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Wu M, Yu S, Yan S, Wu M, Zhang L, Chen S, Shi D, Liu S, Fan Y, Lin X, Shen J. Peroxynitrite reduces Treg cell expansion and function by mediating IL-2R nitration and aggravates multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: One sentence summary: Peroxynitrite-mediated Treg IL-2R nitration impacts on multiple sclerosis. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103240. [PMID: 38889621 PMCID: PMC11231601 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
T-helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical regulators in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) but the factors affecting Treg/Th17 balance remains largely unknown. Redox balance is crucial to maintaining immune homeostasis and reducing the severity of MS but the underlying mechanisms are unclear yet. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that peroxynitrite, a representative molecule of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), could inhibit peripheral Treg cells, disrupt Treg/Th17 balance and aggravate MS pathology by inducing nitration of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) and down-regulating RAS/JNK-AP-1 signalling pathway. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model and serum samples of MS patients were used in the study. We found that the increases of 3-nitrotyrosine and IL-2R nitration in Treg cells were coincided with disease severity in the active EAE mice. Mechanistically, peroxynitrite-induced IL-2R nitration down-regulated RAS/JNK signalling pathway, subsequently impairing peripheral Treg expansion and function, increasing Teff infiltration into the central nerve system (CNS), aggravating demyelination and neurological deficits in the EAE mice. Those changes were abolished by peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (PDC) treatment. Furthermore, transplantation of the PDC-treated-autologous Treg cells from donor EAE mice significantly decreased Th17 cells in both axillary lymph nodes and lumbar spinal cord, and ameliorated the neuropathology of the recipient EAE mice. Those results suggest that peroxynitrite could disrupt peripheral Treg/Th17 balance, and aggravate neuroinflammation and neurological deficit in active EAE/MS pathogenesis. The underlying mechanisms are related to induce the nitration of IL-2R and inhibit the RAS/JNK-AP-1 signalling pathway in Treg cells. The study highlights that targeting peroxynitrite-mediated peripheral IL-2R nitration in Treg cells could be a novel therapeutic strategy to restore Treg/Th17 balance and ameliorate MS/EAE pathogenesis. The study provides valuable insights into potential role of peripheral redox balance in maintaining CNS immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Sulan Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shenyu Yan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Dongyun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China; Free Radical Regulation and Application Research Center of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yongping Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
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Zhdanov DD, Gladilina YA, Blinova VG, Abramova AA, Shishparenok AN, Eliseeva DD. Induction of FoxP3 Pre-mRNA Alternative Splicing to Enhance the Suppressive Activity of Regulatory T Cells from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1022. [PMID: 38790984 PMCID: PMC11117958 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) is a key transcription factor responsible for the development, maturation, and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The FoxP3 pre-mRNA is subject to alternative splicing, resulting in the translation of multiple splice variants. We have shown that Tregs from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have reduced expression of full-length (FL) FoxP3, while other truncated splice variants are expressed predominantly. A correlation was observed between the reduced number of Tregs in the peripheral blood of ALS patients, reduced total FoxP3 mRNA, and reduced mRNA of its FL splice variant. Induction of FL FoxP3 was achieved using splice-switching oligonucleotides capable of base pairing with FoxP3 pre-mRNA and selectively modulating the inclusion of exons 2 and 7 in the mature mRNA. Selective expression of FL FoxP3 resulted in the induction of CD127low, CD152, and Helios-positive cells, while the cell markers CD4 and CD25 were not altered. Such Tregs had an increased proliferative activity and a higher frequency of cell divisions per day. The increased suppressive activity of Tregs with the induced FL FoxP3 splice variant was associated with the increased synthesis of the pro-apoptotic granzymes A and B, and perforin, IL-10, and IL-35, which are responsible for contact-independent suppression, and with the increased ability to suppress telomerase in target cells. The upregulation of Treg suppressive and proliferative activity using splice-switching oligonucleotides to induce the predominant expression of the FoxP3 FL variant is a promising approach for regenerative cell therapy in Treg-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Varvara G. Blinova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Anna A. Abramova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (Y.A.G.); (V.G.B.); (A.A.A.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Daria D. Eliseeva
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse, 80, 125367 Moscow, Russia;
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Lima ADR, Ferrari BB, Pradella F, Carvalho RM, Rivero SLS, Quintiliano RPS, Souza MA, Brunetti NS, Marques AM, Santos IP, Farias AS, Oliveira EC, Santos LMB. Dimethyl fumarate modulates the regulatory T cell response in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1391949. [PMID: 38765015 PMCID: PMC11099268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1391949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Tecfidera) is an oral drug utilized to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). DMF treatment reduces disease activity in MS. Gastrointestinal discomfort is a common adverse effect of the treatment with DMF. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DMF administration in the gut draining lymph nodes cells of C57BL6/J female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. We have demonstrated that the treatment with DMF (7.5 mg/kg) significantly reduces the severity of EAE. This reduction of the severity is accompanied by the increase of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms at the beginning of the treatment. As the treatment progressed, we observed an increasing number of regulatory Foxp3 negative CD4 T cells (Tr1), and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-27, as well as the reduction of PGE2 level in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice with EAE. We provide evidence that DMF induces a gradual anti-inflammatory response in the gut draining lymph nodes, which might contribute to the reduction of both intestinal discomfort and the inflammatory response of EAE. These findings indicate that the gut is the first microenvironment of action of DMF, which may contribute to its effects of reducing disease severity in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. R. Lima
