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Bhardwaj JK, Siwach A, Sachdeva SN. Metabolomics and cellular altered pathways in cancer biology: A review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23807. [PMID: 39148273 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a deadly disease that affects a cell's metabolism and surrounding tissues. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of metabolic alterations in cancer cells would assist in developing cancer treatment targets and approaches. From this perspective, metabolomics is a great analytical tool to clarify the mechanisms of cancer therapy as well as a useful tool to investigate cancer from a distinct viewpoint. It is a powerful emerging technology that detects up to thousands of molecules in tissues and biofluids. Like other "-omics" technologies, metabolomics involves the comprehensive investigation of micromolecule metabolites and can reveal important details about the cancer state that is otherwise not apparent. Recent developments in metabolomics technologies have made it possible to investigate cancer metabolism in greater depth and comprehend how cancer cells utilize metabolic pathways to make the amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids required for tumorigenesis. These new technologies have made it possible to learn more about cancer metabolism. Here, we review the cellular and systemic effects of cancer and cancer treatments on metabolism. The current study provides an overview of metabolomics, emphasizing the current technologies and their use in clinical and translational research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Anshu Siwach
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Som Nath Sachdeva
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra and Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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2
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Jung YH, Kim JH. Feature-Based Molecular Networking Combined with Multivariate Analysis for the Characterization of Glutathione Adducts as a Smoking Gun of Bioactivation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17450-17457. [PMID: 37976220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) is a powerful analytical tool for mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics data analysis. FBMN plays an important role in drug metabolism studies, enabling the visualization of complex metabolomics data to achieve metabolite characterization. In this study, we propose a strategy for the characterization of glutathione (GSH) adducts formed via in vitro metabolic activation using FBMN assisted by multivariate analysis (MVA). Acetaminophen was used as a model substrate for method development, and the practical potential of the method was investigated by its application to 2-aminophenol (2-AP) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Two 2-AP GSH adducts and one DNCB GSH adduct were successfully characterized by forming networks with GSH even though the mass spectral information obtained for the parent compound was deficient. False positives were effectively filtered out by the variable influence on projection cutoff criteria obtained from orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis. The GSH adducts formed by enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions were intuitively distinguished by the pie chart of FBMN results. In summary, our approach effectively characterizes GSH adducts, which serve as compelling evidence of bioactivation. It can be widely utilized to enhance risk assessment in the context of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Heun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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3
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Burzio C, Mohammadi AS, Malmberg P, Modin O, Persson F, Wilén BM. Chemical Imaging of Pharmaceuticals in Biofilms for Wastewater Treatment Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7431-7441. [PMID: 37130040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment is a global water quality challenge for several reasons, such as deleterious effects on ecological and human health, antibiotic resistance development, and endocrine-disrupting effects on aquatic organisms. To optimize their removal from the water cycle, understanding the processes during biological wastewater treatment is crucial. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging was successfully applied to investigate and analyze the distribution of pharmaceuticals as well as endogenous molecules in the complex biological matrix of biofilms for wastewater treatment. Several compounds and their localization were identified in the biofilm section, including citalopram, ketoconazole, ketoconazole transformation products, and sertraline. The images revealed the pharmaceuticals gathered in distinct sites of the biofilm matrix. While citalopram penetrated the biofilm deeply, sertraline remained confined in its outer layer. Both pharmaceuticals seemed to mainly colocalize with phosphocholine lipids. Ketoconazole concentrated in small areas with high signal intensity. The approach outlined here presents a powerful strategy for visualizing the chemical composition of biofilms for wastewater treatment and demonstrates its promising utility for elucidating the mechanisms behind pharmaceutical and antimicrobial removal in biological wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Burzio
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amir Saeid Mohammadi
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Malmberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Persson
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Wilén
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Teschke R. Molecular Idiosyncratic Toxicology of Drugs in the Human Liver Compared with Animals: Basic Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076663. [PMID: 37047633 PMCID: PMC10095090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) occurs in patients exposed to drugs at recommended doses that leads to idiosyncratic DILI and provides an excellent human model with well described clinical features, liver injury pattern, and diagnostic criteria, based on patients assessed for causality using RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) as original method of 1993 or its update of 2016. Overall, 81,856 RUCAM based DILI cases have been published until mid of 2020, allowing now for an analysis of mechanistic issues of the disease. From selected DILI cases with verified diagnosis by using RUCAM, direct evidence was provided for the involvement of the innate and adapted immune system as well as genetic HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) genotypes. Direct evidence for a role of hepatic immune systems was substantiated by (1) the detection of anti-CYP (Cytochrome P450) isoforms in the plasma of affected patients, in line with the observation that 65% of the drugs most implicated in DILI are metabolized by a range of CYP isoforms, (2) the DIAIH (drug induced autoimmune hepatitis), a subgroup of idiosyncratic DILI, which is characterized by high RUCAM causality gradings and the detection of plasma antibodies such as positive serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), rarely also anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), (3) the effective treatment with glucocorticoids in part of an unselected RUCAM based DILI group, and (4) its rare association with the immune-triggered Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) caused by a small group of drugs. Direct evidence of a genetic basis of idiosyncratic DILI was shown by the association of several HLA genotypes for DILI caused by selected drugs. Finally, animal models of idiosyncratic DILI mimicking human immune and genetic features are not available and further search likely will be unsuccessful. In essence and based on cases of DILI with verified diagnosis using RUCAM for causality evaluation, there is now substantial direct evidence that immune mechanisms and genetics can account for idiosyncratic DILI by many but not all implicated drugs, which may help understand the mechanistic background of the disease and contribute to new approaches of therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Germany
- Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Ketoconazole and Its Metabolites as Drug-Drug Interaction Perpetrators. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020679. [PMID: 36840001 PMCID: PMC9965990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifungal ketoconazole, which is mainly used for dermal infections and treatment of Cushing's syndrome, is prone to drug-food interactions (DFIs) and is well known for its strong drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential. Some of ketoconazole's potent inhibitory activity can be attributed to its metabolites that predominantly accumulate in the liver. This work aimed to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ketoconazole and its metabolites for fasted and fed states and to investigate the impact of ketoconazole's metabolites on its DDI potential. The parent-metabolites model was developed with PK-Sim® and MoBi® using 53 plasma concentration-time profiles. With 7 out of 7 (7/7) DFI AUClast and DFI Cmax ratios within two-fold of observed ratios, the developed model demonstrated good predictive performance under fasted and fed conditions. DDI scenarios that included either the parent alone or with its metabolites were simulated and evaluated for the victim drugs alfentanil, alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam, and digoxin. DDI scenarios that included all metabolites as reversible inhibitors of CYP3A4 and P-gp performed best: 26/27 of DDI AUClast and 21/21 DDI Cmax ratios were within two-fold of observed ratios, while DDI models that simulated only ketoconazole as the perpetrator underperformed: 12/27 DDI AUClast and 18/21 DDI Cmax ratios were within the success limits.
