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Lawler T, Walts ZL, Giurini L, Steinwandel M, Lipworth L, Murff HJ, Zheng W, Warren Andersen S. Metformin's role in lowering colorectal cancer risk among individuals with diabetes from the Southern Community Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol 2024; 90:102566. [PMID: 38518387 PMCID: PMC11108092 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2024.102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin, utilized to manage hyperglycemia, has been linked to a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) among individuals with diabetes. However, evidence is lacking for non-Hispanic Black individuals and those with lower socioeconomic status (SES), who face elevated risk for both diabetes and CRC. In this study, we investigated the association between metformin use and incident CRC risk within the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), a racially- and SES-diverse prospective cohort. METHODS Participants reported their diabetes diagnosis and medications, including metformin, upon enrollment (2002-2009) and during follow-up surveys approximately every five years. Incident cases of CRC were identified through state cancer registries and the National Death Index. Proportional hazards models were employed to explore the relationship between metformin use and CRC risk, adjusted for cancer risk factors. RESULTS A total of 25,992 participants with diabetes were included in the analysis, among whom 10,095 were taking metformin. Of these participants, 76% identified as non-Hispanic Black, and 60% reported household incomes <$15,000/year. Metformin use was associated with a significantly lower CRC risk (HR [95% CI]: 0.71 [0.55-0.93]), with consistent results for both colon (0.80 [0.59-1.07]) and rectal cancers (0.49 [0.28-0.86]). The protective association appeared to be stronger among non-Hispanic White individuals (0.51 [0.31-0.85]) compared to non-Hispanic Black participants (0.80 [0.59-1.08], p-interaction =.13). Additionally, a protective association was observed among obese individuals (BMI ≥30 kg/m2, 0.59 [0.43-0.82] but not among non-obese participants (0.99 [0.65-1.51], p-interaction =.05) CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of CRC in individuals with diabetes, including among those from predominantly low SES backgrounds. These results support previous epidemiological findings, and demonstrate that the protective association for metformin in relation to incident CRC likely generalizes to populations with higher underlying risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lawler
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Zoe L Walts
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 Walnut St, WARF Office Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Lauren Giurini
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 Walnut St, WARF Office Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Mark Steinwandel
- International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, 1455 Research Blvd.; Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Loren Lipworth
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, 8th floor, Suite 800, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
| | - Harvey J Murff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 6012 Medical Center East, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, 1455 Research Blvd.; Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Shaneda Warren Andersen
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 Walnut St, WARF Office Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA; International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, 1455 Research Blvd.; Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Fang Y, Li Z, Yang L, Li W, Wang Y, Kong Z, Miao J, Chen Y, Bian Y, Zeng L. Emerging roles of lactate in acute and chronic inflammation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:276. [PMID: 38755659 PMCID: PMC11097486 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, lactate has been considered a 'waste product' of cellular metabolism. Recent findings have shown that lactate is a substance that plays an indispensable role in various physiological cellular functions and contributes to energy metabolism and signal transduction during immune and inflammatory responses. The discovery of lactylation further revealed the role of lactate in regulating inflammatory processes. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the paradoxical characteristics of lactate metabolism in the inflammatory microenvironment and highlight the pivotal roles of lactate homeostasis, the lactate shuttle, and lactylation ('lactate clock') in acute and chronic inflammatory responses from a molecular perspective. We especially focused on lactate and lactate receptors with either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects on complex molecular biological signalling pathways and investigated the dynamic changes in inflammatory immune cells in the lactate-related inflammatory microenvironment. Moreover, we reviewed progress on the use of lactate as a therapeutic target for regulating the inflammatory response, which may provide a new perspective for treating inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Fang
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Health Economics Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jingwen Library, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wen Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, ·School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, ·School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ziyang Kong
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, ·School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia Miao
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanqi Chen
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, ·School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- TCM Rehabilitation Center, Jiangsu Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Li Zeng
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
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3
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Kang BG, Shende M, Inci G, Park SH, Jung JS, Kim SB, Kim JH, Mo YW, Seo JH, Feng JH, Kim SC, Lim SS, Suh HW, Lee JY. Combination of metformin/efavirenz/fluoxetine exhibits profound anticancer activity via a cancer cell-specific ROS amplification. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:20-32. [PMID: 36588385 PMCID: PMC9809943 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2161803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible anticancer activity of combination (M + E + F) of metformin (M), efavirenz (E), and fluoxetine (F) was investigated in normal HDF cells and HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Metformin increased cellular FOXO3a, p-FOXO3a, AMPK, p-AMPK, and MnSOD levels in HDFs but not in HCT116 cells. Cellular ATP level was decreased only in HDFs by metformin. Metformin increased ROS level only in HCT116 cells. Transfection of si-FOXO3a into HCT116 reversed the metformin-induced cellular ROS induction, indicating that FOXO3a/MnSOD is the key regulator for cellular ROS level. Viability readout with M, E, and F alone decreased slightly, but the combination of three drugs dramatically decreased cell survival in HCT116, A549, and SK-Hep-1 cancer cells but not in HDF cells. ROS levels in HCT116 cells were massively increased by M + E + F combination, but not in HDF cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that of M + E + F combination caused cell death only in HCT116 cells. The combination of M + E + F reduced synergistically mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I and III activities in HCT116 cells when compared with individual treatments. Western blot analysis indicated that DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis-realated factors increased in M + E + F-treated HCT116 cells. Oral administration with M + E + F combination for 3 weeks caused dramatic reductions in tumor volume and weight in HCT116 xenograft model of nude mice when compared with untreated ones. Our results suggest that M + E + F have profound anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo via a cancer cell-specific ROS amplification (CASRA) through ROS-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Goo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhuri Shende
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gozde Inci
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sung-Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- FrontBio Inc, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea,Hong-Won Suh Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea,FrontBio Inc, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Jae-Yong Lee
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Buckley CE, O’Brien RM, Nugent TS, Donlon NE, O’Connell F, Reynolds JV, Hafeez A, O’Ríordáin DS, Hannon RA, Neary P, Kalbassi R, Mehigan BJ, McCormick PH, Dunne C, Kelly ME, Larkin JO, O’Sullivan J, Lynam-Lennon N. Metformin is a metabolic modulator and radiosensitiser in rectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1216911. [PMID: 37601689 PMCID: PMC10435980 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1216911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy, is a major challenge in the management of rectal cancer. Increasing evidence supports a role for altered energy metabolism in the resistance of tumours to anti-cancer therapy, suggesting that targeting tumour metabolism may have potential as a novel therapeutic strategy to boost treatment response. In this study, the impact of metformin on the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells, and the potential mechanisms of action of metformin-mediated radiosensitisation were investigated. Metformin treatment was demonstrated to significantly radiosensitise both radiosensitive and radioresistant colorectal cancer cells in vitro. Transcriptomic and functional analysis demonstrated metformin-mediated alterations to energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, cell cycle distribution and progression, cell death and antioxidant levels in colorectal cancer cells. Using ex vivo models, metformin treatment significantly inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in treatment naïve rectal cancer biopsies, without affecting the real-time metabolic profile of non-cancer rectal tissue. Importantly, metformin treatment differentially altered the protein secretome of rectal cancer tissue when compared to non-cancer rectal tissue. Together these data highlight the potential utility of metformin as an anti-metabolic radiosensitiser in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Croí E. Buckley
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca M. O’Brien
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Timothy S. Nugent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel E. Donlon
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrointestinal Medicine and Surgery (GEMS) Directorate, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O’Connell
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V. Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adnan Hafeez
- Department of Surgery, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Paul Neary
- Department of Surgery, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Reza Kalbassi
- Department of Surgery, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian J. Mehigan
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrointestinal Medicine and Surgery (GEMS) Directorate, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul H. McCormick
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrointestinal Medicine and Surgery (GEMS) Directorate, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cara Dunne
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrointestinal Medicine and Surgery (GEMS) Directorate, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrointestinal Medicine and Surgery (GEMS) Directorate, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John O. Larkin
