1
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Zhang S, Ren D, Hou H, Yao L, Yuan H. M-CSF secreted by gastric cancer cells exacerbates the progression of gastric cancer by increasing the expression of SHP2 in tumor-associated macrophages. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:15525-15534. [PMID: 38159254 PMCID: PMC10781482 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which is mediated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) secreted by gastric cancer cells, on the development of gastric cancer and its molecular mechanism. METHODS The progression of gastric cancer was detected by nude mouse tumor-bearing experiments. Colony formation assay and cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay were used to detect the proliferation capacity of gastric cancer cells. The migration capacity of gastric cancer cells was examined by wound healing assay. Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed on gastric cancer cells. Detection of relevant protein expression using western blotting. RESULTS Overexpression of SHP2 could promote the progression of gastric cancer in nude mice. The results of colony formation assay and CCK8 assay showed that overexpression of SHP2 could enhance the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. It was found by wound healing assay and Transwell assay that overexpression of SHP2 could facilitate the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. The results of Western blotting revealed that overexpression of SHP2 could increase the expressions of p-STAT3, s-PD-1, p-Src, p-Lyn, p-PI3K, p-AKT, Arginase-1, MMP1 and MMP3 but decrease the expressions of TBK1 and SOCS1 in TAMs, and also increase the expressions of CD9, TSG101 and s-PD-1 in exosomes. CONCLUSION M-CSF secreted by gastric cancer cells can promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells by increasing the expression of SHP2 in TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zhang
- Eighth People’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Dongfei Ren
- Eighth People’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Huiyu Hou
- HeBei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Li Yao
- Handan Central Hospital, Handan 056000, China
| | - Hufang Yuan
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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2
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Sodir NM, Pathria G, Adamkewicz JI, Kelley EH, Sudhamsu J, Merchant M, Chiarle R, Maddalo D. SHP2: A Pleiotropic Target at the Interface of Cancer and Its Microenvironment. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:2339-2355. [PMID: 37682219 PMCID: PMC10618746 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The protein phosphatase SHP2/PTPN11 has been reported to be a key modulator of proliferative pathways in a wide range of malignancies. Intriguingly, SHP2 has also been described as a critical regulator of the tumor microenvironment. Based on this evidence SHP2 is considered a multifaceted target in cancer, spurring the notion that the development of direct inhibitors of SHP2 would provide the twofold benefit of tumor intrinsic and extrinsic inhibition. In this review, we will discuss the role of SHP2 in cancer and the tumor microenvironment, and the clinical strategies in which SHP2 inhibitors are leveraged as combination agents to improve therapeutic response. SIGNIFICANCE The SHP2 phosphatase functions as a pleiotropic factor, and its inhibition not only hinders tumor growth but also reshapes the tumor microenvironment. Although their single-agent activity may be limited, SHP2 inhibitors hold the potential of being key combination agents to enhance the depth and the durability of tumor response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Sodir
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Gaurav Pathria
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Elizabeth H. Kelley
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Danilo Maddalo
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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3
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Yan H, Jiang M, Yang F, Tang X, Lin M, Zhou C, Tan Y, Liu D. Ajuforrestin A, an Abietane Diterpenoid from Ajuga ovalifolia var. calanthe, Induces A549 Cell Apoptosis by Targeting SHP2. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175469. [PMID: 36080236 PMCID: PMC9457730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), which is encoded by PTPN11, participates in many cellular signaling pathways and is closely related to various tumorigenesis. Inhibition of the abnormal activity of SHP2 by small molecules is an important part of cancer treatment. Here, three abietane diterpenoids, named compounds 1–3, were isolated from Ajuga ovalifolia var. calantha. Spectroscopic analysis was used to identify the exact structure of the compounds. The enzymatic kinetic experiment and the cellular thermal shift assay showed compound 2 selectively inhibited SHP2 activity in vitro. Molecular docking indicated compound 2 targeted the SHP2 catalytic domain. The predicted pharmacokinetic properties by SwissADME revealed that compound 2 passed the majority of the parameters of common drug discovery rules. Compound 2 restrained A549 proliferation (IC50 = 8.68 ± 0.96 μM), invasion and caused A549 cell apoptosis by inhibiting the SHP2–ERK/AKT signaling pathway. Finally, compound 2 (Ajuforrestin A) is a potent and efficacious SHP2 inhibitor and may be a promising compound for human lung epithelial cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fujin Yang
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Key Laboratory of External Therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Eczema, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Xueyong Tang
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Key Laboratory of External Therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Eczema, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Key Laboratory of External Therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Eczema, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- General Surgery, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400021, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Deming Liu
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Key Laboratory of External Therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Eczema, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.T.); (D.L.)
