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Nguyen TT, Kane MA, Swaan PW. Determination of Site-Specific Phosphorylation Occupancy Using Targeted Mass Spectrometry Reveals the Regulation of Human Apical Bile Acid Transporter, ASBT. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:38477-38489. [PMID: 39310206 PMCID: PMC11411523 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The human apical bile acid transporter (hASBT, SLC10A2) reabsorbs bile acids in the distal ileum, facilitating their recycling to the liver and resecretion. Its activity has been implicated in various disease states, including Crohn's disease, hypercholesterolemia, cholestasis, and type-2 diabetes. Post-translational modifications such as N-glycosylation, ubiquitination, and S-acylation regulate ASBT function by controlling its translocation and stability. However, the precise role of phosphorylation and its relationship with activity remains unknown. Here, we employed parallel reaction monitoring targeted mass spectrometry to investigate ASBT phosphorylation in the presence of various kinase inhibitors and activators. Our study ascertains phosphorylation at multiple sites (Thr330, Ser334, and Ser335), with Ser335 being the predominant phosphosite. We further demonstrate the critical involvement of PKC in regulating ASBT activity by phosphorylation at Ser335. Importantly, we establish a proportional relationship between the phosphorylation level of Ser335 and ASBT bile acid uptake activity. Collectively, our findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying phosphorylation-mediated regulation of ASBT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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2
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Radhakrishna U, Radhakrishnan R, Uppala LV, Muvvala SB, Prajapati J, Rawal RM, Bahado-Singh RO, Sadhasivam S. Prenatal opioid exposure significantly impacts placental protein kinase C (PKC) and drug transporters, leading to drug resistance and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1442915. [PMID: 39238930 PMCID: PMC11376091 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1442915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS) is a consequence of in-utero exposure to prenatal maternal opioids, resulting in the manifestation of symptoms like irritability, feeding problems, tremors, and withdrawal signs. Opioid use disorder (OUD) during pregnancy can profoundly impact both mother and fetus, disrupting fetal brain neurotransmission and potentially leading to long-term neurological, behavioral, and vision issues, and increased infant mortality. Drug resistance complicates OUD and NOWS treatment, with protein kinase regulation of drug transporters not fully understood. Methods DNA methylation levels of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters, along with protein kinase C (PKC) genes, were assessed in 96 placental samples using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC array (850K). Samples were collected from three distinct groups: 32 mothers with infants prenatally exposed to opioids who needed pharmacological intervention for NOWS, 32 mothers with prenatally opioid-exposed infants who did not necessitate NOWS treatment, and 32 mothers who were not exposed to opioids during pregnancy. Results We identified 69 significantly differentially methylated SLCs, with 24 hypermethylated and 34 hypomethylated, and 11 exhibiting both types of methylation changes including SLC13A3, SLC15A2, SLC16A11, SLC16A3, SLC19A2, and SLC26A1. We identified methylation changes in 11 ABC drug transporters (ABCA1, ABCA12, ABCA2, ABCB10, ABCB5, ABCC12, ABCC2, ABCC9, ABCE1, ABCC7, ABCB3): 3 showed hypermethylation, 3 hypomethylation, and 5 exhibited both. Additionally, 7 PKC family genes (PRKCQ, PRKAA1, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCH, PRKCI, and PRKCZ) showed methylation changes. These genes are associated with 13 pathways involved in NOWS, including ABC transporters, bile secretion, pancreatic secretion, insulin resistance, glutamatergic synapse, and gastric acid secretion. Conclusion We report epigenetic changes in PKC-related regulation of drug transporters, which could improve our understanding of clinical outcomes like drug resistance, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and drug toxicity, leading to maternal relapse and severe NOWS. Novel drugs targeting PKC pathways and transporters may improve treatment outcomes for OUD in pregnancy and NOWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uppala Radhakrishna
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Rupa Radhakrishnan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lavanya V Uppala
- College of Information Science & Technology, the University of Nebraska at Omaha, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Srinivas B Muvvala
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jignesh Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ray O Bahado-Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Senthilkumar Sadhasivam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Lu Y, Elrod J, Herrmann M, Knopf J, Boettcher M. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: A Crucial Factor in Post-Surgical Abdominal Adhesion Formation. Cells 2024; 13:991. [PMID: 38891123 PMCID: PMC11171752 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-surgical abdominal adhesions, although poorly understood, are highly prevalent. The molecular processes underlying their formation remain elusive. This review aims to assess the relationship between neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the generation of postoperative peritoneal adhesions and to discuss methods for mitigating peritoneal adhesions. A keyword or medical subject heading (MeSH) search for all original articles and reviews was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar. It included studies assessing peritoneal adhesion reformation after abdominal surgery from 2003 to 2023. After assessing for eligibility, the selected articles were evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative research. The search yielded 127 full-text articles for assessment of eligibility, of which 7 studies met our criteria and were subjected to a detailed quality review using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist. The selected studies offer a comprehensive analysis of adhesion pathogenesis with a special focus on the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the development of peritoneal adhesions. Current interventional strategies are examined, including the use of mechanical barriers, advances in regenerative medicine, and targeted molecular therapies. In particular, this review emphasizes the potential of NET-targeted interventions as promising strategies to mitigate postoperative adhesion development. Evidence suggests that in addition to their role in innate defense against infections and autoimmune diseases, NETs also play a crucial role in the formation of peritoneal adhesions after surgery. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that target NETs are emerging as significant considerations for researchers. Continued research is vital to fully elucidate the relationship between NETs and post-surgical adhesion formation to develop effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Elrod
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Yin Y, Zhao SL, Rane D, Lin Z, Wu M, Peterson BR. Quantification of Binding of Small Molecules to Native Proteins Overexpressed in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:187-200. [PMID: 38118119 PMCID: PMC10910633 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The affinity and selectivity of small molecules for proteins drive drug discovery and development. We report a fluorescent probe cellular binding assay (FPCBA) for determination of these values for native (untagged) proteins overexpressed in living cells. This method uses fluorophores such as Pacific Blue (PB) linked to cell-permeable protein ligands to generate probes that rapidly and reversibly equilibrate with intracellular targets, as established by kinetic assays of cellular uptake and efflux. To analyze binding to untagged proteins, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) vector was employed that allows a single mRNA to encode both the protein target and a separate orthogonal fluorescent protein (mVenus). This enabled cellular uptake of the probe to be correlated with protein expression by flow cytometry, allowing measurement of cellular dissociation constants (Kd) of the probe. This approach was validated by studies of the binding of allosteric activators to eight different Protein Kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Full-length PKCs expressed in transiently transfected HEK293T cells were used to measure cellular Kd values of a probe comprising PB linked to the natural product phorbol via a carbamate. These values were further used to determine competitive binding constants (cellular Ki values) of the nonfluorescent phorbol ester PDBu and the anticancer agent bryostatin 1 for each isozyme. For some PKC-small molecule pairs, these cellular Ki values matched known biochemical Ki values, but for others, altered selectivity was observed in cells. This approach can facilitate quantification of interactions of small molecules with physiologically relevant native proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Yin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Serena Li Zhao
