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Caffrey C, Leamy A, O’Sullivan E, Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Nasopoulou C. Cardiovascular Diseases and Marine Oils: A Focus on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Polar Lipids. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:549. [PMID: 37999373 PMCID: PMC10672651 DOI: 10.3390/md21110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death across the globe, hence, establishing strategies to counteract CVD are imperative to reduce mortality and the burden on health systems. Dietary modification is an effective primary prevention strategy against CVD. Research regarding dietary supplementation has become increasingly popular. This review focuses on the current in vivo, in vitro, and epidemiological studies associated with that of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and polar lipids (PLs) and how they play a role against CVD. Furthermore, this review focuses on the results of several major clinical trials examining n-3 PUFAs regarding both primary and secondary prevention of CVD. Notably, we place a lens on the REDUCE-IT and STRENGTH trials. Finally, supplementation of PLs has recently been suggested as a potential alternative avenue for the reduction of CVD incidence versus neutral forms of n-3 PUFAs. However, the clinical evidence for this argument is currently rather limited. Therefore, we draw on the current literature to suggest future clinical trials for PL supplementation. We conclude that despite conflicting evidence, future human trials must be completed to confirm whether PL supplementation may be more effective than n-3 PUFA supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliodhna Caffrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
| | - Anna Leamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ellen O’Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (C.C.); (A.L.); (E.O.); (I.Z.)
- Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Constantina Nasopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry—Technology and Quality of Food of Animal Origin, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 814 00 Lemnos, Greece
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Dąbrowska K, Zaczek Z, Panczyk M, Osowska S, Kowalczyk P, Kramkowski K, Sobocki J. Molecular Oxygen Levels and Percentages of DNA Damage in TPN Patients. Nutrients 2023; 15:2206. [PMID: 37432338 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a life-saving therapy for patients with intestinal failure, but it carries the risk of complications, including an increase in liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) after long-term use. Patients receiving chronic TPN are also exposed to metabolic stress from both the underlying disease and parenteral nutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of liver transaminases AST and ALT in relation to the rate of oxygen consumption in platelet mitochondria in patients receiving long-term TPN with the degree of oxidative stress induced by lipid emulsions, and to explain their role in cellular energy metabolism and changes in the liver based on the percentage of genomic DNA damage. The study group consisted of 86 TPN patients, while the control group consisted of 86 healthy volunteers who were fed only orally. The results of the study showed that the percentage of molecular oxygen depended on the type of lipid emulsion supplied. Analyzing time on TPN as a factor, we observed a decrease in percentage genomic DNA damage and an increase in percentage molecular oxygen in cells. It remains unclear whether TPN has a direct effect on genomic DNA damage and the level of molecular oxygen in cells during the course of treatment. In conclusion, this study provides important insights into the potential effects of TPN on liver enzymes and cellular metabolism. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop strategies to minimize the risk of complications associated with TPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dąbrowska
- Department of General Surgery and Clinical Nutrition, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Erazma Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Zaczek
- Department of General Surgery and Clinical Nutrition, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Erazma Ciołka 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Panczyk
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-581 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Osowska
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland
| | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilińskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jacek Sobocki
- Department of General Surgery and Clinical Nutrition, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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Hrelia S, Barbalace MC, Cannavò S, Ruggeri RM. Commentary: Fish and the thyroid: A Janus Bifrons relationship caused by pollutants and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1138245. [PMID: 37113488 PMCID: PMC10126423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1138245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Cannavò
- Department of Human Pathology and Childhood “G. Barresi” (DETEV), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri
- Department of Human Pathology and Childhood “G. Barresi” (DETEV), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rosaria Maddalena Ruggeri,
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Elvevoll EO, James D, Toppe J, Gamarro EG, Jensen IJ. Food Safety Risks Posed by Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) related to Consumption of Sea Cucumbers. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243992. [PMID: 36553734 PMCID: PMC9778379 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global production of sea cucumbers was 245 thousand tons in 2020. Sea cucumbers are important food items in Asian and Pacific cuisines, the highest proportion being consumed in China as "bêche-de-mer" dried, gutted, boiled and salted body wall. However, consumption of sea cucumbers is expanding in China and globally, and the high demand has led to decline in populations of sea cucumbers, due to overexploitation. Aquaculture, together with novel fisheries on new species in new regions is easing the demand. Thus, an assessment of food safety is warranted. A literature search on food hazards was performed. A high proportion of the selected papers concerned heavy metals and metalloid hazards, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As). No specific maximum limits (MLs) have been set for contents of these in sea cucumbers. Thus, the contents were compared with maximum limits set for aquatic animals in general or bivalve molluscs if available. With regard to Hg and Cd levels, none of the samples exceeded limits set by the European Commission or the National Standard of China, while for Pb, samples from highly industrialised areas exceeded the limits. Surprisingly, data on contaminants such as POPs, including dioxins and dl-PCB, PAH and PFAS as well as microbial hazards were scarce. The availability of fresh sea cucumber has increased due to aquaculture. To preserve the original flavour some consumers are reported to prefer to eat raw sea cucumber products, sashimi and sushi, which inevitably causes challenges from the microbial food safety perspective. Altogether, this paper highlights specific needs for knowledge, in particular when harvesting new species of sea cucumbers or in industrialized regions. Systematic monitoring activities, appropriate guidelines and regulations are highly warranted to guide the utilization of sea cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Oddny Elvevoll
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsoe, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - David James
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Jogeir Toppe
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Esther Garrido Gamarro
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida-Johanne Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Dryopteris juxtapostia Root and Shoot: Determination of Phytochemicals; Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Hepatoprotective Effects; and Toxicity Assessment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091670. [PMID: 36139744 PMCID: PMC9495791 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 450 species of Dryopteris in the Dryoperidaceae family grow in Japan, North and South Korea, China, Pakistan, and Kashmir. This genus has been reported to have biological capabilities; however, research has been conducted on Dryopteris juxtapostia. Therefore, with the present study, we aimed to exploring the biological potential of D. juxtapostia root and shoot extracts. We extracted dichloromethane and methanol separately from the roots and shoots of D. juxtapostia. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays, and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using both in vitro (antiurease activity) and in vivo (carrageenan- and formaldehyde-induced paw edema) studies. Toxicity was evaluated by adopting a brine shrimp lethality assay followed by determination of cytotoxic activity using an MTT assay. Hepatoprotective effects of active crude extracts were examined in rats. Activity-bearing compounds were tentatively identified using LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Results suggested that D. juxtapostia root dichloromethane extract exhibited better antioxidant (DPPH, IC50 of 42.0 µg/mL; FRAP, 46.2 mmol/g; H2O2, 71% inhibition), anti-inflammatory (urease inhibition, 56.7% at 50 µg/mL; carrageenan-induced edema inhibition, 61.7% at 200 µg/mL; formaldehyde-induced edema inhibition, 67.3% at 200 µg/mL), brine shrimp % mortality (100% at 1000 µg/mL), and cytotoxic (HeLa cancer, IC50 of 17.1 µg/mL; prostate cancer (PC3), IC50 of 45.2 µg/mL) effects than D. juxtapostia root methanol extract. D. juxtapostia shoot dichloromethane and methanol extracts exhibited non-influential activity in all biological assays and were not selected for hepatoprotective study. D. juxtapostia root methanol extract showed improvement in hepatic cell structure and low cellular infiltration but, in contrast the dichloromethane extract, did not show any significant improvement in hepatocyte morphology, cellular infiltration, or necrosis of hepatocytes in comparison to the positive control, i.e., paracetamol. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed the presence of albaspidin PP, 3-methylbutyryl-phloroglucinol, flavaspidic acid AB and BB, filixic acid ABA and ABB, tris-desaspidin BBB, tris-paraaspidin BBB, tetra-flavaspidic BBBB, tetra-albaspidin BBBB, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside in the dichloromethane extract, whereas kaempferol, catechin, epicatechin, quinic acid, liquitrigenin, and quercetin 7-O-galactoside in were detected in the methanol extract, along with all the compounds detected in the dichloromethane extract. Hence, D. juxtapostia is safe, alongside other species of this genus, although detailed safety assessment of each isolated compound is obligatory during drug discovery.
