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Zhang X, Zheng Z, Wang J, Li Y, Gao Y, Li L, Pang Y, Bian F. In vitro induction of tetraploids and their phenotypic and transcriptome analysis in Glehnia littoralis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:439. [PMID: 38778255 PMCID: PMC11110393 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glehnia littoralis is a medicinal and edible plant species having commercial value and has several hundred years of cultivation history. Polyploid breeding is one of the most important and fastest ways to generate novel varieties. To obtain tetraploids of G. littoralis in vitro, colchicine treatment was given to the seeds and then were screened based on morphology, flow cytometry, and root tip pressing assays. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis was performed to identity the differentially expressed genes associated with phenotypic changes in tetraploid G. littoralis. RESULTS The results showed that 0.05% (w/v) colchicine treatment for 48 h was effective in inducing tetraploids in G. littoralis. The tetraploid G. littoralis (2n = 4x = 44) was superior in leaf area, leaf thickness, petiole diameter, SPAD value (Chl SPAD), stomatal size, epidermal tissues thickness, palisade tissues thickness, and spongy tissues thickness to the diploid ones, while the stomatal density of tetraploids was significantly lower. Transcriptome sequencing revealed, a total of 1336 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tetraploids and diploids. Chromosome doubling may lead to DNA content change and gene dosage effect, which directly affects changes in quantitative traits, with changes such as increased chlorophyll content, larger stomata and thicker tissue of leaves. Several up-regulated DEGs were found related to growth and development in tetraploid G. littoralis such as CKI, PPDK, hisD and MDP1. KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that most of DEGs were enriched in metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the successful induction of tetraploids in G. littoralis. The information presented in this study facilitate breeding programs and molecular breeding of G. littoralis varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Ziyu Zheng
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Kunyushan Forest Farm, Yantai, Shandong, 264112, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Yujuan Pang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Fuhua Bian
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
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Hersh EW, Medina ARL, Whitton J. Dispersal and establishment traits provide a colonization advantage for a polyploid apomictic plant. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16149. [PMID: 36857315 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Apomictic plants (reproducing asexually through seed) often have larger ranges and occur at higher latitudes than closely related sexuals, a pattern known as geographical parthenogenesis (GP). Explanations for GP include differences in colonizing ability due to reproductive assurance and direct/indirect effects of polyploidy (most apomicts are polyploid) on ecological tolerances. While life history traits associated with dispersal and establishment also contribute to the potential for range expansion, few studies compare these traits in related apomicts and sexuals. METHODS We investigated differences in early life history traits between diploid-sexual and polyploid-apomictic Townsendia hookeri (Asteraceae), which displays a classic pattern of GP. Using lab and greenhouse experiments, we measured seed dispersal traits, germination success, and seedling size and survival in sexual and apomictic populations from across the range of the species. RESULTS While theory predicts that trade-offs between dispersal and establishment traits should be common, this was largely not the case in T. hookeri. Apomictic seeds had both lower terminal velocity (staying aloft longer when dropped) and higher germination success than sexual seeds. While there were no differences in seedling size between reproductive types, apomicts did, however, have slightly lower seedling survival than sexuals. CONCLUSIONS These differences in early life history traits, combined with reproductive assurance conferred by apomixis, suggest that apomicts achieve a greater range through advantages in their ability to both spread and establish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Whitney Hersh
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Alberto Ruiz-Larrea Medina
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Jeannette Whitton