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Digamber Rane
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhihong Lin
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, 460 W. 10 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, 460 W. 10 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Blake R. Peterson
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, 460 W. 10 Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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5
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Schulz JA, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. ABCB1 and ABCG2 Regulation at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Potential New Targets to Improve Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:815-853. [PMID: 36973040 PMCID: PMC10441638 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier limit the delivery of drugs into the brain. Strategies to overcome ABCB1/ABCG2 have been largely unsuccessful, which poses a tremendous clinical problem to successfully treat central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Understanding basic transporter biology, including intracellular regulation mechanisms that control these transporters, is critical to solving this clinical problem.In this comprehensive review, we summarize current knowledge on signaling pathways that regulate ABCB1/ABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier. In Section I, we give a historical overview on blood-brain barrier research and introduce the role that ABCB1 and ABCG2 play in this context. In Section II, we summarize the most important strategies that have been tested to overcome the ABCB1/ABCG2 efflux system at the blood-brain barrier. In Section III, the main component of this review, we provide detailed information on the signaling pathways that have been identified to control ABCB1/ABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier and their potential clinical relevance. This is followed by Section IV, where we explain the clinical implications of ABCB1/ABCG2 regulation in the context of CNS disease. Lastly, in Section V, we conclude by highlighting examples of how transporter regulation could be targeted for therapeutic purposes in the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The ABCB1/ABCG2 drug efflux system at the blood-brain barrier poses a significant problem to successful drug delivery to the brain. The article reviews signaling pathways that regulate blood-brain barrier ABCB1/ABCG2 and could potentially be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Schulz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.A.S., B.B.), Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (A.M.S.H.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.A.S., B.B.), Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (A.M.S.H.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (J.A.S., B.B.), Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine (A.M.S.H.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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6
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Puris E, Fricker G, Gynther M. The Role of Solute Carrier Transporters in Efficient Anticancer Drug Delivery and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020364. [PMID: 36839686 PMCID: PMC9966068 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug resistance is a major obstacle in anticancer drug delivery and a key reason for cancer drug therapy failure. Membrane solute carrier (SLC) transporters play a crucial role in the cellular uptake of drugs. The expression and function of the SLC transporters can be down-regulated in cancer cells, which limits the uptake of drugs into the tumor cells, resulting in the inefficiency of the drug therapy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of low-SLC-transporter-expression-mediated drug resistance in different types of cancers. Recent advances in SLC-transporter-targeting strategies include the development of transporter-utilizing prodrugs and nanocarriers and the modulation of SLC transporter expression in cancer cells. These strategies will play an important role in the future development of anticancer drug therapies by enabling the efficient delivery of drugs into cancer cells.
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7
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Nigam SK, Granados JC. OAT, OATP, and MRP Drug Transporters and the Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:637-660. [PMID: 36206988 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030322-084058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated movement of organic anions (e.g., drugs, metabolites, signaling molecules, nutrients, antioxidants, gut microbiome products) between tissues and body fluids depends, in large part, on organic anion transporters (OATs) [solute carrier 22 (SLC22)], organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) [solute carrier organic (SLCO)], and multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) [ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C (ABCC)]. Depending on the range of substrates, transporters in these families can be considered multispecific, oligospecific, or (relatively) monospecific. Systems biology analyses of these transporters in the context of expression patterns reveal they are hubs in networks involved in interorgan and interorganismal communication. The remote sensing and signaling theory explains how the coordinated functions of drug transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and regulatory proteins play a role in optimizing systemic and local levels of important endogenous small molecules. We focus on the role of OATs, OATPs, and MRPs in endogenous metabolism and how their substrates (e.g., bile acids, short chain fatty acids, urate, uremic toxins) mediate interorgan and interorganismal communication and help maintain and restore homeostasis in healthy and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine (Nephrology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Jeffry C Granados
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Guo X, Yu L, Huang Y, Guo C, Li S, Yang X, Zhang Z. Luteolin alleviates inorganic mercury-induced liver injury in quails by resisting oxidative stress and promoting mercury ion excretion. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:399-408. [PMID: 36336778 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundInorganic mercury is a well-known toxic substance that can cause oxidative stress and liver damage. Luteolin (Lut) is a kind of natural antioxidant, which is widely found in plants. Therefore, we focused on exploring the alleviative effect of Lut on liver injury induced by mercuric chloride (HgCl2), and the potential molecular mechanism of eliminating mercury ions in quails.Methods and resultsTwenty-one-day-old male quails were randomly split into four groups: control group, Lut group, HgCl2 group, and HgCl2 + Lut group. The test period was 12 weeks. The results showed that Lut could significantly ameliorate oxidative stress, the release of inflammatory factors, and liver damage caused by HgCl2, and reduce the accumulation of Hg2+ in quail liver. Furthermore, Lut evidently increased the levels of protein kinase C α (PKCα), nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and its downstream proteins, and inhibited nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) production in the liver of quails treated by HgCl2.ConclusionsTo sum up, our results suggest that Lut not only reduces the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, but also promotes the excretion of Hg2+ by promoting the PKCα/Nrf2 signaling pathway to alleviate HgCl2-induced liver injury in quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.,College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, 161000, China
| | - Changming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Siyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.