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Jung YH, Lee DC, Kim JO, Kim JH. Untargeted metabolomics-assisted comparative cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of fenbendazole in human and dog liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:986-996. [PMID: 36533905 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2160676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fenbendazole (FBZ), a benzimidazole carbamate anthelmintic, has attracted attention for its antitumor activity. This study examined the metabolic characteristics of FBZ in humans compared with those in dogs. The phase I metabolites were identified in liver microsomal incubates using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics approaches. Seven metabolites of FBZ were identified by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis based on the global ion variables of the FBZ incubation groups. The chemical structure of the FBZ metabolites was suggested by examining the MS/MS spectrum and isotope distribution pattern. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP2D6, and CYP2J2 were the major isozymes responsible for the FBZ metabolism. No differences in the types of metabolites produced by the two species were noted. Multivariate analysis of human and dog incubation groups showed that five metabolites were relatively abundant in humans and the other two were not. In summary, the phase I metabolic profile of FBZ and the comparative metabolism between humans and dogs were examined using an untargeted metabolomics approach. This study suggests a successful investigation of FBZ metabolism in humans for conducting safety assessments regarding drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Cheol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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7
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Ridhwan MJM, Bakar SIA, Latip NA, Ghani NA, Ismail NH. A Comprehensive Analysis of Human CYP3A4 Crystal Structures as a Potential Tool for Molecular Docking-Based Site of Metabolism and Enzyme Inhibition Studies. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 21:259-285. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416522300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The notable ability of human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) to metabolize diverse xenobiotics encourages researchers to explore in-depth the mechanism of enzyme action. Numerous CYP3A4 protein crystal structures have been deposited in protein data bank (PDB) and are majorly used in molecular docking analysis. The quality of the molecular docking results depends on the three-dimensional CYP3A4 protein crystal structures from the PDB. Present review endeavors to provide a brief outline of some technical parameters of CYP3A4 PDB entries as valuable information for molecular docking research. PDB entries between 22 April 2004 and 2 June 2021 were compiled and the active sites were thoroughly observed. The present review identified 76 deposited PDB entries and described basic information that includes CYP3A4 from human genetic, Escherichia coli (E. coli) use for protein expression, crystal structure obtained from X-ray diffraction method, taxonomy ID 9606, Uniprot ID P08684, ligand–protein structure description, co-crystal ligand, protein site deposit and resolution ranges between 1.7[Formula: see text]Å and 2.95[Formula: see text]Å. The observation of protein–ligand interactions showed the various residues on the active site depending on the ligand. The residues Ala305, Ser119, Ala370, Phe304, Phe108, Phe213 and Phe215 have been found to frequently interact with ligands from CYP3A4 PDB. Literature surveys of 17 co-crystal ligands reveal multiple mechanisms that include competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, mixed-mode inhibition, mechanism-based inhibition, substrate with metabolite, inducer, or combination modes of action. This overview may help researchers choose a trustworthy CYP3A4 protein structure from the PDB database to apply the protein in molecular docking analysis for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Jemain Mohamad Ridhwan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahrul Imran Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normala Abd Latip
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurunajah Ab Ghani
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
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8
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Cheng Y, Ge W, Kuang H, Zhu J, Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu C. Gold-based immunochromatographic strip for rapid ketoconazole detection. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Mechanistically Coupled PK (MCPK) Model to Describe Enzyme Induction and Occupancy Dependent DDI of Dabrafenib Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020310. [PMID: 35214043 PMCID: PMC8875124 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dabrafenib inhibits the cell proliferation of metastatic melanoma with the oncogenic BRAF(V600)-mutation. However, dabrafenib monotherapy is associated with pERK reactivation, drug resistance, and consequential relapse. A clinical drug-dose determination study shows increased pERK levels upon daily administration of more than 300 mg dabrafenib. To clarify whether such elevated drug concentrations could be reached by long-term drug accumulation, we mechanistically coupled the pharmacokinetics (MCPK) of dabrafenib and its metabolites. The MCPK model is qualitatively based on in vitro and quantitatively on clinical data to describe occupancy-dependent CYP3A4 enzyme induction, accumulation, and drug–drug interaction mechanisms. The prediction suggests an eight-fold increase in the steady-state concentration of potent desmethyl-dabrafenib and its inactive precursor carboxy-dabrafenib within four weeks upon 150 mg b.d. dabrafenib. While it is generally assumed that a higher dose is not critical, we found experimentally that a high physiological dabrafenib concentration fails to induce cell death in embedded 451LU melanoma spheroids.