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Breno B. Ferrari
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pradella
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Carvalho
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sandra L. S. Rivero
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raphael P. S. Quintiliano
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Matheus A. Souza
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália S. Brunetti
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Marques
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Irene P. Santos
- Departamento de Citometria do Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S. Farias
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elaine C. Oliveira
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Technology Faculty of Sorocaba- Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Leonilda M. B. Santos
- Unidade de Neuroimunologia, Dept.Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, (INCT-NIM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil
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Dobrzyńska M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Skrzydlewska E. Metabolic response to CNS infection with flaviviruses. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:218. [PMID: 37775774 PMCID: PMC10542253 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne RNA viruses found worldwide that, when introduced into the human body, cause diseases, including neuroinfections, that can lead to serious metabolic consequences and even death. Some of the diseases caused by flaviviruses occur continuously in certain regions, while others occur intermittently or sporadically, causing epidemics. Some of the most common flaviviruses are West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Zika virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Since all the above-mentioned viruses are capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier through different mechanisms, their actions also affect the central nervous system (CNS). Like other viruses, flaviviruses, after entering the human body, contribute to redox imbalance and, consequently, to oxidative stress, which promotes inflammation in skin cells, in the blood and in CNS. This review focuses on discussing the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from pathogen invasion on the metabolic antiviral response of the host, and the ability of viruses to evade the consequences of metabolic changes or exploit them for increased replication and further progression of infection, which affects the development of sequelae and difficulties in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14, 15-540, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Schlöder J, Shahneh F, Schneider FJ, Wieschendorf B. Boosting regulatory T cell function for the treatment of autoimmune diseases – That’s only half the battle! Front Immunol 2022; 13:973813. [PMID: 36032121 PMCID: PMC9400058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a subset of specialized T cells that are essential for the regulation of immune responses and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Once activated, Treg exert powerful immunosuppressive properties, for example by inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses against self-antigens, thereby protecting our body from autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, exhibit an immunological imbalance mainly characterized by a reduced frequency and impaired function of Treg. In addition, there has been increasing evidence that – besides Treg dysfunction – immunoregulatory mechanisms fail to control autoreactive T cells due to a reduced responsiveness of T effector cells (Teff) for the suppressive properties of Treg, a process termed Treg resistance. In order to efficiently treat autoimmune diseases and thus fully induce immunological tolerance, a combined therapy aimed at both enhancing Treg function and restoring Teff responsiveness could most likely be beneficial. This review provides an overview of immunomodulating drugs that are currently used to treat various autoimmune diseases in the clinic and have been shown to increase Treg frequency as well as Teff sensitivity to Treg-mediated suppression. Furthermore, we discuss strategies on how to boost Treg activity and function, and their potential use in the treatment of autoimmunity. Finally, we present a humanized mouse model for the preclinical testing of Treg-activating substances in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schlöder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Janine Schlöder,
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Joseph Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Wieschendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- ActiTrexx GmbH, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Khedr AMB, Shaker OG, Hassan A, Hussein M, Kamal YS, Azouz TA. MicroRNA-22 Level in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Its Relationship with Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor Levels. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:128-134. [PMID: 34537762 DOI: 10.1159/000519012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known to be a multifactorial disorder. Numerous observational studies have suggested the implication of multiple genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of MS. The aim of this work was to evaluate expression of the microRNA-22 (miRNA-22) level, in relation to vitamin D (VD) and VD receptor (VDR) levels in patients with MS during remission state. METHODS This case-control study was conducted in 50 patients with clinically definite MS and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. miRNA-22 expression was assessed in both MS patients and controls using quantitative RT-PCR. The serum level of VD and VDR was assessed in both MS patients and controls using ELISA techniques. RESULTS The miRNA-22 level was significantly downregulated in MS patients in comparison to controls (p value <0.001). MS patients had also significantly lower VD and VDR levels in comparison to controls (p value <0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) have a significantly higher miRNA-22 level than patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) (p value = 0.042). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the miRNA-22 level and EDSS (p value = 0.033). There was also a statistically significant positive correlation between the miRNA-22 level and VDR level (p value = 0.002). CONCLUSION The miRNA-22 level was significantly downregulated in MS patients, but it had a positive correlation with disability status. Patients with SPMS have a significantly higher miRNA-22 level than patients with RRMS. VD and VDR levels were significantly lower in MS patients than controls. The miRNA-22 level was positively correlated with the VDR level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M B Khedr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Gamil Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Hassan
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Hussein
- Neurology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Yasmine S Kamal
- Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taha Abdelraziq Azouz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Liu E, Karpf L, Bohl D. Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767041. [PMID: 34970118 PMCID: PMC8712677 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Liu
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Léa Karpf
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Sánchez-García FJ, Pérez-Hernández CA, Rodríguez-Murillo M, Moreno-Altamirano MMB. The Role of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Metabolites in Viral Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:725043. [PMID: 34595133 PMCID: PMC8476952 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.725043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell metabolism is essential for the viral replication cycle and, therefore, for productive infection. Energy (ATP) is required for the receptor-mediated attachment of viral particles to susceptible cells and for their entry into the cytoplasm. Host cells must synthesize an array of biomolecules and engage in intracellular trafficking processes to enable viruses to complete their replication cycle. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle has a key role in ATP production as well as in the synthesis of the biomolecules needed for viral replication. The final assembly and budding process of enveloped viruses, for instance, require lipids, and the TCA cycle provides the precursor (citrate) for fatty acid synthesis (FAS). Viral infections may induce host inflammation and TCA cycle metabolic intermediates participate in this process, notably citrate and succinate. On the other hand, viral infections may promote the synthesis of itaconate from TCA cis-aconitate. Itaconate harbors anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial properties. Fumarate is another TCA cycle intermediate with immunoregulatory properties, and its derivatives such as dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are therapeutic candidates for the contention of virus-induced hyper-inflammation and oxidative stress. The TCA cycle is at the core of viral infection and replication as well as viral pathogenesis and anti-viral immunity. This review highlights the role of the TCA cycle in viral infections and explores recent advances in the fast-moving field of virometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Celia Angélica Pérez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Murillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Timpani CA, Rybalka E. Calming the (Cytokine) Storm: Dimethyl Fumarate as a Therapeutic Candidate for COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:15. [PMID: 33375288 PMCID: PMC7824470 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide and incidences of hospitalisation from respiratory distress are significant. While a vaccine is in the pipeline, there is urgency for therapeutic options to address the immune dysregulation, hyperinflammation and oxidative stress that can lead to death. Given the shared pathogenesis of severe cases of COVID-19 with aspects of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, we propose dimethyl fumarate as a viable treatment option. Currently approved for multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, dimethyl fumarate is an immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drug that could be rapidly implemented into the clinic to calm the cytokine storm which drives severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Timpani
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
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Primaquine elicits Foxp3+ regulatory T cells with a superior ability to limit CNS autoimmune inflammation. J Autoimmun 2020; 114:102505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Arneth B. Contributions of T cells in multiple sclerosis: what do we currently know? J Neurol 2020; 268:4587-4593. [PMID: 33083867 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by neurologic dysfunction. The symptoms worsen as the disease progresses to the relapsing stage. AIM This study aimed to examine the role of T cells in MS pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review was performed based on articles obtained from PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Search terms and phrases, such as "multiple sclerosis," "MS," "T cells," "development," "Dysregulated T cells," and "Effector T cells", were used to identify articles that could help explore the research topic. RESULTS The pathogenesis of MS is linked to the regulatory, inflammatory, suppressive, and effector roles of T cells. However, the actual roles of specific T cell subsets in MS development are not well understood. DISCUSSION The study revealed a significant link between MS and T cell activity. Targeting T cells is a potential strategy for the development of new therapies to manage MS. CONCLUSION MS is a complex demyelinating condition that affects several million people around the world. Research has revealed that various classes of T cells, including effector T cells and regulatory T cells, influence the development and progression of MS. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which specific T cell populations influence MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstr 12, 35440, Giessen, Germany.