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4
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Tang X, Qi C, Zhou H, Liu Y. Critical roles of PTPN family members regulated by non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis and immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:972906. [PMID: 35957898 PMCID: PMC9360549 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.972906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since tyrosine phosphorylation is reversible and dynamic in vivo, the phosphorylation state of proteins is controlled by the opposing roles of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPs), both of which perform critical roles in signal transduction. Of these, intracellular non-receptor PTPs (PTPNs), which belong to the largest class I cysteine PTP family, are essential for the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including but not limited to hematopoiesis, inflammatory response, immune system, and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, a substantial amount of PTPNs have been identified to hold crucial roles in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and inhibitors of PTPNs have promising applications due to striking efficacy in antitumor therapy. Hence, the aim of this review is to summarize the role played by PTPNs, including PTPN1/PTP1B, PTPN2/TC-PTP, PTPN3/PTP-H1, PTPN4/PTPMEG, PTPN6/SHP-1, PTPN9/PTPMEG2, PTPN11/SHP-2, PTPN12/PTP-PEST, PTPN13/PTPL1, PTPN14/PEZ, PTPN18/PTP-HSCF, PTPN22/LYP, and PTPN23/HD-PTP, in human cancer and immunotherapy and to comprehensively describe the molecular pathways in which they are implicated. Given the specific roles of PTPNs, identifying potential regulators of PTPNs is significant for understanding the mechanisms of antitumor therapy. Consequently, this work also provides a review on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating PTPNs in tumorigenesis and progression, which may help us to find effective therapeutic agents for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Chumei Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dazhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
| | - Yongshuo Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
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5
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Ma Y, Li WY, Sun T, Zhang L, Lu XH, Yang B, Wang RL. Structure-based discovery of a specific SHP2 inhibitor with enhanced blood-brain barrier penetration from PubChem database. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105648. [PMID: 35180489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The thiophene [2,3-d]pyrimidine structure-like small molecules were discovered from structure-based virtual screening of 1 billion compounds. Base on enzyme activity assay results, a SHP2-specific molecule inhibitor Comp#2 with IC50 of 1.174 μM, 85-fold more selective for SHP2 than the highly related SHP1 (IC50 > 100 μM). The compound can effectively inhibit SHP2-mediated cell signaling and cancer cell proliferation, including cervix cancer, human pancreatic cancer, large cell lung cancer, and mouse glioma cell. Moreover, the in vivo assay indicated that Comp#2 could inhibit cervix cancer tumors growth in BABL/c mice. This work has shown the specific SHP2 inhibitor can inhibit glioblastoma growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xin-Hua Lu
- New Drug Research & Development Center of North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, National Microbial Medicine Engineering & Research Center, Hebei Industry Microbial Metabolic Engineering & Technology Research Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015, China
| | - Bing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Wang F, Yang W, Li Z, Zhou B. Studies on molecular mechanism between SHP2 and pyridine derivatives by 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and MD simulations. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Guo Y, Xu Y, Dong X, Zhang J. Cross the Undruggable Barrier, the Development of SHP2 Inhibitors: From Catalytic Site Inhibitors to Allosteric Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Institution The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine) Hangzhou 310006 P.R. China
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8
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Qu B, Yang H, Hu S, Dong X. If small molecules immunotherapy comes, can the prime be far behind? Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113356. [PMID: 33773287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cancer immunotherapy, which includes cellular immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer vaccines, has transformed the treatment strategies of several malignancies in the past decades. Immune checkpoints blockade (ICB) is the most commonly tested therapy and has the potential to induce a durable immune response in different types of cancers. However, all approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are fraught with disadvantages including lack of oral bioavailability, prolonged tissue retention and poor membrane permeability. Therefore, the research focus has shifted to developing small molecule inhibitors to obviate the limitations of mAbs. Given the complexity of the tumor micro-environment (TME), the combination of ICIs with various small molecule agonists/inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials to improve treatment outcomes and prevent tumor recurrence. In this review, we have summarized the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of several molecular targets, along with the current status of small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Bingxue Qu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), PR China; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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9
