1
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Baicalin ameliorates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing SREBP1c elicited PNPLA3 competitive binding to ATGL. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 722:109236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Yaskolka Meir A, Keller M, Müller L, Bernhart SH, Tsaban G, Zelicha H, Rinott E, Kaplan A, Gepner Y, Shelef I, Schwarzfuchs D, Ceglarek U, Stadler P, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, Shai I. Effects of lifestyle interventions on epigenetic signatures of liver fat: Central randomized controlled trial. Liver Int 2021; 41:2101-2111. [PMID: 33938135 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the CENTRAL trial context, we found diverse liver fat dynamics in response to different dietary interventions. Epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the intraindividual variation. Moreover, genetic factors are involved in developing nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD), a disease reflected by an increase in intrahepatic fat (IHF). In this exploratory analysis, we primarily aimed to examine the effect of lifestyle interventions on DNA-methylation of NAFLD related genes associated with IHF. METHODS For 120 participants from the CENTRAL trial, an 18-month regimen of either low-fat (LF) or Mediterranean-low carbohydrate (MED/LC) diets, with or without physical activity (PA+/PA-), was instructed. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure IHF%, which was analysed for association with CpG specific DNA-methylation levels of 41 selected candidate genes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms known to be associated with NAFLD within the studied genes were genotyped by TaqMan assays. RESULTS At baseline, participants (92% men; body mass index = 30.2 kg/m2 ) had mean IHF of 10.7% (59% NAFLD). Baseline-IHF% was inversely correlated with DNA-methylation at individual CpGs within AC074286.1, CRACR2A, A2MP1, FARP1 (P < .05 for all multivariate models). FARP1 rs9584805 showed association with IHF, with the prevalence of NAFLD and baseline methylation level of the CpG site (cg00071727) associated with IHF%. Following 18-month lifestyle intervention, differential DNA-methylation patterns were observed between diets at cg14335324 annotated to A2MP1 (P = .04, LF vs. MED/LC), and differential DNA-methylation between PA groups within AC074286.1, CRACR2A, and FARP1 CpGs (P < .05 for all, PA-vs. PA+). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests epigenetic markers for IHF and potential epigenetic remodeling after long-term lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Yaskolka Meir
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Maria Keller
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Müller
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan H Bernhart
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Transcriptome Bioinformatics, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gal Tsaban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Zelicha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ehud Rinott
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Kaplan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Competence Center for Scalable Data Services and Solutions Dresden/Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iris Shai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Chen Y, Yan X, Xu X, Yuan S, Xu F, Liang H. PNPLA3 I148M is involved in the variability in anti-NAFLD response to exenatide. Endocrine 2020; 70:517-525. [PMID: 32862405 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as exenatide, have been proven to attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in vivo and in vitro. However, the efficiency of exenatide had interindividual differences. PNPLA3 is a major susceptibility gene for NAFLD and its I148M polymorphism increases the risk of all disorders of the NAFLD spectrum. Whether this variant contributes to variability in exenatide response is still unclear. METHODS PNPLA3 148I knockin HepG2 cells were constructed using the Cas9/sgRNA system. Oil Red O staining combined with TG quantification was used to evaluate lipid accumulation. Western blotting and qRT-qPCR were conducted, respectively, to measure the protein and mRNA expression of lipid metabolic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related inflammatory markers. PNPLA3 I148M was genotyped in type 2 diabetics using Sanger sequencing. The exenatide-induced changes in liver fat content and other clinical parameters were compared between PNPLA3 I148M genotypes. RESULTS Lipid deposition increased in both PNPLA3 148I/I and 148M/M HepG2 cells treated with palmitoleic acid, while cells with 148M/M had a higher TG content than those with 148I/I. Exendin-4 treatment was showed to be more significant in 148I/I cells than in 148M/M cells in terms of reducing the intrahepatic fat content, inhibiting SREBP-1c and ER stress-related inflammation, and activating AMPK-ACC lipid oxidation pathway. In patients with type 2 diabetes, 24-week treatment with exenatide improved liver fat content in patients carrying PNPLA3 148I/I better than in patients with 148M/M. CONCLUSIONS PNPLA3 I148M might modify the anti-NAFLD response to exenatide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, No. 903 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Shao M, Ye Z, Qin Y, Wu T. Abnormal metabolic processes involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:26. [PMID: 32934691 PMCID: PMC7471863 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases and can lead to liver cirrhosis or liver cancer in severe cases. In recent years, the incidence of NAFLD has increased substantially. The trend has continued to increase and has become a key point of concern for health systems. NAFLD is often associated with metabolic abnormalities caused by increased visceral obesity, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and systemic microinflammation. Therefore, the pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD must be clarified to develop new drug treatment strategies. Recently, researchers have conducted numerous studies on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and have identified various important regulatory factors and potential molecular mechanisms, providing new targets and a theoretical basis for the treatment of NAFLD. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD is extremely complex and involves the interrelationship and influence of multiple organs and systems. Therefore, the condition must be explored further. In the present review, the abnormal metabolic process, including glucose, lipid, amino acid, bile acid and iron metabolism are reviewed. It was concluded that NAFLD is associated with an imbalanced metabolic network that involves glucose, lipids, amino acids, bile acids and iron, and lipid metabolism is the core metabolic process. The current study aimed to provide evidence and hypotheses for research and clinical treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Shao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zixiang Ye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Qin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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5
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Saeed A, Bartuzi P, Heegsma J, Dekker D, Kloosterhuis N, de Bruin A, Jonker JW, van de Sluis B, Faber KN. Impaired Hepatic Vitamin A Metabolism in NAFLD Mice Leading to Vitamin A Accumulation in Hepatocytes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:309-325.e3. [PMID: 32698042 PMCID: PMC7768561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Systemic retinol (vitamin A) homeostasis is controlled by the liver, involving close collaboration between hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Genetic variants in retinol metabolism (PNPLA3 and HSD17B13) are associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and disease progression. Still, little mechanistic details are known about hepatic vitamin A metabolism in NAFLD, which may affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and the development of fibrosis and cancer, e.g. all risk factors of NAFLD. METHODS Here, we analyzed vitamin A metabolism in 2 mouse models of NAFLD; mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet and Leptinob mutant (ob/ob) mice. RESULTS Hepatic retinol and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels were significantly reduced in both mouse models of NAFLD. In contrast, hepatic retinyl palmitate levels (the vitamin A storage form) were significantly elevated in these mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed a hyperdynamic state of hepatic vitamin A metabolism, with enhanced retinol storage and metabolism (upregulated Lrat, Dgat1, Pnpla3, Raldh's and RAR/RXR-target genes) in fatty livers, in conjunction with induced hepatic inflammation (upregulated Cd68, Tnfα, Nos2, Il1β, Il-6) and fibrosis (upregulated Col1a1, Acta2, Tgfβ, Timp1). Autofluorescence analyses revealed prominent vitamin A accumulation in hepatocytes rather than HSC in HFC-fed mice. Palmitic acid exposure increased Lrat mRNA levels in primary rat hepatocytes and promoted retinyl palmitate accumulation when co-treated with retinol, which was not detected for similarly-treated primary rat HSCs. CONCLUSION NAFLD leads to cell type-specific rearrangements in retinol metabolism leading to vitamin A accumulation in hepatocytes. This may promote disease progression and/or affect therapeutic approaches targeting nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Paulina Bartuzi
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janette Heegsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne Dekker
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Section of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Azevedo Foinquinos G, Azevedo Acioli ME, Santana Cavalcanti AH, Barbosa Junior WL, Lima RE, Juca NT, de Azevedo Foinquinos RC, Rocha da Cruz C, Fernandez Pereira FM, de Carvalho SR, de Mendonça Belmont TF, Vasconcelos LRS, Beltrão Pereira LMM. Influence of LGALS3 and PNPLA3 genes in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients undergone bariatric surgery. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:326-332. [PMID: 32690320 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the genesPNPLA3 and LGALS3 in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. METHODS Individuals with NAFLD and NASH were evaluated, the DNA was extracted from total blood for genotyping of rs4644, rs4652 from LGALS3 and rs738409 from PNPLA3 genes, the total RNA was obtained from liver biopsy. For the detection of the molecular targets, real-time PCR through Taqman probes was used. RESULTS From a total of 46 collected patients, of those 21 (456%) were included as NASH and 25 (544%) as steatosis group. This groups showed significant difference to aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (p = 0.0108, p = 0.0090 and p = 0.0044). Regarding to gene expression in studied groups, hepatic steatosis vs NASH, we observed a higher expression of the LGALS3 gene in NASH (p = 0.0273). In addition, patients with C allele in homozygous for rs4644 and rs4652 of LGALS3 gene had higher expression, in NASH group (p = 0.0500 and p = 0.0242, respectively), furthermore for rs4644 both alleles in homozygous showed higher expression (AA/CC vs AC) (p = 0.0500), when analyzed PNPLA3 rs738409, NASH patients with G allele in homozygous had higher expression (p = 0.0494). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, an increased expression of the LGALS3 gene in patients with NASH may be important in the etiopathogenesis of the disease, as well as the presence of rs4652 and rs4644 SNPs in the regulation of transcriptional levels of the gene in patients with NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luydson Richardson Silva Vasconcelos
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Brazil; Aggeu Magalhães Institute - IAM- FIOCRUZ-PE, Brazil; Institute of Liver and Transplant of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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7
