1
|
Wang WJ, Li XP, Shen WH, Huang QY, Cong RP, Zheng LP, Wang JW. Nitric oxide mediates red light-induced perylenequinone production in Shiraia mycelium culture. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38647587 PMCID: PMC10991179 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Perylenequinones (PQs) from bambusicolous Shiraia fungi serve as excellent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. However, the lower yield of PQ production in mycelium cultures is an important bottleneck for their clinical application. Light has long been recognized as a pivotal regulatory signal for fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In this study, we explored the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the growth and PQ biosynthesis in mycelium cultures of Shiraia sp. S9 exposed to red light. The continuous irradiation with red light (627 nm, 200 lx) suppressed fungal conidiation, promoted hyphal branching, and elicited a notable increase in PQ accumulation. Red light exposure induced NO generation, peaking to 81.7 μmol/g FW on day 8 of the culture, with the involvement of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- or nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent pathways. The application of a NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) restored conidiation of Shiraia sp. S9 under red light and stimulated PQ production, which was mitigated upon the introduction of NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS-2028. These results showed that red light-induced NO, as a signaling molecule, was involved in the regulation of growth and PQ production in Shiraia sp. S9 through the NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. While mycelial H2O2 content exhibited no significant alternations, a transient increase of intracellular Ca2+ and extracellular ATP (eATP) content was detected upon exposure to red light. The generation of NO was found to be interdependent on cytosolic Ca2+ and eATP concentration. These signal molecules cooperated synergistically to enhance membrane permeability and elevate the transcript levels of PQ biosynthetic genes in Shiraia sp. S9. Notably, the combined treatment of red light with 5 μM SNP yielded a synergistic effect, resulting in a substantially higher level of hypocrellin A (HA, 254 mg/L), about 3.0-fold over the dark control. Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulation of NO on fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis and present a promising strategy involving the combined elicitation with SNP for enhanced production of photoactive PQs and other valuable secondary metabolites in fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Juan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wen Hao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qun Yan Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Peng Cong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu ZM, Zhang RT, Huang XB, Cao XT, Shen XY, Fan L, Hou CL. Optimisation of hypocrellin production in Shiraia-like fungi via genetic modification involving a transcription factor gene and a putative monooxygenase gene. Mycology 2023; 15:272-281. [PMID: 38813477 PMCID: PMC11133952 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2295406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiraia-like fungi, which are rare parasitic fungi found around bamboo, play an important role in traditional medicine. Their main active component, hypocrellin, is widely used in medicine, food, and cosmetics. By comparing strains with different hypocrellin yields, we identified a transcription factor (SbTF) in the hypocrellin biosynthesis pathway. SbTF from high-yielding zzz816 and low-yielding CNUCC C72 differed in its protein structure. Subsequently, SbTF from high-yielding zzz816 was overexpressed in several strains. This stabilised the yield in zzz816 and significantly increased the yield in low-yielding CNUCC C72. Comparing downstream non-essential genes between wild type and SbTF-overexpressing CNUCC C72 showed that SbMNF was significantly up-regulated. Therefore, it was selected for further study. SbMNF overexpression increased the hypocrellin yield in low-yielding CNUCC C72 and altered the composition of compounds in high-yielding CNUCC 1353PR and zzz816. This involved an increased elsinochrome C yield in CNUCC 1353PR and an increased hypocrellin B yield in zzz816 (by 2 and 70.3 times that in the corresponding wild type, respectively). This study is the first to alter hypocrellin synthesis to alter the levels of one bioactive agent compared to another. The results provide new insights regarding genetic modification and will help to optimise fungal fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Min Lu
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Run-Tong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ting Cao
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Shen
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Fan
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Hou
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bao Z, Xie Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Zhu D. Biotechnological production and potential applications of hypocrellins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6421-6438. [PMID: 37695342 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellins (HYPs), a kind of natural perylenequinones (PQs) with an oxidized pentacyclic core, are important natural compounds initially extracted from the stromata of Hypocrella bambusae and Shiraia bambusicola. They have been widely concerned for their use as anti-microbial, anti-cancers, and anti-viral photodynamic therapy agents in recent years. Considering the restrictions of natural stromal resources, submerged fermentation with Shiraia spp. has been viewed as a promising alternative biotechnology for HYP production, and great efforts have been made to improve HYP production over the past decade. This article reviews recent publications about the mycelium fermentation production of HYPs, and their bioactivities and potential applications, and especially summarizes the progresses toward manipulation of fermentation conditions. Also, their chemical structure and analytic methods are outlined. Herein, it is worth mentioning that the gene arrangement in HYP gene cluster is revised; previous unknown genes in HYP and CTB gene clusters with correct function annotation are deciphered; the homologous sequences of HYP, CTB, and elc are systematically aligned, and especially the biosynthetic pathway of HYPs is full-scale proposed. KEY POINTS: • The mycelial fermentation process and metabolic regulation of hypocrellins are reviewed. • The bioactivities and potential applications of hypocrellins are summarized. • The biosynthesis pathway and regulatory mechanisms of hypocrellins are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yunchang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Chenglong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Chen S, Yang L, Zhang Q. Application progress of CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology in edible fungi. