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Sarkar SK, Willson AML, Jordan MA. The Plasticity of Immune Cell Response Complicates Dissecting the Underlying Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5383099. [PMID: 38213874 PMCID: PMC10783990 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5383099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath of the neuronal axon in the central nervous system. Many risk factors, including environmental, epigenetic, genetic, and lifestyle factors, are responsible for the development of MS. It has long been thought that only adaptive immune cells, especially autoreactive T cells, are responsible for the pathophysiology; however, recent evidence has indicated that innate immune cells are also highly involved in disease initiation and progression. Here, we compile the available data regarding the role immune cells play in MS, drawn from both human and animal research. While T and B lymphocytes, chiefly enhance MS pathology, regulatory T cells (Tregs) may serve a more protective role, as can B cells, depending on context and location. Cells chiefly involved in innate immunity, including macrophages, microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, play varied roles. In addition, there is evidence regarding the involvement of innate-like immune cells, such as γδ T cells, NKT cells, MAIT cells, and innate-like B cells as crucial contributors to MS pathophysiology. It is unclear which of these cell subsets are involved in the onset or progression of disease or in protective mechanisms due to their plastic nature, which can change their properties and functions depending on microenvironmental exposure and the response of neural networks in damage control. This highlights the need for a multipronged approach, combining stringently designed clinical data with carefully controlled in vitro and in vivo research findings, to identify the underlying mechanisms so that more effective therapeutics can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annie M. L. Willson
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Jordan
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Associations of serum short-chain fatty acids with circulating immune cells and serum biomarkers in patients with multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5244. [PMID: 33664396 PMCID: PMC7933417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered composition of gut bacteria and changes to the production of their bioactive metabolites, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been implicated in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the immunomodulatory actions of SCFAs and intermediaries in their ability to influence MS pathogenesis are uncertain. In this study, levels of serum SCFAs were correlated with immune cell abundance and phenotype as well as with other relevant serum factors in blood samples taken at first presentation of Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS; an early form of MS) or MS and compared to healthy controls. There was a small but significant reduction in propionate levels in the serum of patients with CIS or MS compared with healthy controls. The frequencies of circulating T follicular regulatory cells and T follicular helper cells were significantly positively correlated with serum levels of propionate. Levels of butyrate associated positively with frequencies of IL-10-producing B-cells and negatively with frequencies of class-switched memory B-cells. TNF production by polyclonally-activated B-cells correlated negatively with acetate levels. Levels of serum SCFAs associated with changes in circulating immune cells and biomarkers implicated in the development of MS.
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Trend S, Leffler J, Cooper MN, Byrne SN, Kermode AG, French MA, Hart PH. Narrowband UVB phototherapy reduces TNF production by B-cell subsets stimulated via TLR7 from individuals with early multiple sclerosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1197. [PMID: 33088505 PMCID: PMC7561518 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives At the end of a 60‐day course of narrowband UVB phototherapy, administered to individuals with early multiple sclerosis, there were changes in the relative proportions of circulating B‐cell subsets. This study investigated phototherapy‐associated changes to cytokine responses of B cells when exposed to a TLR7 ligand. Methods PBMCs from participants of the PhoCIS (Phototherapy for Clinically Isolated Syndrome) trial taken before (day 1) and after phototherapy for 8 weeks (day 60) were incubated with, or without, the TLR7 ligand, R848, for 18 h. Production of TNF and IL‐10 in seven B‐cell subsets was examined, with cytokine responses in each individual at day 60, adjusted for responses at day 1. Paired PBMCs were from participants administered phototherapy (n = 7) or controls (n = 6). Results At day 60, significantly fewer B cells, particularly marginal zone‐like B cells (CD27+/IgD+), from participants administered phototherapy produced TNF in response to TLR7 stimulation. When responses by seven B‐cell subsets were analysed together using multivariate methods, a phototherapy‐specific signature was observed. An increased responsiveness from day 1 to day 60 in IgM‐only memory B cells (CD27+/IgD−/IgM+) after TLR7 stimulation also predicted slower progression from CIS to MS. Phototherapy was without significant effect on B‐cell IL‐10 production. Conclusions Reduced TNF responses after TLR7 stimulation in marginal zone‐like B cells from participants administered phototherapy suggested treatment‐associated priming effects that were detected upon subsequent polyclonal B‐cell activation. Changes in responsiveness to TLR7 stimulation also suggested that IgM‐only memory B cells may be important in conversion from CIS to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Matthew N Cooper