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Di Pietro P, Lizio R, Izzo C, Visco V, Damato A, Venturini E, De Lucia M, Galasso G, Migliarino S, Rasile B, Ciccarelli M, Vecchione C, Carrizzo A. A Novel Combination of High-Load Omega-3 Lysine Complex (AvailOm®) and Anthocyanins Exerts Beneficial Cardiovascular Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050896. [PMID: 35624759 PMCID: PMC9137587 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to exert several beneficial effects in the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of a novel high-load omega-3 lysine complex, AvailOm®, its related constituents and a novel mixture of AvailOm® with specific vasoactive anthocyanins on vascular function in mice resistance artery. Pressure myograph was used to perform vascular reactivity studies. Nitric oxide and oxidative stress were assessed by difluorofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium, respectively. Increasing doses of AvailOm® exerted a dose-response vasorelaxation via AMPK-eNOS-mediated signaling. Omega-3 Ethyl Ester was identified as the main bioactive derivative of AvailOm®, being capable of inducing vasorelaxant action to the same extent of entire product. The combination of AvailOm® with a mix of potent vasoactive anthocyanins (C3-glu + DP3-glu + Mal3-glu + Mal3-gal + PEO3-gal), strongly protected mesenteric arteries from vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress evoked by oxidized-LDL. These data demonstrate for the first time the direct effects of AvailOm® on resistance arteries. The evidence that the combination of specific vasoactive anthocyanins and AvailOm® further enhanced the vasculoprotective properties of these compounds, may offer new promising perspectives for preventing the onset of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
| | | | - Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Valeria Visco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Antonio Damato
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Eleonora Venturini
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Massimiliano De Lucia
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Serena Migliarino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Barbara Rasile
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry ‘‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’’, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (P.D.P.); (C.I.); (V.V.); (G.G.); (S.M.); (B.R.); (M.C.); (C.V.)
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.D.); (E.V.); (M.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang B, Qiu J, Lian J, Yang X, Zhou J. Gut Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide in Atherosclerosis: From Mechanism to Therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:723886. [PMID: 34888358 PMCID: PMC8650703 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.723886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with various pathological manifestations, such as ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, and remains a leading cause of public health concern. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction; vascular inflammation; and the deposition of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the vessel wall intima. In-depth studies of gut flora in recent years have shown that bacterial translocation and the existence of bacterial active products in blood circulation can affect the inflammatory state of the whole blood vessel. The gut flora is considered to be a large “secretory organ,” which produces trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids by breaking down the ingested food. Studies have shown that TMAO is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of malignant adverse cardiovascular events, but whether it is harmful or beneficial to patients with cardiovascular diseases with mild or no clinical manifestations remains controversial. We review the relationship between TMAO and its precursor (L-carnitine) and coronary atherosclerosis and summarize the potential molecular mechanism and therapeutic measures of TMAO on coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- BingYu Wang
- Department of Cardiology Vascular Internal Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Cardiology Vascular Internal Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - JiangFang Lian
- Department of Cardiology Vascular Internal Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
| | - JianQing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology Vascular Internal Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Central Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, Ningbo, China
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Yamagata K. Prevention of Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease by n-3 Fatty Acids-Inhibiting Action on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3652-3666. [PMID: 32242776 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have shown the protective effect of n-3 fatty acids against cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effect of n-3 fatty acids on vascular endothelial cells indicates their possible role in CVD prevention. OBJECTIVE Here, we describe the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on endothelial dysfunction-caused by inflammation and oxidative stress-and their role in the development of CVD. METHODS We reviewed epidemiological studies done on n-3 fatty acids in CVD. The effect of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cells was examined with regard to changes in various markers, such as arteriosclerosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, using cell and animal models. RESULTS Epidemiological studies revealed that dietary intake of EPA and DHA was associated with a reduced risk of various CVDs. EPA and DHA inhibited various events involved in arteriosclerosis development by preventing oxidative stress and inflammation associated with endothelial cell damage. In particular, EPA and DHA prevented endothelial cell dysfunction mediated by inflammatory responses and oxidative stress induced by events related to CVD. DHA and EPA also increased eNOS activity and induced nitric oxide production. CONCLUSION The effects of DHA and EPA on vascular endothelial cell damage and dysfunction may involve the induction of nitric oxide, in addition to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. n-3 fatty acids inhibit endothelial dysfunction and prevent arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the intake of n-3 fatty acids may prevent CVDs, like myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University (UNBS), Kanagawa, Japan
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Kontostathi M, Isou S, Mostratos D, Vasdekis V, Demertzis N, Kourounakis A, Vitsos A, Kyriazi M, Melissos D, Tsitouris C, Karalis E, Klamarias L, Dania F, Papaioannou GT, Roussis V, Polychronopoulos E, Anastassopoulou J, Theophanides T, Rallis MC, Black HS. Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Rich Fish Oils on Hyperlipidemia: Effect of Eel, Sardine, Trout, and Cod Oils on Hyperlipidemic Mice. J Med Food 2020; 24:749-755. [PMID: 33370175 PMCID: PMC8311977 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is one of the most important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), and especially omega-3 FAs, could significantly contribute to the management of dyslipidemia and the prevention of CVD. The anti-hyperlipidemic effect of selected fish oils (eel, sardine, trout, cod liver) was comparatively evaluated in a high fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse model. At the end of 30 days on the HFD, all animals were hyperlipidemic and were switched to a diet consisting of 90% standard rodent chow plus 10% of oil from eel, sardine, cod liver, or trout. At the end of 60 days on these diets, blood glucose, total blood cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were quantitated. All diets, except sardine and standard rodent chow, showed statistically significant decreases in blood glucose from day 30 to 90. Total blood cholesterol decreased in all diets except the HFD group, which was continued on this diet until the end of the study. Eel and cod liver oil diets showed significant decreases in TGs. All dietary groups showed a decrease in HDL, but only the trout and standard chow groups exhibited statistically significant decreases. The fish oils tested here for effects on hyperlipidemia vary in per cent of omega-3 FAs and omega-6/-3 FA ratios as determined by gas chromatography Overall, smoked eel was the best source of omega-3 FA, with a balance of omega-6 FA, that ameliorated HFD-induced mixed hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Kontostathi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Isou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mostratos
- Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Vasdekis
- Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Demertzis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Kourounakis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Vitsos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kyriazi
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Evangelos Karalis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Fotini Dania
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios-Theodorou Papaioannou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Polychronopoulos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopeion University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jane Anastassopoulou
- Radiation Chemistry and Biospectroscopy, Chemical Engineering School, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theophilos Theophanides
- Radiation Chemistry and Biospectroscopy, Chemical Engineering School, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail-Christou Rallis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Homer S Black
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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An Update on the Content of Fatty Acids, Dioxins, PCBs and Heavy Metals in Farmed, Escaped and Wild Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121901. [PMID: 33352671 PMCID: PMC7766777 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present updated data on proximate composition, amino acid, and fatty acid composition, as well as concentrations of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and selected heavy metals, in fillets from farmed (n = 20), escaped (n = 17), and wild (n = 23) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The concentrations of dioxins (0.53 ± 0.12 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/g), dioxin-like PCBs (0.95 ± 0.48 pg TEQ/g), mercury (56.3 ± 12.9 µg/kg) and arsenic (2.56 ± 0.87 mg/kg) were three times higher in wild compared to farmed salmon, but all well below EU-uniform maximum levels for contaminants in food. The six ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) PCBs concentrations (5.09 ± 0.83 ng/g) in wild salmon were higher than in the farmed fish (3.34 ± 0.46 ng/g). The protein content was slightly higher in wild salmon (16%) compared to the farmed fish (15%), and the amount of essential amino acids were similar. The fat content of farmed salmon (18%) was three times that of the wild fish, and the proportion of marine long-chain omega-3 fatty acids was a substantially lower (8.9 vs. 24.1%). The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was higher in farmed than wild salmon (0.7 vs. 0.05). Both farmed and wild Atlantic salmon are still valuable sources of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. One 150 g portion per week will contribute to more (2.1 g and 1.8 g) than the recommended weekly intake for adults.