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9
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Wang X, Hong M. Protein Kinases and Cross-talk between Post-translational Modifications in the Regulation of Drug Transporters. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 103:9-20. [PMID: 36302660 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug transporters are modulators for drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. Key drug transporters including P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein of the ABC superfamily; organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3, organic anion transporter 1 and 3, and organic cation transporter 2, as well as multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 and 2 of the SLC superfamily have been recommended by regulatory agencies to be investigated and evaluated in drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies due to their important roles in determining the efficacy, toxicity and DDI of various drugs. Drug transporters are subjected to multiple levels of control and post-translational modifications (PTMs) provide rapid and versatile ways of regulation. Under pathologic and/or pharmacological conditions, PTMs may be altered in the cellular system, leading to functional changes of transporter proteins. Phosphorylation is by far the most actively investigated form of PTMs in the regulation of transporters. Further, studies in recent years also found that protein kinases coordinate with other PTMs for the dynamic control of these membrane proteins. Here we summarized the regulation of major drug transporters by protein kinases and their cross-talking with other PTMs that may generate a complex regulatory network for fine-tuning the function of these important drug processing modulators. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Kinases regulate drug transporters in versatile manners; Kinase regulation cross-talks with other PTMs, forming a complex network for transporter regulation; Pathological and/or pharmacological conditions may alter PTMs and affect transporter function with different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (X.W. and M.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (M.H.)
| | - Mei Hong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (X.W. and M.H.), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (M.H.)
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10
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Saib S, Hodin S, Mercier C, Paul M, Bin V, Ollier E, Delavenne X. TNF-α and IL-1β Exposure Modulates the Expression and Functionality of P-Glycoprotein in Intestinal and Renal Barriers. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2327-2334. [PMID: 35674492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is characterized by an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines known to alter the expression and functionality of drug transporters. Since P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a key role in the pharmacokinetics of several drugs, these modulations could further affect drug exposure. In this context, this study aims to investigate the impact of in vitro cytokine exposure on the expression and activity of P-gp using the intestinal model Caco-2 and the human renal cells RPTEC/TERT1. Cells were exposed to various concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β for 24 or 72 h. Gene expression was then assessed by RT-qPCR followed by absolute quantification of P-gp using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Then, the activity of P-gp was assessed by the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123. TNF-α increased both the gene expression and P-gp activity by 15-40% in each model. Minor modulations were observed at the protein level with increases of up to 8% for RPTEC/TERT1 cells and 24% for Caco-2 cells. Conversely, IL-1β led to a downregulation of gene, protein, and functionality by 48 and 25% in intestinal and renal cells, respectively. Taken together, these data highlighted that gene expression levels and functional activity of P-gp are altered by the pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal and renal cells. Such pronounced changes in human P-gp could result in altered exposure to drug substrates. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the impact of inflammation on drug pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Saib
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase (DVH), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Sophie Hodin
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase (DVH), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Clément Mercier
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase (DVH), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Mireille Paul
- INSERM U1059, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative du Tissu Osseux (LBTO), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Valérie Bin
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase (DVH), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Edouard Ollier
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase (DVH), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase (DVH), Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne F-42023, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologie Gaz du sang, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne CS 82301, France
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11
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Nicholson R, Menezes AC, Azevedo A, Leckenby A, Davies S, Seedhouse C, Gilkes A, Knapper S, Tonks A, Darley RL. Protein Kinase C Epsilon Overexpression Is Associated With Poor Patient Outcomes in AML and Promotes Daunorubicin Resistance Through p-Glycoprotein-Mediated Drug Efflux. Front Oncol 2022; 12:840046. [PMID: 35707351 PMCID: PMC9191576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.840046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases are pleiotropic signaling regulators and are implicated in hematopoietic signaling and development. Only one isoform however, PKCϵ, has oncogenic properties in solid cancers where it is associated with poor outcomes. Here we show that PKCϵ protein is significantly overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 37% of patients). In addition, PKCϵ expression in AML was associated with a significant reduction in complete remission induction and disease-free survival. Examination of the functional consequences of PKCϵ overexpression in normal human hematopoiesis, showed that PKCϵ promotes myeloid differentiation, particularly of the monocytic lineage, and decreased colony formation, suggesting that PKCϵ does not act as an oncogene in hematopoietic cells. Rather, in AML cell lines, PKCϵ overexpression selectively conferred resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent, daunorubicin, by reducing intracellular concentrations of this agent. Mechanistic analysis showed that PKCϵ promoted the expression of the efflux pump, P-GP (ABCB1), and that drug efflux mediated by this transporter fully accounted for the daunorubicin resistance associated with PKCϵ overexpression. Analysis of AML patient samples also showed a link between PKCϵ and P-GP protein expression suggesting that PKCϵ expression drives treatment resistance in AML by upregulating P-GP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Nicholson
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Catarina Menezes
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Azevedo
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Leckenby
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Davies
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Seedhouse
- Academic Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Gilkes
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff Experimental and Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Knapper
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiff Experimental and Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Tonks
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Darley
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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12