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- UWA Medical School and School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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Ferrara G, Benzi A, Sturla L, Marubbi D, Frumento D, Spinelli S, Abbotto E, Ivaldi F, von Holtey M, Murone M, Nencioni A, Uccelli A, Bruzzone S. Sirt6 inhibition delays the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing dendritic cell migration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:228. [PMID: 32736564 PMCID: PMC7393881 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease characterized by multifocal perivascular infiltrates of immune cells. Although EAE is predominantly considered a T helper 1-driven autoimmune disease, mounting evidence suggests that activated dendritic cells (DC), which are the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, also contribute to its pathogenesis. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a NAD+-dependent deacetylase involved in genome maintenance and in metabolic homeostasis, regulates DC activation, and its pharmacological inhibition could, therefore, play a role in EAE development. Methods EAE was induced in female C57bl/6 mice by MOG35-55 injection. The effect of treatment with a small compound SIRT6 inhibitor, administered according to therapeutic and preventive protocols, was assessed by evaluating the clinical EAE score. SIRT6 inhibition was confirmed by Western blot analysis by assessing the acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9, a known SIRT6 substrate. The expression of DC activation and migration markers was evaluated by FACS in mouse lymph nodes. In addition, the expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord were assessed by qPCR. T cell infiltration in spinal cords was evaluated by immunofluorescence imaging. The effect of Sirt6 inhibition on the migration of resting and activated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was investigated in in vitro chemotaxis assays. Results Preventive pharmacological Sirt6 inhibition effectively delayed EAE disease onset through a novel regulatory mechanism, i.e., by reducing the representation of CXCR4-positive and of CXCR4/CCR7-double-positive DC in lymph nodes. The delay in EAE onset correlated with the early downregulation in the expression of CD40 on activated lymph node DC, with increased level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and with a reduced encephalitogenic T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. Consistent with the in vivo data, in vitro pharmacological Sirt6 inhibition in LPS-stimulated, bone marrow-derived DC reduced CCL19/CCL21- and SDF-1-induced DC migration. Conclusions Our findings indicate the ability of Sirt6 inhibition to impair DC migration, to downregulate pathogenic T cell inflammatory responses and to delay EAE onset. Therefore, Sirt6 might represent a valuable target for developing novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of early stages of MS, or of other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrara
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Frumento
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Spinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Abbotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Ivaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Nencioni
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Short-term changes in frequencies of circulating leukocytes associated with narrowband UVB phototherapy in people with clinically isolated syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7980. [PMID: 31138860 PMCID: PMC6538725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is the earliest clinical episode in multiple sclerosis (MS). Low environmental exposure to UV radiation is implicated in risk of developing MS, and therefore, narrowband UVB phototherapy might delay progression to MS in people with CIS. Twenty individuals with CIS were recruited, and half were randomised to receive 24 sessions of narrowband UVB phototherapy over a period of 8 weeks. Here, the effects of narrowband UVB phototherapy on the frequencies of circulating immune cells and immunoglobulin levels after phototherapy are reported. Peripheral blood samples for all participants were collected at baseline, and 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months after enrolment. An extensive panel of leukocyte populations, including subsets of T cells, B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells were examined in phototherapy-treated and control participants, and immunoglobulin levels measured in serum. There were significant short-term increases in the frequency of naïve B cells, intermediate monocytes, and fraction III FoxP3+ T regulatory cells, and decreases in switched memory B cells and classical monocytes in phototherapy-treated individuals. Since B cells are increasingly targeted by MS therapies, the effects of narrowband UVB phototherapy in people with MS should be investigated further.