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11
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Cui J, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Δ6 fatty acid desaturases in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis: insights into the evolution, function with substrate specificities and biotechnological use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9947-9963. [PMID: 33094384 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Δ6 fatty acid desaturases (FADS6) have different substrate specificities that impact the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are involved in regulating multiple signalling pathways associated with various diseases. For decades, FADS6 with different substrate specificities have been characterized and the functions of these crucial enzymes have been investigated, while it remains enigmatic that the substrate specificities of FADS6 from various species have a huge difference. This review summarizes the substrate specificities of FADS6 in different species and reveals the underlying relationship. Further evaluation of biochemical properties has revealed that the FADS6 prefer linoleic acid that is more hydrophilic and stable. Domain-swapping and site-directed mutagenesis have been employed to delineate the regions and sites that affect the substrate specificities of FADS6. These analyses improve our understanding of the functions of FADS6 and offer information for the discovery of novel biological resources. KEY POINTS: • Outline of the excavation and identification of Δ6 fatty acid desaturases. • Overview of methods used to determine the pivotal resides of desaturases. • Application of substrate properties to generate specific fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 5, Winston-Salem, NC, 27127, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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12
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Arnesen H, Myhre PL, Seljeflot I. Very Long Chain Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Atherothrombotic Heart Disease. A Brief Review, with a Focus on Metabolic Effects. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3014. [PMID: 33008057 PMCID: PMC7601282 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of atherothrombotic heart disease should be considered as a life-style disorder where differences in dietary habits and related risk factors like limited physical activity and adiposity together play important roles. Related metabolic changes have been scientifically elucidated in recent decades, and the role of the very-long-chain marine fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been much focused on, especially their possible effects on processes like inflammation and thrombosis. In the present brief review of related metabolic mechanisms, the effects of these fatty acids in a clinical setting have been referred to, including some of the authors' work on this topic. The main focus is the divergent results in the field and the important differences between the study population, the type of supplements and fresh marine sources, the proportion of EPA versus DHA dosages, and the duration of supplementation in clinical trials. We conclude that daily intake of at least 1 g of EPA + DHA may improve a dysmetabolic state in the population. The potential to reduce the risk and progression of atherothrombotic heart disease is still a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Peder L. Myhre
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- Division of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
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13
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Gouaref I, Bouazza A, Abderrhmane SA, Koceir EA. Lipid Profile Modulates Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers Including Hypertension in People with Type-2 Diabetes: A Focus on Unbalanced Ratio of Plasma Polyunsaturated/Saturated Fatty Acids. Molecules 2020; 25:E4315. [PMID: 32962299 PMCID: PMC7570813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with lipid metabolism disorder, particularly elevated plasma levels of non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFFA) and an increased cardiovascular disease risk, such as essential hypertension (H). The plasma unbalance of saturated fatty acid (SFA)/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio is a likely contributor, but the mechanisms involved are not clearly elucidated. The aim of this study is to explore the association between plasma SFA/PUFA ratio and the clusters of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), including the atherogenic biomarkers, inflammatory status, feeding patterns, and physical activity in people with T2DM with or without essential hypertension. The study was conducted on 784 adult male and female participants, aged between 30 and 50 years, and divided into 3 groups: 100 T2DM without hypertension (D); 368 T2DM with hypertension (DM); and 316 hypertensive participants without T2DM (H). All Participants were phenotyped regarding CMS clusters according to the NCEP/ATPIII criteria. Insulin resistance was assessed by Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA model). Metabolic, atherogenic, and inflammatory parameters were analyzed by biochemical methods; NEFFA by microfluorimetry; SFA, PUFA-n6 and PUFA-n3 by gas phase chromatography. Dietary lipids and physical activity were analyzed through the use of validated questionnaires. The clusters of CMS were found in all groups. Dyslipidemia was correlated with accretion NEFFA levels in all groups, but more accentuated in the DH group (r = +0.77; p < 0.001). Similarly, plasma PUFA/SFA ratio and PUFA-3 level was lower, concomitantly with a higher plasma ApoB100/ApoA1 (p < 0.001), lipoprotein (a), homocysteine (p < 0.001), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL1-β) in the DH group. Likewise, the depletion of PUFA-n3/PUFA-n6 ratio is associated with the decrease of omega 3-DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and omega 3-EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) (p < 0.001). It appears that the PUFAs-n3 ratio modulates cardiometabolic risk, inflammatory state and atherogenic biomarkers. The plasma unbalanced ratio of SFA/PUFA reflects dietary fatty acids intake. The contribution of dietary lipids is undisputed. Nutritional recommendations are required to determine the fatty acids ratio (saturated and unsaturated) provided in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Gouaref
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16123 Algiers, Algeria; (I.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Asma Bouazza
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16123 Algiers, Algeria; (I.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Samir Ait Abderrhmane
- Diabetology Unit, University Hospital Center, Mohamed Seghir Nekkache, 244 (16208-Kouba) Algiers, Algeria;
| | - Elhadj-Ahmed Koceir
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, Biological Sciences Faculty, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16123 Algiers, Algeria; (I.G.); (A.B.)
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14
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The ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxidative Stress in Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition Dependent Adult Patients: Functional Lipidomics Approach. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082351. [PMID: 32781598 PMCID: PMC7468769 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs) are introduced into parenteral nutrition (PN) as hepatoprotective but may be susceptible to the lipid peroxidation while olive oil (OO) is declared more peroxidation resistant. We aimed to estimate how the lipid composition of PN mixture affects plasma and erythrocyte lipidome and the propensity of oxidative stress. A cross-sectional comparative study was performed in a cohort of adult patients who were long-term parenterally administered ω-3 PUFAs without (FO/–, n = 9) or with (FO/OO, n = 13) olive oil and healthy age- and sex-matched controls, (n = 30). Lipoperoxidation assessed as plasma and erythrocyte malondialdehyde content was increased in both FO/– and FO/OO groups but protein oxidative stress (protein carbonyls in plasma) and low redox status (GSH/GSSG in erythrocytes) was detected only in the FO/– subcohort. The lipidome of all subjects receiving ω-3 PUFAs was enriched with lipid species containing ω-3 PUFAs (FO/–˃FO/OO). Common characteristic of all PN-dependent patients was high content of fatty acyl-esters of hydroxy-fatty acids (FAHFAs) in plasma while acylcarnitines and ceramides were enriched in erythrocytes. Plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of plasmanyls and plasmalogens (endogenous antioxidants) were decreased in both patient groups with a significantly more pronounced effect in FO/–. We confirmed the protective effect of OO in PN mixtures containing ω-3 PUFAs.
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15
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Pritsa A, Tsamesidis I, Samara D, Papadopoulou KS, Parpori M, Gkinoudis A, Lymperaki E. Relationship between dietary fats and serum antioxidants with atheromatic index in regular blood donors. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 39:114-118. [PMID: 32859303 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Nutritional choices, which include dietary fatty acids (FA), vitamins and sugars, have an important significant impact on the development of atheromatic index levels. Controversial opinions exist in the literature regarding the role of different fat types and their association with atheromatic index. We investigated the relationship between dietary intake with different atheromatic index groups of volunteer regular blood donors (rBDs) recognizing them as a healthy population excluding drug and supplements intake and we correlated their values with serum total antioxidant status (sTAS). MATERIAL & METHODS 150 individuals used in this study were divided in 3 groups according to their atheromatic index (AI = Total cholesterol/HDL) (AI): Group 1 (AI < 3.5) comprised of 50 rBDs, Group 2 (AI 3.5-4.49) of 52 rBDs and Group 3 of 48 rBDs (AI > 4.5). Dietary intake was assessed using the 3 day food recall and the Food Processor, computer program for nutrient analysis. sTAS was measured in all samples and correlated with atheromatic index too. RESULTS Our study showed that rBDs with low dietary intake of all vitamins, Ω3 fatty acids, trans fatty acids and dietary cholesterol presented an increased atheromatic index. On the other hand rBDs with high dietary intake of saturated fat, total fats, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and sugar showed increased atheromatic index. In addition, groups with the higher atheromatic index presented statistically significant higher total antioxidant status. Trans FA are also positively associated with sTAS and on the other hand dietary cholesterol is negatively associated with sTAS and positively in groups B and C. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that dietary intake of different types of fatty acids should be used separately as atheromatic index predictors. Moreover, sTAS is correlated with dietary intake of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, Cholesterol, Trans FA and sugar. Finally, the measurement of each fatty acid would be of great value for the screening of lipid metabolism disorders in atheromatic index control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathi Pritsa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsamesidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, Greece; Pharmadev, UMR 152, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, 31400, France.