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1169884. [PMID: 37303782 PMCID: PMC10248459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1169884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible fungi are not only delicious but are also rich in nutritional and medicinal value, which is highly sought after by consumers. As the edible fungi industry continues to rapidly advance worldwide, particularly in China, the cultivation of superior and innovative edible fungi strains has become increasingly pivotal. Nevertheless, conventional breeding techniques for edible fungi can be arduous and time-consuming. CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9) is a powerful tool for molecular breeding due to its ability to mediate high-efficiency and high-precision genome modification, which has been successfully applied to many kinds of edible fungi. In this review, we briefly summarized the working mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and highlighted the application progress of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology in edible fungi, including Agaricus bisporus, Ganoderma lucidum, Flammulina filiformis, Ustilago maydis, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinopsis cinerea, Schizophyllum commune, Cordyceps militaris, and Shiraia bambusicola. Additionally, we discussed the limitations and challenges encountered using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in edible fungi and provided potential solutions. Finally, the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system for molecular breeding of edible fungi in the future are explored.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen WH, Cong RP, Li XP, Huang QY, Zheng LP, Wang JW. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on Shiraia perylenequinone production in mycelium cultures. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:57. [PMID: 36964527 PMCID: PMC10039612 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perylenequinones from Shiraia fruiting bodies are excellent photosensitizers and widely used for anti-cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). The lower yield of Shiraia perylenequinones becomes a significant bottleneck for their medical application. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) not only serve as important precursors for protein synthesis, but also are involved in signaling pathway in cell growth and development. However, there are few reports concerning their regulation of fungal secondary metabolism. In present study, the eliciting effects of BCAAs including L-isoleucine (L-Ile), L-leucine (L-Leu) and L-valine (L-Val) on Shiraia perylenequinone production were investigated. RESULTS Based on the analysis of the transcriptome and amino acid contents of Shiraia in the production medium, we revealed the involvement of BCAAs in perylenequinone biosynthesis. The fungal conidiation was promoted by L-Val treatment at 1.5 g/L, but inhibited by L-Leu. The spore germination was promoted by both. The production of fungal perylenequinones including hypocrellins A (HA), HC and elsinochromes A-C (EA-EC) was stimulated significantly by L-Val at 1.5 g/L, but sharply suppressed by L-Leu. After L-Val treatment (1.5 g/L) in Shiraia mycelium cultures, HA, one of the main bioactive perylenequinones reached highest production 237.92 mg/L, about 2.12-fold than that of the control. Simultaneously, we found that the expression levels of key genes involved in the central carbon metabolism and in the late steps for perylenequinone biosynthesis were up-regulated significantly by L-Val, but most of them were down-regulated by L-Leu. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptome analysis demonstrated that BCAA metabolism was involved in Shiraia perylenequinone biosynthesis. Exogenous BCAAs exhibit contrasting effects on Shiraia growth and perylenequinones production. L-Val could promote perylenequinone biosynthesis via not only enhancing the central carbon metabolism for more precursors, but also eliciting perylenequinone biosynthetic gene expressions. This is the first report on the regulation of BCAAs on fungal perylenequinone production. These findings provided a basis for understanding physiological roles of BCAAs and a new avenue for increasing perylenequinone production in Shiraia mycelium cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Rui Peng Cong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qun Yan Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toopaang W, Bunnak W, Srisuksam C, Wattananukit W, Tanticharoen M, Yang YL, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Microbial polyketides and their roles in insect virulence: from genomics to biological functions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2008-2029. [PMID: 35822627 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: May 1966 up to January 2022Entomopathogenic microorganisms have potential for biological control of insect pests. Their main secondary metabolites include polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) hybrids. Among these secondary metabolites, polyketides have mainly been studied for structural identification, pathway engineering, and for their contributions to medicine. However, little is known about the function of polyketides in insect virulence. This review focuses on the role of bacterial and fungal polyketides, as well as PK-NRP hybrids in insect infection and killing. We also discuss gene distribution and evolutional relationships among different microbial species. Further, the role of microbial polyketides and the hybrids in modulating insect-microbial symbiosis is also explored. Understanding the mechanisms of polyketides in insect pathogenesis, how compounds moderate the host-fungus interaction, and the distribution of PKS genes across different fungi and bacteria will facilitate the discovery and development of novel polyketide-derived bio-insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. .,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Warapon Bunnak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wilawan Wattananukit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ren X, Tian B, Wang L, Tan Y, Huang Y, Jiang X, Liu Y. Metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics reveals the changes during developmental stages in Shiraia bambusicola. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:721-739. [PMID: 35289436 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shiraia bambusicola is a fungus with high economic value widely used in medicine, agriculture, and food. We wished to understand the genes and metabolites changes involved in the different developmental stages of S. bambusicola. So, to reveal key genes and metabolites in the main active metabolite, the were analyzed in different developmental stages of S. bambusicola fruiting body. A total of 29,137 Unigenes were annotated. In the whole growth process, differentially expressed genes were involved in the pathways of cytochrome P450, transcription factors, transporters, and so on, while in the early stage of growth, genes enriching to synthesis pathways of basic substances. In the middle stage of growth, genes with more prominent changes were involved in the pathways of the cell cycle, cancer mechanisms, and aminobenzoate degradation; in the later stage of growth, differentially expressed genes that enriched synthesis pathways of secondary metabolites. A total of 612 metabolites were detected from different growth stages of S. bambusicola. Among them, coumarins, alkaloids, rutin, liquiritigenin, quercetin, and other medically relevant metabolites were detected for the first time. We have identified 31 secondary metabolites, relevantly only accumulated in the early and middle stage, but not detected in the later stage, such as flavonols, coumarins, nucleotides and its derivates and hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives. The differential genes and metabolites of the same group were enriched in 127 pathways, and more significantly in ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The correlation networks of several significantly enriched pathways were analyzed, and the relationships within and between these pathways, genes, and metabolites, were analyzed. The synthetic pathway of hypocrellin has been speculated upon. We believe that hypocrellin is synthesized in S. bambusicola via the shikimic acid pathway followed by phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, then the ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis pathway, and finally a series of polymerization and modification reactions. Several genes and metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of hypocrellin have been identified. This study provides a reference for further research on S. bambusicola, by providing a basis for its use and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyi Ren