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Cha L, Jones AP, Trend S, Byrne SN, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Carroll WM, Lucas RM, Cole JM, Booth DR, Kermode AG, Hart PH. Tryptophan and arginine catabolic enzymes and regulatory cytokines in clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1037. [PMID: 30128151 PMCID: PMC6095938 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is the earliest clinical episode in multiple sclerosis (MS). A study of circulating cells from patients with CIS may help us understand the transition to, and processes associated with, the development of MS. Methods As immune cell activity can be determined by flux through metabolic pathways, the mRNA expression of l‐tryptophan‐ and l‐arginine‐catabolising enzymes, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) 1 and IDO2 and arginase (ARG) 1 and ARG2, respectively, was compared between peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls, and patients with CIS and definite MS. As one measure of cell function, cytokine mRNA levels were analysed directly ex vivo and in cells after culture for 4 h in the absence of regulatory factors in autologous serum. Results When measured directly ex vivo, the expression of IDO and ARG was greater in cells from patients with CIS and MS than cells from healthy controls. Although not linked to IDO and ARG expression, PBMCs from the CIS patients were characterised by low IL‐10 and TGFB mRNA levels and not by greater expression of proinflammatory cytokines. When the cells were cultured for 4 h without autologous serum, pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels positively correlated with IDO1 expression, and TGFB mRNA levels correlated with ARG1 expression. Conclusion Higher IDO and ARG expression in CIS and MS provides one sustained homeostatic mechanism to control MS‐associated inflammation. However, potent extrinsic mediators in serum may regulate immune cell function in CIS and associations between IDO, ARG and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cha
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Anderson P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Westmead Institute for Medical Research University of Sydney Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Marzena J Fabis-Pedrini
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Research School of Population Health Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | | | - David R Booth
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Westmead Institute for Medical Research University of Sydney Westmead NSW Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease Murdoch University Perth WA Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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Trend S, Jones AP, Cha L, Byrne SN, Geldenhuys S, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Carroll WM, Cole JM, Booth DR, Lucas RM, Kermode AG, French MA, Hart PH. Higher Serum Immunoglobulin G3 Levels May Predict the Development of Multiple Sclerosis in Individuals With Clinically Isolated Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1590. [PMID: 30057580 PMCID: PMC6053531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a first episode of neurological symptoms that may precede a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, studying individuals with CIS may lead to breakthroughs in understanding the development and pathogenesis of MS. In this study, serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, and IgG1–4 were measured in 20 people with CIS and compared with those in 10 healthy controls (HC) and 8 people with MS. Serum Ig levels in individuals with CIS were compared with (a) the time to their conversion from CIS to MS, (b) serum levels of antibodies to Epstein–Barr virus, (c) frequencies of T regulatory (Treg), T follicular regulatory (Tfr), and B cell subsets, and (d) Treg/Tfr expression of Helios. Serum IgG, IgM, and IgG2 levels were significantly lower in people with CIS than HC, and IgG, IgM, and IgG1 levels were significantly lower in people with CIS than MS. After adjusting for age, sex, and serum 25(OH) vitamin D3 [25(OH)D] levels, CIS was associated with lower serum levels of IgG and IgG2 compared with HC (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). People with MS had lower IgG2 levels (p < 0.001) and IgG2 proportions (%IgG; p = 0.007) compared with HC. After adjusting for age, sex, and 25(OH)D, these outcomes remained, in addition to lower serum IgA levels (p = 0.01) and increased IgG3 levels (p = 0.053) in people with MS compared with HC. Furthermore, serum from people with MS had increased proportions of IgG1 and IgG3 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively), decreased proportions of IgG2 (p = 0.007), and greater ratios of “upstream” to “downstream” IgG subclasses (p = 0.001) compared with HC. Serum IgG3 proportions (%IgG) from people with CIS correlated with the frequency of plasmablasts in peripheral blood (p = 0.02). Expression of Helios by Treg and Tfr cell subsets from individuals with CIS correlated with levels of serum IgG2 and IgG4. IgG3 levels and proportions of IgG3 (%IgG) in serum at CIS diagnosis were inversely correlated with the time until conversion to MS (p = 0.018 and p < 0.001, respectively), suggesting they may be useful prognostic markers of individuals with CIS who rapidly convert to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anderson P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lilian Cha
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Sydney Medical School, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marzena J Fabis-Pedrini
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Judith M Cole
- St John of God Dermatology Clinic, St John of God Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David R Booth
- Sydney Medical School, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- UWA Medical School and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Advances in Multiple Sclerosis 2017. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030901. [PMID: 29562661 PMCID: PMC5877762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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