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Brouwer KLR, Evers R, Hayden E, Hu S, Li CY, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Neuhoff S, Oswald S, Piquette-Miller M, Saran C, Sjöstedt N, Sprowl JA, Stahl SH, Yue W. Regulation of Drug Transport Proteins-From Mechanisms to Clinical Impact: A White Paper on Behalf of the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:461-484. [PMID: 35390174 PMCID: PMC9398928 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transport proteins are involved in the absorption, disposition, efficacy, and/or toxicity of many drugs. Numerous mechanisms (e.g., nuclear receptors, epigenetic gene regulation, microRNAs, alternative splicing, post‐translational modifications, and trafficking) regulate transport protein levels, localization, and function. Various factors associated with disease, medications, and dietary constituents, for example, may alter the regulation and activity of transport proteins in the intestine, liver, kidneys, brain, lungs, placenta, and other important sites, such as tumor tissue. This white paper reviews key mechanisms and regulatory factors that alter the function of clinically relevant transport proteins involved in drug disposition. Current considerations with in vitro and in vivo models that are used to investigate transporter regulation are discussed, including strengths, limitations, and the inherent challenges in predicting the impact of changes due to regulation of one transporter on compensatory pathways and overall drug disposition. In addition, translation and scaling of in vitro observations to in vivo outcomes are considered. The importance of incorporating altered transporter regulation in modeling and simulation approaches to predict the clinical impact on drug disposition is also discussed. Regulation of transporters is highly complex and, therefore, identification of knowledge gaps will aid in directing future research to expand our understanding of clinically relevant molecular mechanisms of transporter regulation. This information is critical to the development of tools and approaches to improve therapeutic outcomes by predicting more accurately the impact of regulation‐mediated changes in transporter function on drug disposition and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raymond Evers
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hayden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Shuiying Hu
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Chitra Saran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jason A Sprowl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Simone H Stahl
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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13
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Yu Z, Liu C, Zhang J, Liang Z, You G. Protein kinase C regulates organic anion transporter 1 through phosphorylating ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:53. [PMID: 34663225 PMCID: PMC8524912 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) is a drug transporter expressed on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule cells in kidneys. It plays an essential role in the disposition of numerous clinical therapeutics, impacting their pharmacological and toxicological properties. The activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is shown to facilitate OAT1 internalization from cell surface to intracellular compartments and thereby reducing cell surface expression and transport activity of the transporter. The PKC-regulated OAT1 internalization occurs through ubiquitination, a process catalyzed by a E3 ubiquitin ligase, neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-2 (Nedd4-2). Nedd4-2 directly interacts with OAT1 and affects ubiquitination, expression and stability of the transporter. However, whether Nedd4-2 is a direct substrate for PKC-induced phosphorylation is unknown. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the role of Nedd4-2 phosphorylation in the PKC regulation of OAT1. The results showed that PKC activation enhanced the phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 and increased the OAT1 ubiquitination, which was accompanied by a decreased OAT1 cell surface expression and transport function. And the effects of PKC could be reversed by PKC-specific inhibitor staurosporine. We further discovered that the quadruple mutant (T197A/S221A/S354A/S420A) of Nedd4-2 partially blocked the effects of PKC on Nedd4-2 phosphorylation and on OAT1 transport activity. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation demonstrates that PKC regulates OAT1 likely through direct phosphorylation of Nedd4-2. And four phosphorylation sites (T197, S221, S354, and S420) of Nedd4-2 in combination play an important role in this regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Chenchang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Zhengxuan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Guofeng You
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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14
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Pou Casellas C, Jansen K, Rookmaaker MB, Clevers H, Verhaar MC, Masereeuw R. Regulation of Solute Carriers OCT2 and OAT1/3 in the Kidney: A Phylogenetic, Ontogenetic and Cell Dynamic Perspective. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:993-1024. [PMID: 34486394 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of more than 500 million years, the kidneys have undergone a remarkable evolution from primitive nephric tubes to intricate filtration-reabsorption systems that maintain homeostasis and remove metabolic end products from the body. The evolutionarily conserved solute carriers Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2), and Organic Anion Transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1/3) coordinate the active secretion of a broad range of endogenous and exogenous substances, many of which accumulate in the blood of patients with kidney failure despite dialysis. Harnessing OCT2 and OAT1/3 through functional preservation or regeneration could alleviate the progression of kidney disease. Additionally, it would improve current in vitro test models that lose their expression in culture. With this review, we explore OCT2 and OAT1/3 regulation using different perspectives: phylogenetic, ontogenetic and cell dynamic. Our aim is to identify possible molecular targets to both help prevent or compensate for the loss of transport activity in patients with kidney disease, and to enable endogenous OCT2 and OAT1/3 induction in vitro in order to develop better models for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pou Casellas
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Abbiati RA, Wientjes MG, Au JLS. Is It Time to Use Modeling of Cellular Transporter Homeostasis to Inform Drug-Drug Interaction Studies: Theoretical Considerations. AAPS J 2021; 23:102. [PMID: 34435271 PMCID: PMC11048728 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling has been an important tool in pharmaceutical research for 50 + years and there is increased emphasis over the last decade on using modeling to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of drug development. In an earlier commentary, we applied a multiscale model linking 6 scales (whole body, tumor, vasculature, cell, spatial location, time), together with literature data on nanoparticle and tumor properties, to demonstrate the effects of nanoparticle particles on systemic disposition. The current commentary used a 4-scale model (cell membrane, intracellular organelles, spatial location, time) together with literature data on the intracellular processing of membrane receptors and transporters to demonstrate disruption of transporter homeostasis can lead to drug-drug interaction (DDI) between victim drug (VD) and perpetrator drug (PD), including changes in the area-under-concentration-time-curve of VD in cells that are considered significant by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The model comprised 3 computational components: (a) intracellular transporter homeostasis, (b) pharmacokinetics of extracellular and intracellular VD/PD concentrations, and (c) pharmacodynamics of PD-induced stimulation or inhibition of an intracellular kinetic process. Model-based simulations showed that (a) among the five major endocytic processes, perturbation of transporter internalization or recycling led to the highest incidence and most extensive DDI, with minor DDI for perturbing transporter synthesis and early-to-late endosome and no DDI for perturbing transporter degradation and (b) three experimental conditions (spatial transporter distribution in cells, VD/PD co-incubation time, extracellular PD concentrations) were determinants of DDI detection. We propose modeling is a useful tool for hypothesis generation and for designing experiments to identify potential DDI; its application further aligns with the model-informed drug development paradigm advocated by FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Abbiati
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA
| | - M Guillaume Wientjes
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Ave, Suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - Jessie L-S Au
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA.