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Gastrointestinal Medicine and Surgery (GEMS) Directorate, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, St. James’s Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Farrash WF, Aslam A, Almaimani R, Minshawi F, Almasmoum H, Alsaegh A, Iqbal MS, Tabassum A, Elzubier ME, El-Readi MZ, Mahbub AA, Idris S, Refaat B. Metformin and thymoquinone co-treatment enhance 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity by suppressing the PI3K/mTOR/HIF1α pathway and increasing oxidative stress in colon cancer cells. Biofactors 2023; 49:831-848. [PMID: 36929658 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemotherapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), metformin (Met), and/or thymoquinone (TQ) single/dual/triple therapies in the HT29, SW480 and SW620 colon cancer (CRC) cell lines. Cell cycle/apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The gene and protein expression of apoptosis (PCNA/survivin/BAX/Cytochrome-C/Caspase-3) and cell cycle (CCND1/CCND3/p21/p27) molecules, the PI3K/mTOR/HIF1α oncogenic pathway, and glycolysis regulatory enzymes were measured by quantitative-PCR and Western blot. Markers of oxidative stress were also measured by colorimetric assays. Although all treatments induced anti-cancer effects related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, the triple therapy showed the highest pro-apoptotic actions that coincided with the lowest expression of CCND1/CCND3/PCNA/survivin and the maximal increases in p21/p27/BAX/Cytochrome-C/Caspase-3 in all cell lines. The triple therapy also revealed the best suppression of the PI3K/mTOR/HIF1α pathway by increasing its endogenous inhibitors (PTEN/AMPKα) in all cell lines. Moreover, the lowest expression of lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 with the highest expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase were seen with the triple therapy, which also showed the highest increases in oxidative stress markers (ROS/RNS/MDA/protein carbonyl groups) alongside the lowest antioxidant levels (GSH/CAT) in all cell lines. In conclusion, this is the first study to reveal enhanced anti-cancer effects for metformin/thymoquinone in CRC that were superior to all monotherapies and the other dual therapies. However, the triple therapy approach showed the best tumoricidal actions related to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in all cell lines, possibly by enhancing oxidative glycolysis and augmenting oxidative stress through stronger modulation of the PI3K/mTOR/HIF1α oncogenic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam F Farrash
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akhmed Aslam
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad Almaimani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Almasmoum
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman Alsaegh
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S Iqbal
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Tabassum
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Elzubier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Z El-Readi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Amani A Mahbub
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Ebrahimnejad P, Rezaeiroshan A, Babaei A, Khanali A, Aghajanshakeri S, Farmoudeh A, Nokhodchi A. Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Chitosan/Gelatin Nanoparticles as a New Strategy for Topical Delivery of Metformin in Melanoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:3304105. [PMID: 37313551 PMCID: PMC10260318 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3304105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a multipotential compound for treating diabetes II and controlling hormonal acne and skin cancer. This study was designed to enhance metformin skin penetration in melanoma using nanoparticles containing biocompatible polymers. Formulations with various concentrations of chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and sodium tripolyphosphate were fabricated using an ionic gelation technique tailored by the Box-Behnken design. The optimal formulation was selected based on the smallest particle size and the highest entrapment efficiency (EE%) and used in ex vivo skin penetration study. In vitro antiproliferation activity and apoptotic effects of formulations were evaluated using MTT and flow cytometric assays, respectively. The optimized formulation had an average size, zeta potential, EE%, and polydispersity index of 329 ± 6.30 nm, 21.94 ± 0.05 mV, 64.71 ± 6.12%, and 0.272 ± 0.010, respectively. The release profile of the optimized formulation displayed a biphasic trend, characterized by an early burst release, continued by a slow and sustained release compared to free metformin. The ex vivo skin absorption exhibited 1142.5 ± 156.3 μg/cm2 of metformin deposited in the skin layers for the optimized formulation compared to 603.2 ± 93.1 μg/cm2 for the free metformin. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the deformation of the drug from the crystal structure to an amorphous state. The attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared results approved no chemical interaction between the drug and other ingredients of the formulations. According to the MTT assay, metformin in nanoformulation exhibited a higher cytotoxic effect against melanoma cancer cells than free metformin (IC50: 3.94 ± 0.57 mM vs. 7.63 ± 0.26 mM, respectively, P < 0.001). The results proved that the optimized formulation of metformin could efficiently decrease cell proliferation by promoting apoptosis, thus providing a promising strategy for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Amirhossein Babaei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Azin Khanali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Aghajanshakeri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Farmoudeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Lupin Research Center, Coral Springs, FL, USA
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7
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Adamczuk G, Humeniuk E, Adamczuk K, Grabarska A, Dudka J. 2,4-Dinitrophenol as an Uncoupler Augments the Anthracyclines Toxicity against Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:7227. [PMID: 36364051 PMCID: PMC9655928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the strategies for the treatment of advanced cancer diseases is targeting the energy metabolism of the cancer cells. The compound 2,4-DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) disrupts the cell energy metabolism through the ability to decouple oxidative phosphorylation. The aim of the study was to determine the ability of 2,4-DNP to sensitize prostate cancer cells with different metabolic phenotypes to the action of known anthracyclines (doxorubicin and epirubicin). The synergistic effect of the anthracyclines and 2,4-DNP was determined using an MTT assay, apoptosis detection and a cell cycle analysis. The present of oxidative stress in cancer cells was assessed by CellROX, the level of cellular thiols and DNA oxidative damage. The study revealed that the incubation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells (oxidative phenotype) with epirubicin and doxorubicin simultaneously with 2,4-DNP showed the presence of a synergistic effect for both the cytostatics. Moreover, it contributes to the increased induction of oxidative stress, which results in a reduced level of cellular thiols and an increased number of AP sites in the DNA. The synergistic activity may consist of an inhibition of ATP synthesis and the simultaneous production of toxic amounts of ROS, destroying the mitochondria. Additionally, the sensitivity of the LNCaP cell line to the anthracyclines is relatively higher compared to the other two (PC-3, DU-145).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Adamczuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Humeniuk
- Independent Medical Biology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Adamczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Grabarska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dudka
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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8
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Ali A, Unnikannan H, Shafarin J, Bajbouj K, Taneera J, Muhammad JS, Hasan H, Salehi A, Awadallah S, Hamad M. Metformin enhances LDL-cholesterol uptake by suppressing the expression of the pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in liver cells. Endocrine 2022; 76:543-557. [PMID: 35237909 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metformin (MF) intake associates with reduced levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). This has been attributed to the activation of AMPK, which differentially regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and trafficking. However, the exact mechanism underlying the LDL-C lowering effect of MF remains ambiguous. METHODS MF-treated Hep-G2 and HuH7 cells were evaluated for cell viability and the expression status of key lipid metabolism-related genes along with LDL-C uptake efficiency. RESULTS MF treatment resulted in decreased expression and secretion of PCSK9, increased expression of LDLR and enhanced LDL-C uptake in hepatocytes. It also resulted in increased expression of activated AMPK (p-AMPK) and decreased expression of SREBP2 and HNF-1α proteins. Transcriptomic analysis of MF-treated Hep-G2 cells confirmed these findings and showed that other key lipid metabolism-related genes including those that encode apolipoproteins (APOB, APOC2, APOC3 and APOE), MTTP and LIPC are downregulated. Lastly, MF treatment associated with reduced HMG-CoA reductase expression and activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MF treatment reduces circulating LDL-C levels by suppressing PCSK9 expression and enhancing LDLR expression; hence the potential therapeutic utility of MF in hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hema Unnikannan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Shafarin
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khuloud Bajbouj
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haydar Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Albert Salehi
- Department of Clinical science, UMAS, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samir Awadallah
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Implementation of QbD Approach to the Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride in Tablet Dosage Forms by HPLC. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061187. [PMID: 35745760 PMCID: PMC9229060 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current studies entail quality by design (QbD)-enabled development of a simple, rapid, precise, accurate, and cost-effective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for estimation of metformin hydrochloride (M-HCl). Design of experiments (DoE) was applied for multivariate optimization of the experimental conditions of the HPLC method. Risk assessment was performed to identify the critical method parameters (CMPs) using Ishikawa diagram. The factor screening studies were performed using a two-factor three-levels design. Two independent factors, buffer pH and mobile phase composition, were used to design mathematical models. Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the response surface methodology and to study in depth the effects of these independent factors, thus evaluating the critical analytical attributes (CAAs), namely, retention time, peak area, and symmetry factor as the parameters of method robustness. Desirability function was used to simultaneously optimize the CAAs. The optimized and predicted data from contour diagram consisted of 0.02 M acetate buffer pH = 3/methanol in a ratio of 70/30 (v/v) as the mobile phase with a flow rate 1 mL/min. The separation was made on a Thermoscientific ODS HypersylTM chromatographic column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with oven temperature 35 °C and UV detection at 235 nm. The optimized assay conditions were validated according to ICH guidelines. Hence, the results clearly showed that QbD approach could be successfully applied to optimize HPLC method for estimation of M-HCl. The method was applied both for the evaluation of M-HCl content in tablets, and for in vitro dissolution studies of M-HCl from conventional and prolonged-release tablets.