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Haist G, Sidjimova B, Vladimirov V, Georgieva L, Nikolova M, Bastida J, Berkov S. Morphological, cariological, and phytochemical studies of diploid and autotetraploid Hippeastrum papilio plants. PLANTA 2023; 257:51. [PMID: 36757512 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The polyploidization of Hippeastrum papilio influences its primary and secondary metabolism including the biosynthesis of bioactive alkaloids. Hippeastrum papilio is an ornamental plant that has advantages in comparison to the currently used plants for the extraction of galanthamine, a natural compound used for the cognitive treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, an autotetraploid line of H. papilio was induced for the first time, after treatment with 0.05% colchicine for 48 h. The chromosome number in diploids was found to be 2n = 2x = 22 and for autotetraploids 2n = 4x = 44. The flow cytometric analyses detected a DNA C-value of 14.88 ± 0.03 pg (1C) in diploids and 26.57 ± 0.12 pg in autotetraploids. The morphological, cytological, and phytochemical studies showed significant differences between diploids and autotetraploids. The length and width of stomata in autotetraploids were 22.47% and 17.94%, respectively, larger than those observed in the diploid leaves. The biomass of one-year-old autotetraploid H. papilio plants was reduced by 53.99% for plants' fresh weight, 56.53% for leaves' fresh weight, and 21.70% for bulb diameter. The GC-MS analysis of methanol extracts from one-year-old diploid and autotetraploid H. papilio plants revealed over 60 primary and secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenolic acids, sterols, saccharides, and alcohols, among others. Principal component analysis of the metabolite profiles indicates a divergence of the metabolism between diploid and autotetraploid plants. The content of galanthamine and haemanthamine was found to be 49.73% and 80.10%, respectively, higher in the leaves of autotetraploids, compared to the diploid ones. The biosynthesis of the saccharides shows a tendency to be upregulated in tetraploid plants, while that of phenolic acids was downregulated. Polyploidization of H. papilio creates possibilities for further crop improvement aimed at high-galanthamine-producing genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Haist
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Sidjimova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir Vladimirov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Milena Nikolova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Grup de Productes Naturals, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII #27-31, Catalonia, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Strahil Berkov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Uddin N, Muhammad N, Ali N, Nisar M, Liu M. Genomic constitution and relationships of Ziziphus species collected from Malakand Division, Pakistan. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1939-1953. [PMID: 36484032 PMCID: PMC9723090 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidization has played a major role in plant evolution and can alter plant morphology, phenology, and ecology within only one or a few generations. Ziziphus species are economically as well as nutritionally important fruit-yielding trees. Identification of genotypes with unique traits or those with higher ploidy levels or a broader genetic base could lead to further improvements within the species. The current study has assessed the ploidy levels in the Ziziphus species (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. and Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f. Wight & Arn) with phenotypic traits, flow cytometry, and chromosomal count as well as with SSRs markers. Morphological traits were inferred to be the most important drivers of trait variations among the investigated genotypes. The total sugar, total cAMPs, titratable acid, and chlorophyll (a, b, and total) were also significantly different in contrast with diploid plants, which showed that tetraploid Ziziphus had the potential to increase nutritional contents. Out of twenty (20), five (5) Z. jujuba genotypes (ZJL-9, ZJL-12, ZJL-17, ZJL-18, and ZJL-19) were found tetraploid 2n = 4x = 48, with genome size ranging from 965.9 to1238.8 Mb that was significantly higher than the tetraploid Z. jujuba Mill. variety Dongzao. Similarly, Z. nummularia ZNL-07 to ZNL-15 have found tetraploid 2n = 4x = 72 with genomic sizes ranging from 1152.2 to 1746.8 Mb respectively. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) marker was applied to assess the genetic relationship within Ziziphus genotypes. To the best of our understanding, this is the first report on the identification of naturalized random tetraploids within the Pakistani Ziziphus species. This study provides important insights into the genomic architecture of Ziziphus species with implications for classification, conservation, and improvements of Ziziphus germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Uddin
- Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Niaz Ali
- Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Nisar
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Mengjun Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
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Zhang Z, Tan M, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Zhu S, Wang J, Zhao J, Liao Y, Xiang Z. Integrative analyses of targeted metabolome and transcriptome of Isatidis Radix autotetraploids highlighted key polyploidization-responsive regulators. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:670. [PMID: 34535080 PMCID: PMC8449450 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07980-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isatidis Radix, the root of Isatis indigotica Fort. (Chinese woad) can produce a variety of efficacious compound with medicinal properties. The tetraploid I. indigotica plants exhibit superior phenotypic traits, such as greater yield, higher bioactive compounds accumulation and enhanced stress tolerance. In this study, a comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic study on Isatidis Radix autotetraploid and its progenitor was performed. Results Through the targeted metabolic profiling, 283 metabolites were identified in Isatidis Radix, and 70 polyploidization-altered metabolites were obtained. Moreover, the production of lignans was significantly increased post polyploidization, which implied that polyploidization-modulated changes in lignan biosynthesis. Regarding the transcriptomic shift, 2065 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as being polyploidy-responsive genes, and the polyploidization-altered DEGs were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction. The further integrative analysis of polyploidy-responsive metabolome and transcriptome showed that 1584 DEGs were highly correlated with the 70 polyploidization-altered metabolites, and the transcriptional factors TFs-lignans network highlighted 10 polyploidy-altered TFs and 17 fluctuated phenylpropanoid pathway compounds. Conclusions These results collectively indicated that polyploidization contributed to the high content of active compounds in autotetraploid roots, and the gene–lignan pathway network analysis highlighted polyploidy–responsive key functional genes and regulators. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07980-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingpu Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxian Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajing Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueyue Liao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengxu Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
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Madani H, Escrich A, Hosseini B, Sanchez-Muñoz R, Khojasteh A, Palazon J. Effect of Polyploidy Induction on Natural Metabolite Production in Medicinal Plants. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060899. [PMID: 34204200 PMCID: PMC8234191 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy plays an important role in plant diversification and speciation. The ploidy level of plants is associated with morphological and biochemical characteristics, and its modification has been used as a strategy to alter the quantitative and qualitative patterns of secondary metabolite production in different medicinal plants. Polyploidization can be induced by many anti-mitotic agents, among which colchicine, oryzalin, and trifluralin are the most common. Other variables involved in the induction process include the culture media, explant types, and exposure times. Due to the effects of polyploidization on plant growth and development, chromosome doubling has been applied in plant breeding to increase the levels of target compounds and improve morphological characteristics. Prompted by the importance of herbal medicines and the increasing demand for drugs based on plant secondary metabolites, this review presents an overview of how polyploidy can be used to enhance metabolite production in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Madani
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran; (H.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Ainoa Escrich
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Bahman Hosseini
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran; (H.M.); (B.H.)
| | - Raul Sanchez-Muñoz
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckststraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Abbas Khojasteh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan, XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Javier Palazon
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan, XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Chen Y, Xu H, He T, Gao R, Guo G, Lu R, Chen Z, Liu C. Comparative Analysis of Morphology, Photosynthetic Physiology, and Transcriptome Between Diploid and Tetraploid Barley Derived From Microspore Culture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:626916. [PMID: 33747007 PMCID: PMC7970760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.626916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyploids play an important role in the breeding of plant for superior characteristics, and many reports have focused on the effects upon photosynthesis from polyploidization in some plant species recently, yet surprisingly little of this is known for barley. In this study, homozygous diploid and tetraploid plants, derived from microspore culturing of the barley cultivar "H30," were used to assess differences between them in their cellular, photosynthetic, and transcriptomic characteristics. Our results showed that tetraploid barley has the distinct characteristics of polyploids, namely thicker and heavier leaves, enlarged stomata size or stomatal guard cell size, and more photosynthetic pigments and improved photosynthesis (especially under high light intensity). This enhanced photosynthesis of tetraploid barley was confirmed by several photosynthetic parameters, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), light saturation point (LSP), maximum RuBP saturated rate carboxylation (Vcmax), and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax). Transcriptomic analyses revealed that just ~2.3% of all detected genes exhibited differential expression patterns [i.e., differentially expressed genes (DEGs)], and that most of these - 580 of 793 DEGs in total - were upregulated in the tetraploid barley. The follow-up KEGG analysis indicated that the most enriched pathway was related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, while the downregulation of DEGs was related mainly to the light-harvesting cholorophyII a/b-binding protein (Lhcb1) component, both validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Taken together, our integrated analysis of morphology, photosynthetic physiology, and transcriptome provides evidences for understanding of how polyploidization enhances the photosynthetic capacity in tetraploids of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Chen