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Nagaoka M, Fukami T, Kisui F, Yamada T, Sakai Y, Tashiro K, Ogiso T, Konishi K, Honda S, Hirosawa K, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide deacetylase knockout mice are sensitive to ketoconazole-induced hepatotoxicity and adrenal insufficiency. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114842. [PMID: 34798123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orally administered ketoconazole may rarely induce liver injury and adrenal insufficiency. A metabolite formed by arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC)-mediated hydrolysis has been observed in cellulo studies, and it is relevant to ketoconazole-induced cytotoxicity. This study tried to examine the significance of AADAC in ketoconazole-induced toxicity in vivo using Aadac knockout mice. Oral administration of 150 mg/kg ketoconazole resulted in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve values of ketoconazole and N-deacetylketoconazole, a hydrolyzed metabolite of ketoconazole, in Aadac knockout mice being significantly higher and lower than those in wild-type mice, respectively. With the administration of ketoconazole (300 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, Aadac knockout mice showed higher mortality (100%) than wild-type mice (42.9%), and they also showed significantly higher plasma alanine transaminase and lower corticosterone levels, thus representing liver injury and steroidogenesis inhibition, respectively. It was suggested that a higher plasma ketoconazole concentration likely accounts for the inhibition of the synthesis of corticosterone, which has anti-inflammatory effects, in the adrenal gland in Aadac KO mice. In Aadac knockout mice, hepatic mRNA levels of immune- and inflammation-related factors were increased by the administration of 300 mg/kg ketoconazole, and the increase was restored by the replenishment of corticosterone (40 mg/kg, s.c.) along with recoveries of plasma alanine transaminase levels. In conclusion, Aadac defects exacerbate ketoconazole-induced liver injury by inhibiting glucocorticoid synthesis and enhancing the inflammatory response. This in vivo study revealed that the hydrolysis of ketoconazole by AADAC can mitigate ketoconazole-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Kisui
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamada
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kiyomichi Tashiro
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogiso
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keigo Konishi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Honda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Weiss J, Foerster KI, Weber M, Burhenne J, Mikus G, Lehr T, Haefeli WE. Does the circulating ketoconazole metabolite N-deacetyl ketoconazole contribute to the drug-drug interaction potential of the parent compound? Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106076. [PMID: 34856349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and is often used as an index inhibitor especially for CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism. A preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for drug-drug interactions indicated possible involvement of a metabolite to the perpetrator potential of ketoconazole. Still unknown for humans, in rodents, N-deacetyl ketoconazole (DAK) has been identified as the major ketoconazole metabolite. We therefore investigated in vitro, whether DAK also inhibits the human CYPs and drug transporters targeted by ketoconazole and quantified DAK in human plasma from healthy volunteers after receiving a single oral dose of 400 mg ketoconazole. Our data demonstrated that DAK also inhibits CYP3A4 (2.4-fold less potent than ketoconazole), CYP2D6 (13-fold more potent than ketoconazole), CYP2C19 (equally potent), P-gp (3.4-fold less potent than ketoconazole), breast cancer resistance protein (more potent than ketoconazole) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (7.8-fold and 2.6-fold less potent than ketoconazole). After a single oral dose of 400 mg ketoconazole, maximum concentrations of DAK in human plasma were only 3.1 ‰ of the parent compound. However, assuming that DAK also highly accumulates in the human liver as demonstrated for rodents, inhibition of the proteins investigated could also be conceivable in vivo. In conclusion, DAK inhibits several CYPs and drug transporters, which might contribute to the perpetrator potential of ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Isabelle Foerster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C5 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Walter Emil Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Wei H, Li AP. Permeabilized cryopreserved human hepatocytes as an exogenous metabolic system in a novelmetabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the evaluation of metabolic activation anddetoxification of drugs associated with drug induced liver injuries: Results with acetaminophen,amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone, and troglitazone. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:140-149. [PMID: 34750194 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel in vitro experimental system, the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA), for the definition of the roles of hepatic drug metabolism in toxicity. MDCA employs permeabilized cofactor-supplemented cryopreserved human hepatocytes (MetMax{trade mark, serif} human hepatocytes, MMHH), as an exogenous metabolic activating system, and HEK-293 cells, a cell line devoid of drug metabolizing enzyme activity, as target cells for the quantification of drug toxicity. The assay was performed in the presence and absence of cofactors for key drug metabolism pathways known to play key roles in drug toxicity: NADPH/NAD+ for phase 1 oxidation, UDPGA for UGT mediated glucuronidation, PAPS for SULT mediated sulfation, and GSH for GST mediated GSH conjugation. Six drugs with clinically significant hepatoxicity, resulting in liver failure or a need for liver transplantation: acetaminophen, amiodarone, cyclophosphamide, ketoconazole, nefazodone and troglitazone were evaluated. All six drugs exhibited cytotoxicity enhancement by NADPH, suggesting metabolic activation via phase 1 oxidation. Attenuation of cytotoxicity by UDPGA was observed for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, by PAPS for acetaminophen, ketoconazole and troglitazone, and by GSH for all six drugs. Our results suggest that MDCA can be applied towards the elucidation of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways, providing information that can be applied in drug development to guide structure optimization to reduce toxicity and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors for drug toxicity. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites, a key property of drugs with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Significance Statement Application of the metabolism-dependent cytotoxicity assay (MDCA) for the elucidation of the roles of metabolic activation and detoxification pathways in drug toxicity may provide information to guide structure optimization in drug development to reduce hepatotoxic potential, and to aid the assessment of metabolism-based risk factors. GSH detoxification represents an endpoint for the identification of drugs forming cytotoxic reactive metabolites may be applied towards the evaluation of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, United States