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Animal Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control Monitoring Station of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Luo Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yumei Tan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yonghui Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuanli Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Li D, Cao Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhang F, Zheng S. Biodegradable Hypocrellin B nanoparticles coated with neutrophil membranes for hepatocellular carcinoma photodynamics therapy effectively via JUNB/ROS signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107624. [PMID: 34343939 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an inflammation-induced and chemotherapy-resistant common liver cancer, and a major cause of death. Some natural products have been found to be used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of HCC. Due to its specific molecular structure diversities and biological activities, current status of HCC treatment with nature production remains unsatisfactory, owing largely to the toxicity, side effect and inefficiency to drug targeting. Herein, we show a nanoparticle-based broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory strategy that naïve neutrophil membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles (NM-HB NPs) were constructed for synchronous nearinfrared fluorescence (NIR FL) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for HCC. Moreover, NM-HB NPs inhibited the expression of JUNB and promoted the ROS production. JUNB depletion enhanced the anti-HCC effect of NM-HB NPs. Importantly, it was shown that NM-HB NPs are well targeted to the tumor site and overcomes the blood circulation and immune elimination in vivo and vitro. In a mouse model of HCC, the neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles (NM-HB NPs) show significant therapeutic efficacy by PDT and suppressing tumor tissue increase. All results demonstrated that NM coated HB NPs representing a viable and effective treatment option for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Yiming Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Feixia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
He C, Chen X, Zhuang S, Wu Y, Tang B, Wu A. Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck/Insertion/Decarboxylation Domino Sequence: Synthesis of Dihydrocyclohepta[
de
]naphthalenes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 430079 Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang‐Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 430079 Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Shi‐Yi Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 430079 Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Yan‐Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 430079 Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - Bo‐Cheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 430079 Wuhan People's Republic of China
| | - An‐Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 430079 Wuhan People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma YJ, Li XP, Wang Y, Wang JW. Nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside-induced transcriptional changes and hypocrellin biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:92. [PMID: 33910564 PMCID: PMC8082767 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling mediator in various physiological processes. However, there are less reports concerning the effects of NO on fungal secondary metabolites. Hypocrellins are effective anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents from fungal perylenequinone pigments of Shiraia. NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used as a chemical elicitor to promote hypocrellin biosynthesis in Shiraia mycelium cultures. Results SNP application at 0.01–0.20 mM was found to stimulate significantly fungal production of perylenequinones including hypocrellin A (HA) and elsinochrome A (EA). SNP application could not only enhance HA content by 178.96% in mycelia, but also stimulate its efflux to the medium. After 4 days of SNP application at 0.02 mM, the highest total production (110.34 mg/L) of HA was achieved without any growth suppression. SNP released NO in mycelia and acted as a pro-oxidant, thereby up-regulating the gene expression and activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) and antioxidant enzymes, leading to the increased levels of superoxide anion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that SNP treatment could up-regulate biosynthetic genes for hypocrellins and activate the transporter protein major facilitator superfamily (MFS) for the exudation. Moreover, SNP treatment increased the proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids in the hypha membranes and enhanced membrane permeability. Our results indicated both cellular biosynthesis of HA and its secretion could contribute to HA production induced by SNP. Conclusions The results of this study provide a valuable strategy for large-scale hypocrellin production and can facilitate further understanding and exploration of NO signaling in the biosynthesis of the important fungal metabolites. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01581-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sagita R, Quax WJ, Haslinger K. Current State and Future Directions of Genetics and Genomics of Endophytic Fungi for Bioprospecting Efforts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:649906. [PMID: 33791289 PMCID: PMC8005728 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.649906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioprospecting of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi received great attention in the 1990s and 2000s, when the controversy around taxol production from Taxus spp. endophytes was at its height. Since then, hundreds of reports have described the isolation and characterization of putative secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi. However, only very few studies also report the genetic basis for these phenotypic observations. With low sequencing cost and fast sample turnaround, genetics- and genomics-based approaches have risen to become comprehensive approaches to study natural products from a wide-range of organisms, especially to elucidate underlying biosynthetic pathways. However, in the field of fungal endophyte biology, elucidation of biosynthetic pathways is still a major challenge. As a relatively poorly investigated group of microorganisms, even in the light of recent efforts to sequence more fungal genomes, such as the 1000 Fungal Genomes Project at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), the basis for bioprospecting of enzymes and pathways from endophytic fungi is still rather slim. In this review we want to discuss the current approaches and tools used to associate phenotype and genotype to elucidate biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites in endophytic fungi through the lens of bioprospecting. This review will point out the reported successes and shortcomings, and discuss future directions in sampling, and genetics and genomics of endophytic fungi. Identifying responsible biosynthetic genes for the numerous secondary metabolites isolated from endophytic fungi opens the opportunity to explore the genetic potential of producer strains to discover novel secondary metabolites and enhance secondary metabolite production by metabolic engineering resulting in novel and more affordable medicines and food additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Haslinger