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10
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Sena P, Mancini S, Pedroni M, Reggiani Bonetti L, Carnevale G, Roncucci L. Expression of Autophagic and Inflammatory Markers in Normal Mucosa of Individuals with Colorectal Adenomas: A Cross Sectional Study among Italian Outpatients Undergoing Colonoscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095211. [PMID: 35563601 PMCID: PMC9104783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the three most common cancers in terms of both cancer incidence and cancer-related deaths in Western industrialized countries. Lifetime risk of colorectal cancer may reach 6% of the population living in developed countries. In the current era of personalized medicine, CRC is no longer considered as a single entity. In more recent years many studies have described the distinct differences in epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetic and epigenetic alterations, molecular pathways and outcome depending on the anatomical site. The aim of our study is to assess in a multidimensional model the association between metabolic status and inflammatory and autophagic changes in the normal colorectal mucosa classified as right-sided, left-sided and rectum, and the presence of adenomas. One hundred and sixteen patients undergoing colonoscopy were recruited and underwent a complete serum lipid profile, immunofluorescence analysis of colonic biopsies for MAPLC3 and myeloperoxidase expression, matched with clinical and anthropometric characteristics. Presence of adenomas correlated with cholesterol (total and LDL) levels, IL-6 levels, and MAPLC3 tissue expression, especially in the right colon. In conclusion, serum IL-6 amount and autophagic markers could be good predictors of the presence of colorectal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sena
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Mancini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, Santa Maria Bianca Hospital, Mirandola 6, 41037 Modena, Italy;
| | - Monica Pedroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.P.); (L.R.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Luca Reggiani Bonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.P.); (L.R.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Luca Roncucci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (M.P.); (L.R.B.); (L.R.)
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11
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Angre T, Kumar A, Singh AK, Thareja S, Kumar P. Role of collagen regulators in cancer treatment: A comprehensive review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2956-2984. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220501162351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Collagen is the most important structural protein and also a main component of extra-cellular matrix (ECM). It plays a role in tumor progression. Collagen can be regulated by altering it’s biosynthesis pathway through various signaling pathways, receptors and genes. Activity of cancer cells can also be regulated by other ECM components like metalloproteinases, hyaluronic acid, fibronectin and so on. Hypoxia is also one of the condition which leads to cancer progression by stimulating the expression of procollagen lysine as a collagen crosslinker, which increases the size of collagen fibres promoting cancer spread. The collagen content in cancerous cells leads to resistance in chemotherapy. So, to reduce this resistance, some of the collagen regulating therapies are introduced, which include inhibiting its biosynthesis, disturbing cancer cell signaling pathway, mediating ECM components and directly utilizing collagenase. This study is an effort to compile the strategies reported to control the collagen level and different collagen inhibitors reported so far. More research is needed in this area, growing understandings of collagen’s structural features and its role in cancer progression will aid in the advancement of newer chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Angre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
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12
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Metformin and ICG-001 Act Synergistically to Abrogate Cancer Stem Cells-Mediated Chemoresistance in Colorectal Cancer by Promoting Apoptosis and Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051281. [PMID: 35267590 PMCID: PMC8908991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed and lethal malignancies. The majority of CRC patients experience disease relapse after the primary curative treatment strategy of surgery followed by 5FU-based chemotherapy. The presence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) is considered to be one of the contributing factors to therapy resistance and disease relapse in CRC. Previous studies implicated the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in the maintenance of the CSC phenotype. Therefore, in this study we explored a novel therapeutic strategy using metformin along with ICG-001, a Wnt signaling inhibitor, to abrogate CSC-mediated chemoresistance in CRC. We observed that metformin and ICG-001 abrogate stemness in a synergistic manner by promoting autophagy and apoptosis in 5FU-resistant CRC cells as well as in CRC patient-derived tumor organoids. Hence, metformin and ICG-001 can be used as part of a therapeutic strategy to overcome 5FU-mediated therapeutic resistance in CRC. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. The current treatment regimens for CRC include surgery followed by 5FU-based chemotherapy. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been implicated in 5FU-mediated chemoresistance, which leads to poor prognosis. In this study, we used metformin along with ICG-001, a Wnt signaling inhibitor, to abrogate CSC-mediated chemoresistance in CRC. We observed that 5FU-resistant (5FUR) CRC cells exhibited increased expression of CSC markers and enhanced spheroid formation. Genome-wide transcriptomic profiling analysis revealed that Wnt signaling, colorectal cancer metastasis signaling, etc., were enriched in 5FUR CRC cells. Accordingly, selective targeting of Wnt signaling using ICG-001 along with metformin abrogated CSC-mediated chemoresistance by decreasing the expression of CSC markers and promoting autophagy and apoptosis in a synergistic manner. We also observed that metformin and ICG-001 exhibited anti-tumor activity in CRC patient-derived tumor organoids. In conclusion, our study highlights that metformin and ICG-001 act synergistically and can be used as part of a therapeutic strategy to overcome 5FU-mediated therapeutic resistance in CRC.