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12
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Giovannelli I, Heath P, Shaw PJ, Kirby J. The involvement of regulatory T cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their therapeutic potential. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2020; 21:435-444. [PMID: 32484719 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1752246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, meaning the establishment of a diffuse inflammatory condition in the CNS, is one of the main hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, a crucial role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this disease has been outlined. Tregs are a T cell subpopulation with immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we discuss the physiology of Tregs and their role in ALS disease onset and progression. Evidence has demonstrated that in ALS patients Tregs are dramatically and progressively reduced in number and are less effective in promoting immune suppression. In addition, Tregs levels correlate with the rate of disease progression and patient survival. For this reason, Tregs are now considered a promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection in ALS. In this review, the clinical impact of these cells will be discussed and an overview of the current clinical trials targeting Tregs is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Giovannelli
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P Heath
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Kirby
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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13
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Najjar E, Staun-Ram E, Volkowich A, Miller A. Dimethyl fumarate promotes B cell-mediated anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in B and T cells, and inhibits immune cell migration in patients with MS. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 343:577230. [PMID: 32247228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF), known for its mechanism of action targeting Nrf2 and related redox homeostasis, is an approved immunotherapy for patients with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) in the relapsing form. We assessed how DMF modulates immune cell functions, namely the cytokine profile of co-cultured B and T cells, and the chemokine-mediated migration of immune cells. Following DMF therapy, LTα+, TNFα+ and IFNγ+ B cells were reduced while TGFβ and IL10 expression elevated. B cells from DMF-treated patients increased TGFβ and LTα expression on T cells, while DMF directly reduced TNFα+ and IFNγ+ T cells. CXCL12/CXCL13-mediated migration of B cells, Monocytes, CD4 and CD8 T cells was reduced, with altered CXCR5 and CXCR4 expression. Induction of regulatory B and T cells and reduced migration of immune cells may be part of the beneficial mechanism of DMF in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Najjar
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elsebeth Staun-Ram
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Volkowich
- Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Miller
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
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14
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Aguilar-López BA, Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Dockrell HM, Duchen MR, Sánchez-García FJ. Mitochondria: An Integrative Hub Coordinating Circadian Rhythms, Metabolism, the Microbiome, and Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:51. [PMID: 32117978 PMCID: PMC7025554 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently some understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the interactions between circadian rhythmicity and immunity, metabolism and immune response, and circadian rhythmicity and metabolism. In addition, a wealth of studies have led to the conclusion that the commensal microbiota (mainly bacteria) within the intestine contributes to host homeostasis by regulating circadian rhythmicity, metabolism, and the immune system. Experimental studies on how these four biological domains interact with each other have mainly focused on any two of those domains at a time and only occasionally on three. However, a systematic analysis of how these four domains concurrently interact with each other seems to be missing. We have analyzed current evidence that signposts a role for mitochondria as a key hub that supports and integrates activity across all four domains, circadian clocks, metabolic pathways, the intestinal microbiota, and the immune system, coordinating their integration and crosstalk. This work will hopefully provide a new perspective for both hypothesis-building and more systematic experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Aguilar-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Ciolac D, Luessi F, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Koirala N, Riedel C, Fleischer V, Bittner S, Krämer J, Meuth SG, Muthuraman M, Groppa S. Selective Brain Network and Cellular Responses Upon Dimethyl Fumarate Immunomodulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1779. [PMID: 31417557 PMCID: PMC6682686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Efficient personalized therapy paradigms are needed to modify the disease course and halt gray (GM) and white matter (WM) damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Presently, promising disease-modifying drugs show impressive efficiency, however, tailored markers of therapy responses are required. Here, we aimed to detect in a real-world setting patients with a more favorable brain network response and immune cell dynamics upon dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment. Methods: In a cohort of 78 MS patients we identified two thoroughly matched groups, based on age, disease duration, disability status and lesion volume, receiving DMF (n = 42) and NAT (n = 36) and followed them over 16 months. The rate of cortical atrophy and deep GM volumes were quantified. GM and WM