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Chang CJ, Lin CF, Lee CH, Chuang HC, Shih FC, Wan SW, Tai C, Chen CL. Overcoming interferon (IFN)-γ resistance ameliorates transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-mediated lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114356. [PMID: 33285108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a common cause of fibroblast activation and fibrosis. In bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis, the marked expression of phospho-Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP) 2, phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 was highly associated with pulmonary parenchymal lesions and collagen deposition. Human pulmonary fibroblasts differentiated into myofibroblasts exhibited activation of SHP2, SOCS3, protein inhibitor of activated STAT1, STAT3, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10. The significant retardation of interferon (IFN)-γ signaling in myofibroblasts was revealed by the decreased expression of phospho-STAT1, IFN-γ-associated genes, and IFN-γ-inducible protein (IP) 10. Microarray analysis showed an induction of fibrotic genes in TGF-β1-differentiated myofibroblasts, whereas IFN-γ-regulated anti-fibrotic genes were suppressed. Interestingly, BIBF 1120 treatment effectively inhibited both STAT3 and SHP2 phosphorylation in TGF-β1-differentiated myofibroblasts and BLM fibrotic lung tissues, which was accompanied by suppression of fibroblast-myofibroblast transition. Moreover, the combined treatment of BIBF 1120 plus IFN-γ or SHP2 inhibitor PHPS1 plus IFN-γ markedly reduced TGF-β1-induced α-smooth muscle actin and further ameliorated BLM lung fibrosis. Accordingly, myofibroblasts were hyporesponsiveness to IFN-γ, while blockade of SHP2 contributed to the anti-fibrotic efficacy of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lee
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chia Shih
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Wan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi Tai
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Tripathi RKP, Ayyannan SR. Emerging chemical scaffolds with potential SHP2 phosphatase inhibitory capabilities - A comprehensive review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:721-773. [PMID: 33191603 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The drug discovery panorama is cluttered with promising therapeutic targets that have been deserted because of inadequate authentication and screening failures. Molecular targets formerly tagged as "undruggable" are nowadays being more cautiously cross-examined, and whilst they stay intriguing, numerous targets are emerging more accessible. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) excellently exemplifies a class of molecular targets that have transpired as druggable, with several small molecules and antibodies recently turned available for further development. In this respect, SHP2, a PTP, has emerged as one of the potential targets in the current pharmacological research, particularly for cancer, due to its critical role in various signalling pathways. Recently, few molecules with excellent potency have entered clinical trials, but none could reach the clinic. Consequently, search for novel, non-toxic, and specific SHP2 inhibitors are on purview. In this review, general aspects of SHP2 including its structure and mechanistic role in carcinogenesis have been presented. It also sheds light on the development of novel molecular architectures belonging to diverse chemical classes that have been proposed as SHP2-specific inhibitors along with their structure-activity relationships (SARs), stemming from chemical, mechanism-based and computer-aided studies reported since January 2015 to July 2020 (excluding patents), focusing on their potency and selectivity. The encyclopedic facts and discussions presented herein will hopefully facilitate researchers to design new ligands with better efficacy and selectivity against SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, India.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Senthil Raja Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Zhu D, Wu P, Xiao C, Hu W, Zhang T, Hu X, Chen W, Wang J. Inflammatory Cytokines Alter Mesenchymal Stem Cell Mechanosensing and Adhesion on Stiffened Infarct Heart Tissue After Myocardial Infarction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583700. [PMID: 33195229 PMCID: PMC7645114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has demonstrated its potential in repairing infarct heart tissue and recovering heart function after myocardial infarction (MI). However, its therapeutic effect is still limited due to poor MSC engraftment at the injury site whose tissue stiffness and local inflammation both dynamically and rapidly change after MI. Whether and how inflammatory cytokines could couple with stiffness change to affect MSC engraftment in the infarct zone still remain unclear. In this study, we characterized dynamic stiffness changes of and inflammatory cytokine expression in the infarct region of rat heart within a month after MI. We found that the tissue stiffness of the heart tissue gradually increased and peaked 21 days after MI along with the rapid upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the first 3 days, followed by a sharp decline. We further demonstrated in vitro that immobilized inflammatory cytokine IL-6 performed better than the soluble form in enhancing MSC adhesion to stiffened substrate through IL-6/src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2)/integrin signaling axis. We also confirmed such mechano-immune coupling of tissue stiffness and inflammatory cytokines in modulating MSC engraftment in the rat heart after MI in vivo. Our study provides new mechanistic insights of mechanical–inflammation coupling to improve MSC mechanosensing and adhesion, potentially benefiting MSC engraftment and its clinical therapy for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changchen Xiao