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13
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Forsati P, Pazhang Y. Mesalazine induces apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway in K562 cell line. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2022; 13:121-126. [PMID: 35601773 PMCID: PMC9094592 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.117585.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an initial response of the body to infection and relationship between inflammation and cancer has been established. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a central factor in inflammation and its activity contributes to tumor progression and apoptosis prevention consequently leading to cancer promotion. As a result, NF-κB inhibitors can cause apoptosis. In this study, the effect of mesalazine as a NF-κB inhibitor on growth and apoptosis of K562 cells has been investigated. The K562 cells were first cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10.00% fetal bovine serum. After that, they were treated for 72 hr with different concentrations of mesalazine (20.00, 40.00, 60.00 and 80.00 μM mL-1). The MTT assay was used to evaluate cell viability. Hoechst staining and RT-PCR of apoptosis related genes (Bcl-2 and Bax) were carried out to illustrate apoptosis induction and immunocytochemistry was performed to investigate changes in c-Myc protein level. According to the results of MTT assay, all of applied mesalazine concentrations decreased K562 cells viability. Hoechst staining showed that the fragmented nuclei increased indicating apoptosis induction. Immuno-cytochemical results showed that mesalazine decreased c-Myc in treated cells. The RT-PCR results also showed an increase in Bax and a decrease in Bcl-2 expressions in mesalazine-treated cells. As the results suggest, mesalazine reduces cell viability by inducing apoptosis in K562 cell line; therefore, it can be used as a candidate for the leukemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaghub Pazhang
- Correspondence Yaghub Pazhang. PhD, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail:
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14
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Hacioglu C, Kar F, Kara Y, Yucel E, Donmez DB, Sentürk H, Kanbak G. Comparative effects of metformin and Cistus laurifolius L. extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model: oxidative, inflammatory, apoptotic, and histopathological analyzes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57888-57901. [PMID: 34097215 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in phytochemical therapy methods in the treatment of diabetes is increasing day by day. Although the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Cistus laurifolius L. (CL) have been mentioned, the systemic effects remain unknown. The present study aims at evaluating the antidiabetic effects of the CL aqueous extract via metformin on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of eight animals each: control, diabetic group (55mg/kg STZ), STZ+125mg/kg CL, STZ+250mg/kg CL, and STZ+100mg/kg metformin. The effects of CL and metformin on oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory pathways were comparatively investigated. In addition, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β expressions analysis were carried out. CL treatment resulted in a significant improvement in blood glucose levels, lipid profile, pancreatic markers, and liver and kidney function tests. A 250mg/kg CL treatment decreased by 67.9%, 31.6%, 66.8%, 28.3%, and 31.4% in the total oxidant capacity, NFκB, TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase3, and cytochrome c levels, respectively, compared to the diabetic group. Additionally, CL treatments showed a dose-dependent reduction in NFκB, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression levels. A 250mg/kg CL treatment exhibited a greater increase (by 9.6%) in total antioxidant capacity than metformin. CL treatment provided histologically more improvement in the brain, heart, pancreas, spleen, liver, kidney, and testicular tissues compared to the metformin group. Our results suggest that the single treatment of CL aqueous extract at the low doses may have stronger short-term anti-diabetic effects than metformin. Therefore, further studies are needed regarding the long-term hypoglycemic effect or treatment of CL aqueous extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhan Hacioglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Kar
- Training and Research Center, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Yakup Kara
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ersin Yucel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Burukoglu Donmez
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hakan Sentürk
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Translational Medicine Research and Clinical Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical and Surgical Experimental Animals Application and Research Center (ESOGU-MSEAARC), Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Gungor Kanbak
- Faculty of Medicin, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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15
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Jin Y, Yao G, Zhao H, Qiao P, Wu S. Nrf2 Is a Potential Modulator for Orchestrating Iron Homeostasis and Redox Balance in Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728172. [PMID: 34589492 PMCID: PMC8473703 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace mineral element in almost all living cells and organisms. However, cellular iron metabolism pathways are disturbed in most cancer cell types. Cancer cells have a high demand of iron. To maintain rapid growth and proliferation, cancer cells absorb large amounts of iron by altering expression of iron metabolism related proteins. However, iron can catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Fenton reaction. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is an important player in the resistance to oxidative damage by inducing the transcription of antioxidant genes. Aberrant activation of Nrf2 is observed in most cancer cell types. It has been revealed that the over-activation of Nrf2 promotes cell proliferation, suppresses cell apoptosis, enhances the self-renewal capability of cancer stem cells, and even increases the chemoresistance and radioresistance of cancer cells. Recently, several genes involving cellular iron homeostasis are identified under the control of Nrf2. Since cancer cells require amounts of iron and Nrf2 plays pivotal roles in oxidative defense and iron metabolism, it is highly probable that Nrf2 is a potential modulator orchestrating iron homeostasis and redox balance in cancer cells. In this hypothesis, we summarize the recent findings of the role of iron and Nrf2 in cancer cells and demonstrate how Nrf2 balances the oxidative stress induced by iron through regulating antioxidant enzymes and iron metabolism. This hypothesis provides new insights into the role of Nrf2 in cancer progression. Since ferroptosis is dependent on lipid peroxide and iron accumulation, Nrf2 inhibition may dramatically increase sensitivity to ferroptosis. The combination of Nrf2 inhibitors with ferroptosis inducers may exert greater efficacy on cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanqing Jin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Penghai Qiao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuguang Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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16
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Chen S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li W, Li S, Hu Z, Ling C, Shi R, Liu J, Chen G, Song N, Jiang X, Sui X, Gao Y. Dual Blockade of Lactate/GPR81 and PD-1/PD-L1 Pathways Enhances the Anti-Tumor Effects of Metformin. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1373. [PMID: 34572586 PMCID: PMC8466555 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug for cancer prevention and treatment. However, the overproduction of lactic acid and its inefficiency in cancer therapy limit its application. Here, we demonstrate the synergistic effects of the lactate/GPR81 blockade (3-hydroxy-butyrate, 3-OBA) and metformin on inhibiting cancer cells growth in vitro. Simultaneously, this combination could inhibit glycolysis and OXPHOS metabolism, as well as inhibiting tumor growth and reducing serum lactate levels in tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, we observed that this combination could enhance the functions of Jurkat cells in vitro and CD8+ T cells in vivo. In addition, considering that 3-OBA could recover the inhibitory effects of metformin on PD-1 expression, we further determined the dual blockade effects of PD-1/PD-L1 and lactate/GPR81 on the antitumor activity of metformin. Our results suggested that this dual blockade strategy could remarkably enhance the anti-tumor effects of metformin, or even lead to tumor regression. In conclusion, our study has proposed a novel and robust strategy for a future application of metformin in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Xiuman Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Wanqiong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Zheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Chen Ling
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Ranran Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Nazi Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 511400, China; (N.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xianxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 511400, China; (N.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinghua Sui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
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Shikonin attenuates H 2O 2-induced oxidative injury in HT29 cells via antioxidant activities and the inhibition of mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1118. [PMID: 34504572 PMCID: PMC8383764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, a natural naphthoquinone extracted from the roots of Lithospermumery throrhizon, possesses multiple pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. It has been hypothesized that the properties of shikonin are associated with its oxygen free radical scavenging abilities. However, the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of shikonin is not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of shikonin against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in HT29 cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. The concentration and duration of H2O2 treatment to cause maximal damage, and the effects of shikonin (2.5, 5 or 10 µg/ml) on the activity of H2O2-induced HT29 cells were determined by MTT assay. The apoptotic rate in HT29 cells was determined by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. HT29 cell cycle alteration was also analyzed by propidium iodide staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed by monitoring 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin in diacetate fluorescence. Mitochondrial membrane potentials were determined by JC-1 staining. The activities of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were measured using spectrophotometric assays. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c were determined by western blotting. The results suggested that shikonin increased cell viability, reduced cell apoptosis and increased the proliferation index in H2O2-treated HT29 cells. Shikonin also significantly inhibited increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), restored the mitochondrial membrane potential, prevented the release of lactic dehydrogenase and decreased the levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in H2O2-induced HT29 cells. Furthermore, shikonin significantly decreased caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities, increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased Bax and cytochrome c expression levels in H2O2-induced HT29 cells. The results indicated that shikonin protected against H2O2-induced oxidative injury by removing ROS, ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuating DNA oxidative damage and inhibiting mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis.
