific adduct loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney’s Pasture, Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Tunney’s Pasture, Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David H Phillips
- King’s College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- King’s College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
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20
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Jadot I, Declèves AE, Nortier J, Caron N. An Integrated View of Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy: Update of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020297. [PMID: 28146082 PMCID: PMC5343833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “aristolochic acid nephropathy” (AAN) is used to include any form of toxic interstitial nephropathy that is caused either by ingestion of plants containing aristolochic acids (AA) as part of traditional phytotherapies (formerly known as “Chinese herbs nephropathy”), or by the environmental contaminants in food (Balkan endemic nephropathy). It is frequently associated with urothelial malignancies. Although products containing AA have been banned in most of countries, AAN cases remain regularly reported all over the world. Moreover, AAN incidence is probably highly underestimated given the presence of AA in traditional herbal remedies worldwide and the weak awareness of the disease. During these two past decades, animal models for AAN have been developed to investigate underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in AAN pathogenesis. Indeed, a more-in-depth understanding of these processes is essential to develop therapeutic strategies aimed to reduce the global and underestimated burden of this disease. In this regard, our purpose was to build a broad overview of what is currently known about AAN. To achieve this goal, we aimed to summarize the latest data available about underlying pathophysiological mechanisms leading to AAN development with a particular emphasis on the imbalance between vasoactive factors as well as a focus on the vascular events often not considered in AAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Jadot
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit-URPhyM, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Emilie Declèves
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons 7000, Belgium.
| | - Joëlle Nortier
- Nephrology Department, Erasme Academic Hospital and Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Caron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit-URPhyM, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium.
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21
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Stiborová M, Arlt VM, Schmeiser HH. Balkan endemic nephropathy: an update on its aetiology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2595-2615. [PMID: 27538407 PMCID: PMC5065591 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a unique, chronic renal disease frequently associated with upper urothelial cancer (UUC). It only affects residents of specific farming villages located along tributaries of the Danube River in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania where it is estimated that ~100,000 individuals are at risk of BEN, while ~25,000 have the disease. This review summarises current findings on the aetiology of BEN. Over the last 50 years, several hypotheses on the cause of BEN have been formulated, including mycotoxins, heavy metals, viruses, and trace-element insufficiencies. However, recent molecular epidemiological studies provide a strong case that chronic dietary exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) a principal component of Aristolochia clematitis which grows as a weed in the wheat fields of the endemic regions is the cause of BEN and associated UUC. One of the still enigmatic features of BEN that need to be resolved is why the prevalence of BEN is only 3-7 %. This suggests that individual genetic susceptibilities to AA exist in humans. In fact dietary ingestion of AA along with individual genetic susceptibility provides a scenario that plausibly can explain all the peculiarities of BEN such as geographical distribution and high risk of urothelial cancer. For the countries harbouring BEN implementing public health measures to avoid AA exposure is of the utmost importance because this seems to be the best way to eradicate this once mysterious disease to which the residents of BEN villages have been completely and utterly at mercy for so long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environmental and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry (E030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Reshetnikova G, Sidorenko VS, Whyard T, Lukin M, Waltzer W, Takamura-Enye T, Romanov V. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the environmental pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone on bladder cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 349:101-108. [PMID: 27720671 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), a potential human carcinogen, is present in diesel exhaust. The main metabolite of 3-NBA, 3-aminobenzanthrone, was detected in urine of miners occupationally exposed to diesel emissions. Environmental and occupational factors play an important role in development of bladder cancer (BC), one of the most frequent malignancies. It is expected that exposure of urothelium to 3-NBA and its metabolites may induce BC initiation and/or progression. To test this hypothesis, we studied geno- and cytotoxicity of 3-NBA using an in vitro BC model. 3-NBA induced higher levels of DNA adducts, reactive oxygen species and DNA breaks in aggressive T24 cells than in more differentiated RT4 cells. To understand the nature of this difference we examined the role of several enzymes that were identified as 3-NBA bio activators. However, the difference in DNA adduct formation cannot be directly linked to the different activity of any of the examined enzymes. Conversely, the difference of tested cell lines in p53 status can partly explain the distinct levels of 3-NBA-DNA adducts and DNA damage induced by 3-NBA. Therefore, we assume that more aggressive T24 cells are more predisposed for DNA adduct formation, DNA damage and, possibly, mutations and as a result further tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terry Whyard