network responses were characterized by brain modularization as a marker of regional and global structural alterations. In the DMF group, lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry and related to clinical and MRI parameters. Results: Sixty percent (25 patients) of the DMF and 36% (13 patients) of the NAT group had disease activity during the study period. The rate of cortical atrophy was higher in the DMF group (-2.4%) compared to NAT (-2.1%, p < 0.05) group. GM and WM network dynamics presented increased modularization in both groups. When dividing the DMF-treated cohort into patients free of disease activity (n = 17, DMFR) and patients with disease activity (n = 25, DMFNR) these groups differed significantly in CD8+ cell depletion counts (DMFR: 197.7 ± 97.1/μl; DMFNR: 298.4 ± 190.6/μl, p = 0.03) and also in cortical atrophy (DMFR: -1.7%; DMFNR: -3.2%, p = 0.01). DMFR presented reduced longitudinal GM and WM modularization and less atrophy as markers of preserved structural global network integrity in comparison to DMFNR and even NAT patients. Conclusions: NAT treatment contributes to a reduced rate of cortical atrophy compared to DMF therapy. However, patients under DMF treatment with a stronger CD8+ T cell depletion present a more favorable response in terms of cortical integrity and GM and WM network responses. Our findings may serve as basis for the development of personalized treatment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Ciolac
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemiţanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nabin Koirala
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Vinzenz Fleischer
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Elemam NM, Al-Jaderi Z, Hachim MY, Maghazachi AA. HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells secrete chemokines which induce chemoattraction and intracellular calcium mobilization in NK92 cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:883-895. [PMID: 30847498 PMCID: PMC11028293 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that pretreatment of IL-2 activated human natural killer (NK) cells with the drugs dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and monomethyl fumarate (MMF) upregulated the expression of surface chemokine receptor CCR10. Ligands for CCR10, namely CCL27 and CCL28, induced the chemotaxis of these cells. Here, we performed a bioinformatics analysis to see which chemokines might be expressed by the human HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. We observed that, in addition to CCL27 and CCL28, HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells profoundly express CXCL16 which binds CXCR6. Consequently, NK92 cells were treated with DMF and MMF for 24 h to investigate in vitro chemotaxis towards CXCL16, CCL27, and CCL28. Furthermore, supernatants collected from HCT-116 cells after 24 or 48 h incubation induced the chemotaxis of NK92 cells. Similar to their effects on human IL-2-activated NK cells, MMF and DMF enhanced the expression of CCR10 and CXCR6 in NK92 cells. Neutralizing anti-CXCL16 or anti-CCL28 inhibited the chemotactic effects of 24 and 48 supernatants, whereas anti-CCL27 only inhibited the 48 h supernatant activity, suggesting that 24 h supernatant contains CXCL16 and CCL28, whereas HCT-116 secretes all three chemokines after 48 h in vitro cultures. CXCL16, CCL27, and CCL28, as well as the supernatants collected from HCT-116, induced the mobilization of (Ca)2+ in NK92 cells. Cross-desensitization experiments confirmed the results of the chemotaxis experiments. Finally, incubation of NK92 cells with HCT-116 induced the lysis of the tumor cells. In summary, these results might have important implications in directing the anti-tumor effectors NK cells towards tumor growth sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and The Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zaidoon Al-Jaderi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and The Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmood Yaseen Hachim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and The Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and The Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Yadav SK, Soin D, Ito K, Dhib-Jalbut S. Insight into the mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:463-472. [PMID: 30820593 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an oral, disease-modifying agent for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). However, details regarding its mode of action are still emerging. It is believed that the mode of action of DMF involves both nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor (Nrf2)-dependent and independent pathways, which lead to an anti-inflammatory immune response due to type II myeloid cell and Th2 cell differentiation and neuroprotection. In this review, we will focus on the molecular and signaling effects of DMF that lead to changes in peripheral immune cell composition and function, alteration in CNS cell-specific functions, and effect on the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Devika Soin
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kouichi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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18