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Hu
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Liu C, Zhao Q, Yu X. Bone Marrow Adipocytes, Adipocytokines, and Breast Cancer Cells: Novel Implications in Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:561595. [PMID: 33123472 PMCID: PMC7566900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.561595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating discoveries highlight the importance of interaction between marrow stromal cells and cancer cells for bone metastasis. Bone is the most common metastatic site of breast cancer and bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs) are the most abundant component of the bone marrow microenvironment. BMAs are unique in their origin and location, and recently they are found to serve as an endocrine organ that secretes adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. It is reasonable to speculate that BMAs contribute to the modification of bone metastatic microenvironment and affecting metastatic breast cancer cells in the bone marrow. Indeed, BMAs may participate in bone metastasis of breast cancer through regulation of recruitment, invasion, survival, colonization, proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune modulation by their production of various adipocytokines. In this review, we provide an overview of research progress, focusing on adipocytokines secreted by BMAs and their potential roles for bone metastasis of breast cancer, and investigating the mechanisms mediating the interaction between BMAs and metastatic breast cancer cells. Based on current findings, BMAs may function as a pivotal modulator of bone metastasis of breast cancer, therefore targeting BMAs combined with conventional treatment programs might present a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of General Practice, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Yuan X, Bu H, Zhou J, Yang CY, Zhang H. Recent Advances of SHP2 Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: Current Development and Clinical Application. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11368-11396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Hong Bu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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14
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Therapeutic potential of targeting SHP2 in human developmental disorders and cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112117. [PMID: 32061959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and survival via releasing intramolecular autoinhibition and modulating various signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Mutations and aberrant expression of SHP2 are implicated in human developmental disorders, leukemias and several solid tumors. As an oncoprotein in some cancers, SHP2 represents a rational target for inhibitors to interfere. Nevertheless, its tumor suppressive effect has also been uncovered, indicating the context-specificity. Even so, two types of SHP2 inhibitors including targeting catalytic pocket and allosteric sites have been developed associated with resolved cocrystal complexes. Herein, we describe its structure, biological function, deregulation in human diseases and summarize recent advance in development of SHP2 inhibitors, trying to give an insight into the therapeutic potential in future.
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15
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Hartman Z, Geldenhuys WJ, Agazie YM. A specific amino acid context in EGFR and HER2 phosphorylation sites enables selective binding to the active site of Src homology phosphatase 2 (SHP2). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3563-3575. [PMID: 32024694 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src homology phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that mediates signaling induced by multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family (EGFR1-4 or the human homologs HER1-4). In EGFR (HER1) and EGFR2 (HER2) signaling, SHP2 increases the half-life of activated Ras by blocking recruitment of Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP) to the plasma membrane through dephosphorylation of docking sites on the receptors. However, it is unclear how SHP2 selectively recognizes RasGAP-binding sites on EGFR and HER2. In this report, we show that SHP2-targeted pTyr residues exist in a specific amino acid context that allows selective binding. More specifically, we show that acidic residues N-terminal to the substrate pTyr in EGFR and HER2 mediate specific binding by the SHP2 active site, leading to blockade of RasGAP binding and optimal signaling by the two receptors. Molecular modeling studies revealed that a peptide derived from the region of pTyr992-EGFR packs well and makes stronger interactions with the SHP2 active site than with the SHP1 active site, suggesting a built-in mechanism that enables selective substrate recognition by SHP2. A phosphorylated form of this peptide inhibits SHP2 activity in vitro and EGFR and HER2 signaling in cells, suggesting inhibition of SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase activity by this peptide. Although we do not expect this peptide to be a strong inhibitor by itself, we foresee that the insights into SHP2 selectivity described here will be useful in future development of active-site small molecule-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Yehenew M Agazie
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506; WVU Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506.
