1
|
Zhou X, Zhu C, Li H. BK polyomavirus: latency, reactivation, diseases and tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1263983. [PMID: 37771695 PMCID: PMC10525381 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1263983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the first human polyomavirus BK (BKV) has been over half century, The previous epidemiological and phylogenetic studies suggest that BKV prevailed and co-evolved with humans, leading to high seroprevalence all over the world. In general, BKV stays latent and symptomless reactivation in healthy individuals. BKV has been mainly interlinked with BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) in kidney-transplant recipients and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCTRs). However, the mechanisms underlying BKV latency and reactivation are not fully understood and lack of extensive debate. As Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) was identified as a pathogenic agent of malignant cutaneous cancer Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) since 2008, linking BKV to tumorigenesis of urologic tumors raised concerns in the scientific community. In this review, we mainly focus on advances of mechanisms of BKV latency and reactivation, and BKV-associated diseases or tumorigenesis with systematical review of formerly published papers following the PRISMA guidelines. The potential tumorigenesis of BKV in two major types of cancers, head and neck cancer and urologic cancer, was systematically updated and discussed in depth. Besides, BKV may also play an infectious role contributing to HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIVSGD) presentation. As more evidence indicates the key role of BKV in potential tumorigenesis, it is important to pay more attention on its etiology and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Translational Cancer Technology, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunlong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Procario MC, Sexton JZ, Halligan BS, Imperiale MJ. Single-Cell, High-Content Microscopy Analysis of BK Polyomavirus Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0087323. [PMID: 37154756 PMCID: PMC10269497 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00873-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
By adulthood, the majority of the population is persistently infected with BK polyomavirus (BKPyV). Only a subset of the population, generally transplant recipients on immunosuppressive drugs, will experience disease from BKPyV, but those who do have few treatment options and, frequently, poor outcomes, because to date there are no effective antivirals to treat or approved vaccines to prevent BKPyV. Most studies of BKPyV have been performed on bulk populations of cells, and the dynamics of infection at single-cell resolution have not been explored. As a result, much of our knowledge is based upon the assumption that all cells within a greater population are behaving the same way with respect to infection. The present study examines BKPyV infection on a single-cell level using high-content microscopy to measure and analyze the viral protein large T antigen (TAg), promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), DNA, and nuclear morphological features. We observed significant heterogeneity among infected cells, within and across time points. We found that the levels of TAg within individual cells did not necessarily increase with time and that cells with the same TAg levels varied in other ways. Overall, high-content, single-cell microscopy is a novel approach to studying BKPyV that enables experimental insight into the heterogenous nature of the infection. IMPORTANCE BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a human pathogen that infects nearly everyone by adulthood and persists throughout a person's life. Only people with significant immune suppression develop disease from the virus, however. Until recently the only practical means of studying many viral infections was to infect a group of cells in the laboratory and measure the outcomes in that group. However, interpreting these bulk population experiments requires the assumption that infection influences all cells within a group similarly. This assumption has not held for multiple viruses tested so far. Our study establishes a novel single-cell microscopy assay for BKPyV infection. Using this assay, we discovered differences among individual infected cells that have not been apparent in bulk population studies. The knowledge gained in this study and the potential for future use demonstrate the power of this assay as a tool for understanding the biology of BKPyV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Procario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Halligan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J. Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yaghobi R, Afshari A, Roozbeh J. Host and viral
RNA
dysregulation during
BK
polyomavirus
infection in kidney transplant recipients. WIRES RNA 2022:e1769. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro‐Urology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro‐Urology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
BK Virus Infection and BK-Virus-Associated Nephropathy in Renal Transplant Recipients. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071290. [PMID: 35886073 PMCID: PMC9323957 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliomavirus BK virus (BKV) is highly infective, causing asymptomatic infections during childhood. After the initial infection, a stable state of latent infection is recognized in kidney tubular cells and the uroepithelium with negligible clinical consequences. BKV is an important risk factor for BKV-associated diseases, and, in particular, for BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVN) in renal transplanted recipients (RTRs). BKVN affects up to 10% of renal transplanted recipients, and results in graft loss in up to 50% of those affected. Unfortunately, treatments for BK virus infection are restricted, and there is no efficient prophylaxis. In addition, consequent immunosuppressive therapy reduction contributes to immune rejection. Increasing surveillance and early diagnosis based upon easy and rapid analyses are resulting in more beneficial outcomes. In this report, the current status and perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of BKV in RTRs are reviewed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Baker SC, Mason AS, Slip RG, Skinner KT, Macdonald A, Masood O, Harris RS, Fenton TR, Periyasamy M, Ali S, Southgate J. Induction of APOBEC3-mediated genomic damage in urothelium implicates BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) as a hit-and-run driver for bladder cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:2139-2151. [PMID: 35194151 PMCID: PMC8862006 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited understanding of bladder cancer aetiopathology hampers progress in reducing incidence. Mutational signatures show the anti-viral apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) enzymes are responsible for the preponderance of mutations in bladder tumour genomes, but no causative viral agent has been identified. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a common childhood infection that remains latent in the adult kidney, where reactivation leads to viruria. This study provides missing mechanistic evidence linking reactivated BKPyV-infection to bladder cancer risk. We used a mitotically-quiescent, functionally-differentiated model of normal human urothelium to examine BKPyV-infection. BKPyV-infection led to significantly elevated APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B protein, increased deaminase activity and greater numbers of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in the host urothelial genome. BKPyV Large T antigen (LT-Ag) stimulated re-entry from G0 into the cell cycle through inhibition of retinoblastoma protein and activation of EZH2, E2F1 and FOXM1, with cells arresting in G2. The single-stranded DNA displacement loops formed in urothelial cells during BKPyV-infection interacted with LT-Ag to provide a substrate for APOBEC3-activity. Addition of interferon gamma (IFNγ) to infected urothelium suppressed expression of the viral genome. These results support reactivated BKPyV infections in adults as a risk factor for bladder cancer in immune-insufficient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Baker
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Andrew S Mason
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Raphael G Slip
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Katie T Skinner
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Omar Masood
- Leeds Kidney Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Reuben S Harris
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tim R Fenton
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Manikandan Periyasamy
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Disease Intervention Technology Laboratory (DITL), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 8A Biomedical Grove, Neuros/Immunos, #06-04/05, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horníková L, Bruštíková K, Huérfano S, Forstová J. Nuclear Cytoskeleton in Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010578. [PMID: 35009004 PMCID: PMC8745530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is the main component of the nuclear cytoskeleton that maintains the integrity of the nucleus. However, it represents a natural barrier for viruses replicating in the cell nucleus. The lamina blocks viruses from being trafficked to the nucleus for replication, but it also impedes the nuclear egress of the progeny of viral particles. Thus, viruses have evolved mechanisms to overcome this obstacle. Large viruses induce the assembly of multiprotein complexes that are anchored to the inner nuclear membrane. Important components of these complexes are the viral and cellular kinases phosphorylating the lamina and promoting its disaggregation, therefore allowing virus egress. Small viruses also use cellular kinases to induce lamina phosphorylation and the subsequent disruption in order to facilitate the import of viral particles during the early stages of infection or during their nuclear egress. Another component of the nuclear cytoskeleton, nuclear actin, is exploited by viruses for the intranuclear movement of their particles from the replication sites to the nuclear periphery. This study focuses on exploitation of the nuclear cytoskeleton by viruses, although this is just the beginning for many viruses, and promises to reveal the mechanisms and dynamic of physiological and pathological processes in the nucleus.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pfitzner S, Bosse JB, Hofmann-Sieber H, Flomm F, Reimer R, Dobner T, Grünewald K, Franken LE. Human Adenovirus Type 5 Infection Leads to Nuclear Envelope Destabilization and Membrane Permeability Independently of Adenovirus Death Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13034. [PMID: 34884837 PMCID: PMC8657697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5) infects epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The virus causes lysis of infected cells and thus enables spread of progeny virions to neighboring cells for the next round of infection. The mechanism of adenovirus virion egress across the nuclear barrier is not known. The human adenovirus death protein (ADP) facilitates the release of virions from infected cells and has been hypothesized to cause membrane damage. Here, we set out to answer whether ADP does indeed increase nuclear membrane damage. We analyzed the nuclear envelope morphology using a combination of fluorescence and state-of-the-art electron microscopy techniques, including serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and electron cryo-tomography of focused ion beam-milled cells. We report multiple destabilization phenotypes of the nuclear envelope in HAdV5 infection. These include reduction of lamin A/C at the nuclear envelope, large-scale membrane invaginations, alterations in double membrane separation distance and small-scale membrane protrusions. Additionally, we measured increased nuclear membrane permeability and detected nuclear envelope lesions under cryoconditions. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to previous hypotheses, ADP did not have an effect on lamin A/C reduction or nuclear permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Pfitzner