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Ave, Suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA.
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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16
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Black AR, Black JD. The complexities of PKCα signaling in cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100769. [PMID: 33307285 PMCID: PMC8141086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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17
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Morio H, Reien Y, Hirayama Y, Hashimoto H, Anzai N. Protein kinase C activation upregulates human L-type amino acid transporter 2 function. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:11. [PMID: 33789576 PMCID: PMC10716992 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2) is a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter, whose function regulation system remains unclarified. Since protein kinase C (PKC) is known to regulate the functions of various transporters, we investigated whether human LAT2 (hLAT2) function is regulated by PKC. In mouse proximal tubule S2 cells, hLAT2 transport activity was upregulated by PKC activation. However, we found that the mRNA and protein expression of hLAT2 was not affected by PKC activation and that the upregulation was independent of the three potential PKC consensus sites in the hLAT2 amino acid sequence. Moreover, we found that PKC activation upregulated the Vmax value for hLAT2-mediated alanine transport, which was not accompanied by the induction of hLAT2 membrane insertion. In conclusion, we showed that hLAT2 function is upregulated by PKC activation, which is not related to either the de novo synthesis, the phosphorylation or the membrane insertion of hLAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Morio
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshie Reien
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-cho, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
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18
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Ciarimboli G. Regulation Mechanisms of Expression and Function of Organic Cation Transporter 1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:607613. [PMID: 33732143 PMCID: PMC7959823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) belongs together with OCT2 and OCT3 to the solute carrier family 22 (SLC22). OCTs are involved in the movement of organic cations through the plasma membrane. In humans, OCT1 is mainly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, while in rodents, OCT1 is strongly represented also in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. Considering that organic cations of endogenous origin are important neurotransmitters and that those of exogenous origin are important drugs, these transporters have significant physiological and pharmacological implications. Because of the high expression of OCTs in excretory organs, their activity has the potential to significantly impact not only local but also systemic concentration of their substrates. Even though many aspects governing OCT function, interaction with substrates, and pharmacological role have been extensively investigated, less is known about regulation of OCTs. Possible mechanisms of regulation include genetic and epigenetic modifications, rapid regulation processes induced by kinases, regulation caused by protein–protein interaction, and long-term regulation induced by specific metabolic and pathological situations. In this mini-review, the known regulatory processes of OCT1 expression and function obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies are summarized. Further research should be addressed to integrate this knowledge to known aspects of OCT1 physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Medicine Clinic D, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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19
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Gao J, Wang C, Wei W. The effects of drug transporters on the efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2021; 268:118907. [PMID: 33428880 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families consist of common drug transporters that mediate the efflux and uptake of drugs, respectively, and play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in vivo. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by erosive arthritis, and there are many RA patients worldwide. Methotrexate (MTX), the first-choice treatment for RA, can reduce the level of inflammation, prevent joint erosion and functional damage, and greatly reduce pain in RA patients. However, many patients show resistance to MTX, greatly affecting the efficacy of MTX. Many factors, such as irrational drug use and heredity, are associated with drug resistance. Considering the effect of drug transporters on drugs, many studies have compared the expression of drug transporters in drug-resistant and drug-sensitive patients, and abnormal transporter expression and transport activity have been found in patients with MTX resistance. Thus, drug transporters are involved in drug resistance. This article reviews the effects of transporters on the efficacy of MTX in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhang Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China.