| | - Diana Samara
- Naoussa General Hospital, Blood Bank Section, Naousa, Greece
| | - Kyriaki S Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Greece
| | - Maria Parpori
- Department of Nursing, International Hellenic University, Greece
| | - Argyrios Gkinoudis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evgenia Lymperaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, Greece
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16
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Barr JL, Lindenau KL, Brailoiu E, Brailoiu GC. Direct evidence of bradycardic effect of omega-3 fatty acids acting on nucleus ambiguus. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135196. [PMID: 32585256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is an agonist of FFA1 receptor. DHA administration reduces the heart rate via unclear mechanisms. We examined the effect of DHA on neurons of nucleus ambiguus that provide the parasympathetic control of heart rate. DHA produced a dose-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in cardiac-projecting nucleus ambiguus neurons; the effect was prevented by GW1100, a FFA1 receptor antagonist. DHA depolarized cultured nucleus ambiguus neurons via FFA1 activation. Bilateral microinjection of DHA into nucleus ambiguus produced bradycardia in conscious rats. Our results indicate that DHA decreases heart rate by activation of FFA1 receptor on cardiac-projecting nucleus ambiguus neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Kristen L Lindenau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut St, Suite 901, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut St, Suite 901, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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17
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Two-stage pH control combined with oxygen-enriched air strategies for the highly efficient production of EPA by Mortierella alpina CCFM698 with fed-batch fermentation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1725-1733. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Dusanov S, Svendsen M, Ruzzin J, Kiviranta H, Gulseth HL, Klemsdal TO, Tonstad S. Effect of fatty fish or nut consumption on concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in overweight or obese men and women: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:448-458. [PMID: 32008913 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While excess energy intake and physical inactivity constitute the obvious causes of body fat accumulation, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are novel factors that have been linked to cardiometabolic disorders. Major sources of POPs are animal fats including fatty fish. Given the putative protective effects of fish on cardiovascular disease, we explored whether high consumption of fatty fish increased serum concentrations of POPs. METHODS AND RESULTS Men and women aged 35-70 years with body mass index between 25 and 38 kg/m2 and at least 1 cardiometabolic component were randomized to high intakes of fatty fish (mostly farmed salmon, ∼630 g/week; n = 45), high intakes of nuts (∼200 g/week; n = 42) or a control group following their usual diet but restricting fatty fish and nuts for 6 months (n = 44). Concentrations of 15 POPs (5 organochlorinated compounds, 2 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and 8 non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured at baseline and end of the study. Results showed that changes in concentrations of individual and classes of POPs did not differ between the dietary groups and controls (p > 0.05). Among cardiometabolic risk factors HDL-cholesterol increased in the fatty fish group compared to controls (+0.10 mmol/L, CI (0.05-0.20); p = 0.005) while no changes were observed in the group consuming nuts. CONCLUSION Fatty fish consumption for 6 months did not increase the serum concentrations of POPs in individuals with overweight or obesity and metabolic risk. While this finding appears reassuring regarding short-term intakes of farmed salmon, long term variations in POPs in adipose stores require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Dusanov
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mette Svendsen
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo
| | - Jerome Ruzzin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanne L Gulseth
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Instiute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor O Klemsdal
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Serena Tonstad
- Section for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Xiao Y, Li X, Zeng X, Wang H, Mai Q, Cheng Y, Li J, Tang L, Ding H. A Low ω-6/ω-3 Ratio High-Fat Diet Improves Rat Metabolism via Purine and Tryptophan Metabolism in the Intestinal Tract, While Reversed by Inulin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7315-7324. [PMID: 31184122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) is the main cause of metabolic diseases. However, HFD in previous studies consists of much lard, which contains a large amount of omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and little omega-3 (ω-3) PUFA. The role of ω-6/ω-3 ratio of HFD in the development of metabolic diseases remains incompletely discussed. In this study, rats were fed with either a low or a high ω-6/ω-3 ratio HFD singly or combined with inulin. Metabolism state was valued and metabolomics of cecal content were detected. Results show that HFD with low ω-6/ω-3 ratio promotes the glucose utilization in rats. However, inulin had different effects on metabolism with different diets. Xanthosine and kynurenic acid in cecum were positively related to epididymal white adipose tissues (eWAT) mass. The present study indicates the beneficial effects of low ω-6/ω-3 ratio HFD (LRD) on the metabolic state of rats. Moreover, xanthosine and kynurenic acid were closely related to the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Qianting Mai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430000 , Hubei , People's Republic of China
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20
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Tsuboi H, Sakakibara H, Tatsumi A, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K, Matsunaga M, Kaneko H, Shimoi K. Serum IL-6 levels and oxidation rate of LDL cholesterol were related to depressive symptoms independent of omega-3 fatty acids among female hospital and nursing home workers in Japan. J Affect Disord 2019; 249:385-393. [PMID: 30818247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are commonly observed in persons with depression or depressive symptoms. We explored the degree of depressive symptoms under psychological stress in relation to serum LDL oxidation, inflammatory markers, and fatty acid (FA) distribution among female population. The purpose of this study was to identify peripheral factors that are related to depressive symptoms, and to assess how each factor is related to depressive symptoms. METHODS 133 female workers in a hospital and nursing homes were recruited in Japan. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Japanese version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and perceived stress was assessed using the visual analogue scale. Cytokine levels and oxidation rate of LDL cholesterol (ox-LDL/LDL) were measured as indices of inflammation and oxidation. Omega-3 FA distribution was also measured. Path analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to determine if each factor was predictive of depressive symptoms. RESULTS It was identified that serum ox-LDL/LDL was positively connected with depressive symptoms, but was more strongly related to perceived psychological stress. Elevated serum IL-6 was positively correlated with depressive symptoms, though the effect was partly transmitted via ox-LDL/LDL. Additionally, serum ω3 PUFAs were inversely associated with depressive symptoms independently of IL-6 or ox-LDL/LDL. CONCLUSION Although this study is unlikely to fully explain the causes of depressive symptoms, it suggests that psychological stress and somatic factors such as inflammation, oxidation and nutrition are related to depressive symptoms. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of lifestyle targets to alleviate the identified depression risk factors, anti-oxidative therapies, anti-inflammatory therapies and nutritional interventions to prevent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Tsuboi
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical & Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Neurology and Internal Psychosomatic Medicine, Bantane Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sakakibara
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Asami Tatsumi
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | | | - Masahiro Matsunaga
- Department of Neurology and Internal Psychosomatic Medicine, Bantane Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Department of Neurology and Internal Psychosomatic Medicine, Bantane Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Hoshigaoka Maternity Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kayoko Shimoi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Szczuko M, Kaczkan M, Drozd A, Maciejewska D, Palma J, Owczarzak A, Marczuk N, Rutkowski P, Małgorzewicz S. Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiles in a Group of Female Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)⁻Similar Trends of Changes, Different Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071719. [PMID: 30959940 PMCID: PMC6480133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) profiles in the plasma of patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD) seem to be identical despite their different etiology (dietary mistakes vs. cachexia). The aim of this study was to compare both profiles and to highlight the differences that could influence the improvement of the treatment of patients in both groups. The study involved 73 women, including 24 patients with chronic kidney disease treated with haemodialysis, 19 patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and 30 healthy women in the control group. A total of 35 fatty acids and derivatives were identified and quantified by gas chromatography. Intensified elongation processes from acid C10:0 to C16:0 were noted in both groups (more intense in MetS), as well as an increased synthesis of arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), which was more intense in CKD. Significant correlations of oleic acid (C18:1n9), gamma linoleic acid (C18:3n6), and docosatetraenoate acid (C22:4n6) with parameters of CKD patients were observed. In the MetS group, auxiliary metabolic pathways of oleic acid were activated, which simultaneously inhibited the synthesis of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from alpha lipoic acid (ALA). On the other hand, in the group of female patients with CKD, the synthesis of EPA and DHA was intensified. Activation of the synthesis of oleic acid (C18: 1n9 ct) and trans-vaccinic acid (C18:1) is a protective mechanism in kidney diseases and especially in MetS due to the increased concentration of saturated fatty acid (SFA) in plasma. The cause of the increased amount of all FAs in plasma in the CKD group, especially in the case of palmitic (C16:0) and derivatives stearic (C18:0) acids, may be the decomposition of adipose tissue and the progressing devastation of the organism, whereas, in the MetS group, dietary intake seems to be the main reason for the increase in SFA. Moreover, in MetS, auxiliary metabolic pathways are activated for oleic acid, which cause the simultaneous inhibition of EPA and DHA synthesis from ALA, whereas, in the CKD group, we observe an increased synthesis of EPA and DHA. The higher increase of nervonic acid (C24:1) in CKD suggests a higher degree of demyelination and loss of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kaczkan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Arleta Drozd
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dominika Maciejewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Joanna Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Anna Owczarzak
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Natalia Marczuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Rutkowski
- General Nursery Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Diaverum Hemodialysis Unit, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Małgorzewicz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Petyaev IM, Dovgalevsky PY, Chalyk NE, Klochkov VA, Kyle NH. Reduction of elevated lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in serum of individuals with subclinical hypoxia and oxidative stress supplemented with lycosome formulation of docosahexaenoic acid. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1147-1156. [PMID: 31024687 PMCID: PMC6475726 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty two individuals aged 40-65 years old with a moderate hyperlipidemia (serum triglycerides > 150 mg/dl and LDL from 130 to 160 mg/dl) were supplemented once daily for 30 days with a 250 mg conventional formulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) without lycopene (CF-DHA) or 250 mg of lycosome-formulated DHA containing 7 mg of lycopene (LF-DHA). It was shown that ingestion of CF-DHA led to a transient increase in serum DHA level after 2 weeks of the trial, whereas LF-DHA did not cause significant changes in serum DHA. However, there was a noticeable increase in serum eicosapentaenoic acid levels exceeding the pretreatment value by 42.8% and 39.1% after the 2nd and 4th weeks of LF-DHA ingestion. Patients supplemented with LF-DHA showed a significant (19.5 mg/dl, p < 0.05) decline in LDL, which was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in total serum cholesterol and a much stronger reduction in serum triglyceride levels (reduction of medians by 27.5 mg/dl). No changes in HDL were observed. LF-DHA caused a significant decline in the serum level of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), whereas the components of LF-DHA, lycopene and DHA, ingested as two separate formulations had a less significant effect on serum MDA. Moreover, LF-DHA increased both the plasma oxygen transport and tissue oxygen saturation by the end of the observational period, while lycopene or DHA taken alone, or both of them co-ingested separately had none or a much less effect on the oxygen turnover parameters.