- Groningen Institute of Pharmacy, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nitric oxide regulates perylenequinones biosynthesis in Shiraia bambusicola S4201 induced by hydrogen peroxide. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2365. [PMID: 33504905 PMCID: PMC7840948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiraia bambusicola has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for a long history. Its major medicinal active metabolites are perylenequinones, including hypocrellin A, elsinochrome A and so on. At present, the fermentation yield of perylenequinones is low, and its complex biosynthesis and regulatory pathways are still unclear. In this study, nitric oxide, as a downstream signal molecule of hydrogen peroxide, regulates the biosynthesis of perylenequinones. Exogenous addition of 0.01 mM sodium nitroprusside (nitric oxide donor) can promote perylenequinones production by 156% compared with the control. Further research found that hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide increased the transcriptional level of the biosynthetic genes of hypocrellin A. The results showed that nitric oxide is involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of perylenequinones in Shiraia bambusicola as a signal molecule. In the future, the yield of perylenequinones can be increased by adding exogenous nitric oxide in fermentation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Zhang X, Lu C, Li X, Zhou J, Wang J. Lanthanum: A novel inducer for enhancement of fungal laccase production by Shiraia bambusicola. J RARE EARTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Transcriptome analysis on fructose as the sole carbon source enhancing perylenequinones production of endophytic fungus Shiraia sp. Slf14. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:190. [PMID: 32269895 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Perylenequinones (PQ), a class of naturally occurring polypeptides, are widely used as a clinical drug for treating skin diseases and as a photodynamic therapy against cancers and viruses. In this study, the effects of different carbon sources on PQ biosynthesis by Shiraia sp. Slf14 were compared, and the underlying molecular mechanism of fructose as the sole carbon to enhance PQ production was investigated by transcriptome analysis. The results indicated that fructose enhanced PQ yield to 1753.64 mg/L, which was 1.73-fold higher than that obtained with glucose. Comparative transcriptome analysis demonstrated that most of the upregulated genes were related to transport systems, energy and central carbon metabolism in Shiraia sp. Slf14 cultured in fructose. The genes involved in glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, and encoding citrate synthase, ATP-citrate lyase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were substantially upregulated, resulting in increased overall acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA production. However, genes involved in gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle pathway, and fatty acid synthesis were significantly downregulated, resulting in higher acetyl-CoA influx for PQ formation. In particular, the putative PQ biosynthetic cluster was upregulated in Shiraia sp. Slf14 cultured in fructose, leading to a significant increase in PQ production. The results of real-time qRT-PCR and related enzyme activities were also consistent with those of transcriptome analysis. These findings provide a remarkable insight into the underlying mechanism of PQ biosynthesis and pave the way for improvements in PQ production by Shiraia sp. Slf14.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao N, Li D, Guo BJ, Tao X, Lin X, Yan SZ, Chen SL. Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Hypocrellin-Producing Fungus Shiraia bambusicola S4201. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:643. [PMID: 32373091 PMCID: PMC7179677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiraia bambusicola has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine and its major medicinal active metabolite is hypocrellin, which exhibits outstanding antiviral and antitumor properties. Here we report the 32 Mb draft genome sequence of S. bambusicola S4201, encoding 11,332 predicted genes. The genome of S. bambusicola is enriched in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) and pathogenesis-related genes. The phylogenetic tree of S. bambusicola S4201 and nine other sequenced species was constructed and its taxonomic status was supported (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). The genome contains a rich set of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, suggesting that strain S4201 has a remarkable capacity to produce secondary metabolites. Overexpression of the zinc finger transcription factor zftf, which is involved in hypocrellin A (HA) biosynthesis, increases HA production when compared with wild type. In addition, a new putative HA biosynthetic pathway is proposed. These results provide a framework to study the mechanisms of infection in bamboo and to understand the phylogenetic relationships of S. bambusicola S4201. At the same time, knowledge of the genome sequence may potentially solve the puzzle of HA biosynthesis and lead to the discovery of novel genes and secondary metabolites of importance in medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-Jing Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Extractive Shiraia Fermentation by Triton X-100 for Hypocrellin A Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030882. [PMID: 32019072 PMCID: PMC7037624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiraia mycelial culture is a promising biotechnological alternative for the production of hypocrellin A (HA), a new photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). The extractive fermentation of intracellular HA in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100) aqueous solution was studied in the present work. The addition of 25 g/L TX100 at 36 h of the fermentation not only enhanced HA exudation to the broth by 15.6-fold, but stimulated HA content in mycelia by 5.1-fold, leading to the higher production 206.2 mg/L, a 5.4-fold of the control on day 9. After the induced cell membrane permeabilization by TX100 addition, a rapid generation of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed. The increase of NO level was suppressed by the scavenger vitamin C (VC) of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas the induced H2O2 production could not be prevented by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), suggesting that NO production may occur downstream of ROS in the extractive fermentation. Both NO and H2O2 were proved to be involved in the expressions of HA biosynthetic genes (Mono, PKS and Omef) and HA production. NO was found to be able to up-regulate the expression of transporter genes (MFS and ABC) for HA exudation. Our results indicated the integrated role of NO and ROS in the extractive fermentation and provided a practical biotechnological process for HA production.