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20
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Engin A. Bile Acid Toxicity and Protein Kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:229-258. [PMID: 33539018 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
If the bile acids reach to pathological concentrations due to cholestasis, accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids within the hepatocyte may result in cell death. Thus, hydrophobic bile acids induce apoptosis in hepatocytes, while hydrophilic bile acids increase intracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels and activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways to protect hepatocytes from apoptosis.Two apoptotic pathways have been described in bile acids-induced death. Both are controlled by multiple protein kinase signaling pathways. In mitochondria-controlled pathway, caspase-8 is activated with death domain-independent manner, whereas, Fas-dependent classical pathway involves ligand-independent oligomerization of Fas.Hydrophobic bile acids dose-dependently upregulate the inflammatory response by further stimulating production of inflammatory cytokines. Death receptor-mediated apoptosis is regulated at the cell surface by the receptor expression, at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) by expression of procaspase-8, the death receptors Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and cellular FADD-like interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β)-converting enzyme (FLICE) inhibitory protein (cFLIP). Bile acids prevent cFLIP recruitment to the DISC and thereby enhance initiator caspase activation and lead to cholestatic apoptosis. At mitochondria, the expression of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins contribute to apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial cytochrome c release via Bcl-2, Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) interacting domain death agonist (Bid), or Bcl-2 associated protein x (Bax). Fas receptor CD95 activation by hydrophobic bile acids is initiated by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. However, activation of necroptosis by ligands of death receptors requires the kinase activity of receptor interacting protein1 (RIP1), which mediates the activation of RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). In this chapter, mainly the effect of protein kinases signal transduction on the mechanisms of hydrophobic bile acids-induced inflammation, apoptosis, necroptosis and necrosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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21
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Lee W, Ha JM, Sugiyama Y. Post-translational regulation of the major drug transporters in the families of organic anion transporters and organic anion-transporting polypeptides. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17349-17364. [PMID: 33051208 PMCID: PMC7863896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.009132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) belong to the solute carrier (SLC) transporter superfamily and play important roles in handling various endogenous and exogenous compounds of anionic charge. The OATs and OATPs are often implicated in drug therapy by impacting the pharmacokinetics of clinically important drugs and, thereby, drug exposure in the target organs or cells. Various mechanisms (e.g. genetic, environmental, and disease-related factors, drug-drug interactions, and food-drug interactions) can lead to variations in the expression and activity of the anion drug-transporting proteins of OATs and OATPs, possibly impacting the therapeutic outcomes. Previous investigations mainly focused on the regulation at the transcriptional level and drug-drug interactions as competing substrates or inhibitors. Recently, evidence has accumulated that cellular trafficking, post-translational modification, and degradation mechanisms serve as another important layer for the mechanisms underlying the variations in the OATs and OATPs. This review will provide a brief overview of the major OATs and OATPs implicated in drug therapy and summarize recent progress in our understanding of the post-translational modifications, in particular ubiquitination and degradation pathways of the individual OATs and OATPs implicated in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Min Ha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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22
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Regulation of organic anion transporters: Role in physiology, pathophysiology, and drug elimination. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 217:107647. [PMID: 32758646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family are mainly expressed in kidney, liver, placenta, intestine, and brain. These transporters play important roles in the disposition of clinical drugs, pesticides, signaling molecules, heavy metal conjugates, components of phytomedicines, and toxins, and therefore critical for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Alterations in the expression and function of OATs contribute to the intra- and inter-individual variability of the therapeutic efficacy and the toxicity of many drugs, and to many pathophysiological conditions. Consequently, the activity of these transporters must be highly regulated to carry out their normal functions. This review will present an update on the recent advance in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of renal OATs, emphasizing on the post-translational modification (PTM), the crosstalk among these PTMs, and the remote sensing and signaling network of OATs. Such knowledge will provide significant insights into the roles of these transporters in health and disease.
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23
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Lavan M, Knipp G. Considerations for Determining Direct Versus Indirect Functional Effects of Solubilizing Excipients on Drug Transporters for Enhancing Bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1833-1845. [PMID: 32142715 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Excipients used in drug formulations at clinically safe levels have been considered to be pharmacologically inert; however, numerous studies have suggested that many solubilizing agents may modulate drug transporter activities and intestinal absorption. Here, the reported interactions between various solubilizing excipients and drug transporters are evaluated to consider various potential underlying mechanisms. This forms the basis for debate in the field in regard to whether or not the effects are based on "direct" interactions or "indirect" consequences arising from the role of the excipients. For example, an increase in apparent drug solubility can give rise to saturation of transporters according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This is also drawing the attention of regulatory agencies as they seek to understand the role of formulation additives. The continued application of excipients as a tool in solubility enhancement is crucial in the drug development process, creating a need for additional data to verify the proposed mechanism behind these changes. A literature review is provided here with some guidance on other factors that should be considered to delineate the effects that arise from direct physiological interactions or indirect effects. The results of such studies may aid the rational design of bioavailability-enhancing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lavan
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Gregory Knipp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
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24