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23
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Rong C, Chen H, Tang X, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Chen W. Structural Determinants of Substrate Specificity of Omega-3 Desaturases from Mortierella alpina and Rhizophagus irregularis by Domain-Swapping and Molecular Docking. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071603. [PMID: 30935072 PMCID: PMC6479736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although various ω-3 fatty acid desaturases (ω3Des) have been identified and well-studied regarding substrate preference and regiospecificity, the molecular mechanism of their substrate specificities remains to be investigated. Here we compared two ω3Des, FADS15 from Mortierella alpina and oRiFADS17 from Rhizophagus irregularis, which possessed a substrate preference for linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, respectively. Their sequences were divided into six sections and a domain-swapping strategy was used to test the role of each section in catalytic activity. Heterologous expression and fatty acid experiments of hybrid enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1 indicated that the sequences between his-boxes I and II played critical roles in influencing substrate preference. Based on site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking, the amino acid substitutions W129T and T144W, located in the upper part of the hydrocarbon chain, were found to be involved in substrate specificity, while V137T and V152T were confirmed to interfere with substrate recognition. This study provides significant insight into the structure-function relationship of ω3Des.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchi Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yongquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 5: 27127, USA.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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24
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Rong C, Chen H, Tang X, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Characterization and molecular docking of new Δ17 fatty acid desaturase genes from Rhizophagus irregularis and Octopus bimaculoides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6871-6880. [PMID: 35518462 PMCID: PMC9061052 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via conversion of n-6 polyunsaturates to their n-3 counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchi Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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25
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Manninen SM, Lankinen MA, de Mello VD, Laaksonen DE, Schwab US, Erkkilä AT. Intake of Fatty Fish Alters the Size and the Concentration of Lipid Components of HDL Particles and Camelina Sativa Oil Decreases IDL Particle Concentration in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1701042. [PMID: 29645359 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201701042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Intake of long-chain n-3 PUFAs affects the lipoprotein subclass profile, whereas the effect of shorter chain n-3 PUFAs remains unclear. We investigated the effect of fish and camelina sativa oil (CSO) intakes on lipoprotein subclasses. METHODS AND RESULTS Altogether, 79 volunteers with impaired glucose metabolism were randomly assigned to CSO, fatty fish (FF), lean fish (LF), or control group for 12 weeks. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid components. The average HDL particle size increased in the FF group (overall p = 0.032) as compared with the control group. Serum concentrations of cholesterol in HDL and HDL2 (overall p = 0.024 and p = 0.021, respectively) and total lipids and phospholipids in large HDL particles (overall p = 0.012 and p = 0.019, respectively) increased in the FF group, differing significantly from the LF group. The concentration of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) particles decreased in the CSO group (overall p = 0.033) as compared with the LF group. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that FF intake causes a shift toward larger HDL particles and increases the concentration of lipid components in HDL, which may be associated with the antiatherogenic properties of HDL. Furthermore, CSO intake decreases IDL particle concentration. These changes may favorably affect cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi M Manninen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria A Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vanessa D de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David E Laaksonen
- Institute of Clinical medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula S Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja T Erkkilä
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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26
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Jansson P, Kay B. Aldehydes identified in commercially available ω-3 supplements via 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Nutrition 2018; 60:74-79. [PMID: 30529885 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality globally. Studies have suggested that supplementary ω-3 oils may provide cardiovascular protection, although the literature is equivocal. Recently, it has been established that many commercially available ω-3 supplements are unacceptably oxidized, leading to myriad potential health risks. One oxidation product of concern is aldehydes, which have been shown to have mutagenic, cytotoxic, and inflammatory properties that may contribute to many different disease processes, including CVD. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of aldehyde contamination in commercially available ω-3 supplements. METHODS We tested 12 different ω-3 oils (6 fish, 4 krill, 2 algae), using 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance scanning. This work is of a pilot nature, as such we randomly selected and purchased 12 different oils over the counter from various local retailers according to the sales representatives' recommendations. RESULTS The four krill products contained aldehydes at concentrations between 5.652 (±0.496) and 6.779 (±1.817) mMol/L. Both algae samples contained aldehydes: 1.235 (±0.111) and 1.565 (±0.618) mMol/L. Two of the six fish oils contained aldehydes 1.568 (±0.291) and 4.319 (±2.361) mMol/L. There is currently no standard for aldehyde content nor for labeling of ω-3 supplements. Two-thirds (8 of 12) of the ω-3 supplements tested in this study contained aldehydes. Aldehydes have the potential to precipitate serious health problems even at very low absolute intake volumes. These findings may provide reason for sober reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Jansson
- Independent nutritionist and biomedical scientist, Mapua, New Zealand
| | - Bartholomew Kay
- Independent physiologist and nutritionist, Mapua, New Zealand.
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27
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Suitability of Novel Algal Biomass as Fish Feed: Accumulation and Distribution of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid in Zebrafish. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:112-123. [PMID: 30345480 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A 28-day feeding experiment with formulated feed using docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich whole cells of freeze-dried marine microalgae Schizochytrium sp. to understand the distribution of fatty acids in a laboratory model zebrafish was conducted. Three feeds, commercial feed, 50:50 feed (50% commercial and 50% algae), and pure algae, were investigated. All feeds were consumed by zebrafish and showed optimal growth and weight gain with a survival rate of 100%. Lipids were extracted from four different tissues, brain, liver, muscle, and blood, to understand the distribution of fatty acids with respect to the feed. Maximum lipid was observed in zebrafish fed with 50:50 feed in all tissue samples. An increasing concentration of fatty acids was observed upon increasing the experimental time. Algae feed supported the DHA accumulation in all tissue samples compared to other feeds and resulted in an overall increment of polyunsaturated fatty acid content. To understand the role of fatty acids during zebrafish embryogenesis, eggs were collected at the end of the experiment and fatty acid content was analyzed. However, no significant difference was observed in fatty acid composition of embryos fed with algae. This provides a base for the understanding of fatty acid distribution in zebrafish with commercial and algae feeds and support the utilization of Schizochytrium biomass as a potential replacement for fishmeal.