Collapse
|
17
|
Niu T, Tian Y, Wang G, Guo G, Tong Y, Shi Y. Inhibition of ROS-NF-κB-dependent autophagy enhances Hypocrellin A united LED red light-induced apoptosis in squamous carcinoma A431 cells. Cell Signal 2020; 69:109550. [PMID: 32007528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a type of malignant skin tumor derived from epidermal Malpighian cells. Photodynamic therapy is regarded as a crucial method in oncology. Hypocrellin A (HA), an efficient natural photosensitizer, has been reported to exert excellent light induced antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer activity through mediating multiple signaling pathways. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of HA united red light irradiation on human squamous carcinoma A431 cells and further reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms. The results showed that synergistic treatment of HA and red light irradiation inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, HA united red light irradiation caused a significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induced the activation of c-Jun NH 2 terminal kinases (JNKs) which was inhibited by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Furthermore, HA united red light irradiation activated the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, and inhibition of NF-κB activity exacerbated HA united red light irradiation-induced apoptosis but suppressed cell autophagy. In addition, the inhibition of autophagy promoted HA united red light irradiation-induced apoptosis and facilitated the NF-κB activity. Over all, our results revealed that HA united red light irradiation could inhibit A431 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the activation of the ROS mediated JNK and NF-κB pathways, providing prospective for HA as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of cSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Niu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- Aviation Medicine Research Laboratory, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjin Guo
- Aviation Medicine Research Laboratory, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sequencing and Functional Annotation of the Whole Genome of Shiraia bambusicola. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:23-35. [PMID: 31712259 PMCID: PMC6945017 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Shiraia bambusicola is a rare medicinal fungus found in China that causes bamboo plants to decay and die with severe infection. Hypocrellin, its main active ingredient, is widely used in several fields, such as medicine, agriculture, and food industry. In this study, to clarify the genomic components, taxonomic status, pathogenic genes, secondary metabolite synthesis pathways, and regulatory mechanisms of S. bambusicola, whole-genome sequencing, assembly, and functional annotation were performed using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches. It was observed that S. bambusicola has 33 Mb genome size, 48.89% GC content, 333 scaffolds, 2590 contigs, 10,703 genes, 82 tRNAs, and 21 rRNAs. The total length of the repeat sequence is 2,151,640 bp. The annotation of 5945 proteins was obtained from InterProScan hits based on the Gene Ontology database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. bambusicola belongs to Shiraiaceae, a new family of Pleosporales. It was speculated that there are more than two species or genus in Shiraiaceae. According to the annotation, 777 secreted proteins were associated with virulence or detoxification, including 777 predicted by the PHI database, 776 by the CAZY and Fungal CytochromeP450 database, and 441 by the Proteases database. The 252 genes associated with the secondary metabolism of S. bambusicola were screened and enriched into 28 pathways, among which the terpenoids, staurosporine, aflatoxin, and folate synthesis pathways have not been reported in S. bambusicola. The T1PKS was the main gene cluster among the 28 secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters in S. bambusicola. The analysis of the T3PKS gene cluster related to the synthesis of hypocrellin showed that there was some similarity between S. bambusicola and 10 other species of fungi; however, the similarity was very low wherein the highest similarity was 17%. The genomic information of S. bambusicola obtained in this study was valuable to understand its genetic function and pathogenicity. The genomic information revealed that several enzyme genes and secreted proteins might be related to their host interactions and pathogenicity. The annotation and analysis of its secondary metabolite synthesis genes and gene clusters will be an important reference for future studies on the biosynthesis and regulation mechanism of the secondary metabolites, contributing to the discovery of new metabolites and accelerating drug development and application.
Collapse
|
19
|
Global identification of alternative splicing in Shiraia bambusicola and analysis of its regulation in hypocrellin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:211-223. [PMID: 31768612 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellins, as natural pigments from Shiraia bambusicola, have extensive applications in the agricultural, cosmetic, food, and feed industries, and play a vital role in photodynamic therapy for anticancer and antiviral treatments. However, environmental stresses are always the bottlenecks for increasing hypocrellin yield during the process of fermentation. Pre-mRNA alternative splicing (AS) is an essential mechanism in the defense of abiotic stresses in the animal and plant kingdom, but is seldom involved in fungi. In this study, AS from genome-wide sequencing and RNA-seq data for S. bambusicola was analyzed for the first time. Interestingly, the proportion of AS in S. bambusicola was 38.44% (most of them participated in metabolic processes, covering pigmentation and response to stimulus), a much higher ratio than seen in that of other fungal species (1.3-18%). Here, we identified the relationship of AS and secondary metabolic (SM) biosynthesis under a series of abiotic stresses. Suitable fungicides suppressed hypocrellin production significantly, and AS occurred in key functional genes (sbFLO, sbMFS, sbPKS) of hypocrellin biosynthesis. In contrast, H2O2 improved the yield of hypocrellins, but AS were not found in the corresponding gene cluster. A further study showed that overexpressing an isoform of sbPKS (sbPKSa) in Shiraia bambusicola could dramatically down-regulate the expression of the original gene sbPKS and nearly inhibit the production of hypocrellins. Altogether, our study strongly supported the hypothesis that AS had a vital role in the regulation of hypocrellin biosynthesis under stresses, and initially explored whether SM functional genes were relevant for fungi.