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18
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Abd-Rabou AA, Abdelaziz AM, Shaker OG, Ayeldeen G. Metformin-loaded lecithin nanoparticles induce colorectal cancer cytotoxicity via epigenetic modulation of noncoding RNAs. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6805-6820. [PMID: 34468912 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is major aliment around the word, with a cumulative rate of mortality. Metformin (MT) was recently approved as anticancer drug against solid tumors, such as CRC. Resistance to MT therapy remains to be a challenging matter facing the development of possible anti-cancer strategy. To circumvent this problem, MT nano-encapsulation has been introduced to sensitize resistant cancer cells. The purpose of the current study is to explore the MT's aptitude encapsulated in lecithin (LC) and chitosan (CS) nanoparticles to inhibit CRC proliferation through modulations of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), and some biochemical markers. METHODS AND RESULTS Cytotoxic screenings of the newly synthesized MT-based regimens; MT, MT-LC NPs (NP1), MT-CS NPs (NP2), and MT-LC-CS NPs (NP3) against colorectal cancerous Caco-2 and HCT116 cell lines versus normal WI-38 cells were performed. The epigenetic mechanistic effects of these proposed regimens on lncRNAs and miRNAs were investigated. Additionally, some protein levels were assessed in CRC cells upon treatments; YKL-40, PPARγ, E-cadherin (ECN), and VEGF. We resulted that NP1 recorded the highest significant cytotoxic effect on CRC cells. HCT116 cells were more sensitive to the NP1 compared to Caco-2 cells. Intriguingly, it was suggested that NP1 tackled the CRC cells through down-regulation of the H19, HOTTIP, HULC, LINC00641, miR-200, miR-92a, miR-21, YKL-40, PPARγ, and VEGF expressions, as well as up-regulation of the miR-944 and ECN expressions. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the NP1 can potentially be cytotoxic to CRC cells in-vitro by modulating noncoding RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abd-Rabou
- Medical Research Division, Hormones Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
- Stem Cell Lab., Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Abdelaziz
- Ahmed Mahr Teaching Hospital (AMTH), Cairo, Egypt
- Supplementary General Sciences, Future University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat G Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Ayeldeen
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Autophagy Modulators in Cancer: Focus on Cancer Treatment. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080839. [PMID: 34440583 PMCID: PMC8401266 DOI: 10.3390/life11080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled autophagy has been associated with the development and progression of various cancers that are resistant to cancer therapy. Therefore, many efforts to modulate uncontrolled autophagy as a cancer treatment have been attempted, from basic science to clinical trials. However, it remains difficult to equally apply autophagy modulators to cancer therapy because autophagy is a double-edged sword in cancer: it can be tumor-suppressive or tumor-protective. Therefore, the precise mechanisms of autophagy modulators and their varied responsiveness to each cancer type should be addressed in detail. This study will describe the precise mechanisms of developing various autophagy modulators, their current therapeutic applications and future perspectives.
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Beklen H, Yildirim E, Kori M, Turanli B, Arga KY. Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i7.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Beklen H, Yildirim E, Kori M, Turanli B, Arga KY. Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:638-661. [PMID: 34322194 PMCID: PMC8299930 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i7.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed fatal cancer in both women and men worldwide. CRC ranked second in mortality and third in incidence in 2020. It is difficult to diagnose CRC at an early stage as there are no clinical symptoms. Despite advances in molecular biology, only a limited number of biomarkers have been translated into routine clinical practice to predict risk, prognosis and response to treatment. In the last decades, systems biology approaches at the omics level have gained importance. Over the years, several biomarkers for CRC have been discovered in terms of disease diagnosis and prognosis. On the other hand, a few drugs are being developed and used in clinics for the treatment of CRC. However, the development of new drugs is very costly and time-consuming as the research and development takes about 10 years and more than $1 billion. Therefore, drug repositioning (DR) could save time and money by establishing new indications for existing drugs. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC from the systems biology perspective and insights into DR approaches for the prevention or treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Beklen
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Esra Yildirim
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Medi Kori
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
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22
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Yenmis G, Yaprak Sarac E, Besli N, Soydas T, Tastan C, Dilek Kancagi D, Yilanci M, Senol K, Karagulle OO, Ekmekci CG, Ovali E, Tuncdemir M, Ulutin T, Kanigur Sultuybek G. Anti-cancer effect of metformin on the metastasis and invasion of primary breast cancer cells through mediating NF-kB activity. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151709. [PMID: 33711726 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence strongly suggests that aberrant activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling cascade is connected to carcinogenesis. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) which are also the key agents for tumor metastasis may be potent candidates for tumor diagnosis in clinics. In this in vitro study, we hypothesized that metformin with an effective dose can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and metastasis by modulating the expressions of MMP-2 and -9 and interfering with NF-kB signaling in primary breast cancer cells (PBCCs). 300 000 cells per ml were obtained from biopsies of breast tumors from five human donors. The cell viability and proliferation were tested. Immunocytochemistry was performed for MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-kB, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for NF-kB activity, quantitative real-time PCR for RELA/p65, IkBα, MMP-2, and MMP-9. Three different doses of metformin (5, 10, and 25 mM) (Met) reduced the viability and proliferation of PBCCs in a dose-dependent manner, maximum inhibition was observed at 25 mM Met. The expression of RELA/p65 was not affected by 25 mM Met. Nuclear immunoreactivity and activity of NF-kB reduced while cytoplasmic NF-kB (p65) elevated by 25 mM Met compared to non-treatment (P < 0.05). The expression and immunoreactivity of MMP-9 but not MMP-2 were decreased by 25 mM Met treatment, compared with the non-treatment (P < 0.05). Metformin may have an essential antitumor role in the invasion and metastasis pathways of PBCCs by downregulating the MMP-9 expression blocking both the activity and nuclear translocation of NF-kB.