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Pazderka CW, Oliver B, Murray M, Rawling T. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Derived Lipid Mediators and their Application in Drug Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:1670-1689. [PMID: 30259807 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180927100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play crucial and often opposing regulatory roles in health and in pathological conditions. n-3 and n-6 PUFA undergo biotransformation to parallel series of lipid mediators that are potent modulators of many cellular processes. A wide range of biological actions have been attributed to lipid mediators derived from n-6 PUFA, and these mediators have served as lead compounds in the development of numerous clinically approved drugs, including latanoprost (Xalatan: Pfizer), which is listed on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. n-3 PUFA-derived mediators have received less attention, in part because early studies suggested that n-3 PUFA act simply as competitive substrates for biotransformation enzymes and decrease the formation of n-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators. However, more recent studies suggest that n-3 PUFA-derived mediators are biologically important in their own right. It is now emerging that many n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators have potent and diverse activities that are distinct from their n-6 counterparts. These findings provide new opportunities for drug discovery. Herein, we review the biosynthesis of n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators and highlight their biological actions that may be exploited for drug development. Lastly, we provide examples of medicinal chemistry research that has utilized n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators as novel lead compounds in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W Pazderka
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Brian Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia
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Shao X, Bor G, Al-Hosayni S, Salentinig S, Yaghmur A. Structural characterization of self-assemblies of new omega-3 lipids: docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid monoglycerides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23928-23941. [PMID: 30209464 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04256j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The attractiveness of new omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) monoglycerides (MAGs) lies in the amphiphilic nature and the beneficial health effects as PUFA precursors in various disorders including cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and inflammatory diseases. For exploring the potential therapeutic applications of these new amphiphilic lipids, particularly as main lipid constituents in the development of nanocarriers for delivery of drugs and PUFAs, it is of paramount importance to gain insight into their self-assembly behavior on exposure to excess water. This work describes the structural characteristics of self-assemblies based on two newly synthesized MAGs, namely docosahexaenoic acid (MAG-DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (MAG-DPA) monoglycerides, on exposure to excess water. We found that both lipids tend to form a dominant inverse hexagonal (H2) phase in excess water at 25 °C and a temperature-triggered structural transition to an inverse micellar solution (L2 phase) is detected similar to that recently reported (A. Yaghmur et al., Langmuir, 2017, 33, 14045-14057) for eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride (MAG-EPA). An experimental SAXS structural evaluation study on the temperature-dependent behavior of these new monoglycerides is provided, and the effects of unsaturation degree and fatty acyl chain length on the self-assembled structural features in excess water and on the H2-L2 phase transition temperature are discussed. In addition, hexosomes stabilized by using the triblock copolymer F127 and the food-grade emulsifier citrem were investigated to gain insights into the effects of stabilizer and temperature on the internal nanostructure. These nanoparticles are attractive for use in the development of nanocarriers for delivering drugs and/or nutritional compounds as the beneficial health effects of ω-3 PUFA monoglycerides can be combined with those of loaded therapeutic agents or nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Trichormus variabilis (Cyanobacteria) Biomass: From the Nutraceutical Products to Novel EPS-Cell/Protein Carrier Systems. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090298. [PMID: 30150548 PMCID: PMC6164293 DOI: 10.3390/md16090298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A native strain of the heterocytous cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis VRUC 168 was mass cultivated in a low-cost photobioreactor for a combined production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and Exopolymeric Substances (EPS) from the same cyanobacterial biomass. A sequential extraction protocol was optimized leading to high yields of Released EPS (REPS) and PUFA, useful for nutraceutical products and biomaterials. REPS were extracted and characterized by chemical staining, Reversed Phase-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and other spectroscopic techniques. Due to their gelation property, REPS were used to produce a photo-polymerizable hybrid hydrogel (REPS-Hy) with addition of polyethylene glycol diacrylated (PEGDa). REPS-Hy was stable over time and resistant to dehydration and spontaneous hydrolysis. The rheological and functional properties of REPS-Hy were studied. The enzyme carrier ability of REPS-Hy was assessed using the detoxification enzyme thiosulfate:cyanide sulfur transferase (TST), suggesting the possibility to use REPS-Hy as an enzymatic hydrogel system. Finally, REPS-Hy was used as a scaffold for culturing human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The cell seeding onto the REPS-Hy and the cell embedding into 3D-REPS-Hy demonstrated a scaffolding property of REPS-Hy with non-cytotoxic effect, suggesting potential applications of cyanobacteria REPS for producing enzyme- and cell-carrier systems.
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31
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Walquist MJ, Stormo SK, Østerud B, Elvevoll EO, Eilertsen KE. Cold-pressed minke whale oil reduces circulating LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, lipid oxidation and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a Western-type diet for 13 weeks. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:35. [PMID: 29755576 PMCID: PMC5935995 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-chain n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n3-PUFA) are well known for their anti-inflammatory activity and their impact on cardiovascular disease. Cold-pressed whale oil (CWO) has half the amount of LC n3-PUFA compared to cod liver oil (CLO). Still, there has been observed more pronounced beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease markers from intake of CWO compared to intake of CLO in human intervention studies. Extracts from CWO deprived of fatty acids have also been shown to display antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate whether intake of a high-fat Western-type diet (WD) supplemented with CWO would prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Methods Seventy female ApoE-/- mice were fed a WD containing 1% CWO, CLO or corn oil (CO). Atherosclerotic lesion formation, body and tissue weights, hepatic gene expression together with serum levels of LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, ox-LDL, total antioxidant status and various serum cardiovascular disease/proinflammatory markers were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, and Shapiro-Wilk's test was performed to determine the distribution of the variables. Statistical difference was assessed using One-Way ANOVA with Tukeys' post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test. The hepatic relative gene expression was analysed with REST 2009 (V2.0.13). Results Mice fed CWO had less atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch compared to mice fed CO. Levels of LDL/VLDL-cholesterol and ox-LDL-cholesterol were also markedly reduced whereas total antioxidant levels were enhanced in mice fed CWO compared to CO-fed mice. In addition, CWO-fed mice gained less weight and several hepatic genes involved in the cholesterol metabolism were up-regulated compared to CO-fed mice. Conclusion In the present study mice fed a WD supplemented with 1% CWO had reduced formation of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch, reduced serum LDL/VLDL-cholesterol and ox-LDL-cholesterol, increased serum total antioxidant status and reduced body weight compared to mice fed a WD supplemented with 1% CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Johannessen Walquist
- 1Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Bjarne Østerud
- 3Faculty of Health Science, IMB, K.G Jebsen TREC, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Edel O Elvevoll
- 1Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karl-Erik Eilertsen
- 1Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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32
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Danthiir V, Hosking DE, Nettelbeck T, Vincent AD, Wilson C, O'Callaghan N, Calvaresi E, Clifton P, Wittert GA. An 18-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of DHA-rich fish oil to prevent age-related cognitive decline in cognitively normal older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:754-762. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Danthiir
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Nutrition and Health
- School of Psychology
| | - Diane E Hosking
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Nutrition and Health
- School of Psychology
| | | | | | - Carlene Wilson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Nutrition and Health
- School of Psychology
| | - Nathan O'Callaghan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Nutrition and Health
| | - Eva Calvaresi
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Nutrition and Health
| | - Peter Clifton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Nutrition and Health
| | - Gary A Wittert
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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33
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Florek M, Kwiecień M, Kwiatkowska K, Krusiński R. Cadmium and Lead Content in Chosen Commercial Fishery Products Consumed in Poland and Risk Estimations on Fish Consumption. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:373-380. [PMID: 28752272 PMCID: PMC5838125 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presented studies aimed to verify whether fish and fishery products available on the Polish market were safe for consumers in terms of Cd and Pb content. Safety was evaluated according to the content of Cd and Pb in fishery products and based on the share of such products in supplying Cd and Pb in the weekly diet of an adult. Fish samples, of which 139 were smoked fish (26 samples of mackerel, 21 of salmon, 35 of sprat, 38 of eel and 19 of trout) and 117 samples of prepared fish-based dishes (20 of salads, 41 of spreads and 56 of marinated herring) were analysed. The content of Cd and Pb was determined using the GF AAS method. The content of Cd per 1 kg of the analysed product can be represented as follows: salads > smoked eel > smoked salmon and mackerel > smoked trout and spreads > marinated herring > smoked sprat. The content of Pb per 1 kg of the analysed product can be represented as follows: smoked salmon and salads > smoked mackerel and spreads > smoked eel > smoked sprat and smoked trout. Most Cd was found in salads (on average 10.7 μg kg-1; range 6.53-14.7 μg), whereas most Pb was recorded in salads (on average 56.8 μg per kg; range 32.6-78.9 μg) and marinated fish (on average 58.8 μg per kg; range 19.8-79.6 μg). Fish and fishery products available in Poland are safe for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Florek
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Animal Raw Materials, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Krusiński
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
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34
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Hu H, Ma LL, Shen XF, Li JY, Wang HF, Zeng RJ. Effect of cultivation mode on the production of docosahexaenoic acid by Tisochrysis lutea. AMB Express 2018; 8:50. [PMID: 29603024 PMCID: PMC5878155 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Tisochrysis lutea was cultivated in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures with glycerol as a carbon source and with glucose and acetate for comparison; autotrophic cultivation was the control group without a carbon source. It was found that T. lutea used glycerol and did not use glucose and acetate under mixotrophy. Mixotrophy slightly elevated the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total fatty acids (TFA) content in the dry-weight and enhanced the DHA and TFA production in medium (41.3 and 31.9% respectively) at the end of a 16-day cultivation, while heterotrophy reduced the DHA content and TFA production. Under the mixotrophy, the glycerol contribution to the DHA production (16.19 mg/L) and the TFA production (97.8 mg/L) was not very high and the DHA yield [2.63% chemical oxygen demand (COD)] and TFA yield (13.1% COD) were also very low. Furthermore, T. lutea using glycerol had a period of adaptation, indicating that T. lutea was not an ideal microalga for organic carbon utilization.