Collapse
|
20
|
Li T, Hou CL, Shen XY. Efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Shiraia bambusicola and activation of a specific transcription factor for hypocrellin production. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1667874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cheng-Lin Hou
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ye Shen
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Du W, Sun C, Wang B, Wang Y, Dong B, Liu J, Xia J, Xie W, Wang J, Sun J, Liu X, Wang H. Response mechanism of hypocrellin colorants biosynthesis by Shiraia bambusicola to elicitor PB90. AMB Express 2019; 9:146. [PMID: 31522304 PMCID: PMC6745040 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The valuable medicine Shiraia bambusicola P. Henn. and its major active substance hypocrellin exert unique curative effects on skin diseases, diabetes, and cancers. The wild S. bambusicola is endangered due to its harsh breeding conditions and long growth cycle. It is one of the effective ways to utilize the resources sustainably to produce hypocrellin by fermentation of S. bambusicola. PB90 is a protein elicitor isolated from Phytophthora boehmeriae to induce the useful metabolites production in fungi. In this work, PB90 was selected to promote the synthesis hypocrellin by S. bambusicola. To evaluate the effect of PB90 on S. bambusicola, it was found that the induced cells showed decreased biomass, increased cell wall permeability, rapid induction of secondary metabolites, and significant increase of some enzyme activities, which confirmed a strong activation of phenylalanine/flavonoid pathways. Studies on signal molecules and gene expression level in S. bambusicola treated with PB90 have found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are necessary signal molecules involved in the synthesis of hypocrellin in elicited cells, and increased their signal levels through mutual reaction. We have showed for the first time, the response mechanism of hypocrellin biosynthesis from S. bambusicola to PB90, which may be not only establish a theoretical foundation for the application of PB90 to the mass production of S. bambusicola, but can also motivate further research on the application of PB90 to the conservation and sustainable utilization of other medical fungi.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ma YJ, Zheng LP, Wang JW. Bacteria Associated With Shiraia Fruiting Bodies Influence Fungal Production of Hypocrellin A. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2023. [PMID: 31572311 PMCID: PMC6749022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypocrellin A (HA) is a natural red perylenequinone pigment from Shiraia fruiting body, which was used clinically on various skin diseases and developed as a photodynamic therapy agent against cancers. The fruiting bodies may harbor a diverse but poorly understood microbial community. In this study, we characterized the bacterial community of Shiraia fruiting body using a combination of culture-based method and Illumina high-throughput sequencing, and tested the involvement of some companion bacteria in fungal HA production using the fungal-bacterial confrontation assay. Our results revealed that the bacterial community in the fruiting body was dominated by Bacillus and Pseudomonas. Some Pseudomonas isolates such as P. fulva, P. putida, and P. parafulva could stimulate fungal HA accumulation by Shiraia sp. S9. The bacterial treatment of P. fulva SB1 up-regulated the expression of polyketide synthase (PKS) for HA biosynthesis and transporter genes including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily transporter (MFS) for HA exudation. After the addition of live P. fulva SB1, the mycelium cultures of Shiraia sp. S9 presented a higher HA production (225.34 mg/L), about 3.25-fold over the mono-culture. On the other hand, B. cereus was capable of alleviating fungal self-toxicity from HA via down-regulation of HA biosynthetic genes or possible biodegradation on HA. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the diversified species of bacteria associated with Shiraia fruiting bodies and the regulation roles of the companion bacteria on fungal HA biosynthesis. Furthermore, the bacterial co-culture provided a good strategy for the enhanced HA production by Shiraia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu C, Ma Y, Wang J. Lanthanum elicitation on hypocrellin A production in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola is mediated by ROS generation. J RARE EARTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
24
|
Ma YJ, Zheng LP, Wang JW. Inducing perylenequinone production from a bambusicolous fungus Shiraia sp. S9 through co-culture with a fruiting body-associated bacterium Pseudomonas fulva SB1. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:121. [PMID: 31277643 PMCID: PMC6612088 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal perylenequinonoid (PQ) pigments from Shiraia fruiting body have been well known as excellent photosensitizers for medical and agricultural uses. The fruiting bodies are colonized by a diverse bacterial community of unknown function. We screened the companion bacteria from the fruiting body of Shiraia sp. S9 and explored the bacterial elicitation on fungal PQ production. RESULTS A bacterium Pseudomonas fulva SB1 isolated from the fruiting body was found to stimulate the production of fungal PQs including hypocrellins A, C (HA and HC), and elsinochromes A-C (EA, EB and EC). After 2 days of co-cultures, Shiraia mycelium cultures presented the highest production of HA (325.87 mg/L), about 3.20-fold of that in axenic culture. The co-culture resulted in the induction of fungal conidiation and the formation of more compact fungal pellets. Furthermore, the bacterial treatment up-regulated the expression of polyketide synthase gene (PKS), and activated transporter genes of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily transporter (MFS) for PQ exudation. CONCLUSIONS We have established a bacterial co-culture with a host Shiraia fungus to induce PQ biosynthesis. Our results provide a basis for understanding bacterial-fungal interaction in fruiting bodies and a practical co-culture process to enhance PQ production for photodynamic therapy medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Li Ping Zheng
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ebert MK, Spanner RE, de Jonge R, Smith DJ, Holthusen J, Secor GA, Thomma BPHJ, Bolton MD. Gene cluster conservation identifies melanin and perylenequinone biosynthesis pathways in multiple plant pathogenic fungi. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:913-927. [PMID: 30421572 PMCID: PMC7379194 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Perylenequinones are a family of structurally related polyketide fungal toxins with nearly universal toxicity. These photosensitizing compounds absorb light energy which enables them to generate reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. This potent mechanism serves as an effective weapon for plant pathogens in disease or niche establishment. The sugar beet pathogen Cercospora beticola secretes the perylenequinone cercosporin during infection. We have shown recently that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) gene cluster is present in several other phytopathogenic fungi, prompting the search for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of structurally similar perylenequinones in other fungi. Here, we report the identification of the elsinochrome and phleichrome BGCs of Elsinoë fawcettii and Cladosporium phlei, respectively, based on gene cluster conservation with the CTB and hypocrellin BGCs. Furthermore, we show that previously reported BGCs for elsinochrome and phleichrome are involved in melanin production. Phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding melanin polyketide synthases (PKSs) and alignment of melanin BGCs revealed high conservation between the established and newly identified C. beticola, E. fawcettii and C. phlei melanin BGCs. Mutagenesis of the identified perylenequinone and melanin PKSs in C. beticola and E. fawcettii coupled with mass spectrometric metabolite analyses confirmed their roles in toxin and melanin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malaika K. Ebert
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA,Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of BiologyScience4Life, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands,Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium,VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - David J. Smith
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Jason Holthusen