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23
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Yenmiş G, Beşli N, Yaprak Saraç E, Hocaoğlu Emre FS, Şenol K, Kanıgür G. Metformin promotes apoptosis in primary breast cancer cells by downregulation of cyclin D1 and upregulation of P53 through an AMPK-alpha independent mechanism. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:826-834. [PMID: 33350292 PMCID: PMC8203121 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1908-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim In the present study we aimed to figure out the effect of metformin on the expression of AMPK-alpha, cyclin D1, and Tp53, and apoptosis in primary breast cancer cells (PBCCs). Materials and methods PBCCs were treated with two doses of metformin (0 mM, 25 mM). Proliferation was determined by BrdU as- say. Real-time PCR was used to assess AMPK-alpha, cyclin D1, and Tp53 gene expressions; apoptotic indexes of PBCCs were analyzed using flow-cytometry. Results Twenty-four–hour incubation with 25 mM metformin reduced the proliferation of PBCCs. AMPK-alpha gene expression in PBCCs was not affected by 25 mM metformin treatment compared with the control group. PBCCs treated with 25 mM metformin had lower cyclin D1 expression compared with nontreated cells; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Twenty-five mil- limolar dose of metformin increased p53 expression significantly compared with the nontreated group. The high concentration of met- formin elevated the number of annexin V-positive apoptotic cells, and the increase in the apoptotic index was statistically significant. Conclusion Metformin can modulate cyclin D1 and p53 expression through AMPK-alpha-independent mechanism in breast cancer cells, leading to cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güven Yenmiş
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nail Beşli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sağlık Bilimleri University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Yaprak Saraç
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sinem Hocaoğlu Emre
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beykent University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazım Şenol
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gönül Kanıgür
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Repositioning metformin and propranolol for colorectal and triple negative breast cancers treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8091. [PMID: 33854147 PMCID: PMC8047046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning refers to new uses for existing drugs outside the scope of the original medical indications. This approach fastens the process of drug development allowing finding effective drugs with reduced side effects and lower costs. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is often diagnosed at advanced stages, when the probability of chemotherapy resistance is higher. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer, highly metastatic and difficult to treat. For both tumor types, available treatments are generally associated to severe side effects. In our work, we explored the effect of combining metformin and propranolol, two repositioned drugs, in both tumor types. We demonstrate that treatment affects viability, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migratory potential of CRC cells as we described before for TNBC. We show that combined treatment affects different steps leading to metastasis in TNBC. Moreover, combined treatment is also effective preventing the development of 5-FU resistant CRC. Our data suggest that combination of metformin and propranolol could be useful as a putative adjuvant treatment for both TNBC and CRC and an alternative for chemo-resistant CRC, providing a low-cost alternative therapy without associated toxicity.
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25
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Jaromy M, Miller JD. Pharmacologic mechanisms underlying antidiabetic drug metformin's chemopreventive effect against colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173956. [PMID: 33617821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, current data was used to elucidate the mechanisms by which metformin hydrochloride exerts chemopreventive effects on colorectal cancer (CRC). The first-line agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metformin, has recently been cited in a number of studies, in-vitro and in-vivo, for its potential anticancer capabilities in a variety of malignancies. While generally known to target AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as an antidiabetic agent, the mechanisms by which metformin confers anticancer properties, particularly in CRC, are far less understood. This review aims to comprehensively integrate novel pharmacologic findings, especially more recent insights, to explain metformin's anti-CRC mechanisms. Among these include metformin-mediated alterations to a number of key signaling pathways involving CRC cell growth and stemness, anti-EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) regulatory actions, as well as altered pro-cancer cellular energetic states and survival. These findings may prove particularly meaningful in the fields of experimental and clinical oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jaromy
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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26
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Huang CC, Chou CH, Yang YS, Ho HN, Shun CT, Wen WF, Chen SU, Chen MJ. Metformin: a novel promising option for fertility preservation during cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:gaaa084. [PMID: 33543290 PMCID: PMC8494485 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) could cause severe gonadotoxicity via imbalanced activation of primordial follicles through PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation. Whether metformin, a widely prescribed anti-diabetes agent with mTOR inhibitory effect, could preserve ovarian function against CP toxicity is unknown. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomized into seven groups (n = 11), including control, CP-alone, CP + metformin, CP + sirolimus or everolimus, metformin-alone and sirolimus-alone groups. The duration of pharmaceutical treatment was 4 weeks. CP treatment significantly impaired ovarian function and fertility in mice. CP + metformin treatment significantly attenuated the gonadotoxicity comparing to CP-alone treatment (primordial follicle count: 17.6 ± 4.2 versus 10.3 ± 2.7 follicles/high-power field; P = 0.027). CP + metformin treatment also tended to increase antral follicular count (5.4 ± 1.1 versus 2.5 ± 1.6 follicles/section), serum AMH levels (4.6 ± 1.2 versus 2.0 ± 0.8 ng/ml) and the litter size (4.2 ± 1.3 versus 1.5 ± 1.0 mice per pregnancy), compared with CP-alone group. Expression of phospho-mTOR and the number of TUNEL-positive granulosa cells increased after CP treatment and decreased in the CP + metformin groups, suggesting the mTOR inhibitory and anti-apoptotic effects of metformin. In in-vitro granulosa cell experiments, the anti-apoptotic effect of metformin was blocked after inhibiting p53 or p21 function, and the expression of p53 mRNA was blocked with AMPK inhibitor, suggesting that the anti-apoptotic effect was AMPK/p53/p21-mediated. In conclusion, concurrent metformin treatment during CP therapy could significantly preserve ovarian function and fertility and could be a promising novel fertility preserving agent during chemotherapy. The relatively acceptable cost and well-established long-term safety profiles of this old drug might prompt its further clinical application at a faster pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shih Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei 243, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Nerng Ho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Departments of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fen Wen
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jou Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Livia Shangyu Wan Scholar, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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27
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Huang QY, Yao F, Zhou CR, Huang XY, Wang Q, Long H, Wu QM. Role of gut microbiome in regulating the effectiveness of metformin in reducing colorectal cancer in type 2 diabetes. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:6213-6228. [PMID: 33392303 PMCID: PMC7760447 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i24.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing globally. It is rarely noticed that the incidence of CRC is higher in patients with T2DM. What needs to be mentioned is that metformin, a commonly used clinical drug for T2DM, attracts scholars’ attention because of its benefits in lowering the risk of developing CRC. Hence, we try to find the common grounds of initiation of T2DM and CRC and the reason why metformin reduces the risk of CRC in patients with T2DM. We noticed consistent changes of gut microbiota, such as elevated Bacteroides, Prevotella and Bifidobacterium and depressed Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Furthermore, many studies in recent years have proved that the efficacy of metformin, such as improving blood glucose, depends on the gut microbiota. Coincidentally, the progression of CRC is inseparable from the contributions of gut microbiota. Therefore, we first proposed the concept of the metformin-gut microbiota–CRC (in T2DM) axis to explain the effect of metformin in reducing CRC in patients with T2DM. In this review, we elaborated the new concept and its potential clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-You Huang
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chuan-Ren Zhou
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Huang
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianyou Affiliated Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qing-Ming Wu
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
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Khodaei F, Hosseini SM, Omidi M, Hosseini SF, Rezaei M. Cytotoxicity of metformin against HT29 colon cancer cells contributes to mitochondrial Sirt3 upregulation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22662. [PMID: 33147367 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and diabetes, the two mitochondria-related diseases, have recently been linked to silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (SIRT3) activity irregularities. In this study, the effect of metformin, an antidiabetic with anticancer properties, has been evaluated on mitochondrial functionality markers, cell death pathways, and SIRT3 enzyme activity in the colon cancer cell line, HT-29, and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). HT-29 cells were treated with metformin (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h for measuring the IC50 concentration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, SIRT3 activity, and expression were evaluated against the colon cancer cell line, HT-29. Results indicated a higher ROS production at 6 than 12 h with metformin treatment. Metformin modified the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in cell death induction. Results from SIRT3 activity and expression showed that metformin increased its activity and expression in cancer cells. In conclusion, metformin in HT-29 cells disturbed the mitochondrial activity via increased ROS levels and SIRT3 activity, and these rapid modifications may play a key role in its cytotoxic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Khodaei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sayed M Hosseini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Omidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Infertility reseaerch center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyede F Hosseini
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rezaei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Ejma M, Madetko N, Brzecka A, Guranski K, Alster P, Misiuk-Hojło M, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. The Links between Parkinson's Disease and Cancer. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100416. [PMID: 33066407 PMCID: PMC7602272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies indicate a decreased incidence of most cancer types in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, some neoplasms are associated with a higher risk of occurrence in PD patients. Both pathologies share some common biological pathways. Although the etiologies of PD and cancer are multifactorial, some factors associated with PD, such as α-synuclein aggregation; mutations of PINK1, PARKIN, and DJ-1; mitochondrial dysfunction; and oxidative stress can also be involved in cancer proliferation or cancer suppression. The main protein associated with PD, i.e., α-synuclein, can be involved in some types of neoplastic formations. On the other hand, however, its downregulation has been found in the other cancers. PINK1 can act as oncogenic or a tumor suppressor. PARKIN dysfunction may lead to some cancers’ growth, and its expression may be associated with some tumors’ suppression. DJ-1 mutation is involved in PD pathogenesis, but its increased expression was found in some neoplasms, such as melanoma or breast, lung, colorectal, uterine, hepatocellular, and nasopharyngeal cancers. Both mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in PD and cancer development. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible associations between PD and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.E.); (N.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Natalia Madetko
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.E.); (N.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Konstanty Guranski
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.E.); (N.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Piotr Alster
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Siva G. Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV 26426, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.E.K.)
| | - Cecil E. Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV 26426, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.E.K.)