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35
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Petsini F, Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S. Fish consumption and cardiovascular disease related biomarkers: A review of clinical trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2061-2071. [PMID: 29420061 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1437388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to collect and compare fish intervention studies. Prospective studies have outlined the beneficial effect of frequent fish consumption on cardiovascular incidents that is attributed to n-3 fatty acids incorporated in fish, mainly eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. This outcome triggered clinical trials to examine the effect of either fish intake or consumption of n-3 fatty acids via capsules on biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). The absence of a recent review focusing on clinical trials regarding fish intake and not n-3 fatty acids supplements rendered necessary the composition of this article. In total, 28 studies on healthy volunteers were found to meet the inclusion criteria. With EPA and DHA intake varying between 0.03 to 5 g per day, biomarkers, such as triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and platelet aggregation, tended to ameliorate when daily intake exceeded 1 g per day, while the most common inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein, was not affected. In all, fish consumption gives promising results; yet fish micronutrients, total diet fat, as well as other dietary habits may also affect biomarkers. Therefore, all these factors should be considered in future clinical trials in order for one to draw more reliable conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filio Petsini
- a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Harokopio University , Athens , Greece
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36
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Urrutia P, Arrieta R, Alvarez L, Cardenas C, Mesa M, Wilson L. Immobilization of lipases in hydrophobic chitosan for selective hydrolysis of fish oil: The impact of support functionalization on lipase activity, selectivity and stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:674-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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37
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Ge C, Chen H, Mei T, Tang X, Chang L, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Application of a ω-3 Desaturase with an Arachidonic Acid Preference to Eicosapentaenoic Acid Production in Mortierella alpina. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 5:89. [PMID: 29404322 PMCID: PMC5786553 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the industrial oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina, the arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4; ω-6) fraction can reach 50% of the total fatty acids (TFAs) in vivo. However, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5; ω-3) fraction is less than 3% when this fungus is cultivated at a low temperature (12°C). Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme in ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis pathways. To enhance EPA production, we transformed the ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (PaD17), which exhibits strong Δ-17 desaturase activity, into M. alpina, thus increasing the AA to EPA conversion rate to 49.8%. This PaD17-harboring M. alpina reconstruction strain produced 617 mg L−1 of EPA at room temperature in broth medium, this yield was increased to 1.73 g L−1 after culture medium optimization (i.e., about threefold higher than that under original culture conditions), with concomitant respective increases in dry cell weight and TFA content to 16.55 and 6.46 g L−1. These findings suggest a new platform for the future industrial production of EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tiantian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Lulu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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38
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Tang X, Chen H, Ge C, Dong S, Si S, Liu J, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Application of high EPA-producing Mortierella alpina in laying hen feed for egg DHA accumulation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39005-39012. [PMID: 35558321 PMCID: PMC9090661 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), are beneficial for human health. In this study, we selected a high EPA content (30% in total fatty acids) strain of Mortierella alpina CCFM 698 that overexpressed an ω-3 fatty acid desaturase from Phytophthora parasitica, and investigated the cell growth and lipid accumulation of this strain in a 65 L airlift fermenter with glucose batch feeding. The maximum cell dry weight was 28.7 g L−1 and the highest total fatty acid content was 33.0% (w/w) in cell dry weight. The highest EPA yield was 1.8 g L−1. Both low and high dose supplementation of this strain into the feed of laying hens increased DHA accumulation in the yolk. The highest DHA content of 7.61 mg g−1 yolk was achieved in Fengda-1 laying hens with 4% supplementation and the DHA production per egg was 118.46 mg. However, Hy-Line Brown laying hens displayed a higher DHA production per egg and the value was 131.50, 131.72, 131.95 mg with 1.5%, 2%, 4% supplementation, respectively. The lowest ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs (3.53) was obtained in Hy-Line Brown laying hens with 4% supplementation. These results suggest that M. alpina CCFM 698 can be used as an alternative source of ω-3 PUFAs in feed to produce nutritious eggs with high DHA content. A high EPA-producing M. alpina was fermented and added to laying hen feed for egg yolk DHA accumulation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Chengfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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39
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Yaghmur A, Al-Hosayni S, Amenitsch H, Salentinig S. Structural Investigation of Bulk and Dispersed Inverse Lyotropic Hexagonal Liquid Crystalline Phases of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Monoglyceride. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14045-14057. [PMID: 29136473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated the potential therapeutic use of newly synthesized omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) monoglycerides owing to their beneficial health effects in various disorders including cancer and inflammation diseases. To date, the research was mainly focused on exploring the biological effects of these functional lipids. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the hydration-mediated self assembly of these lipids that leads to the formation of nanostructures, which are attractive for use as vehicles for the delivery of drugs and functional foods. In the present study, we investigated the temperature-composition phase behaviour of eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride (MAG-EPA), which is one of the most investigated ω-3 PUFA monoglycerides, during a heating-cooling cycle in the temperature range of 5-60 °C. Experimental synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) evidence on the formation of a dominant inverse hexagonal (H2) lyotropic liquid crystalline phase and its temperature-induced transition to an inverse micellar solution (L2 phase) is presented for the fully hydrated bulk MAG-EPA system and its corresponding dispersion. We produced colloidal MAG-EPA hexosomes with an internal inverse hexagonal (H2) lyotropic crystalline phase in the presence of F127, a well-known polymeric stabilizer, or citrem, which is a negatively charged food-grade emulsifier. In this work, we report also on the formation of MAG-EPA hexosomes by vortexing MAG-EPA in excess aqueous medium containing F127 at room temperature. This low-energy emulsification method is different than most reported studies in the literature that have demonstrated the need for using a high-energy input during the emulsification step or adding an organic solvent for the formation of such colloidal nonlamellar liquid crystalline dispersions. The designed nanoparticles hold promise for future drug and functional food delivery applications due to their unique structural properties and the potential health-promoting effects of MAG-EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Yaghmur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sabah Al-Hosayni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste , Strada Statale 14, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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40
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Fri J, Ndip RN, Njom HA, Clarke AM. First report of methicillin‐resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in tank cultured dusky kob (
Argyrosomus japonicus
), and evaluation of three phenotypic methods in the detection of MRSA. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Fri
- Microbial pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Fort HareAlice South Africa
| | - Roland Ndip Ndip
- Department Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBuea Cameroon
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- Microbial pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Fort HareAlice South Africa
| | - Anna Maria Clarke
- Microbial pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUniversity of Fort HareAlice South Africa
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41
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Parolini C, Bjorndal B, Busnelli M, Manzini S, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Ramsvik M, Bruheim I, Berge RK, Chiesa G. Effect of Dietary Components from Antarctic Krill on Atherosclerosis in apoE-Deficient Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28812326 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Antarctic krill is a great source of n-3 fatty acids and high-quality proteins. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Antarctic krill components on plasma lipids and atherosclerosis development. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty apoEKO mice were divided into four groups and fed Western diet (CONTROL) or Western-like diets, differing for protein or fat content. Specifically, casein or fat in CONTROL was partially replaced by krill proteins (PRO), krill oil (KRILL OIL), or both (KRILL OIL+PRO). In KRILL OIL+PRO and KRILL OIL, cholesterol levels were significantly lower than in CONTROL group. Atherosclerosis in aorta of PRO, KRILL OIL and KRILL OIL+PRO was lower than in CONTROL, whereas, at the aortic sinus, atherosclerosis reduction was only observed in KRILL OIL. Liver steatosis, commonly present in CONTROL and PRO animals, was sporadic in KRILL OIL+PRO and KRILL OIL mice. Krill oil containing diets affected the expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, mainly HMG-CoA reductase. No reduced systemic inflammation was found in all groups. CONCLUSION Krill oil containing diets were able to reduce cholesterol levels, inhibit plaque development and prevent liver damage. Krill proteins also reduced atherosclerosis development through mechanisms not involving lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Bodil Bjorndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia S Ganzetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Dellera