- Department of Urology, SUNY at Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Mark Lukin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, SUNY at Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Wayne Waltzer
- Department of Urology, SUNY at Stony Brook, 11794, USA
| | - Takeji Takamura-Enye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
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23
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Shang D, Zheng T, Zhang J, Tian Y, Liu Y. Profiling of mRNA and long non-coding RNA of urothelial cancer in recipients after renal transplantation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12673-12684. [PMID: 27448299 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism and signal transduction pathways involved in urothelial cancer (UC) after renal transplantation (RTx) remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the profiling of messenger RNA (mRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in RTx recipients with UC. The mRNA and lncRNA of six pairs of UC and corresponding normal urothelial tissues in RTx recipients were profiled using Arraystar Human lncRNA Microarray V3.0, which is designed for the global profiling of 26,109 coding transcripts and 30,586 lncRNAs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs. Molecular function classification and biological process classification for the differentially expressed mRNAs were analyzed with Gene Ontology. The key pathways that were associated with UC after RTx were analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Compared to normal urothelial tissues, 1597 mRNAs were upregulated and 1032 mRNAs were downregulated in UC; 2107 lncRNAs were upregulated and 1794 lncRNAs were downregulated (greater than twofold). Further qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA and lncRNA expression showed well consistency with the data of microarray analysis. The expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-3, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13 was significantly increased, while the expression of CD36 was decreased in UC after RTx. Co-expression analysis of lncRNAs and their nearby coding genes showed that lncRNAs may play critical roles in regulating nearby genes in the carcinogenesis of UC. Our results also suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling may be involved in UC after RTx. Moreover, several cytokines and their receptors were also significantly upregulated in UC after RTx, suggesting that cytokines might be modulated and participated in the carcinogenesis of UC after RTx. We analyzed the potential molecular mechanism and pathways involved in the UC of RTx recipients. Our results revealed that several key regulatory pathways and lncRNAs play critical roles in the carcinogenesis of UC, and suggest that UC in RTx recipients may be more likely to invade and metastasis. However, the detailed functional analysis of these mechanisms should be further performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Shang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tie Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Vascular Prostheses, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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24
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Rosenquist TA, Grollman AP. Mutational signature of aristolochic acid: Clue to the recognition of a global disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 44:205-211. [PMID: 27237586 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutational signatures associated with specific forms of DNA damage have been identified in several forms of human cancer. Such signatures provide information regarding mechanisms of tumor induction which, in turn, can reduce exposure to carcinogens by shaping public health policy. Using a molecular epidemiologic approach that takes advantage of recent advances in genome sequencing while applying sensitive and specific analytical methods to characterize DNA damage, it has become increasingly possible to establish causative linkages between certain environmental mutagens and disease risk. In this perspective, we use aristolochic acid, a human carcinogen and nephrotoxin found in Aristolochia herbs, to illustrate the power and effectiveness of this multidisciplinary approach. The genome-wide mutational signature for this toxin, detected initially in cancers of the upper urinary tract, has subsequently been associated with cancers of the liver and kidney. These findings have significant implications for global public health, especially in China, where millions of individuals have used Aristolochia herbal remedies as part of traditional Chinese medicine and, thus, are at risk of developing aristolochic acid nephropathy and/or upper urinary tract carcinomas. The studies reported here set the stage for research into prevention and early detection, both of which will be required to manage a potentially devastating global disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Rosenquist
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States.