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Silymarin Restores Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients In Vitro. Inflammation 2019; 42:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Schinnerling K, Rosas C, Soto L, Thomas R, Aguillón JC. Humanized Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis for Studies on Immunopathogenesis and Preclinical Testing of Cell-Based Therapies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:203. [PMID: 30837986 PMCID: PMC6389733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been used over decades to study the immunopathogenesis of the disease and to explore intervention strategies. Nevertheless, mouse models of RA reach their limit when it comes to testing of new therapeutic approaches such as cell-based therapies. Differences between the human and the murine immune system make it difficult to draw reliable conclusions about the success of immunotherapies. To overcome this issue, humanized mouse models have been established that mimic components of the human immune system in mice. Two main strategies have been pursued for humanization: the introduction of human transgenes such as human leukocyte antigen molecules or specific T cell receptors, and the generation of mouse/human chimera by transferring human cells or tissues into immunodeficient mice. Recently, both approaches have been combined to achieve more sophisticated humanized models of autoimmune diseases. This review discusses limitations of conventional mouse models of RA-like disease and provides a closer look into studies in humanized mice exploring their usefulness and necessity as preclinical models for testing of cell-based therapies in autoimmune diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Li Z, Nie L, Chen L, Sun Y, Guo L. [Rapamycin alleviates inflammation by up-regulating TGF-β/Smad signaling in a mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:35-42. [PMID: 30692064 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of rapmycin for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS An EAE model was established in C57BL/6 mice. After immunization, the mice were divided into model group and rapamycin groups treated daily with low-dose (0.3 mg/kg) or high-dose (1 mg/kg) rapamycin. The clinical scores of the mice were observed using Knoz score, the infiltration of IL-17 cells in the central nervous system (CNS) was determined using immunohistochemistry; the differentiation of peripheral Treg cells was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the changes in the levels of cytokines were detected with ELISA; the changes in the expressions of p-Smad2 and p- smad3 were investigated using Western blotting. RESULTS High-dose rapamycin significantly improved the neurological deficits scores of EAE mice. In high-dose rapamycin group, the scores in the onset stage, peak stage and remission stage were 0.14±0.38, 0.43±1.13 and 0.14±0.37, respectively, as compared with 1.14±0.69, 2.14±1.06 and 2.2±0.75 in the model group. The infiltration of inflammatory IL-17 cells was significantly lower in high-dose rapamycin group than in the model group (43±1.83 vs 153.5±7.02). High-dose rapamycin obviously inhibited the production of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-23 and induced the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. The percentage of Treg in CD4+ T cells was significantly higher in high- dose rapamycin group than in the model group (10.17 ± 0.68 vs 3.52 ± 0.32). In the in vitro experiment, combined treatments of the lymphocytes isolated from the mice with rapamycin and TGF-β induced a significant increase in the number of Treg cells (13.66±1.89) compared with the treatment with rapamycin (6.23±0.80) or TGF-β (4.87±0.85) alone. Rapamycin also obviously up-regulated the expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in the lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin can promote the differentiation of Treg cells by up-regulating the expression of p-Smad2 and p-smad3 to improve neurological deficits in mice with EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Lingling Nie
- Shijiazhuang Circulating Chemical Park Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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21
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Hosseini A, Masjedi A, Baradaran B, Hojjat‐Farsangi M, Ghalamfarsa G, Anvari E, Jadidi‐Niaragh F. Dimethyl fumarate: Regulatory effects on the immune system in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9943-9955. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Masjedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat‐Farsangi
- Immune and Gene therapy Lab Department of Oncology‐Pathology Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences Ilam Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi‐Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Montes Diaz G, Hupperts R, Fraussen J, Somers V. Dimethyl fumarate treatment in multiple sclerosis: Recent advances in clinical and immunological studies. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1240-1250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Polachini CRN, Spanevello RM, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Cholinergic and purinergic systems: A key to multiple sclerosis? J Neurol Sci 2018; 392:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dimethyl fumarate induces a persistent change in the composition of the innate and adaptive immune system in multiple sclerosis patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8194. [PMID: 29844361 PMCID: PMC5974280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on the immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS) are not completely elucidated. In this study, an extensive immunophenotypic analysis of innate and adaptive immune cells of DMF-treated MS patients was performed. Peripheral blood immune cell phenotypes were determined using flow cytometry in a follow-up study of 12 MS patients before, after 3 and 12 months of DMF treatment and a cross-sectional study of 25 untreated and 64 DMF-treated MS patients. Direct effects of DMF on B cells were analyzed in vitro. After 12 months of DMF treatment, percentages of monocytes, natural killer cells, naive T and B cells and transitional B cells increased. Percentages of (effector) memory T cells, (non) class-switched memory B cells and double negative B cells decreased together with CD4+ T cells expressing interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-17 (IL-17). DMF treatment was fully effective as of 6 months and directly induced apoptosis and decreased expression of costimulatory CD40, antigen presentation molecule MHCII and B cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR) on B cells. DMF induced a persistent change of the immune system of MS patients, directly induced apoptosis and reduced expression of functional markers on B cells.