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting He
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Runhong Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiju Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
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Cara N, Piccoli PN, Bolcato L, Marfil CF, Masuelli RW. Variation in the amino acids, volatile organic compounds and terpenes profiles in induced polyploids and in Solanum tuberosum varieties. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 180:112516. [PMID: 32949937 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyploids often display a variety of phenotypic novelties when compared to their diploid progenitors, some of which may represent ecological advantages, especially regarding tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. Plants cope with environmental factors by producing chemicals such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and specific amino acids (AAs). In potato, the third most important food crop in the world, gene introgression from diploid wild relative species into the genetic pool of the cultivated species (tetraploid) would be of great agronomical interest. The consequences of allopolyploidization on the potato VOCs and AAs profiles have not been yet analyzed. In this work, the effects of whole genome duplication on VOCs and AAs contents in leaves of potato allo- and autotetraploids and cultivated varieties were studied. The polyploids were obtained by chromosomal duplication of a genotype of the wild diploid species S. kurtzianum (autopolyploid model), and a diploid interspecific hybrid between the cultivated species S. tuberosum and S. kurtzianum (allopolyploid model). Almost all compounds levels varied greatly among these tetraploid lines; while all tetraploids showed higher contents of non-isoprenoids compounds than diploids, we found either increments or reductions in terpenes and AAs content. The results support the idea that genome duplication is a stochastic source of variability, which might be directly used for introgression in the 4x gene pool of the cultivated potato by sexual hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cara
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Patricia N Piccoli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), CONICET-UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo Bolcato
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), CONICET-UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Carlos F Marfil
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), CONICET-UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo W Masuelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), CONICET-UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, M5528AHB, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Scarrow M, Wang Y, Sun G. Molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the adaptability of polyploid plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:394-407. [PMID: 33098261 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidization influences the genetic composition and gene expression of an organism. This multi-level genetic change allows the formation of new regulatory pathways leading to increased adaptability. Although both forms of polyploidization provide advantages, autopolyploids were long thought to have little impact on plant divergence compared to allopolyploids due to their formation through genome duplication only, rather than in combination with hybridization. Recent advances have begun to clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms such as microRNAs, alternative splicing, RNA-binding proteins, histone modifications, chromatin remodelling, DNA methylation, and N6 -methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation underlying the evolutionary success of polyploids. Such research is expanding our understanding of the evolutionary adaptability of polyploids and the regulatory pathways that allow adaptive plasticity in a variety of plant species. Herein we review the roles of individual molecular regulatory mechanisms and their potential synergistic pathways underlying plant evolution and adaptation. Notably, increasing interest in m6A methylation has provided a new component in potential mechanistic coordination that is still predominantly unexplored. Future research should attempt to identify and functionally characterize the evolutionary impact of both individual and synergistic pathways in polyploid plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Scarrow
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Yiling Wang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, 041000, China
| | - Genlou Sun
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada
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Julião SA, Ribeiro CDV, Lopes JML, de Matos EM, Reis AC, Peixoto PHP, Machado MA, Azevedo ALS, Grazul RM, de Campos JMS, Viccini LF. Induction of Synthetic Polyploids and Assessment of Genomic Stability in Lippia alba. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:292. [PMID: 32273876 PMCID: PMC7113378 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is widely recognized as a major evolutionary force in plants and has been reported in the genus Lippia (Verbenaceae). Lippia alba, the most studied species, has been documented as a polyploid complex involving at least four ploidal levels. L. alba presents remarkable chemical and genetic variation and represents a model for understanding genome organization. Although the economic and medicinal importance of the species has been widely described, no established polyploid induction protocol has been reported so far. Here, we describe the production of synthetic polyploid plants of L. alba using colchicine. The ploidal levels were estimated by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. In addition, FISH and molecular markers approaches were used to confirm the stability of the synthetic polyploids. The major component of the essential oils was estimated by GCMS to compare with the natural individuals. Tetraploids and triploids were produced providing new opportunities for investigating medicinal, pharmacological, and economic applications as well as addressing intrinsic questions involved in the polyploidization process in tropical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aryane Campos Reis
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Huang X, Qin Q, Gong K, Wu C, Zhou Y, Chen Q, Feng W, Xing Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Cao L, Tao M, Liu S. Comparative analyses of the Sox9a-Amh-Cyp19a1a regulatory Cascade in Autotetraploid fish and its diploid parent. BMC Genet 2020; 21:35. [PMID: 32199463 PMCID: PMC7085200 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autotetraploid Carassius auratus (4nRCC, 4n = 200, RRRR) was derived from the whole genome duplication of diploid red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.) (2nRCC, 2n = 100, RR). To investigate the genetic effects of tetraploidization, we analyzed DNA variation, epigenetic modification and gene expression changes in the Sox9a-Amh-Cyp19a1a regulatory cascade between 4nRCC and 2nRCC. RESULTS We found that the Sox9a gene contained two variants in 2nRCC and four variants in 4nRCC. Compared with that in 2nRCC, DNA methylation in the promoter regions of the Amh and Cyp19a1a genes in 4nRCC was altered by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations, which resulted in the insertions and deletions of CpG sites, and the methylation levels of the Sox9a, Amh and Cyp19a1a genes increased after tetraploidization. The gene expression level of the Sox9a-Amh-Cyp19a1a regulatory cascade was downregulated in 4nRCC compared with that in 2nRCC. CONCLUSION The above results demonstrate that tetraploidization leads to significant changes in the genome, epigenetic modification and gene expression in the Sox9a-Amh-Cyp19a1a regulatory cascade; these findings increase the extant knowledge regarding the effects of polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qinbo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Kaijun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wenjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yiying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yude Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, PR China.
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12
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Sun FY, Liu L, Yu Y, Ruan XM, Wang CY, Hu QW, Wu DX, Sun G. MicroRNA-mediated responses to colchicine treatment in barley. PLANTA 2020; 251:44. [PMID: 31907626 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Hordeum vulgare, nine differentially expressed novel miRNAs were induced by colchicine. Five novel miRNA in colchicine solution showed the opposite expression patterns as those in water. Colchicine is a commonly used agent for plant chromosome set doubling. MicroRNA-mediated responses to colchicine treatment in plants have not been characterized. Here, we characterized new microRNAs induced by colchicine treatment in Hordeum vulgare using high-throughput sequencing. Our results showed that 39 differentially expressed miRNAs were affected by water treatment, including 34 novel miRNAs and 5 known miRNAs; 42 miRNAs, including 37 novel miRNAs and 5 known miRNAs, were synergistically affected by colchicine and water, and 9 differentially expressed novel miRNAs were induced by colchicine. The novel_mir69, novel_mir57, novel_mir75, novel_mir38, and novel_mir56 in colchicine treatment showed the opposite expression patterns as those in water. By analyzing these 9 differentially expressed novel miRNAs and their targets, we found that novel_mir69, novel_mir56 and novel_mir25 co-target the genes involving the DNA repair pathway. Based on our results, microRNA-target regulation network under colchicine treatment was proposed, which involves actin, cell cycle regulation, cell wall synthesis, and the regulation of oxidative stress. Overall, the results demonstrated the critical role of microRNAs mediated responses to colchicine treatment in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yao Sun
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Yu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-Ming Ruan
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Qun-Wen Hu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - De-Xiang Wu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Genlou Sun
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada.