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16
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Yuan Y, Fan Y, Gao Z, Sun X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Cui Y, Song W, Wang Z, Zhang F, Niu R. SHP2 promotes proliferation of breast cancer cells through regulating Cyclin D1 stability via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:707-725. [PMID: 32944401 PMCID: PMC7476086 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 has a dual role in cancer initiation and progression in a tissue type-dependent manner. Several studies have linked SHP2 to the aggressive behavior of breast cancer cells and poorer outcomes in people with cancer. Nevertheless, the mechanistic details of how SHP2 promotes breast cancer progression remain largely undefined. Methods: The relationship between SHP2 expression and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer was investigated by using the TCGA and GEO databases. The expression of SHP2 in breast cancer tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to generate SHP2-knockout breast cancer cells. Cell-counting kit-8, colony formation, cell cycle, and EdU incorporation assays, as well as a tumor xenograft model were used to examine the function of SHP2 in breast cancer proliferation. Quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and ubiquitination assays were used to explore the molecular mechanism through which SHP2 regulates breast cancer proliferation. Results: High SHP2 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. SHP2 is required for the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo through regulation of Cyclin D1 abundance, thereby accelerating cell cycle progression. Notably, SHP2 modulates the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of Cyclin D1 via the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. SHP2 knockout attenuates the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling and causes the dephosphorylation and resultant activation of GSK3β. GSK3β then mediates phosphorylation of Cyclin D1 at threonine 286, thereby promoting the translocation of Cyclin D1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and facilitating Cyclin D1 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Conclusions: Our study uncovered the mechanism through which SHP2 regulates breast cancer proliferation. SHP2 may therefore potentially serve as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yanling Fan
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zicong Gao
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yanfen Cui
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Weijie Song
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhaosong Wang
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Department of Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300060, China
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17
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Idrees M, Xu L, Song SH, Joo MD, Lee KL, Muhammad T, El Sheikh M, Sidrat T, Kong IK. PTPN11 (SHP2) Is Indispensable for Growth Factors and Cytokine Signal Transduction During Bovine Oocyte Maturation and Blastocyst Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101272. [PMID: 31635340 PMCID: PMC6830097 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the role of SHP2 (Src-homology-2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase) in intricate signaling networks invoked by bovine oocyte to achieve maturation and blastocyst development. PTPN11 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, non-receptor type 11) encoding protein SHP2, a positive transducer of RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases) and cytokine receptors, can play a significant role in bovine oocyte maturation and embryo development, but this phenomenon has not yet been explored. Here, we used different growth factors, cytokines, selective activator, and a specific inhibitor of SHP2 to ascertain its role in bovine oocyte developmental stages in vitro. We found that SHP2 became activated by growth factors and cytokines treatment and was highly involved in the activation of oocyte maturation and embryo development pathways. Activation of SHP2 triggered MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and PI3K/AKT (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein kinase B) signaling cascades, which is not only important for GVBD (germinal vesical breakdown) induction but also for maternal mRNA translation. Inhibition of phosphatase activity of SHP2 with PHPS1 (Phenylhydrazonopyrazolone sulfonate 1) reduced oocytes maturation as well as bovine blastocyst ICM (inner cell mass) volume. Supplementation of LIF (Leukemia Inhibitory Factor) to embryos showed an unconventional direct relation between p-SHP2 and p-STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) for blastocyst ICM development. Other than growth factors and cytokines, cisplatin was used to activate SHP2. Cisplatin activated SHP2 modulate growth factors effect and combine treatment significantly enhanced quality and rate of developed blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
| | - Lianguang Xu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
| | - Seok-Hwan Song
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
| | - Myeong-Don Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
| | | | - Tahir Muhammad
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
| | - Marwa El Sheikh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
| | - Tabinda Sidrat
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
- The King Kong Ltd., Daegu 43017, Korea.