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marie Ramsvik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.,Rimfrost AS, N-6099, Fosnavaag, Norway
| | | | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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42
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Shen D, Zhang X, Li Z, Bai H, Chen L. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. Climacteric 2017; 20:522-527. [PMID: 29034731 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1384952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Telemedicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Z. Li
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - H. Bai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - L. Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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43
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Walker RM, Gumus CE, Decker EA, McClements DJ. Improvements in the formation and stability of fish oil-in-water nanoemulsions using carrier oils: MCT, thyme oil, & lemon oil. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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44
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Rescigno T, Capasso A, Tecce MF. Involvement of nutrients and nutritional mediators in mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase gene expression. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3306-3314. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rescigno
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Fisciano Salerno Italy
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45
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Han L, Song S, Niu Y, Meng M, Wang C. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Induced Macrophages Activation through GPR120-Mediated Raf-ERK1/2-IKKβ-NF-κB p65 Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090937. [PMID: 28841192 PMCID: PMC5622697 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the immunomodulatory effect and molecular mechanisms of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, a typical kind of n-3PUFAs) on RAW264.7 cells. Methods: A variety of research methods, including the RAW264.7 cells culture, cell proliferation assays, morphologic observations, measurements of NO production, cytokine assays, nuclear protein extractions, western blot analyses and NF-κB p65 immunofluorescence assays were used in this study. Results: The results showed that EPA could increase the proliferation index and enhance the release of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines in RAW264.7 cells. Western blotting results revealed that the protein level of GPR120 increased significantly in RAW264.7 cells after EPA treatment. Meanwhile, EPA elevated the phosphorylation status of Raf, which may act as an upstream regulator of EPA-induced phosphorylated ERK1/2. In addition, the phosphorylated ERK1/2 may then promote IKKβ in endochylema and translocate the NF-κB p65 subunit into the nucleus, thus regulating the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines. Conclusions: EPA (0.6–3.0 μmol) activates RAW264.7 cells through GPR120-mediated Raf-ERK1/2-IKKβ-NF-κB p65 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shumin Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yabing Niu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Meng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Chunling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
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46
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Manuelli M, Della Guardia L, Cena H. Enriching Diet with n-3 PUFAs to Help Prevent Cardiovascular Diseases in Healthy Adults: Results from Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071552. [PMID: 28718800 PMCID: PMC5536040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are believed to be important for cardiovascular health. Many investigations have been carried out in an attempt to examine the effect of n-3 PUFAs intake, in the form of supplementation or fortified foods, for the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors for CVD, whereas less is known about the effect on healthy individuals. The present study reviews the available literature in order to examine the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake, either via supplementation or enriched food, and the prevention of CVD among healthy adults. Interventional clinical trials on subjects aged >18 years old with none of the established risk factors for CVD have been considered for review. n-3 PUFAs supplementation or enriched food may positively regulate triglycerides and some lipoprotein subsets, as well as several vascular and coagulation parameters, even in healthy patients, presenting no risk factors for CVD, suggesting a protective effect. Diet enrichment with omega-3 is likely to be useful in helping to lower the risk of developing CVD in healthy individuals, but still offers no strong evidence of a tangible benefit on a population level. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal daily intake, especially to prevent the unfavorable effects of PUFAs over-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Manuelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
| | - Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy.
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Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by a diverse, highly mutualistic microbial flora, which is known as the microbiome. Disruptions to the microbiome have been shown to be associated with severe pathologies of the host, including metabolic disease, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Mood and behavior are also susceptible to alterations in the gut microbiota. A particularly striking example of the symbiotic effects of the microbiome is the immune system, whose cells depend critically on a diverse array of microbial metabolites for normal development and behavior. This includes metabolites that are produced by bacteria from dietary components, metabolites that are produced by the host and biochemically modified by gut bacteria, and metabolites that are synthesized de novo by gut microbes. In this review, we highlight the role of the intestinal microbiome in human metabolic and inflammatory diseases and focus in particular on the molecular mechanisms that govern the gut-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siegmund Postler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Grela ER. Content of cadmium and lead in raw, fried and baked commercial frozen fishery products consumed in Poland. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2969-2974. [PMID: 27859365 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to verify whether the consumption of frozen fishery products was safe in terms of Cd and Pb content. The study material was 31 frozen fishery products (15 breaded products and 16 fillets). Immediately before the analyses the products were subject to culinary treatment according to the recommendations of the producer: fried in colza oil or baked in a gas oven. The level of Cd and Pb was determined using the GF AAS method. RESULTS The analysed frozen products contained on average 14.0 µg Cd kg-1 and 18.5 µg Pb kg-1 . Compared to raw products, baked fish contained 56% more Cd and 72% more Pb, whereas fried fish contained 16% more Cd and 15% more Pb. Compared to fried products, baked fish contained 34% more Cd and 49% more Pb. CONCLUSION The content of Cd and Pb in the products did not exceed the acceptable standard. However, it cannot be clearly stated which method of culinary treatment of frozen fishery products is the best with regard to the level of Cd and Pb in the final products. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz R Grela
- Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Korinek M, Tsai YH, El-Shazly M, Lai KH, Backlund A, Wu SF, Lai WC, Wu TY, Chen SL, Wu YC, Cheng YB, Hwang TL, Chen BH, Chang FR. Anti-allergic Hydroxy Fatty Acids from Typhonium blumei Explored through ChemGPS-NP. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:356. [PMID: 28674495 PMCID: PMC5474496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of allergic diseases with an inadequate variety of treatment drives forward search for new alternative drugs. Fatty acids, abundant in nature, are regarded as important bioactive compounds and powerful nutrients playing an important role in lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Phytochemical study on Typhonium blumei Nicolson and Sivadasan (Araceae), a folk anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory medicine, yielded four oxygenated fatty acids, 12R-hydroxyoctadec-9Z,13E-dienoic acid methyl ester (1) and 10R-hydroxyoctadec-8E,12Z-dienoic acid methyl ester (2), 9R-hydroxy-10E-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (3), and 12R*-hydroxy-10E-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (4). Isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods along with GC-MS analysis. Isolated fatty acids together with a series of saturated, unsaturated and oxygenated fatty acids were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities in vitro. Unsaturated (including docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids) as well as hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acids exerted strong anti-inflammatory activity in superoxide anion generation (IC50 2.14-3.73 μM) and elastase release (IC50 1.26-4.57 μM) assays. On the other hand, in the anti-allergic assays, the unsaturated fatty acids were inactive, while hydroxylated fatty acids showed promising inhibitory activity in A23187- and antigen-induced degranulation assays (e.g., 9S-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, IC50 92.4 and 49.7 μM, respectively). According to our results, the presence of a hydroxy group in the long chain did not influence the potent anti-inflammatory activity of free unsaturated acids. Nevertheless, hydroxylation of fatty acids (or their methyl esters) seems to be a key factor for the anti-allergic activity observed in the current study. Moreover, ChemGPS-NP was explored to predict the structure-activity relationship of fatty acids. The anti-allergic fatty acids formed different cluster distant from clinically used drugs. The bioactivity of T. blumei, which is historically utilized in folk medicine, might be related to the content of fatty acids and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Korinek
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Kuei-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Backlund
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Shou-Fang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Natural Resource Development Institute of Pharmaceutics, Development Center for BiotechnologyNew Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Lai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and TechnologyTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung, Taiwan.,The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung, Taiwan
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50
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Inoue T, Tanaka M, Masuda S, Ohue-Kitano R, Yamakage H, Muranaka K, Wada H, Kusakabe T, Shimatsu A, Hasegawa K, Satoh-Asahara N. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress the inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse microglia by activating SIRT1 pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:552-560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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