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13
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Zou L, Liu W, Zhang Z, Edwards EJ, Gathunga EK, Fan P, Duan W, Li S, Liang Z. Gene body demethylation increases expression and is associated with self-pruning during grape genome duplication. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:84. [PMID: 32528696 PMCID: PMC7261773 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A colchicine-induced autotetraploid grapevine exhibiting potentially valuable agronomic traits for grape production and breeding, including self-pruning, was identified. This study investigated DNA methylation variation and its role in gene expression during self-pruning in the autotetraploid grapevine. We used RNA-Seq to estimate differentially expressed genes between diploid and autotetraploid grapevine shoot tips. The genes showing increases in the autotetraploid were mainly related to stress response pathways, whereas those showing decreases in the autotetraploid were related to biological metabolism and biosynthesis. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was performed to produce single-base methylomes for the diploid and autotetraploid grapevines. Comparison between the methylomes revealed that they were conserved in CG and CHG contexts. In the autotetraploid grapevine, hypodifferentially methylated regions (DMRs) and hyper-DMRs in the gene body increased or decreased gene expression, respectively. Our results indicated that a hypo-DMR in the ACO1 gene body increased its expression and might promote self-pruning. This study reports that hypo-DMRs in the gene body increase gene expression in plants and reveals the mechanism underlying the changes in the modifications affecting gene expression during genome duplication. Overall, our results provide valuable information for understanding the relationships between DNA methylation, gene expression, and autotetraploid breeding in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Shanxi, 041004 PR China
| | | | - Elias Kirabi Gathunga
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Peige Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
| | - Wei Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Zhenchang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 PR China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 PR China
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14
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Iannicelli J, Guariniello J, Tossi V, Regalado J, Di Ciaccio L, van Baren C, Pitta Álvarez S, Escandón A. The “polyploid effect” in the breeding of aromatic and medicinal species. SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE 2020. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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15
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Xiang ZX, Tang XL, Liu WH, Song CN. A comparative morphological and transcriptomic study on autotetraploid Stevia rebaudiana (bertoni) and its diploid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:154-164. [PMID: 31505448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana is an important medical plant for producing steviol glycosides (SGs) or stevioside. Autotetraploids (4x = 44) show an increasing level of morphology, physiology and tolerances comparing to diploids (2x = 22). However, little information regarded on the comparative transcriptome analysis between diploid and autotetraploid S. rebaudiana was found. In this study, synthetic autotetraploid was induced and morphological features were confirmed. A comprehensive transcriptome of stevia leaf, stem and root from the diploids and autotetraploids was constructed based on RNA-seq, yielded 1,000,892,422 raw reads and subsequently assembled into 251,455 transcripts, corresponded to 146,130 genes. Pairwise comparisons of the six leaf libraries between the diploids and autotetraploids revealed 4114 differentially expression genes (DEGs), in which 2105 (51.17%) were up-regulated in autotetraploids and associated with SGs biosynthesis, plant growth and secondary metabolism. Moreover, weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed co-expressed genes of fifteen genes of SG biosynthesis pathway were enriched in photosynthesis, flavonoid and secondary metabolic process, plant growth and morphogenesis. A hundred of DEGs related to plant resistance were identified by interviewing PlantPReS database. This study has highlighted molecular changes related to SGs metabolism of polyploidy, and advanced our understanding in plant resistance responsible for phenotypic change of autotetraploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Xu Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
| | - Xing-Li Tang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
| | - Wei-Hu Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
| | - Chang-Nian Song
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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16
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Karyo-morphological consistency and heterochromatin distribution pattern in diploid and colchitetraploids of Vigna radiata and V. mungo. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Vogt G, Dorn NJ, Pfeiffer M, Lukhaup C, Williams BW, Schulz R, Schrimpf A. The dimension of biological change caused by autotriploidy: A meta-analysis with triploid crayfish Procambarus virginalis and its diploid parent Procambarus fallax. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Transcriptome-based gene expression profiling of diploid radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and the corresponding autotetraploid. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:933-945. [PMID: 30560406 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy is an important evolutionary factor in most land plant lineages which possess more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an economically annual/biennial root vegetable crop worldwide. However, the expression patterns of duplicated homologs involved in the autopolyploidization remains unclear. In present study, the autotetraploid radish plants (2n = 4x = 36) were produced with colchicine and exhibited an increase in the size of flowers, leaves, stomata and pollen grains. The differential gene expression (DGE) profiling was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression patterns between diploid and its corresponding autotetraploid by RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). Totally, 483 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 408 down-regulated DEGs were detected in diploid and autotetraploid radishes, which majorly involved in the pathways of hormones, photosynthesis and stress response. Moreover, the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and pectin methylesterases (PME) family members related to cell enlargement and cell wall construction were found to be enriched in GO enrichment analysis, of which XTH family members enriched in "apoplast" and "cell wall" terms, while PME family members enriched in "cell wall" term. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated that the expression profile of DEGs were consistent with results from the RNA-Seq analysis. The DEGs involved in cell wall construction and auxin metabolism were predicted to be associated with organs size increase of autotetraploid radishes in the present study. These results could provide valuable information for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying polyploidization and facilitating further genetic improvements of important traits in radish breeding programs.