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Street Tsyurupa 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-210-442-8625 or +1-440-263-7461
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Mancini S, Alboni S, Mattei G, Rioli G, Sena P, Marchi M, Sacchetti A, Boarino V, Roncucci L, Galeazzi GM, Ferrari S. Preliminary results of a multidisciplinary Italian study adopting a Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunological (PNEI) approach to the study of colorectal adenomas. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 92:e2021014. [PMID: 33682829 PMCID: PMC7975933 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.10197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim of the work Colorectal mucosal precancerous lesions, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and psychiatric disorders may share a common low-grade local and systemic inflammation. Aim is to report on preliminary data concerning a research adopting a psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune (PNEI) approach to study outpatients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods A sample of patients undergoing colonoscopy was cross-sectionally investigated. Data on colorectal adenomas, MetS, early atherosclerosis, anxious-depressive symptoms, personality traits, and inflammatory markers were statistically analyzed. Results Sixty-two patients were recruited (female 50%, mean age: 60.8±9.4 years). The prevalence of adenomas and MetS was respectively of 45.2% and 41.9%. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were detected in 16 (32.7%) and 9 (18.4%) subjects, respectively. The presence of adenomas positively correlated with male sex (p=0.01), age (p<0.01), IL-6 (p=0.03), hsCRP (p=0.04), and MetS (p=0.03); it was also associated with hsCRP concentration (aOR=3.81, p=0.03). Conclusions Proinflammatory atherogenic status, psychological traits, increased mucosal inflammation, and metabolic parameters may share a common a pathogenic mechanism, worth studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mancini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, Santa Maria Bianca Hospital, AUSL Modena, Via A. Fogazzaro, 6 - 41037 Mirandola, Modena, Italy.
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Mattei
- PhD Program in Labour, Development and Innovation, Marco Biagi Department of Economics and Marco Biagi Foundation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Jacopo Berengario, 51 - 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Rioli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Paola Sena
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Mattia Marchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Valentina Boarino
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71 - 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Luca Roncucci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71 - 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Silvia Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi, 287 - 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Chen YC, Li H, Wang J. Mechanisms of metformin inhibiting cancer invasion and migration. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:4885-4901. [PMID: 33042396 PMCID: PMC7540116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer currently ranks among the leading causes of death globally. Cancer invasion and metastasis transform locally grown cancers to a systemic and life-threatening disease, which accounts for the most significant challenge in cancer treatment. Recent studies showed that Metformin, the most commonly used first-line oral drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), could prevent and treat various cancers. Moreover, multiple evidence suggested that metformin inhibited cancer invasion and metastasis, which could improve the prognosis of cancer patients administrated with metformin. To better understand the anti-cancer role of metformin, the present review summarized the potential mechanisms of inhibiting cancer invasion and metastasis by metformin, including AMPK signaling pathway, EMT signaling pathway, epigenetic modification and so on. However, multiple problems remain unresolved and more clinical trials are needed to prove the inhibition of cancer invasion and metastasis by metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chang Chen
- Gynecologic Oncology Clinical Research Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
- University of South ChinaHengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - He Li
- Gynecologic Oncology Clinical Research Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Gynecologic Oncology Clinical Research Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410013, Hunan, China
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Wang B, Dong J, Xiao H, Li Y, Jin Y, Cui M, Zhang SQ, Fan SJ. Metformin fights against radiation-induced early developmental toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139274. [PMID: 32438158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pollution intertwined accidental irradiation not only triggers acute and chronic radiation syndromes, but also endangers embryonic development in sight of uncontrollable gene mutation. Metformin (MET), a classic hypoglycemic drug, has been identified to possess multiple properties. In this study, we explored the radioprotective effects of MET on the developmental abnormalities and deformities induced by irradiation among three "star drugs". Specifically, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to 5.2 Gy gamma irradiation at 4 h post fertilization (hpf) showed overt developmental toxicity, including hatching delay, hatching rate decrease, developmental indexes reduction, morphological abnormalities occurrence and motor ability decline. However, MET treatment erased the radiation-induced phenotypes. In addition, MET degraded inflammatory reaction, hinders apoptosis response, and reprograms the development-related genes expression, such as sox2, sox3, sox19a and p53, in zebrafish embryos following radiation challenge. Together, our findings provide novel insights into metformin, and underpin that metformin might be employed as a promising radioprotector for radiation-induced early developmental toxicity in pre-clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiwen Xiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shu-Qin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Sai-Jun Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
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Song S, Lam EWF, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL, Sun Y. Senescent Cells: Emerging Targets for Human Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:578-592. [PMID: 32531228 PMCID: PMC7649645 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for numerous human pathologies, including cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and neurodegenerative conditions and various malignancies. While our understanding of aging is far from complete, recent advances suggest that targeting fundamental aging processes can delay, prevent, or alleviate age-related disorders. Cellular senescence is physiologically beneficial in several contexts, but it has causal roles in multiple chronic diseases. New studies have illustrated the promising feasibility and safety to selectively ablate senescent cells from tissues, a therapeutic modality that holds potential for treating multiple chronic pathologies and extending human healthspan. Here, we review molecular links between cellular senescence and age-associated complications and highlight novel therapeutic avenues that may be exploited to target senescent cells in future geriatric medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Song
- School of Gerontology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Guo J, Li Y, Duan H, Yuan L. Metformin Suppresses the Proliferation and Promotes the Apoptosis of Colon Cancer Cells Through Inhibiting the Expression of Long Noncoding RNA-UCA1. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4169-4181. [PMID: 32523353 PMCID: PMC7234977 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE LncRNA-UCA1 has been proven to facilitate the proliferation and metastasis of colon cancer. Whether metformin inhibits the progression of colon cancer by suppressing lncRNA-UCA1 remains unknown. In this research, we aimed to explore the role of Metformin playing in pathogenesis of colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using qRT-PCR, we measured the expression of five tumor-promoting lncRNAs in SW480 and SW620 colon cancer cells. Then, we conducted Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the effects of MET or UCA1 knockdown or the combined MET+ UCA1 knockdown on the activities of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in vitro and in tumor tissues obtained from tumor-bearing nude mice. RESULTS The results from CCK-8 assays showed that MET dose-dependently and time-dependently inhibited the viability of the colon cancer cells in vitro. Flow cytometry revealed that MET promoted the apoptosis of the SW480 and SW620 cells. qRT-PCR showed that lncRNA-UCA1 had the highest expression among the five lncRNAs. Suppressing UCA1 expression by siRNA or shRNA could further enhance the metformin-mediated anticancer effects against colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Metformin decreased the UCA1 expression and further inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of the colon cancer cells, which were associated with inactivation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways in vitro and in the tumor tissues obtained from the mice. CONCLUSION These results indicated that metformin has potential anticancer properties and revealed the anticancer mechanisms of metformin against colon cancer via regulating lncRNA-UCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Metformin: A Possible Option in Cancer Chemotherapy. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:7180923. [PMID: 32399389 PMCID: PMC7201450 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7180923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin has been used for a long time as an antidiabetic medication for type 2 diabetes. It is used either as a monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic medications. The drug came into prominence in diabetes and other conditions with cardiovascular risk after the landmark study of 1995 by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study which emphasized its importance. However, the drug has been used in experimental trials in various aspects of medicine and pharmacology such as in reproductive medicine, cancer chemotherapy, metabolic diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been in use in the treatment of polycystic ovarian disease and obesity and is being considered in type 1 diabetes. This study seeks to evaluate the relevance of metformin in cancer management. Different mechanisms have been proposed for its antitumor action which involves the following: (a) the activation of adenosine monophosphate kinase, (b) modulation of adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA), (c) reduction in insulin/insulin growth factors, and (d) the role of metformin in the inhibition of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS); and its resultant damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule is another paramount antitumor mechanism.