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25
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Dračínská H, Bárta F, Levová K, Hudecová A, Moserová M, Schmeiser HH, Kopka K, Frei E, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. Induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 suppresses formation of DNA adducts by carcinogenic aristolochic acid I in rats in vivo. Toxicology 2016; 344-346:7-18. [PMID: 26845733 PMCID: PMC4804751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a natural plant alkaloid causing aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and their associated urothelial malignancies. One of the most efficient enzymes reductively activating AAI to species forming AAI-DNA adducts is cytosolic NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. AAI is also either reductively activated or oxidatively detoxified to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid (AAIa) by microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2. Here, we investigated which of these two opposing CYP1A1/2-catalyzed reactions prevails in AAI metabolism in vivo. The formation of AAI-DNA adducts was analyzed in liver, kidney and lung of rats treated with AAI, Sudan I, a potent inducer of CYP1A1/2, or AAI after pretreatment with Sudan I. Compared to rats treated with AAI alone, levels of AAI-DNA adducts determined by the (32)P-postlabeling method were lower in liver, kidney and lung of rats treated with AAI after Sudan I. The induction of CYP1A1/2 by Sudan I increased AAI detoxification to its O-demethylated metabolite AAIa, thereby reducing the actual amount of AAI available for reductive activation. This subsequently resulted in lower AAI-DNA adduct levels in the rat in vivo. Our results demonstrate that CYP1A1/2-mediated oxidative detoxification of AAI is the predominant role of these enzymes in rats in vivo, thereby suppressing levels of AAI-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dračínská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Levová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hudecová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Milichovský J, Bárta F, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Frei E, Stiborová M, Martínek V. Active Site Mutations as a Suitable Tool Contributing to Explain a Mechanism of Aristolochic Acid I Nitroreduction by Cytochromes P450 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:213. [PMID: 26861298 PMCID: PMC4783945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a plant drug found in Aristolochia species that causes aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and their associated urothelial malignancies. AAI is activated via nitroreduction producing genotoxic N-hydroxyaristolactam, which forms DNA adducts. The major enzymes responsible for the reductive bioactivation of AAI are NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase and cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2. Using site-directed mutagenesis we investigated the possible mechanisms of CYP1A1/1A2/1B1-catalyzed AAI nitroreduction. Molecular modelling predicted that the hydroxyl groups of serine122/threonine124 (Ser122/Thr124) amino acids in the CYP1A1/1A2-AAI binary complexes located near to the nitro group of AAI, are mechanistically important as they provide the proton required for the stepwise reduction reaction. In contrast, the closely related CYP1B1 with no hydroxyl group containing residues in its active site is ineffective in catalyzing AAI nitroreduction. In order to construct an experimental model, mutant forms of CYP1A1 and 1A2 were prepared, where Ser122 and Thr124 were replaced by Ala (CYP1A1-S122A) and Val (CYP1A2-T124V), respectively. Similarly, a CYP1B1 mutant was prepared in which Ala133 was replaced by Ser (CYP1B1-A133S). Site-directed mutagenesis was performed using a quickchange approach. Wild and mutated forms of these enzymes were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and isolated enzymes characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy to verify correct protein folding. Their catalytic activity was confirmed with CYP1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 marker substrates. Using (32)P-postlabelling we determined the efficiency of wild-type and mutant forms of CYP1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 reconstituted with NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase to bioactivate AAI to reactive intermediates forming covalent DNA adducts. The S122A and T124V mutations in CYP1A1 and 1A2, respectively, abolished the efficiency of CYP1A1 and 1A2 enzymes to generate AAI-DNA adducts. In contrast, the formation of AAI-DNA adducts was catalyzed by CYP1B1 with the A133S mutation. Our experimental model confirms the importance of the hydroxyl group possessing amino acids in the active center of CYP1A1 and 1A2 for AAI nitroreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Milichovský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Eva Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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27
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Stiborová M, Bárta F, Levová K, Hodek P, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Martínek V. A Mechanism of O-Demethylation of Aristolochic Acid I by Cytochromes P450 and Their Contributions to This Reaction in Human and Rat Livers: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27561-75. [PMID: 26593908 PMCID: PMC4661905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a plant alkaloid causing aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and their associated urothelial malignancies. AAI is detoxified by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated O-demethylation to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (aristolochic acid Ia, AAIa). We previously investigated the efficiencies of human and rat CYPs in the presence of two other components of the mixed-functions-oxidase system, NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase and cytochrome b₅, to oxidize AAI. Human and rat CYP1A are the major enzymes oxidizing AAI. Other CYPs such as CYP2C, 3A4, 2D6, 2E1, and 1B1, also form AAIa, but with much lower efficiency than CYP1A. Based on velocities of AAIa formation by examined CYPs and their expression levels in human and rat livers, here we determined the contributions of individual CYPs to AAI oxidation in these organs. Human CYP1A2 followed by CYP2C9, 3A4 and 1A1 were the major enzymes contributing to AAI oxidation in human liver, while CYP2C and 1A were most important in rat liver. We employed flexible in silico docking methods to explain the differences in AAI oxidation in the liver by human CYP1A1, 1A2, 2C9, and 3A4, the enzymes that all O-demethylate AAI, but with different effectiveness. We found that the binding orientations of the methoxy group of AAI in binding centers of the CYP enzymes and the energies of AAI binding to the CYP active sites dictate the efficiency of AAI oxidation. Our results indicate that utilization of experimental and theoretical methods is an appropriate study design to examine the CYP-catalyzed reaction mechanisms of AAI oxidation and contributions of human hepatic CYPs to this metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Levová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