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories Inc., United States
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Wu Z, Kim GJ, Park SY, Shon JC, Liu KH, Choi H. In Vitro Metabolism Study of Seongsanamide A in Human Liver Microsomes Using Non-Targeted Metabolomics and Feature-Based Molecular Networking. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071031. [PMID: 34371722 PMCID: PMC8309059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seongsanamide A is a bicyclic peptide with an isodityrosine residue discovered in Bacillus safensis KCTC 12796BP which exhibits anti-allergic activity in vitro and in vivo without significant cytotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the in vitro metabolic pathway and potential for drug interactions of seongsanamide A in human liver microsomes using non-targeted metabolomics and feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) techniques. We identified four metabolites, and their structures were elucidated by interpretation of high-resolution tandem mass spectra. The primary metabolic pathway associated with seongsanamide A metabolism was hydroxylation and oxidative hydrolysis. A reaction phenotyping study was also performed using recombinant cytochrome P450 isoforms. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were identified as the major metabolic enzymes responsible for metabolite formation. Seongsanamide A did not inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoforms commonly involved in drug metabolism (IC50 > 10 µM). These results will contribute to further understanding the metabolism and drug interaction potential of various bicyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexue Wu
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Geum Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - So-Young Park
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (J.C.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-950-8567 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.); FAX: +82- 53-950-8557 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2036 (H.C.)
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-53-950-8567 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.); FAX: +82- 53-950-8557 (K.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2036 (H.C.)
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14
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Renzi DF, de Almeida Campos L, Miranda EH, Mainardes RM, Abraham WR, Grigoletto DF, Khalil NM. Nanoparticles as a Tool for Broadening Antifungal Activities. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1841-1873. [PMID: 32223729 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200330143338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are diseases that are considered neglected although their infection rates have increased worldwide in the last decades. Thus, since the antifungal arsenal is restricted and many strains have shown resistance, new therapeutic alternatives are necessary. Nanoparticles are considered important alternatives to promote drug delivery. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the contributions of newly developed nanoparticles to the treatment of fungal infections. Studies have shown that nanoparticles generally improve the biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of antifungals, which is reflected in a greater pharmacodynamic potential and lower toxicity, as well as the possibility of prolonged action. It also offers the proposition of new routes of administration. Nanotechnology is known to contribute to a new drug delivery system, not only for the control of infectious diseases but for various other diseases as well. In recent years, several studies have emphasized its application in infectious diseases, presenting better alternatives for the treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fernanda Renzi
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838 - CEP 85040-167, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil
| | - Laís de Almeida Campos
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838 - CEP 85040-167, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Hösel Miranda
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838 - CEP 85040-167, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil
| | - Rubiana Mara Mainardes
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838 - CEP 85040-167, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil
| | - Wolf-Rainer Abraham
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Chemical Microbiology, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838 - CEP 85040-167, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil
| | - Najeh Maissar Khalil
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838 - CEP 85040-167, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil
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15
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Advancements in practical and scientific bioanalytical approaches to metabolism studies in drug development. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:913-930. [PMID: 33961500 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in metabolism profiling approaches and bioanalytical techniques has been revolutionized over the last two decades. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches along with advanced bioanalytical techniques are enabling the accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolites. This review summarizes various modern in vitro and in vivo approaches for executing metabolism studies with special emphasis on the recent advancement in the field. Advanced bioanalytical techniques, which can be employed in metabolism studies, have been discussed suggesting their particular application based on specific study objectives. This article can efficiently guide the researchers to scientifically plan metabolism studies and their bioanalysis during drug development programs taking advantage of a detailed understanding of instances of failure in the past.