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Noronha-Matos JB, Oliveira L, Peixoto AR, Almeida L, Castellão-Santana LM, Ambiel CR, Alves-do Prado W, Correia-de-Sá P. Nicotinic α7 receptor-induced adenosine release from perisynaptic Schwann cells controls acetylcholine spillover from motor endplates. J Neurochem 2020; 154:263-283. [PMID: 32011735 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) spillover from motor endplates occurs after neuronal firing bursts being potentiated by cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., neostigmine). Nicotinic α7 receptors (α7nAChR) on perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) can control ACh spillover by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that adenosine might be the gliotransmitter underlying PSCs-nerve terminal communication. Rat isolated hemidiaphragm preparations were used to measure (1) the outflow of [3 H]ACh, (2) real-time transmitter exocytosis by video-microscopy with the FM4-64 fluorescent dye, and (3) skeletal muscle contractions during high-frequency (50 Hz) nerve stimulation bursts in the presence of a selective α7nAChR agonist, PNU 282987, or upon inhibition of cholinesterase activity with neostigmine. To confirm our prediction that α7nAChR-mediated effects require direct activation of PSCs, we used fluorescence video-microscopy in the real-time mode to measure PNU 282987-induced [Ca2+ ]i transients from Fluo-4 NW loaded PSCs in non-stimulated preparations. The α7nAChR agonist, PNU 282987, decreased nerve-evoked diaphragm tetanic contractions. PNU 282987-induced inhibition was mimicked by neostigmine and results from the reduction of ACh exocytosis measured as decreases in [3 H]ACh release and FM4-64 fluorescent dye unloading. Methyllycaconitine blockage of α7nAChR and the fluoroacetate gliotoxin both prevented inhibition of nerve-evoked ACh release and PSCs [Ca2+ ]i transients triggered by PNU 282987 and neostigmine. Adenosine deamination, inhibition of the ENT1 nucleoside outflow, and blockage of A1 receptors prevented PNU 282987-induced inhibition of transmitter release. Data suggest that α7nAChR controls tetanic-induced ACh spillover from the neuromuscular synapse by promoting adenosine outflow from PSCs via ENT1 transporters and retrograde activation of presynaptic A1 inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Oliveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Peixoto
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Almeida
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Célia R Ambiel
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilson Alves-do Prado
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Silva I, Magalhães-Cardoso MT, Ferreirinha F, Moreira S, Costa AF, Silva D, Vieira C, Silva-Ramos M, Correia-de-Sá P. β 3 Adrenoceptor-induced cholinergic inhibition in human and rat urinary bladders involves the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP 1 favoring adenosine release. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1589-1608. [PMID: 31721163 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanism by which β3 receptor agonists (e.g. mirabegron) control bladder overactivity may involve adenosine release from human and rat detrusor smooth muscle. Retrograde activation of adenosine A1 receptors reduces ACh release from cholinergic bladder nerves. β3 -Adrenoceptors usually couple to adenylyl cyclase. Here we investigated, which of the cAMP targets, protein kinase A or the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) could be involved in this cholinergic inhibition of the bladder. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH [3 H]ACh and adenosine release from urothelium-denuded detrusor strips of cadaveric human organ donors and rats were measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry and HPLC, respectively. In vivo cystometry was also performed in urethane-anaesthetized rats. KEY RESULTS The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibitor, ESI-09, prevented mirabegron- and isoprenaline-induced adenosine release from human and rat detrusor strips respectively. ESI-09, but not the PKA inhibitor, H-89, attenuated inhibition of [3 H]ACh release from stimulated (10 Hz) detrusor strips caused by activating β3 -adrenoceptors, AC (forskolin) and EPAC1 (8-CTP-2Me-cAMP). Isoprenaline-induced inhibition of [3 H]ACh release was also prevented by inhibitors of PKC (chelerythrine and Go6976) and of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1; dipyridamole and NBTI), but not by PLC inhibition with U73122. Pretreatment with ESI-09, but not with H-89, prevented the reduction of the voiding frequency caused by isoprenaline and forskolin in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Data suggest that β3 -adrenoceptor-induced inhibition of cholinergic neurotransmission in human and rat urinary bladders involves activation of an EPAC1/PKC pathway downstream cAMP production resulting in adenosine outflow via ENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Teresa Magalhães-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Vieira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva-Ramos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Urologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Shim KH, Kim SH, Hur J, Kim DH, Demirev AV, Yoon SY. Small-molecule drug screening identifies drug Ro 31-8220 that reduces toxic phosphorylated tau in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a kind of malignant hematopoietic system disease characterized by abnormal proliferation, poor cell differentiation, and infiltration of bone marrow, peripheral blood, or other tissues. To date, the first-line treatment of AML is still based on daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside or idarubicin and cytosine arabinoside regimen. However, the complete remission rate of AML is still not optimistic, especially in elderly patients, and the recurrence rate after complete remission is still high. The resistance of leukemia cells to chemotherapy drugs becomes the main obstacle in the treatment of AML. At present, the research on the mechanisms of drug resistance in AML is very active. This article will elaborate on the main mechanisms of drug resistance currently being studied, including drug resistance-related proteins and enzymes, gene alterations, micro RNAs, and signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China,
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China,
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes belong to a family of Ser/Thr kinases whose activity is governed by reversible release of an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate. For conventional and novel isozymes, this is effected by binding the lipid second messenger, diacylglycerol, but for atypical PKC isozymes, this is effected by binding protein scaffolds. PKC shot into the limelight following the discovery in the 1980s that the diacylglycerol-sensitive isozymes are "receptors" for the potent tumor-promoting phorbol esters. This set in place a concept that PKC isozymes are oncoproteins. Yet three decades of cancer clinical trials targeting PKC with inhibitors failed and, in some cases, worsened patient outcome. Emerging evidence from cancer-associated mutations and protein expression levels provide a reason: PKC isozymes generally function as tumor suppressors and their activity should be restored, not inhibited, in cancer therapies. And whereas not enough activity is associated with cancer, variants with enhanced activity are associated with degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review describes the tightly controlled mechanisms that ensure PKC activity is perfectly balanced and what happens when these controls are deregulated. PKC isozymes serve as a paradigm for the wisdom of Confucius: "to go beyond is as wrong as to fall short."
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Newton
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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29
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Mayati A, Moreau A, Jouan E, Febvre-James M, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. mRNA Expression and Activity of Nucleoside Transporters in Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cells. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040246. [PMID: 30469356 PMCID: PMC6320972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HepaRG cell line is a highly differentiated human hepatoma cell line, displaying the expression of various drug transporters. However, functional expression of nucleoside transporters remains poorly characterized in HepaRG cells, although these transporters play a key role in hepatic uptake of antiviral and anticancer drugs. The present study was, therefore, designed to characterize the expression, activity and regulation of equilibrative (ENT) and concentrative (CNT) nucleoside transporter isoforms in differentiated HepaRG cells. These cells were found to exhibit a profile of nucleoside transporter mRNAs similar to that found in human hepatocytes, i.e., notable expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1, with very low or no expression of CNT2 and CNT3. ENT1 activity was, next, demonstrated to be the main uridine transport activity present in HepaRG cells, like in cultured human hepatocytes. Various physiological factors, such as protein kinase C (PKC) activation or treatment by inflammatory cytokines or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), were additionally found to regulate expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1; PKC activation and HGF notably concomitantly induced mRNA expression and activity of ENT1 in HepaRG cells. Overall, these data suggest that HepaRG cells may be useful for analyzing cellular pharmacokinetics of nucleoside-like drugs in human hepatic cells, especially of those handled by ENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mayati
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Marie Febvre-James
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-35033 Rennes, France.