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28
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Tebay LE, Robertson H, Durant ST, Vitale SR, Penning TM, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hayes JD. Mechanisms of activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 by redox stressors, nutrient cues, and energy status and the pathways through which it attenuates degenerative disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:108-146. [PMID: 26122708 PMCID: PMC4659505 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the basal and stress-inducible expression of a battery of genes encoding key components of the glutathione-based and thioredoxin-based antioxidant systems, as well as aldo-keto reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 drug-metabolizing isoenzymes along with multidrug-resistance-associated efflux pumps. It therefore plays a pivotal role in both intrinsic resistance and cellular adaptation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and xenobiotics. Activation of Nrf2 can, however, serve as a double-edged sword because some of the genes it induces may contribute to chemical carcinogenesis by promoting futile redox cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites or confer resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs by increasing the expression of efflux pumps, suggesting its cytoprotective effects will vary in a context-specific fashion. In addition to cytoprotection, Nrf2 also controls genes involved in intermediary metabolism, positively regulating those involved in NADPH generation, purine biosynthesis, and the β-oxidation of fatty acids, while suppressing those involved in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Nrf2 is subject to regulation at multiple levels. Its ability to orchestrate adaptation to oxidants and electrophiles is due principally to stress-stimulated modification of thiols within one of its repressors, the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which is present in the cullin-3 RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex CRLKeap1. Thus modification of Cys residues in Keap1 blocks CRLKeap1 activity, allowing newly translated Nrf2 to accumulate rapidly and induce its target genes. The ability of Keap1 to repress Nrf2 can be attenuated by p62/sequestosome-1 in a mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent manner, thereby allowing refeeding after fasting to increase Nrf2-target gene expression. In parallel with repression by Keap1, Nrf2 is also repressed by β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), present in the Skp1-cullin-1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex SCFβ-TrCP. The ability of SCFβ-TrCP to suppress Nrf2 activity is itself enhanced by prior phosphorylation of the transcription factor by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) through formation of a DSGIS-containing phosphodegron. However, formation of the phosphodegron in Nrf2 by GSK-3 is inhibited by stimuli that activate protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. In particular, PKB/Akt activity can be increased by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mTORC2, thereby providing an explanation of why antioxidant-responsive element-driven genes are induced by growth factors and nutrients. Thus Nrf2 activity is tightly controlled via CRLKeap1 and SCFβ-TrCP by oxidative stress and energy-based signals, allowing it to mediate adaptive responses that restore redox homeostasis and modulate intermediary metabolism. Based on the fact that Nrf2 influences multiple biochemical pathways in both positive and negative ways, it is likely its dose-response curve, in terms of susceptibility to certain degenerative disease, is U-shaped. Specifically, too little Nrf2 activity will lead to loss of cytoprotection, diminished antioxidant capacity, and lowered β-oxidation of fatty acids, while conversely also exhibiting heightened sensitivity to ROS-based signaling that involves receptor tyrosine kinases and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1. By contrast, too much Nrf2 activity disturbs the homeostatic balance in favor of reduction, and so may have deleterious consequences including overproduction of reduced glutathione and NADPH, the blunting of ROS-based signal transduction, epithelial cell hyperplasia, and failure of certain cell types to differentiate correctly. We discuss the basis of a putative U-shaped Nrf2 dose-response curve in terms of potentially competing processes relevant to different stages of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Tebay
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Holly Robertson
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen T Durant
- AstraZeneca Oncology Innovative Medicines, Bioscience, 33F197 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Steven R Vitale
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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29
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Arlt VM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Stiborová M, Phillips DH. The Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN™) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models as suitable tools to study metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity of environmental pollutants. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the applicability of the Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models to study carcinogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - David H. Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
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30
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Zhang A, Shang D, Zhang J, Zhang L, Shi R, Fu F, Tian Y. A retrospective review of patients with urothelial cancer in 3,370 recipients after renal transplantation: a single-center experience. World J Urol 2014; 33:713-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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