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16
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Teschke R, Uetrecht J. Mechanism of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI): unresolved basic issues. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:730. [PMID: 33987428 PMCID: PMC8106057 DOI: 10.21037/atm-2020-ubih-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical features of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI) are well described in cases that have been assessed for causality using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM), but our understanding of the mechanistic steps leading to injury is fragmentary. The difficulties describing mechanistic events can be traced back to the lack of an animal model of experimental idiosyncratic DILI that can mimic the genetic requirements of human idiosyncratic DILI. However, immune tolerance plays a dominant role in the immune response of the liver, and impairment of immune tolerance with immune checkpoint inhibitors increases DILI in both humans and animals. This may provide one method to study the individual steps involved. In general. the human DILI liver is a secret keeper providing little insight into what occurs in the diseased organ. Sufficient evidence exists that most idiosyncratic cases are mediated by the adaptive immune system, which depends on stimulation of the innate immune system, but the triggering factors are unknown. It is attractive to hypothesize that the gut microbiome plays a role; however, it is very difficult to study. Similarly, exosomes are likely to play an important role in communication between hepatic cells and the immune system, but there is a lack of data on blood exosomes in affected patients. Reactive metabolites are likely to play an important role. This is supported by the current analysis, which revealed an association between metabolism by cytochrome P450 and drugs most commonly involved in causing idiosyncratic DILI with causality verified by RUCAM. Circumstantial evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cytochrome P450 could be responsible for the initial steps of injury, but details are unknown. In conclusion, most of the mechanistic steps leading to idiosyncratic DILI remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University Frankfurt/ Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Monk BC, Keniya MV. Roles for Structural Biology in the Discovery of Drugs and Agrochemicals Targeting Sterol 14α-Demethylases. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:67. [PMID: 33498194 PMCID: PMC7908997 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifungal drugs and antifungal agrochemicals have significant limitations. These include several unintended consequences of their use including the growing importance of intrinsic and acquired resistance. These problems underpin an increasingly urgent need to improve the existing classes of antifungals and to discover novel antifungals. Structural insights into drug targets and their complexes with both substrates and inhibitory ligands increase opportunity for the discovery of more effective antifungals. Implementation of this promise, which requires multiple skill sets, is beginning to yield candidates from discovery programs that could more quickly find their place in the clinic. This review will describe how structural biology is providing information for the improvement and discovery of inhibitors targeting the essential fungal enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Monk
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
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18
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Molecular determinant of substrate binding and specificity of cytochrome P450 2J2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22267. [PMID: 33335233 PMCID: PMC7746748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) is responsible for the epoxidation of endogenous arachidonic acid, and is involved in the metabolism of exogenous drugs. To date, no crystal structure of CYP2J2 is available, and the proposed structural basis for the substrate recognition and specificity in CYP2J2 varies with the structural models developed using different computational protocols. In this study, we developed a new structural model of CYP2J2, and explored its sensitivity to substrate binding by molecular dynamics simulations of the interactions with chemically similar fluorescent probes. Our results showed that the induced-fit binding of these probes led to the preferred active poses ready for the catalysis by CYP2J2. Divergent conformational dynamics of CYP2J2 due to the binding of each probe were observed. However, a stable hydrophobic clamp composed of residues I127, F310, A311, V380, and I487 was identified to restrict any substrate access to the active site of CYP2J2. Molecular docking of a series of compounds including amiodarone, astemizole, danazol, ebastine, ketoconazole, terfenadine, terfenadone, and arachidonic acid to CYP2J2 confirmed the role of those residues in determining substrate binding and specificity of CYP2J2. In addition to the flexibility of CYP2J2, the present work also identified other factors such as electrostatic potential in the vicinity of the active site, and substrate strain energy and property that have implications for the interpretation of CYP2J2 metabolism.
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19
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20
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Li J, Wang M, Wang X, Sun L, Zhao C, Zhao M. Rapid characterization of the chemical constituents of Duzhong Jiangya tablet by HPLC coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4434-4460. [PMID: 33108700 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Duzhong Jiangya tablet is a hypotensive drug. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry technology was used to quickly identify its chemical composition. SinoChrom ODS-BP column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile(A)-0.1% formic acid solution(B). The flow rate was 1 mL/min. Extracted ion chromatogram was used to analyze the samples in positive and negative ion modes. Based on the accurate mass spectrometry information (such as quasi-molecular ions and fragment ions) obtained from the instrument, combined with reference compounds and literature, the chemical composition of Duzhong Jiangya Tablets was identified. A total of 131 compounds were identified, including four types of penylpropanoids, six types of phenylethanoid glycosides, 10 types of organic acids, 14 types of iridoids, 12 types of lignans, 18 types of alkaloids, seven types of coumarins, and 60 kinds of flavonoids. This established method can quickly and efficiently identify chemical constituents in Duzhong Jiangya tablet, lay a foundation for the research on the efficacy and quality of this traditional Chinese medicine, and provide a reference for the characterization of the chemical constituents of other traditional Chinese medicine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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21
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Balcerczyk A, Damblon C, Elena-Herrmann B, Panthu B, Rautureau GJP. Metabolomic Approaches to Study Chemical Exposure-Related Metabolism Alterations in Mammalian Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6843. [PMID: 32961865 PMCID: PMC7554780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological organisms are constantly exposed to an immense repertoire of molecules that cover environmental or food-derived molecules and drugs, triggering a continuous flow of stimuli-dependent adaptations. The diversity of these chemicals as well as their concentrations contribute to the multiplicity of induced effects, including activation, stimulation, or inhibition of physiological processes and toxicity. Metabolism, as the foremost phenotype and manifestation of life, has proven to be immensely sensitive and highly adaptive to chemical stimuli. Therefore, studying the effect of endo- or xenobiotics over cellular metabolism delivers valuable knowledge to apprehend potential cellular activity of individual molecules and evaluate their acute or chronic benefits and toxicity. The development of modern metabolomics technologies such as mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy now offers unprecedented solutions for the rapid and efficient determination of metabolic profiles of cells and more complex biological systems. Combined with the availability of well-established cell culture techniques, these analytical methods appear perfectly suited to determine the biological activity and estimate the positive and negative effects of chemicals in a variety of cell types and models, even at hardly detectable concentrations. Metabolic phenotypes can be estimated from studying intracellular metabolites at homeostasis in vivo, while in vitro cell cultures provide additional access to metabolites exchanged with growth media. This article discusses analytical solutions available for metabolic phenotyping of cell culture metabolism as well as the general metabolomics workflow suitable for testing the biological activity of molecular compounds. We emphasize how metabolic profiling of cell supernatants and intracellular extracts can deliver valuable and complementary insights for evaluating the effects of xenobiotics on cellular metabolism. We note that the concepts and methods discussed primarily for xenobiotics exposure are widely applicable to drug testing in general, including endobiotics that cover active metabolites, nutrients, peptides and proteins, cytokines, hormones, vitamins, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Balcerczyk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Christian Damblon