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Felix Flomm
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda E. Franken
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gargan S, Stevenson NJ. Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34834972 PMCID: PMC8618147 DOI: 10.3390/v13112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Manama 15503, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kerviel A, Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N. A New Infectious Unit: Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Virus Populations. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:171-197. [PMID: 34270326 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-040621-032416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral egress and transmission have long been described to take place through single free virus particles. However, viruses can also shed into the environment and transmit as populations clustered inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process we had first called vesicle-mediated en bloc transmission. These membrane-cloaked virus clusters can originate from a variety of cellular organelles including autophagosomes, plasma membrane, and multivesicular bodies. Their viral cargo can be multiples of nonenveloped or enveloped virus particles or even naked infectious genomes, but egress is always nonlytic, with the cell remaining intact. Here we put forth the thesis that EV-cloaked viral clusters are a distinct form of infectious unit as compared to free single viruses (nonenveloped or enveloped) or even free virus aggregates. We discuss how efficient and prevalent these infectious EVs are in the context of virus-associated diseases and highlight the importance of their proper detection and disinfection for public health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Kerviel
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohammadi MH, Kariminik A. CC and CXC chemokines play key roles in the development of polyomaviruses related pathological conditions. Virol J 2021; 18:111. [PMID: 34082771 PMCID: PMC8173740 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that polyomaviruses are the microbes which can be a cause of several human pathological conditions including cancers, nephropathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and gynaecological disease. Although investigators proposed some mechanisms used by the viruses to induce the disorders, the roles played by chemokines in the pathogenesis of polyomaviruses infections are yet to be clarified. This review article investigated recent studies regarding the roles played by chemokines in the pathogenesis of the polyomaviruses infections. The research in the literature revealed that CXC chemokines, including CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12 and CXCL16, significantly participate in the pathogenesis of polyomaviruses. CC chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL5 and CCL20 also participate in the induction of the pathological conditions. Therefore, it appears that CXC chemokines may be considered as the strategic factors involved in the pathogenesis of polyomaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf Kariminik
- Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu Z, Graf FE, Hirsch HH. Antivirals against human polyomaviruses: Leaving no stone unturned. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2220. [PMID: 33729628 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) encompass more than 10 species infecting 30%-90% of the human population without significant illness. Proven HPyV diseases with documented histopathology affect primarily immunocompromised hosts with manifestations in brain, skin and renourinary tract such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (PyVHC), polyomavirus-associated urothelial cancer (PyVUC), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) and pruritic hyperproliferative keratinopathy. Although virus-specific immune control is the eventual goal of therapy and lasting cure, antiviral treatments are urgently needed in order to reduce or prevent HPyV diseases and thereby bridging the time needed to establish virus-specific immunity. However, the small dsDNA genome of only 5 kb of the non-enveloped HPyVs only encodes 5-7 viral proteins. Thus, HPyV replication relies heavily on host cell factors, thereby limiting both, number and type of specific virus-encoded antiviral targets. Lack of cost-effective high-throughput screening systems and relevant small animal models complicates the preclinical development. Current clinical studies are limited by small case numbers, poorly efficacious compounds and absence of proper randomized trial design. Here, we review preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated small molecules with presumed antiviral activity against HPyVs and provide an outlook regarding potential new antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongsong Wu
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Control of Archetype BK Polyomavirus MicroRNA Expression. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01589-20. [PMID: 33115878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01589-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, with over 80% of adults worldwide being persistently infected. BKPyV infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy people; however, it causes polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplant patients and hemorrhagic cystitis in bone marrow transplant patients. BKPyV has a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is divided genetically into three parts: an early region, a late region, and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The NCCR contains the viral DNA replication origin and cis-acting elements regulating viral early and late gene expression. It was previously shown that a BKPyV microRNA (miRNA) expressed from the late strand regulates viral large-T-antigen expression and limits the replication capacity of archetype BKPyV. A major unanswered question in the field is how expression