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Lyu Y, Yang C, Chen T, Shang L, Yang Y, Li J, Shan A, Xiang W, Cheng B, Zhang L. Characterization of an antibacterial dodecapeptide from pig as a potential food preservative and its antibacterial mechanism. Food Funct 2020; 11:4090-4102. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A membrane-active dodecapeptide was generated from porcine antimicrobial peptide with promising antimicrobial activity for application in the food industry as a potential bio-preservative to prevent microbial spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Lyu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Chengyi Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Lu Shang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- School of Life Science
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Baojing Cheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
| | - Licong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- P.R. China
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8
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Deregulated Lysophosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111626. [PMID: 31652837 PMCID: PMC6893780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to late diagnosis and scarcity of treatment options. The major risk factor for liver cancer is cirrhosis with the underlying causes of cirrhosis being viral infection (hepatitis B or C), metabolic deregulation (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the presence of obesity and diabetes), alcohol or cholestatic disorders. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with numerous effects, most of them compatible with the hallmarks of cancer (proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, evasion of apoptosis, deregulated metabolism, neoangiogenesis, etc.). Autotaxin (ATX) is the enzyme responsible for the bulk of extracellular LPA production, and together with LPA signaling is involved in chronic inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer. This review discusses the most important findings and the mechanisms related to ATX/LPA/LPAR involvement on metabolic, viral and cholestatic liver disorders and their progression to liver cancer in the context of human patients and mouse models. It focuses on the role of ATX/LPA in NAFLD development and its progression to liver cancer as NAFLD has an increasing incidence which is associated with the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Bearing in mind that adipose tissue accounts for the largest amount of LPA production, many studies have implicated LPA in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation, liver steatosis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and lipogenesis. At the same time, LPA and ATX play crucial roles in fibrotic diseases. Given that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually developed on the background of liver fibrosis, therapies that both delay the progression of fibrosis and prevent its development to malignancy would be very promising. Therefore, ATX/LPA signaling appears as an attractive therapeutic target as evidenced by the fact that it is involved in both liver fibrosis progression and liver cancer development.
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El Saeed KM, Ahmed OA, Khalifa MO, Fahmy EM. Detection of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among egyptian patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_43_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Dai G, Liu P, Li X, Zhou X, He S. Association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) susceptibility and severity: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14324. [PMID: 30762732 PMCID: PMC6407996 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis is to investigate the relationship between the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 polymorphism and the susceptibility and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS Chinese Journal Full-text Database, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, and PubMed Database were subjected to case-control study retrieving, from January 2008 to December 2014. Following key words were used: fatty liver, PNPLA3, and rs738409 gene or variants or polymorphism or alleles. Meta-analysis was performed based on the retrieved articles. RESULTS In total 65 studies were first retrieved according to the key words, and finally 21 studies with 14,266 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism exerted strong influence not only on fatty liver but also on the histological injury. PNPLA3 rs738409 [G] allele was a risk factor for NAFLD (GG vs CC, OR = 4.01, 95% CI 2.93-5.49; GC vs CC, OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.58-2.24). PNPLA3 gene variant was significantly associated with the increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (GG vs CC, standardized mean difference = 0.47, 95% CI 0.14-0.81). In addition, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was more frequently observed in G allele carriers (GG vs CC, OR = 3.24, 95% CI 2.79-3.76; GC vs CC, OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.43-3.19). CONCLUSION PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism is not only a factor significantly associated with the susceptibility of NAFLD, but also related to the susceptibility of aggressive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi’an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yanan University Affiliated Hospital, Yanan
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi’an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi’an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Liu C, Zong WJ, Zhang AH, Zhang HM, Luan YH, Sun H, Cao HX, Wang XJ. Lipidomic characterisation discovery for coronary heart disease diagnosis based on high-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2018; 8:647-654. [PMID: 35538954 PMCID: PMC9076928 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09353e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many diagnostic tools have been developed for coronary heart disease (CHD), its diagnosis is still challenging. Lipids play an important role in diseases and a lipidomics approach could offer a platform to clarify the pathogenesis and pathologic changes of this disease. To the best of our knowledge, no lipidomics studies on serum have been attempted to improve the diagnosis and identify the potential biomarkers of CHD. The aim of this study was to investigate the distinctive lipid changes in serum samples of CHD patients and to identify candidate biomarkers