- Unité de Recherche MolSys, Faculté des sciences, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | | | - Baptiste Panthu
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRA, INSA Lyon, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins CEDEX, France;
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins CEDEX, France
| | - Gilles J. P. Rautureau
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (CRMN FRE 2034 CNRS, UCBL, ENS Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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22
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Umehara K, Cantrill C, Wittwer MB, Di Lenarda E, Klammers F, Ekiciler A, Parrott N, Fowler S, Ullah M. Application of the Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS) in Drug Discovery and Development: Selection of Appropriate In Vitro Tools and Clearance Prediction. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:849-860. [PMID: 32739889 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to predict human hepatic clearance, including metabolism and transport, requires extensive experimental resources. In addition, there may be technical challenges to measure low clearance values. Therefore, prospective identification of rate-determining step(s) in hepatic clearance through application of the Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS) could be beneficial for optimal compound characterization. IVIVE for hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint,h) prediction is conducted for a set of 36 marketed drugs with low-to-high in vivo clearance, which are substrates of metabolic enzymes and active uptake transporters in the liver. The compounds were assigned to the ECCS classes, and CLint,h, estimated with HepatoPac (a micropatterned hepatocyte coculture system), was compared with values calculated based on suspended hepatocyte incubates. An apparent permeability threshold (apical to basal) of 50 nm/s in LLC-PK1 cells proved optimal for ECCS classification. A reasonable performance of the IVIVE for compounds across multiple classes using HepatoPac was achieved (with 2-3-fold error), except for substrates of uptake transporters (class 3b), for which scaling of uptake clearance using plated hepatocytes is more appropriate. Irrespective of the ECCS assignment, metabolic clearance can be estimated well using HepatoPac. The validation and approach elaborated in the present study can result in proposed decision trees for the selection of the optimal in vitro assays guided by ECCS class assignment, to support compound optimization and candidate selection. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Characterization of the rate-determining step(s) in hepatic elimination could be on the critical path of compound optimization during drug discovery. This study demonstrated that HepatoPac and plated hepatocytes are suitable tools for the estimation of metabolic and active uptake clearance, respectively, for a larger set of marketed drugs, supporting a comprehensive strategy to select optimal in vitro tools and to achieve Extended Clearance Classification System-dependent in vitro to in vivo extrapolation for human clearance prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Umehara
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carina Cantrill
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Beat Wittwer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Di Lenarda
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Klammers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aynur Ekiciler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Gawlik M, Savic V, Jovanovic M, Skibiński R. Mimicking of Phase I Metabolism Reactions of Molindone by HLM and Photocatalytic Methods with the Use of UHPLC-MS/MS. Molecules 2020; 25:E1367. [PMID: 32192164 PMCID: PMC7144366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing the metabolism pathway of the drug undergoing the hepatic biotransformation pathway is one of the most important aspects in the preclinical discovery process since the presence of toxic or reactive metabolites may result in drug withdrawal from the market. In this study, we present the structural elucidation of six, not described yet, metabolites of an antipsychotic molecule: molindone. The elucidation of metabolites was supported with a novel photocatalytical approach with the use of WO3 and WS2 assisted photochemical reactions. An UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF combined system was used for the registration of all obtained metabolite profiles as well as to record the high resolution fragmentation spectra of the observed transformation products. As a reference in the in vitro metabolism simulation method, the incubation with human liver microsomes was used. Chemometric comparison of the obtained profiles pointed out the use of the WO3 approach as being more convenient in the field of drug metabolism studies. Moreover, the photocatalysis was used in the direction of the main drug metabolite synthesis in order to further isolation and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gawlik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Milos Jovanovic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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24
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Gao L, Xu Q, Liu Q, Lang X. In vitro metabolites characterization of ponatinib in human liver microsomes using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4819. [PMID: 32112427 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ponatinib is an oral drug for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which has been reported to increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolites of ponatinib in human liver microsomes as well as its reactive metabolites. Ponatinib was incubated with human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH and trapping agents (glutathione or potassium cyanide). The metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography in combination with Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS. Under the current conditions, six metabolites were detected and structurally identified on the basis of their accurate masses, fragmentation patterns, and retention times. M3 (N-demethylation) was unambiguously identified by matching its retention time and fragment ions with those of its reference standard. N-demethylation and oxygenation were proved to be the predominant metabolic pathways of ponatinib. In addition, two reactive metabolites (cyano adducts) were detected in human liver microsomes in the presence of potassium cyanide and NADPH, suggesting that ponatinib underwent CYP450-mediated metabolic activation, which could be one of the causative mechanisms for its hepatotoxicity. The current study provides new information regarding the metabolic profiles of ponatinib and would be helpful in understanding the effectiveness and toxicity of ponatinib, especially the mechanism of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Blood Collection, Jining Blood Center, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiqi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuzhuang Lang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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25