of the viral miRNA is regulated. Typically, miRNA is expressed from introns in cellular genes, but there is no intron readily apparent in BKPyV from which the miRNA could derive. Here, we provide evidence for primary RNA transcripts that circle the genome more than once and include the NCCR. We identified splice junctions resulting from splicing of primary transcripts circling the genome more than once, and Sanger sequencing of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) products indicates that there are viral transcripts that circle the genome up to four times. Our data suggest that the miRNA is expressed from an intron spliced out of these greater-than-genome-size primary transcripts.IMPORTANCE The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) miRNA plays an important role in regulating viral large-T-antigen expression and limiting the replication of archetype BKPyV, suggesting that the miRNA regulates BKPyV persistence. However, how miRNA expression is regulated is poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that the miRNA is expressed from an intron that is generated by RNA polymerase II transcribing the circular viral genome more than once. We identified splice junctions that could be generated only from primary transcripts that contain tandemly repeated copies of the viral genome. The results indicate another way in which viruses optimize expression of their genes using limited coding capacity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Intercellular Transmission of Naked Viruses through Extracellular Vesicles: Focus on Polyomaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101086. [PMID: 32993049 PMCID: PMC7599864 DOI: 10.3390/v12101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have recently emerged as a novel mode of viral transmission exploited by naked viruses to exit host cells through a nonlytic pathway. Extracellular vesicles can allow multiple viral particles to collectively traffic in and out of cells, thus enhancing the viral fitness and diversifying the transmission routes while evading the immune system. This has been shown for several RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae, Hepeviridae, Reoviridae, and Caliciviridae families; however, recent studies also demonstrated that the BK and JC viruses, two DNA viruses that belong to the Polyomaviridae family, use a similar strategy. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms used by naked viruses to hijack extracellular vesicles, and we discuss the implications for the biology of polyomaviruses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Structural and Mechanical Aberrations of the Nuclear Lamina in Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081884. [PMID: 32796718 PMCID: PMC7464082 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamins are the major components of the nuclear lamina in the nuclear envelope. Lamins are involved in numerous functions, including a role in providing structural support to the cell and the mechanosensing of the cell. Mutations in the genes encoding for lamins lead to the rare diseases termed laminopathies. However, not only laminopathies show alterations in the nuclear lamina. Deregulation of lamin expression is reported in multiple cancers and several viral infections lead to a disrupted nuclear lamina. The structural and mechanical effects of alterations in the nuclear lamina can partly explain the phenotypes seen in disease, such as muscular weakness in certain laminopathies and transmigration of cancer cells. However, a lot of answers to questions about the relation between changes in the nuclear lamina and disease development remain elusive. Here, we review the current understandings of the contribution of the nuclear lamina in the structural support and mechanosensing of healthy and diseased cells.
Collapse
|
15
|
Manzetti J, Weissbach FH, Graf FE, Unterstab G, Wernli M, Hopfer H, Drachenberg CB, Rinaldo CH, Hirsch HH. BK Polyomavirus Evades Innate Immune Sensing by Disrupting the Mitochondrial Network and Promotes Mitophagy. iScience 2020; 23:101257. [PMID: 32599557 PMCID: PMC7326741 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune escape contributes to viral persistence, yet little is known about human polyomaviruses. BK-polyomavirus (BKPyV) asymptomatically infects 90% of humans but causes premature allograft failure in kidney transplant patients. Despite virus-specific T cells and neutralizing antibodies, BKPyV persists in kidneys and evades immune control as evidenced by urinary shedding in immunocompetent individuals. Here, we report that BKPyV disrupts the mitochondrial network and membrane potential when expressing the 66aa-long agnoprotein during late replication. Agnoprotein is necessary and sufficient, using its amino-terminal and central domain for mitochondrial targeting and network disruption, respectively. Agnoprotein impairs nuclear IRF3-translocation, interferon-beta expression, and promotes p62/SQSTM1-mitophagy. Agnoprotein-mutant viruses unable to disrupt mitochondria show reduced replication and increased interferon-beta expression but can be rescued by type-I interferon blockade, TBK1-inhibition, or CoCl2-treatment. Mitochondrial fragmentation and p62/SQSTM1-autophagy occur in allograft biopsies of kidney transplant patients with BKPyV nephropathy. JCPyV and SV40 infection similarly disrupt mitochondrial networks, indicating a conserved mechanism facilitating polyomavirus persistence and post-transplant disease. BK polyomavirus agnoprotein disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential and network Agnoprotein impairs nucleus IRF3 translocation and interferon-β expression Agnoprotein facilitates innate immune evasion during the late viral replication phase Damaged mitochondria are targeted for p62/SQSTM1 autophagy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Manzetti
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian H Weissbach
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gunhild Unterstab
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marion Wernli
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Hopfer