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea.
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18
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Jiang YN, Ni XY, Yan HQ, Shi L, Lu NN, Wang YN, Li Q, Gao FG. Interleukin 6-triggered ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase activation facilitates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer by upregulating vimentin expression. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:165-171. [PMID: 31100307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contribute to metastasis. As shown in our previous studies, interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces ATM phosphorylation to increase MMP expression and metastasis in lung cancer. However, the exact roles of ATM activation in the IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and lung cancer metastasis are currently unclear. Here, ATM phosphorylation exerts its pro-metastatic effect via vimentin-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which was supported by the evidence described below. Firstly, IL-6 treatment increases vimentin expression via the ATM-NF-κB pathway. Second, ATM inactivation not only abolishes IL-6-induced increases in vimentin expression but also inhibits IL-6-induced nest formation in a xenograft lung metastasis model. Moreover, close positive correlations were observed between ATM phosphorylation and vimentin upregulation, IL-6 levels and metastasis in lung cancer specimens. Hence, ATM modulates vimentin expression to facilitate IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in lung cancer, indicating that ATM and vimentin might be potential therapeutic targets for inflammation-associated lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Na Jiang
- Department of Diagnostics, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, 712046, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan Ni
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Hong Qiong Yan
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Nan Nan Lu
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yi Nan Wang
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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19
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Zhang C, Zhang M, Song S. Cathepsin D enhances breast cancer invasion and metastasis through promoting hepsin ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:105-115. [PMID: 30227221 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepsin is required for the growth and maintenance of normal morphology, as well as for cell motility and development, initiation of blood coagulation and pro-inflammatory immune response. Here we showed that Cathepsin D (CtsD) as a novel protein is involved in the regulation of hepsin. CtsD destabilizes hepsin by promoting its ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation in breast cancer cells. Breast cancer tissue microarray also indicated that hepsin expression was negatively correlated with CtsD by immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of CtsD promoted breast cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis by enhancing the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vitro and in vivo. These effects were inhibited by ectopic hepsin expression. Taken together, our data reveal a critical CtsD-hepsin signaling axis in migration and metastasis, which may contribute to a better understanding of the function and molecular mechanism in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shushu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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20
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Zehender A, Huang J, Györfi AH, Matei AE, Trinh-Minh T, Xu X, Li YN, Chen CW, Lin J, Dees C, Beyer C, Gelse K, Zhang ZY, Bergmann C, Ramming A, Birchmeier W, Distler O, Schett G, Distler JHW. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 controls TGFβ-induced STAT3 signaling to regulate fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3259. [PMID: 30108215 PMCID: PMC6092362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled activation of TGFβ signaling is a common denominator of fibrotic tissue remodeling. Here we characterize the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 as a molecular checkpoint for TGFβ-induced JAK2/STAT3 signaling and as a potential target for the treatment of fibrosis. TGFβ stimulates the phosphatase activity of SHP2, although this effect is in part counterbalanced by inhibitory effects on SHP2 expression. Stimulation with TGFβ promotes recruitment of SHP2 to JAK2 in fibroblasts with subsequent dephosphorylation of JAK2 at Y570 and activation of STAT3. The effects of SHP2 on STAT3 activation translate into major regulatory effects of SHP2 on fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis. Genetic or pharmacologic inactivation of SHP2 promotes accumulation of JAK2 phosphorylated at Y570, reduces JAK2/STAT3 signaling, inhibits TGFβ-induced fibroblast activation and ameliorates dermal and pulmonary fibrosis. Given the availability of potent SHP2 inhibitors, SHP2 might thus be a potential target for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Zehender
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jingang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andrea-Hermina Györfi
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandru-Emil Matei
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thuong Trinh-Minh
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yi-Nan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive Indiana, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Beyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kolja Gelse