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Martin F, Pop M, Kacso I, Grosu IG, Miclăuş M, Vodnar D, Lung I, Filip GA, Olteanu ED, Moldovan R, Nagy A, Filip X, Bâldea I. Ketoconazole- p-aminobenzoic Acid Cocrystal: Revival of an Old Drug by Crystal Engineering. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:919-932. [PMID: 31986050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 1:1 cocrystal of the antifungal agent ketoconazole with p-aminobenzoic acid was successfully crystallized and systematically characterized by a physical and pharmacological point of view. Crystal structure determination confirmed the cocrystal identity, giving full insight in its crystal packing and degree of disorder. Powder dissolution measurements revealed a 10-fold aqueous solubility increase that induces a 6.7-fold oral bioavailability improvement compared to ketoconazole. In vitro cell assays showed a good toxicity profile of the cocrystal with lower oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced antifungal activity against several Candida species. The in vivo study of the cocrystal indicated similar pharmacokinetic profiles and liver toxicity with increased transaminases, as reported for ketoconazole. Notably, besides minor signs of inflammation, no morphological changes in liver parenchyma or signs of fibrosis and necrosis were detected. The enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability of the cocrystal over ketoconazole, together with the improved antifungal activity and good in vitro/in vivo toxicity, indicate its potential use as an alternative antifungal agent to the parent drug. Our results bring evidence of cocrystallization as a successful approach for bioavailability improvement of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Martin
- Molecular and Biomolecular Physics Department, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Pop
- TeraCrystal, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Kacso
- Molecular and Biomolecular Physics Department, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Georgeta Grosu
- Molecular and Biomolecular Physics Department, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Miclăuş
- Molecular and Biomolecular Physics Department, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Vodnar
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ildiko Lung
- Physics of Nanostructured Systems, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 1, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Diana Olteanu
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 1, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Remus Moldovan
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 1, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andras Nagy
- Department of Toxicology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Xenia Filip
- Molecular and Biomolecular Physics Department, National Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Bâldea
- Department of Physiology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor 1, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Paudel S, Shrestha A, Cho P, Shrestha R, Kim Y, Lee T, Kim JH, Jeong TC, Lee ES, Lee S. Assessing Drug Interaction and Pharmacokinetics of Loxoprofen in Mice Treated with CYP3A Modulators. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090479. [PMID: 31527544 PMCID: PMC6781309 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loxoprofen (LOX) is a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor that is widely used for the treatment of pain and inflammation caused by chronic and transitory conditions. Its alcoholic metabolites are formed by carbonyl reductase (CR) and they consist of trans-LOX, which is active, and cis-LOX, which is inactive. In addition, LOX can also be converted into an inactive hydroxylated metabolite (OH-LOXs) by cytochrome P450 (CYP). In a previous study, we reported that CYP3A4 is primarily responsible for the formation of OH-LOX in human liver microsomes. Although metabolism by CYP3A4 does not produce active metabolites, it can affect the conversion of LOX into trans-/cis-LOX, since CYP3A4 activity modulates the substrate LOX concentration. Although the pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolism of LOX have been well defined, its CYP-related interactions have not been fully characterized. Therefore, we investigated the metabolism of LOX after pretreatment with dexamethasone (DEX) and ketoconazole (KTC), which induce and inhibit the activities of CYP3A, respectively. We monitored their effects on the PK parameters of LOX, cis-LOX, and trans-LOX in mice, and demonstrated that their PK parameters significantly changed in the presence of DEX or KTC pretreatment. Specifically, DEX significantly decreased the concentration of the LOX active metabolite formed by CR, which corresponded to an increased concentration of OH-LOX formed by CYP3A4. The opposite result occurred with KTC (a CYP3A inhibitor) pretreatment. Thus, we conclude that concomitant use of LOX with CYP3A modulators may lead to drug–drug interactions and result in minor to severe toxicity even though there is no direct change in the metabolic pathway that forms the LOX active metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjita Paudel
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | | | - Piljoung Cho
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Riya Shrestha
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Younah Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Taeho Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Eung-Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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27
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Teschke R. Idiosyncratic DILI: Analysis of 46,266 Cases Assessed for Causality by RUCAM and Published From 2014 to Early 2019. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:730. [PMID: 31396080 PMCID: PMC6664244 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most difficult challenges in clinical hepatology is the diagnosis of a drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The timing of the events, exclusion of alternative causes, and taking into account the clinical context should be systematically assessed and scored in a transparent manner. RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) is a well-established diagnostic algorithm and scale to assess causality in patients with suspected DILI. First published in 1993 and updated in 2016, RUCAM is now the worldwide most commonly used causality assessment method (CAM) for DILI. The following manuscript highlights the recent implementation of RUCAM around the world, by reviewing the literature for publications that utilized RUCAM, and provides a review of “best practices” for the use of RUCAM in cases of suspected DILI. The worldwide appreciation of RUCAM is substantiated by the current analysis of 46,266 DILI cases, all tested for causality using RUCAM. These cases derived from 31 reports published from 2014 to early 2019. Their first authors came from 10 countries, with China on top, followed by the US, and Germany on the third rank. Importantly, all RUCAM-based DILI reports were published in high profile journals. Many other reports were published earlier from 1993 up to 2013 in support of RUCAM. Although most of the studies were of high quality, the current case analysis revealed shortcomings in few studies, not at the level of RUCAM itself but rather associated with the work of the users. To ensure in future DILI cases a better performance by the users, a list of essential elements is proposed. As an example, all suspected DILI cases should be evaluated 1) by the updated RUCAM to facilitate result comparisons, 2) according to a prospective study protocol to ensure complete data sets, 3) after exclusion of cases with herb induced liver injury (HILI) from a DILI cohort to prevent confounding variables, and 4) according to inclusion of DILI cases with RUCAM-based causality gradings of highly probable or probable, in order to increase the specificity of the results. In conclusion, RUCAM benefits from its high appreciation and performs well provided the users adhere to published recommendations to prevent confounding variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
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28