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Departments of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine Hanssen Rinaldo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Panou MM, Antoni M, Morgan EL, Loundras EA, Wasson CW, Welberry-Smith M, Mankouri J, Macdonald A. Glibenclamide inhibits BK polyomavirus infection in kidney cells through CFTR blockade. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104778. [PMID: 32229236 PMCID: PMC7322401 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a ubiquitous pathogen in the human population that is asymptomatic in healthy individuals, but can be life-threatening in those undergoing kidney transplant. To-date, no vaccines or anti-viral therapies are available to treat human BKPyV infections. New therapeutic strategies are urgently required. In this study, using a rational pharmacological screening regimen of known ion channel modulating compounds, we show that BKPyV requires cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity to infect primary renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Disrupting CFTR function through treatment with the clinically available drug glibenclamide, the CFTR inhibitor CFTR172, or CFTR-silencing, all reduced BKPyV infection. Specifically, time of addition assays and the assessment of the exposure of VP2/VP3 minor capsid proteins indicated a role for CFTR during BKPyV transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, an essential step during the early stages of BKPyV infection. We thus establish CFTR as an important host-factor in the BKPyV life cycle and reveal CFTR modulators as potential anti-BKPyV therapies. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is life-threatening in those undergoing kidney transplant. BKPyV requires CFTR to infect primary kidney cells. Disrupting CFTR function pharmacologically reduces BKPyV infection. CFTR is required during BKPyV transport to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita-Maria Panou
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Antoni
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ethan L Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni-Anna Loundras
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W Wasson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hussain I, Tasneem F, Gilani US, Arshad MI, Farhan Ul Haque M, Abbas Z, Umer M, Shahzad N. Human BK and JC polyomaviruses: Molecular insights and prevalence in Asia. Virus Res 2020; 278:197860. [PMID: 31911182 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviridae family consists of small circular dsDNA viruses. Out of the 14 human polyomaviruses described so far, BKPyV and JCPyV have been studied extensively since their discovery in 1971. Reportedly, both BKPyV and JCPyV are widely distributed across the globe with the frequency of 80-90 % in different populations. The primary infection of these viruses is usually asymptomatic and latent which is activated as a consequence of immunosuppression. Activated BKPyV and JCPyV viruses lead to the development of BK Virus Associated Nephropathy and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Immense progress has been made during the last few decades regarding the molecular understanding of polyomaviruses. Epidemiology of polyomaviruses has also been studied extensively. However, most of the epidemiological studies have focused on European and American populations. Therefore, limited data is available regarding the geographical distribution of these potentially oncogenic viruses in Asian countries. In this article, we have presented a compendium of latest advances in the molecular understanding of polyomaviruses and their pathobiology. We also present a comprehensive review of published literature regarding the epidemiology and prevalence of BKPyV and JCPyV in Asian regions. For this purpose, a thorough search of available online resources was performed. As a result, we retrieved 24 studies for BKPyV and 22 studies for JCPyV, that describe their prevalence in Asia. These studies unanimously report high occurrence of both BKPyV and JCPyV in Asian populations. The available data from these studies was categorized into two groups: on the basis of prevalence (low, medium and high) and disease development (healthy and diseased). Altogether, Korean population hasbeen evidenced to possess highest frequency of BKPyV (66.7 %), while JCPyV was found to be most prevalent in Taiwan (88 %). Due to high and ubiquitous distribution of these viruses, frequent studies are required to develop a better understanding regarding the epidemiology and pathobiology of these viruses in Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Hussain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeda Tasneem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Usman Shah Gilani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Zaigham Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Umer
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Naveed Shahzad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Temporal Proteomic Analysis of BK Polyomavirus Infection Reveals Virus-Induced G 2 Arrest and Highly Effective Evasion of Innate Immune Sensing. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00595-19. [PMID: 31142673 PMCID: PMC6675895 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00595-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a small DNA virus that establishes a life-long persistent infection in the urinary tract of most people. BKPyV is known to cause severe morbidity in renal transplant recipients and can lead to graft rejection. The simple 5.2-kbp double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome expresses just seven known proteins; thus, it relies heavily on the host machinery to replicate. How the host proteome changes over the course of infection is key to understanding this host-virus interplay. Here, for the first time quantitative temporal viromics has been used to quantify global changes in >9,000 host proteins in two types of primary human epithelial cells throughout 72 h of BKPyV infection. These data demonstrate the importance of cell cycle progression and pseudo-G2 arrest in effective BKPyV replication, along with a surprising lack of an innate immune response throughout the whole virus replication cycle. BKPyV thus evades pathogen recognition to prevent activation of innate immune responses in a sophisticated manner.IMPORTANCE BK polyomavirus can cause serious problems in immune-suppressed patients, in particular, kidney transplant recipients who can develop polyomavirus-associated kidney disease. In this work, we have used advanced proteomics techniques to determine the changes to protein expression caused by infection of two independent primary cell types of the human urinary tract (kidney and bladder) throughout the replication cycle of this virus. Our findings have uncovered new details of a specific form of cell cycle arrest caused by this virus, and, importantly, we have identified that this virus has a remarkable ability to evade detection by host cell defense systems. In addition, our data provide an important resource for the future study of kidney epithelial cells and their infection by urinary tract pathogens.