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19
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The Variation Analysis of DNA Methylation in Wheat Carrying Gametocidal Chromosome 3C from Aegilops triuncialis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081738. [PMID: 28796162 PMCID: PMC5578128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametocidal (Gc) chromosomes can ensure their preferential transmission by killing the gametes without themselves through causing chromosome breakage and therefore have been exploited as an effective tool for genetic breeding. However, to date very little is known about the molecular mechanism of Gc action. In this study, we used methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique to assess the extent and pattern of cytosine methylation alterations at the whole genome level between two lines of wheat Gc addition line and their common wheat parent. The results indicated that the overall levels of cytosine methylation of two studied Gc addition lines (CS–3C and CS–3C3C, 48.68% and 48.65%, respectively) were significantly increased when compared to common wheat CS (41.31%) and no matter fully methylated or hemimethylated rates enhanced in Gc addition lines. A set of 30 isolated fragments that showed different DNA methylation or demethylation patterns between the three lines were sequenced and the results indicated that 8 fragments showed significant homology to known sequences, of which three were homologous to MITE transposon (Miniature inverted–repeat transposable elements), LTR-retrotransposon WIS-1p and retrotransposon Gypsy, respectively. Overall, our results showed that DNA methylation could play a role in the Gc action.
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20
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Münzbergová Z. Colchicine application significantly affects plant performance in the second generation of synthetic polyploids and its effects vary between populations. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:329-339. [PMID: 28633349 PMCID: PMC5737759 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Understanding the direct consequences of polyploidization is necessary for assessing the evolutionary significance of this mode of speciation. Previous studies have not studied the degree of between-population variation that occurs due to these effects. Although it is assumed that the effects of the substances that create synthetic polyploids disappear in second-generation synthetic polyploids, this has not been tested. Methods The direct consequences of polyploidization were assessed and separated from the effects of subsequent evolution in Vicia cracca , a naturally occurring species with diploid and autotetraploid cytotypes. Synthetic tetraploids were created from diploids of four mixed-ploidy populations. Performance of natural diploids and tetraploids was compared with that of synthetic tetraploids. Diploid offspring of the synthetic tetraploid mothers were also included in the comparison. In this way, the effects of colchicine application in the maternal generation on offspring performance could be compared independently of the effects of polyploidization. Key Results The sizes of seeds and stomata were primarily affected by cytotype, while plant performance differed between natural and synthetic polyploids. Most performance traits were also determined by colchicine application to the mothers, and most of these results were largely population specific. Conclusions Because the consequences of colchicine application are still apparent in the second generation of the plants, at least the third-generation polyploids should be considered in future comparisons. The specificities of the colchicine-treated plants may also be caused by strong selection pressures during the creation of synthetic polyploids. This could be tested by comparing the initial sizes of plants that survived the colchicine treatments with those of plants that did not. High variation between populations also suggests that different polyploids follow different evolutionary trajectories, and this should be considered when studying the effects of polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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