for the reliable diagnosis of CHD using this platform. In this study, the serum lipid profiles of CHD patients were measured via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-G2-Si-high definition mass spectrometry combined with multivariate data analysis. A MetaboAnalyst tool was used for the analysis of the receiver operating-characteristic, while the IPA software was applied for the pathway analysis. The obtained results inferred that 33 lipid molecular species involving 6 fatty acids, 21 glycerophospholipids and 6 sphingolipids have significant differences in the serum of CHD patients. Simultaneously, 4 upstream regulatory proteins related to lipid metabolism disorders of CHD were predicted. Ten lipids have high clinical diagnostic significance according to the receiver operating-characteristic curves. This research shows that the in-depth study of lipids in the serum contributes to the clinical diagnosis of CHD and interprets the occurrence and development of CHD. Although many diagnostic tools have been developed for coronary heart disease (CHD), its diagnosis is still challenging.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Wen-jing Zong
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Ai-hua Zhang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Hua-min Zhang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Science
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yi-han Luan
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Science
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hui Sun
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Hong-xin Cao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Science
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xi-jun Wang
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
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12
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Auguet T, Aragonès G, Berlanga A, Martínez S, Sabench F, Binetti J, Aguilar C, Porras JA, Molina A, Del Castillo D, Richart C. Hepcidin in morbidly obese women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187065. [PMID: 29065180 PMCID: PMC5655438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries. Both iron and lipid metabolism seem to be involved in its pathogenesis. We aimed to assess the relationship between levels of hepcidin, the master iron-regulatory protein, in plasma and the presence of NAFLD in morbidly obese (MO) patients, and to investigate the association between the hepatic expression of the main iron and lipid metabolism -related genes. Materials and methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure plasma hepcidin levels in 49 normal-weight control women, 23 MO women with normal liver (NL) histology and 46 MO women with NAFLD. The mRNA expression of hepcidin, the main iron metabolism-related genes, and the main lipid-metabolism genes was quantified by qRT-PCR in liver biopsies from members of the MO group undergoing bariatric surgery. Results Circulating hepcidin levels were significantly greater in MO than in normal-weight control women. However, there were no significant differences between MO women with NL and those with NAFLD. PCR analysis showed increased expression of hepcidin, FPN1, TfR1 and TfR2 in the liver of MO NAFLD women compared to those with NL. Moreover, a positive association of hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression and the iron metabolism-related genes was found with some key genes involved in the lipid metabolism. Conclusion These findings suggest that circulating hepcidin levels are associated with obesity but not with the presence of NAFLD. However, the hepatic expression of hepcidin and the iron metabolism-related genes seem to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism pathways in liver, which has implications for NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Auguet
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)- Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
- * E-mail: (TA); (CR)
| | - Gemma Aragonès
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)- Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alba Berlanga
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)- Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Salomé Martínez
- Servei d’ Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fàtima Sabench
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | - Jessica Binetti
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)- Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alicia Molina
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Castillo
- Servei de Cirurgia, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Richart
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)- Medicina Aplicada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
- * E-mail: (TA); (CR)
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Lonardo A, Targher G. NAFLD: Is There Anything New under the Sun? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091955. [PMID: 28895919 PMCID: PMC5618604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an "umbrella" definition that encompasses a spectrum of histological liver changes ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with/without fibrosis, "cryptogenic" cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), occurring in a dysmetabolic milieu, though in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and other competing etiologies of chronic liver disease [1].[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
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14