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bugnon Valdano M, Pim D, Banks L. Choosing the right path: membrane trafficking and infectious entry of small DNA tumor viruses. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:112-120. [PMID: 31128386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To infect mammalian cells, all infectious viruses must cross a common set of biophysical membrane barriers to gain access to the cell. The virus capsid proteins attach to a host cell, become endocytosed, and traffic the viral genome to sites of replication. To do this they must interact with the membrane-confined organelles that control endocytosis, endosomal sorting, processing, and degradation of biological molecules. In this review, we highlight some recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that small non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses, such as Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Polyomaviruses (PyV) employ to attain infectious entry. These viruses exploit different pathways to mediate entry, uncoating and subsequent transport to the nucleus via the Trans Golgi Network (TGN) or the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Understanding how the viral capsid proteins interact with cellular membranous organelles sheds light on the novel ways by which viruses can hi-jack endocytic transport pathways and provides unique insights into how the highly complex machinery controlling cargo fate determination is regulated within the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bugnon Valdano
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano-99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - David Pim
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano-99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano-99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chong S, Antoni M, Macdonald A, Reeves M, Harber M, Magee CN. BK virus: Current understanding of pathogenicity and clinical disease in transplantation. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2044. [PMID: 30958614 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) is an important cause of graft loss in renal transplant recipients that continues to pose a significant challenge to clinicians due to its frequently unpredictable onset, persistence, and the lack of effective antiviral agents or prevention strategies. This review covers our current understanding of epidemiology, viral transmission and disease progression, and treatment and prevention strategies that have been used to manage this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chong
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Antoni
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, London, UK
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, London, UK
| | - Matthew Reeves
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Harber
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ciara N Magee
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saribas AS, Coric P, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Expression of novel proteins by polyomaviruses and recent advances in the structural and functional features of agnoprotein of JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8295-8315. [PMID: 30390301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus family consists of a highly diverse group of small DNA viruses. The founding family member (MPyV) was first discovered in the newborn mouse in the late 1950s, which induces solid tumors in a wide variety of tissue types that are the epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Later, other family members were also isolated from a number of mammalian, avian and fish species. Some of these viruses significantly contributed to our current understanding of the fundamentals of modern biology such as transcription, replication, splicing, RNA editing, and cell transformation. After the discovery of first two human polyomaviruses (JC virus [JCV] and BK virus [BKV]) in the early 1970s, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of human polyomaviruses in recent years due to the availability of the new technologies and brought the present number to 14. Some of the human polyomaviruses cause considerably serious human diseases, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trichodysplasia spinulosa. Emerging evidence suggests that the expression of the polyomavirus genome is more complex than previously thought. In addition to encoding universally expressed regulatory and structural proteins (LT-Ag, Sm t-Ag, VP1, VP2, and VP3), some polyomaviruses express additional virus-specific regulatory proteins and microRNAs. This review summarizes the recent advances in polyomavirus genome expression with respect to the new viral proteins and microRNAs other than the universally expressed ones. In addition, a special emphasis is devoted to the recent structural and functional discoveries in the field of polyomavirus agnoprotein which is expressed only by JCV, BKV, and simian virus 40 genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moens U. Human Polyomaviruses and Papillomaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082360. [PMID: 30103449 PMCID: PMC6122080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Artic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|