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive Indiana, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Christina Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 25, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Li P, Chen X, Qin G, Yue D, Zhang Z, Ping Y, Wang D, Zhao X, Song M, Zhao Q, Li J, Liu S, Wang D, Zhang C, Lian J, Cao L, Li F, Huang L, Wang L, Yang L, Huang J, Li H, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Maelstrom Directs Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Promote Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via Activation of the Akt1/RelA/IL8 Signaling Pathway. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1246-1259. [PMID: 30082413 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maelstrom (MAEL) is a novel cancer/testis-associated gene, which is not only expressed in the male testicular germ cells among human normal tissues, but is also aberrantly expressed in various cancer tissues. In our study, MAEL was characterized as a tumor-promoting gene and was significantly associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) recurrence and unfavorable prognosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with high MAEL expression had a shorter survival time. Functional experiments showed that MAEL promoted tumor cell growth and inhibited cell apoptosis. These results prompted us to investigate the factors affecting the tumorigenicity of MAEL Further experimentation demonstrated that MAEL enhanced the expression of phosphorylated Akt1, with subsequent phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunit RelA in tumor cells, and chemoattracted myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by upregulating interleukin-8 (IL8) to accelerate tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment. We also found that TGFβ secreted by MDSCs could upregulate MAEL by inducing Smad2/Smad3 phosphorylation. In summary, this study revealed a mechanism by which MAEL could upregulate IL8 through Akt1/RelA to direct MDSCs homing into the tumor, suggesting that MAEL could be an attractive therapeutic target and a prognostic marker against ESCC. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1246-59. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupu Li
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guohui Qin
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongli Yue
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengjia Song
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qitai Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jieyao Li
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingyao Lian
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianmin Huang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong Li
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. .,Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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22
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Jin WY, Ma Y, Li WY, Li HL, Wang RL. Scaffold-based novel SHP2 allosteric inhibitors design using Receptor-Ligand pharmacophore model, virtual screening and molecular dynamics. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 73:179-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Tan C, Hu W, He Y, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Xu Y, Tang J. Cytokine-mediated therapeutic resistance in breast cancer. Cytokine 2018; 108:151-159. [PMID: 29609137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance leading to tumor relapse is a major challenge in breast cancer (BCa) treatment. Numerous factors involved in multiple mechanisms promote the development of tumor chemo/radio-resistance. Cytokines/chemokines are important inflammatory factors and highly related to tumorigenesis, metastasis and tumors responses to treatment. A large number of studies have demonstrated that the network of cytokines activates multiple cell signaling pathways to promote tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and migration. Particularly in BCa, cytokines-enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays a pivotal role in the progression of metastatic phenotypes and resistance to the traditional chemo/radio-therapy. Virtually, therapeutic resistance is not entirely determined by tumor cell intrinsic characteristics but also dependent upon synchronized effects by numerous of local microenvironmental factors. Emerging evidence highlighted that exosomes secreted from various types of cells promote intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules including miRNAs and cytokines, suggesting that exosomes are essential for sustentation of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which cytokines promote therapeutic resistance of BCa and suggest a potential approach for improving BCa therapeutics by inhibition of exosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Tan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weizi Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China; Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yunjie He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Guangqin Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, PR China.
| | - Jinhai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
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24
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Liu Q, Yu S, Li A, Xu H, Han X, Wu K. Targeting interlukin-6 to relieve immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28639898 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317712445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotolerance is one of the hallmarks of malignant tumors. Tumor cells escape from host immune surveillance through various mechanisms resulting in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Interlukin-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in many physiological and pathological processes by integrating with multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Aberrant expression of interlukin-6 is associated with the growth, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance in a wide range of cancers. Interlukin-6 exerts immunosuppressive capacity mostly by stimulating the infiltrations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor-associated neutrophils, and cancer stem-like cells via Janus-activated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in tumor microenvironment. On this foundation, blockage of interlukin-6 signal may provide potential approaches to novel therapies. In this review, we introduced interlukin-6 pathways and summarized molecular mechanisms related to interlukin-6-induced immunosuppression of tumor cell. We also concluded recent clinical studies targeting interlukin-6 as an immune-based therapeutic intervention in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Yu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anping Li
- 2 Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- 2 Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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