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Yang Q, Zhang AH, Miao JH, Sun H, Han Y, Yan GL, Wu FF, Wang XJ. Metabolomics biotechnology, applications, and future trends: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37245-37257. [PMID: 35542267 PMCID: PMC9075731 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06697g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the highly increased incidence of human diseases, a better understanding of the related mechanisms regarding endogenous metabolism is urgently needed. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has been used in a variety of disease research areas. However, the deep research of metabolites remains a difficult and lengthy process. Fortunately, mass spectrometry is considered to be a universal tool with high specificity and sensitivity and is widely used around the world. Mass spectrometry technology has been applied to various basic disciplines, providing technical support for the discovery and identification of endogenous substances in living organisms. The combination of metabolomics and mass spectrometry is of great significance for the discovery and identification of metabolite biomarkers. The mass spectrometry tool could further improve and develop the exploratory research of the life sciences. This mini review discusses metabolomics biotechnology with a focus on recent applications of metabolomics as a powerful tool to elucidate metabolic disturbances and the related mechanisms of diseases. Given the highly increased incidence of human diseases, a better understanding of the related mechanisms regarding endogenous metabolism is urgently needed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Ai-hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Jian-hua Miao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Guang-li Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Fang-fang Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
| | - Xi-jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant
- National Chinmedomics Research Center
- Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center
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29
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Teschke R. Idiosyncratic DILI: Analysis of 46,266 Cases Assessed for Causality by RUCAM and Published From 2014 to Early 2019. Front Pharmacol 2019. [PMID: 31396080 DOI: 10.389/fphar.2019.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most difficult challenges in clinical hepatology is the diagnosis of a drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The timing of the events, exclusion of alternative causes, and taking into account the clinical context should be systematically assessed and scored in a transparent manner. RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) is a well-established diagnostic algorithm and scale to assess causality in patients with suspected DILI. First published in 1993 and updated in 2016, RUCAM is now the worldwide most commonly used causality assessment method (CAM) for DILI. The following manuscript highlights the recent implementation of RUCAM around the world, by reviewing the literature for publications that utilized RUCAM, and provides a review of "best practices" for the use of RUCAM in cases of suspected DILI. The worldwide appreciation of RUCAM is substantiated by the current analysis of 46,266 DILI cases, all tested for causality using RUCAM. These cases derived from 31 reports published from 2014 to early 2019. Their first authors came from 10 countries, with China on top, followed by the US, and Germany on the third rank. Importantly, all RUCAM-based DILI reports were published in high profile journals. Many other reports were published earlier from 1993 up to 2013 in support of RUCAM. Although most of the studies were of high quality, the current case analysis revealed shortcomings in few studies, not at the level of RUCAM itself but rather associated with the work of the users. To ensure in future DILI cases a better performance by the users, a list of essential elements is proposed. As an example, all suspected DILI cases should be evaluated 1) by the updated RUCAM to facilitate result comparisons, 2) according to a prospective study protocol to ensure complete data sets, 3) after exclusion of cases with herb induced liver injury (HILI) from a DILI cohort to prevent confounding variables, and 4) according to inclusion of DILI cases with RUCAM-based causality gradings of highly probable or probable, in order to increase the specificity of the results. In conclusion, RUCAM benefits from its high appreciation and performs well provided the users adhere to published recommendations to prevent confounding variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
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30
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He C, Wan H. Drug metabolism and metabolite safety assessment in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1071-1085. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1519546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wan
- Department of DMPK/Tox, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
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31
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Claesson A, Minidis A. Systematic Approach to Organizing Structural Alerts for Reactive Metabolite Formation from Potential Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:389-411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Claesson
- Awametox AB, Lilldalsvägen 17 A, SE-14461 Rönninge, Sweden
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32
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Kim JH, Kong TY, Moon JY, Choi KH, Cho YY, Kang HC, Lee JY, Lee HS. Targeted and non-targeted metabolite identification of MAM-2201 in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1328-1335. [PMID: 29608249 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MAM-2201 is a fluorinated naphthoylindole synthetic cannabinoid with potent psychoactive properties that has been detected as an active ingredient in herbal incense blends. To gain a greater understanding of MAM-2201 metabolism and to compare its metabolic fate in humans with those in animals, the metabolism of MAM-2201 in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes was investigated using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling approaches. Nineteen phase I metabolites (M1-M19) reported previously in human liver microsomes and 13 novel metabolites were identified in human, mouse, and rat hepatocytes: 1 phase I metabolite (M20) and 12 phase II metabolites including 6 glucuronides (G1-G6), 1 sulfate (S1), and 5 glutathione (GSH) conjugates (GS1-GS5) of MAM-2201 metabolites. G3 was human-specific, but M20, G1, G2, and 5 GSH conjugates were rat-specific, indicating species-related differences in MAM-2201 metabolism. The findings in the present study can be useful for the experimental design and assessment of metabolism-mediated toxic risk of MAM-2201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kong
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Moon
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Uijeongbu St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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33
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Metabolomics-assisted metabolite profiling of itraconazole in human liver preparations. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018. [PMID: 29524695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is a first-generation triazole-containing antifungal agent that effectively treats various fungal infections. As ITZ has a better safety profile than that of ketoconazole (KCZ), ITZ has been used worldwide for over 25 years. However, few reports have explored the metabolic profile of ITZ, and the underlying mechanism of ITZ-induced liver injury is not clearly understood. In the present study, we revisited ITZ metabolism in humans, using a non-targeted metabolomics approach, and identified several novel metabolic pathways including O-dearylation, piperazine oxidation, and piperazine-N,N'-deethylation. Furthermore, we explored the formation of reactive ITZ metabolites using trapping agents as surrogates, to assess the possibility of metabolism-mediated toxicity. We found that ITZ and its metabolites did not form any adducts with nucleophiles including glutathione, potassium cyanide, and semicarbazide. The present study expands our knowledge of ITZ metabolism and supports the suggestion that ITZ has a better safety profile than that of KCZ in terms of metabolism-mediated toxicity.
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34
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Molecular Research on Drug Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010216. [PMID: 29324638 PMCID: PMC5796165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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