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30
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Singh RK, Kumar S, Tomar MS, Verma PK, Singh SP, Gautam PK, Acharya A. Classical Protein Kinase C: a novel kinase target in breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:259-267. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Borsetti F, Dal Piaz F, D'Alessio F, Stefan A, Brandimarti R, Sarkar A, Datta A, Montón Silva A, den Blaauwen T, Alberto M, Spisni E, Hochkoeppler A. Manganese is a Deinococcus radiodurans growth limiting factor in rich culture medium. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:1266-1275. [PMID: 30052171 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To understand the effects triggered by Mn2+ on Deinococcus radiodurans, the proteome patterns associated with different growth phases were investigated. In particular, under physiological conditions we tested the growth rate and the biomass yield of D. radiodurans cultured in rich medium supplemented or not with MnCl2. The addition of 2.5-5.0 µM MnCl2 to the medium neither altered the growth rate nor the lag phase, but significantly increased the biomass yield. When higher MnCl2 concentrations were used (10-250 µM), biomass was again found to be positively affected, although we did observe a concentration-dependent lag phase increase. The in vivo concentration of Mn2+ was determined in cells grown in rich medium supplemented or not with 5 µM MnCl2. By atomic absorption spectroscopy, we estimated 0.2 and 0.75 mM Mn2+ concentrations in cells grown in control and enriched medium, respectively. We qualitatively confirmed this observation using a fluorescent turn-on sensor designed to selectively detect Mn2+in vivo. Finally, we investigated the proteome composition of cells grown for 15 or 19 h in medium to which 5 µM MnCl2 was added, and we compared these proteomes with those of cells grown in the control medium. The presence of 5 µM MnCl2 in the culture medium was found to alter the pI of some proteins, suggesting that manganese affects post-translational modifications. Further, we observed that Mn2+ represses enzymes linked to nucleotide recycling, and triggers overexpression of proteases and enzymes linked to the metabolism of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borsetti
- 1Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- 2Department of Medicine, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano SA, Italy
| | - Federico D'Alessio
- 3Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stefan
- 3Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.,4CSGI, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy
| | - Renato Brandimarti
- 3Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- 5Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ankona Datta
- 5Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Alejandro Montón Silva
- 6Bacterial Cell Biology and Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanneke den Blaauwen
- 6Bacterial Cell Biology and Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mucchi Alberto
- 7Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toson Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enzo Spisni
- 1Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alejandro Hochkoeppler
- 4CSGI, University of Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy.,3Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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32
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Abstract
Drug transporter proteins are critical to the distribution of a wide range of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics such as hormones, bile acids, peptides, lipids, sugars, and drugs. There are two classes of drug transporters- the solute carrier (SLC) transporters and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters -which predominantly differ in the energy source utilized to transport substrates across a membrane barrier. Despite their hydrophobic nature and residence in the membrane bilayer, drug transporters have dynamic structures and adopt many conformations during the translocation process. Whereas there is significant literature evidence for the substrate specificity and structure-function relationship for clinically relevant drug transporters proteins, there is less of an understanding in the regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the functional expression of these proteins. Post-translational modifications have been shown to modulate drug transporter functional expression via a wide range of molecular mechanisms. These modifications commonly occur through the addition of a functional group (e.g. phosphorylation), a small protein (e.g. ubiquitination), sugar chains (e.g. glycosylation), or lipids (e.g. palmitoylation) on solvent accessible amino acid residues. These covalent additions often occur as a result of a signaling cascade and may be reversible depending on the type of modification and the intended fate of the signaling event. Here, we review the significant role in which post-translational modifications contribute to the dynamic regulation and functional consequences of SLC and ABC drug transporters and highlight recent progress in understanding their roles in transporter structure, function, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Peter W Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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33
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He GR, Lin XK, Wang YB, Chen CD. Dexmedetomidine impairs P‑glycoprotein‑mediated efflux function in L02 cells via the adenosine 5'‑monophosphate‑activated protein kinase/nuclear factor‑κB pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5049-5056. [PMID: 29393492 PMCID: PMC5865967 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) a type of the anaesthetic that has been widely used in anaesthesia and intensive care. However, whether DEX affects the pharmacokinetics of drugs remains elusive. As hepatic P-glycoprotein (P-gp) serves a critical role in the disposition of drugs, the present study aimed to address whether P-gp function could be affected by DEX in vitro. In the present study, L02 cells (a normal human liver cell line) were exposed to DEX for 24 h and P-gp function was evaluated by the intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine 123. The results indicated that P-gp function was significantly impaired by DEX treatment and that the mRNA levels and protein levels of P-gp were downregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Importantly, DEX-induced downregulation of P-gp was associated with adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, as it was significantly attenuated by AMPK inhibition using dorsomorphin. Furthermore, the results revealed that changes in the subcellular localisation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB following AMPK activation were involved in the P-gp regulation in response to DEX treatment. Collectively, these results suggested that DEX impairs P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux function in L02 cells via the AMPK/NF-κB pathway, which provided direct evidence that the hepatic disposition of drugs may be affected by DEX through the downregulation of P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rong He
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Kun Lin
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Biao Wang
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Cong-De Chen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
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Effective treatment of drug resistant recurrent breast tumors harboring cancer stem-like cells by staurosporine/epirubicin co-loaded polymeric micelles. J Control Release 2017; 264:127-135. [PMID: 28842317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer recurrence and resistance are associated with cancer stem-like cell (CSC) sub-populations. As conventional therapies fail to treat CSCs, institution of novel therapeutic strategies capable of eradicating both cancer cells and CSCs is central for achieving effective treatments with long-term survival. Here, we studied the ability of polymeric micelles cooperatively loading the cytotoxic drug epirubicin (Epi) and the CSC inhibitor staurosporine (STS) to treat breast tumors, particularly when tumors relapsed after chemotherapy. The STS/Epi-loaded micelles (STS/Epi/m) demonstrated potent therapeutic efficacy against both naïve orthotopic 4T1-luc breast tumors and their recurrent Epi-resistant counterparts, significantly prolonging survival. This efficacy enhancement of STS/Epi/m was correlated with the ability of the micelles to suppress the CSC-associated sub-populations of breast cancer, i.e. the aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive (ALDH+) population and the CD44+/CD24- fraction, in Epi-resistant cells and tumors. These results demonstrated STS/Epi/m as a promising strategy for effective management of breast cancer.
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