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Fiedler SE, George JD, Love HN, Kim E, Spain R, Bourdette D, Salinthone S. Analysis of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α production in monocytes isolated from multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease modifying drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3. [PMID: 28966794 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, but blood derived monocytes/macrophages are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis through phagocytosis of myelin and production of inflammatory mediators. The objective of this study is to examine inflammatory cytokines that are present at elevated levels in active MS lesions to determine whether there are differences between classically stimulated monocytes isolated from healthy control (HC) and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) subjects taking disease modifying drugs (DMDs), including dimethyl fumarate (DMF). SUBJECTS Thirty-nine veterans of the US Armed Forces were enrolled, 21 health controls (HC), and 18 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), all taking DMDs. METHODS Use ELISAs to measure production of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α by LPS-stimulated peripheral monocytes. RESULTS Activation of monocytes from MS subjects produced significantly more IL-6 than healthy controls (49531 ± 20795 vs 10526 ± 4845), and IL-6 production trended higher in MS subjects taking DMF than those taking other DMDs (72186.9 ± 35156.2 vs 32585.8 ± 17135.4). There were no significant differences in IL-1β or TNF-α secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that not all DMDs may provide disease modification by suppressing monocyte/macrophage production of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Fiedler
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd. Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joshua D George
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd. Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Haley N Love
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd. Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Edward Kim
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd. Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rebecca Spain
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd. Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd. Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sonemany Salinthone
- VA Portland Health Care System, Research and Development Service, 3710 SW US Veterans' Hospital Rd. Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Danikowski KM, Jayaraman S, Prabhakar BS. Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:117. [PMID: 28599652 PMCID: PMC5466736 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease of the central nervous system primarily mediated by T lymphocytes with specificity to neuronal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, myasthenia gravis (MG) primarily involves destruction of the neuromuscular junction by antibodies specific to the acetylcholine receptor. Both autoimmune diseases are thought to result from loss of self-tolerance, which allows for the development and function of autoreactive lymphocytes. Although the mechanisms underlying compromised self-tolerance in these and other autoimmune diseases have not been fully elucidated, one possibility is numerical, functional, and/or migratory deficits in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Tregs are thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. It is believed that Tregs function by suppressing the effector CD4+ T cell subsets that mediate autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of suppressive and migratory markers on Tregs have been linked to the pathogenesis of both MS and MG. For example, genetic abnormalities have been found in Treg suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD25, while others have shown a decreased expression of FoxP3 and IL-10. Furthermore, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ secreted by T effectors have been noted in MS and MG patients. This review provides several strategies of treatment which have been shown to be effective or are proposed as potential therapies to restore the function of various Treg subsets including Tr1, iTr35, nTregs, and iTregs. Strategies focusing on enhancing the Treg function find importance in cytokines TGF-β, IDO, interleukins 10, 27, and 35, and ligands Jagged-1 and OX40L. Likewise, strategies which affect Treg migration involve chemokines CCL17 and CXCL11. In pre-clinical animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), several strategies have been shown to ameliorate the disease and thus appear promising for treating patients with MS or MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Danikowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - S Jayaraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - B S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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