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | | | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li D, Zhao N, Guo BJ, Lin X, Chen SL, Yan SZ. Gentic overexpression increases production of hypocrellin A in Shiraia bambusicola S4201. J Microbiol 2019; 57:154-162. [PMID: 30706344 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypocrellin A (HA) is a perylenequinone (PQ) isolated from Shiraia bambusicola that shows antiviral and antitumor activities, but its application is limited by the low production from wild fruiting body. A gene overexpressing method was expected to augment the production rate of HA in S. bambusicola. However, the application of this molecular biology technology in S. bambusicola was impeded by a low genetic transformation efficiency and little genomic information. To enhance the plasmid transformant ratio, the Polyethylene Glycol-mediated transformation system was established and optimized. The following green fluorescent protein (GFP) analysis showed that the gene fusion expression system we constructed with a GAPDH promoter Pgpd1 and a rapid 2A peptide was successfully expressed in the S. bambusicola S4201 strain. We successfully obtained the HA high-producing strains by overexpressing O-methyltransferase/FAD-dependent monooxygenase gene (mono) and the hydroxylase gene (hyd), which were the essential genes involved in our putative HA biosynthetic pathway. The overexpression of these two genes increased the production of HA by about 200% and 100%, respectively. In general, this study will provide a basis to identify the genes involved in the hypocrellin A biosynthesis. This improved transformation method can also be used in genetic transformation studies of other fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Jing Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xi Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Lin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Shu-Zhen Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma YJ, Lu CS, Wang JW. Effects of 5-Azacytidine on Growth and Hypocrellin Production of Shiraia bambusicola. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2508. [PMID: 30405568 PMCID: PMC6200910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypocrellins, fungal perylenequinones of Shiraia bambusicola are developed as important photodynamic therapy agents against cancers and viruses. Due to the limitation of the wild resources, the mycelium culture is a promising alternative for hypocrellin production. As DNA methylation has profound effects on fungal growth, development and secondary metabolism, we used both McrBC cleavage and HPLC analysis to reveal the status of DNA methylation of S. bambusicola mycelium. We found that DNA methylation is absent in mycelia, but DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AC) still induced the fluffy phenotype and decreased hypocrellin contents significantly. Simultaneously, a total of 4,046 differentially expressed genes were induced by 5-AC, including up-regulated 2,392 unigenes (59.12%) and down-regulated 1,654 unigenes (40.88%). Gene ontology analysis showed 5-AC treatment changed expression of genes involved in membrane composition and oxidation–reduction process. The fluffy phenotype in 5-AC-treated S. bambusicola was closely related to strong promotion of developmental regulator WetA and the repression of the sexual developmental actor VeA and LaeA. It was a surprise finding that 5-AC reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production significantly in the mycelia via the inhibition of NADPH oxidase gene (NOX) expression and NOX activity. With the treatment of vitamin C and H2O2, we found that the reduced ROS generation was involved in the down-regulated expression of key genes for hypocrellin biosynthesis and the decreased hypocrellin production. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to examine DNA methylation level in S. bambusicola. Our results suggested that the mediation of ROS generation could not be ignored in the study using 5-AC as a specific DNA methylation inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Can Song Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Deng H, Gao R, Liao X, Cai Y. Characterisation of a monooxygenase in Shiraia bambusicola. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:1180-1188. [PMID: 30028664 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A monooxygenase-encoding gene (Mono) is located in the hypocrellin gene cluster of Shiraia sp. SUPER-H168 and was targeted by a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system. The ΔMono mutant abolished hypocrellin production, whereas the ΔMono complement mutant restored hypocrellin production. Relative expression levels of the Mono and its adjacent genes were abolished in the ΔMono mutant compared with the wild-type strain. These results indicate the essential role of Mono in hypocrellin biosynthesis. The Mono gene of Shiraia bambusicola was further expressed in Pichia pastoris and salicylate monooxygenase activity was detected, which suggested that this monooxygenase has the ability to catalyse decarboxylative hydroxylation. The relative growth ratio of the ΔMono mutant was significantly improved compared with the wild-type strain. In contrast to the wild-type strain, the ΔMono mutant also represented excellent oxidative stress tolerance after exposure to high concentrations of H2O2 (16 mM) based on the increasing activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These results suggest that ΔMono mutants could be used as microbial cell factories to produce metabolites that will cause oxidative stress. This study also enhances our understanding of hypocrellin biosynthesis and opens an avenue for decoding the hypocrellin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Ruijie Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiangru Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Improved hypocrellin A production in Shiraia bambusicola by light-dark shift. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 182:100-107. [PMID: 29656218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellin A (HA) is a major bioactive perylenequinone from the fruiting body of Shiraia bambusicola used for the treatment of skin diseases and developed as a photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent against cancers and viruses. The mycelial culture of S. bambusicola under dark is a biotechnological alternative for HA production but with low yield. In this study, light and dark conditions were investigated to develop effective elicitation on HA production in the cultures. Our results showed the constant light at 200 lx stimulated HA production without any growth retardation of mycelia. A light/dark shift (24: 24 h) not only increased HA content in mycelia by 65%, but stimulated HA release into the medium with the highest total HA production 181.67 mg/L on day 8, about 73% increase over the dark control. Moreover, light/dark shifting induced the formation of smaller and more compact fungal pellets, suggesting a new effective strategy for large-scale production of HA in mycelium cultures. The light/dark shift up-regulated the expression levels of two reactive oxygen species (ROS) related genes including superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox) and cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), and induced the generation of ROS. With the treatment of vitamin C, we found that ROS was involved in the up-regulated expression of key biosynthetical genes for hypocrellins and improved HA production. These results provide a basis for understanding the influence of light/dark shift on fungal metabolism and the application of a novel strategy for enhancing HA production in submerged Shiraia cultures.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang C, Li T, Hou CL, Shen XY. Selection of reference genes from Shiraia bambusicola for RT-qPCR analysis under different culturing conditions. AMB Express 2017; 7:14. [PMID: 28050855 PMCID: PMC5209326 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable reference genes are necessary to analyse quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) data and determine the reliability of the final results. For further studies of the valuable fungus Shiraia bambusicola, the identification of suitable reference genes has become increasingly urgent. In this study, three conventional reference genes and nine novel candidates were evaluated under different light conditions (all-dark, all-light and 12-h light/dark) and in different media (rice medium, PD medium, and Czapek–Dox medium). Three popular software programs (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) were used to analyse these genes, and the final ranking was determined using RefFinder. SbLAlv9, SbJsn1, SbSAS1 and SbVAC55 displayed the best stability among the genes, while SbFYVE and SbPKI showed the worst. These emerging genes exhibited significantly better properties than the three existing genes under almost all conditions. Furthermore, the most reliable reference genes were identified separately under different nutrient and light conditions, which would help accessible to make the most of the existing data. In summary, a group of novel housekeeping genes from S. bambusicola with more stable properties than before was explored, and these results could also provide a practical approach for other filamentous fungi.