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Lee S, Zhang C, Liu Z, Klevstig M, Mukhopadhyay B, Bergentall M, Cinar R, Ståhlman M, Sikanic N, Park JK, Deshmukh S, Harzandi AM, Kuijpers T, Grøtli M, Elsässer SJ, Piening BD, Snyder M, Smith U, Nielsen J, Bäckhed F, Kunos G, Uhlen M, Boren J, Mardinoglu A. Network analyses identify liver-specific targets for treating liver diseases. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:938. [PMID: 28827398 PMCID: PMC5572395 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20177703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed integrative network analyses to identify targets that can be used for effectively treating liver diseases with minimal side effects. We first generated co-expression networks (CNs) for 46 human tissues and liver cancer to explore the functional relationships between genes and examined the overlap between functional and physical interactions. Since increased de novo lipogenesis is a characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we investigated the liver-specific genes co-expressed with fatty acid synthase (FASN). CN analyses predicted that inhibition of these liver-specific genes decreases FASN expression. Experiments in human cancer cell lines, mouse liver samples, and primary human hepatocytes validated our predictions by demonstrating functional relationships between these liver genes, and showing that their inhibition decreases cell growth and liver fat content. In conclusion, we identified liver-specific genes linked to NAFLD pathogenesis, such as pyruvate kinase liver and red blood cell (PKLR), or to HCC pathogenesis, such as PKLR, patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), all of which are potential targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjae Lee
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Klevstig
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bani Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mattias Bergentall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natasha Sikanic
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua K Park
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sumit Deshmukh
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azadeh M Harzandi
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Kuijpers
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian D Piening
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ulf Smith
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Bisphenol-A exposure in utero programs a sexually dimorphic estrogenic state of hepatic metabolic gene expression. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 71:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Wieser V, Adolph TE, Enrich B, Moser P, Moschen AR, Tilg H. Weight loss induced by bariatric surgery restores adipose tissue PNPLA3 expression. Liver Int 2017; 37:299-306. [PMID: 27514759 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity and its related co-morbidities such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are increasing dramatically worldwide. The genetic variation in Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), which is also called adiponutrin (ADPN), in residue 148 (I148M, rs738409) has been associated with NAFLD. However, the regulation and function of PNPLA3 in metabolic diseases remains unclear. Laparoscopic gastric banding (LAGB) of severely obese patients reduces body weight, liver and adipose tissue inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether weight loss induced by LAGB affected PNPLA3 expression in hepatic and adipose tissue. METHODS Liver and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected from 28 severely obese patients before and 6 months after LAGB. PNPLA3 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. To understand whether inflammatory stimuli regulated PNPLA3 expression, we studied the effect of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on PNPLA3 expression in human adipocytes and hepatocytes. RESULTS PNPLA3 was strongly expressed in the liver and clearly detectable in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese patients. Weight loss induced by LAGB of severely obese patients led to significantly increased adipose, but not hepatic, tissue expression of PNPLA3. Subcutaneous PNPLA3 expression negatively correlated with body-mass-index, fasting glucose and fasting insulin. TNFα potently suppressed PNPLA3 expression in adipocytes but not hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Weight loss induced by LAGB restored adipose tissue PNPLA3 expression which is suppressed by TNFα. Further studies will be required to determine the functional impact of PNPLA3 and its related genetic variation on adipose tissue inflammation and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Enrich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Stevenson HL, Utay NS. Hepatic steatosis in HCV-infected persons in the direct-acting antiviral era. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2016; 2:21. [PMID: 28883965 PMCID: PMC5530934 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-016-0038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 130-170 million people worldwide. Recently, direct-acting antivirals have been shown to eradicate HCV infection in 90-95 % of non-cirrhotic patients depending on genotype, treatment experience, and regimen used. Similar rates are achieved among compensated cirrhotics, although longer treatment duration and/or ribavirin may be required. HCV uses host lipid metabolism for its lifecycle and can cause hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Hepatic steatosis, defined as excessive triglyceride deposition in hepatocytes, affects approximately half of HCV-infected individuals. Genetic factors and co-morbidities can drive further steatosis, which in turn can instigate fibrosis and progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Polymorphisms in genes that modulate lipid deposition in hepatocytes such as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) and transmembrane six superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) predispose people to steatosis. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and insulin resistance are increasing worldwide and further contribute to hepatic steatosis, and alcohol has long been recognized as a cause of lipid deposition in the liver. HIV and antiretroviral drugs, but not HBV, may further drive hepatic steatosis. While many of these factors limit response to interferon-based regimens for treating HCV, responses to direct-acting antivirals appear not to be impaired. The effect of HCV eradication on hepatic steatosis and progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma warrants further study in the era of direct-acting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Netanya S. Utay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
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