Collapse
|
31
|
Lin X, Yan SZ, Qi SS, Xu Q, Han SS, Guo LY, Zhao N, Chen SL, Yu SQ. Transferrin-Modified Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy Enhance the Antitumor Efficacy of Hypocrellin A. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:815. [PMID: 29209206 PMCID: PMC5701649 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a potent novel therapeutic modality that induces cell death through light-induced activation of photosensitizer. But some photosensitizers have characteristics of poor water-solubility and non-specific tissue distribution. These characteristics become main obstacles of PDT. In this paper, we synthesized a targeting drug delivery system (TDDS) to improve the water-solubility of photosensitizer and enhance the ability of targeted TFR positive tumor cells. TDDS is a transferrin-modified Poly(D,L-Lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) nanoparticle loaded with a photosensitizer hypocrellin A (HA), named TF-HA-CMC-PLGA NPs. Morphology, size distribution, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of TF-HA-CMC-PLGA NPs were characterized. In vitro TF-HA-CMC-PLGA NPs presented weak dark cytotoxicity and significant photo-cytotoxicity with strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptotic cancer cell death. In vivo photodynamic antitumor efficacy of TF-HA-CMC-PLGA NPs was investigated with an A549 (TFR positive) tumor-bearing model in male athymic nude mice. TF-HA-CMC-PLGA NPs caused tumor delay with a remarkable tumor inhibition rate of 63% for 15 days. Extensive cell apoptosis in tumor tissue and slight side effects in normal organs were observed. The results indicated that TDDS has great potential to enhance PDT therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Qi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Yuan Guo
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Qin Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Enhanced production of perylenequinones in the endophytic fungus Shiraia sp. Slf14 by calcium/calmodulin signal transduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:153-163. [PMID: 29098415 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Perylenequinones (PQ) that notably produce reactive oxygen species upon exposure to visible light are a class of photoactivated polyketide mycotoxins produced by fungal plant pathogens such as Shiraia sp. The involvement of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) signalling in PQ biosynthesis was investigated by submerged culturing of Shiraia sp. Slf14, a species that produces hypocrellins HA and HB and elsinochromes EA, EB, and EC. Our results showed that the total content of PQ reached 1894.66 ± 21.93 mg/L under optimal conditions of Ca2+ addition, which represents a 5.8-fold improvement over controls. The addition of pharmacological Ca2+ sensor inhibitors strongly inhibited PQ production, which indicates that Ca2+/CaM signalling regulates PQ biosynthesis. The expression levels of Ca2+ sensor and PQ biosynthetic genes were downregulated following addition of inhibitors but were upregulated upon addition of Ca2+. Inhibition was partially released by external Ca2+ supplementation. Fluo-3/AM experiments revealed that similar cytosolic Ca2+ variation occurred under these conditions. These results demonstrated that Ca2+ signalling via the CaM transduction pathway plays a pivotal role in PQ biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Genome editing in Shiraia bambusicola using CRISPR-Cas9 system. J Biotechnol 2017; 259:228-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
34
|
Lei XY, Zhang MY, Ma YJ, Wang JW. Transcriptomic responses involved in enhanced production of hypocrellin A by addition of Triton X-100 in submerged cultures of Shiraia bambusicola. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1415-1429. [PMID: 28685359 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The addition of surfactant is a useful strategy to enhance the product yield in submerged fermentation process. In this study, we sought to explore the mechanism for the elicitation of Triton X-100 on production of hypocrellin A (HA) in cultures of Shiraia bambusicola through transcriptomic analysis. Triton X-100 at 2.5% (w/v) not only induced HA biosynthesis in mycelia, but also stimulated the release of HA into the medium. We found 23 of 2463 transcripts, possible candidate genes for HA biosynthesis under Triton X-100 induction. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed Triton X-100 treatment changed expression of genes involved in transmembrane transport and oxidation-reduction process, indicating that enhanced HA production was mainly due to both elicited biosynthesis in mycelium and the increased membrane permeability for HA release. These data provided new insights into elicitation of surfactants in submerged cultures of fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yun Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Ye Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chooi Y, Zhang G, Hu J, Muria‐Gonzalez MJ, Tran PN, Pettitt A, Maier AG, Barrow RA, Solomon PS. Functional genomics‐guided discovery of a light‐activated phytotoxin in the wheat pathogen
Parastagonospora nodorum
via pathway activation. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1975-1986. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yit‐Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerth WA6009 Australia
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT2601 Australia
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT2601 Australia
| | - Jinyu Hu
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerth WA6009 Australia
| | | | - Phuong N. Tran
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT2601 Australia
| | - Amber Pettitt
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerth WA6009 Australia
| | - Alexander G. Maier
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT2601 Australia
| | - Russell A. Barrow
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT2601 Australia
| | - Peter S. Solomon
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberra ACT2601 Australia
| |
Collapse
|