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Sacchi S, Sena P, Addabbo C, Cuttone E, La Marca A. Gonadotrophins modulate cell death-related genes expression in human endometrium. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:hmbci-2019-0074. [PMID: 32304301 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Gonadotrophins exert their functions by binding follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) or luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) present on endometrium. Within ovaries, FSH induces autophagy and apoptosis of granulosa cells leading to atresia of non-growing follicles, whereas hCG and LH have anti-apoptotic functions. Endometrial cells express functioning gonadotrophin receptors. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of gonadotrophins on physiology and endometrial cells survival. Materials and methods Collected endometria were incubated for 48 or 72 h with 100 ng/mL of recombinant human FSH (rhFSH), recombinant human LH (rhLH) or highly purified hCG (HPhCG) alone or combined. Controls omitted gonadotrophins. The effect of gonadotrophins on cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP11A1), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A), and cell-death-related genes expression was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Immunohistochemistry for microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B) and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF-1) was performed. Results Gonadotrophins are able to modulate the endometrial cells survival. FSH induced autophagy and apoptosis by increasing the relative expression of MAP1LC3B and FAS receptor. In FSH-treated samples, expression of apoptosis marker APAF-1 was detected and co-localized on autophagic cells. hCG and LH does not modulate the expression of cell-death-related genes while the up-regulation of pro-proliferative epiregulin gene was observed. When combined with FSH, hCG and LH prevent autophagy and apoptosis FSH-induced. Conclusions Different gonadotrophins specifically affect endometrial cells viability differently: FSH promotes autophagy and apoptosis while LH and hCG alone or combined with rhFSH does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Sacchi
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Sena
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Addabbo
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Erika Cuttone
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio La Marca
- Mother-Infant Department, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Clinica Eugin Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy, Phone: +390594224671
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Kamarudin MNA, Sarker MMR, Zhou JR, Parhar I. Metformin in colorectal cancer: molecular mechanism, preclinical and clinical aspects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:491. [PMID: 31831021 PMCID: PMC6909457 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence showed the increased prevalence of cancer incidents, particularly colorectal cancer, among type 2 diabetic mellitus patients. Antidiabetic medications such as, insulin, sulfonylureas, dipeptyl peptidase (DPP) 4 inhibitors and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GLP-1) analogues increased the additional risk of different cancers to diabetic patients. Conversely, metformin has drawn attention among physicians and researchers since its use as antidiabetic drug exhibited beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of cancer in diabetic patients as well as an independent anticancer drug. This review aims to provide the comprehensive information on the use of metformin at preclinical and clinical stages among colorectal cancer patients. We highlight the efficacy of metformin as an anti-proliferative, chemopreventive, apoptosis inducing agent, adjuvant, and radio-chemosensitizer in various colorectal cancer models. This multifarious effects of metformin is largely attributed to its capability in modulating upstream and downstream molecular targets involved in apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle, oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic homeostasis, and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, the review highlights metformin intake and colorectal cancer risk based on different clinical and epidemiologic results from different gender and specific population background among diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The improved understanding of metformin as a potential chemotherapeutic drug or as neo-adjuvant will provide better information for it to be used globally as an affordable, well-tolerated, and effective anticancer agent for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Noor Alfarizal Kamarudin
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205 Bangladesh
- Health Med Science Research Limited, 3/1 Block F, Lalmatia, Mohammadpur, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway (BRIMS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
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Abolhasani A, Biria D, Abolhasani H, Zarrabi A, Komeili T. Investigation of the Role of Glucose Decorated Chitosan and PLGA Nanoparticles as Blocking Agents to Glucose Transporters of Tumor Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9535-9546. [PMID: 31824149 PMCID: PMC6900274 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s228652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucose decorated PLGA and chitosan nanoparticles (GPNPs and GCNPs) have been developed to examine the possibility of preventing the facilitated glucose transport to the cells through blocking the glucose transporters (Gluts) overexpressed by tumor cells. METHODS The MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity towards human colon tumor (HT-29) cells in 72 hrs. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to confirm the attachment of GPNPs to the cells. Moreover, the GPNPs effects on the apoptotic rate of HT-29 cells were analyzed. Finally, the expression levels of GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were assayed to investigate the response of HT-29 cells to blocking their Gluts by GPNPs. RESULTS The stability studies showed that the synthesized complexes were mostly stable (more than 80%) at various temperatures (4 to 40ºC) and pH (5.4 to 7.4) conditions. Results indicated that the survival rate of the cells was decreased to 43% and 46% after treatment with GCNPs and GPNPs, respectively. Also, the apoptosis assay results showed that the percentage of viable cells reduced to 47% after GPNPs treatment. These observations were justified by the specific interactions between the glucose terminals and the cells Gluts which resulted in blocking the entries of nutrients to the cells. It was revealed that the GLUT-1 mRNA expression after the first 24 h of treatment by GPNPs was upregulated to more than 145%, while the direction was reversed after 72 h (expression less than 45%), which coincided with the cells death. In the first 24 h, the glucose deprivation stimulated the expression of Glut-1 while the apoptotic enzymes expression was dominant at the end of 72 h treatment time. CONCLUSION Finally, it can be concluded that the glucose-nanoparticle complexes could be considered as promising agents in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abolhasani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davoud Biria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hoda Abolhasani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tahereh Komeili
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Besli N, Yenmis G, Tunçdemir M, Yaprak Sarac E, Doğan S, Solakoğlu S, Kanigur Sultuybek G. Metformin suppresses the proliferation and invasion through NF-kB and MMPs in MCF-7 cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2019-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
MCF-7 cells, a breast cancer cell line, are used for experiments of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer and many sub-clones representing different classes of ER-positive tumors. We aimed to determine the efficacy of metformin, a potential anti-cancer agent, on the cell proliferation, and the expressions of NF-kB (p65), MMP-2 and MMP-9 in MCF-7 cell line.
Materials and methods
MCF-7 cells (human breast adenocarcinoma) were treated with elevating doses of metformin (0–50 mM) for 24 h. The anti-proliferative effect of metformin was studied by BrdU proliferation assay, and the expression levels of NF-kB (p65), MMP-2 and MMP-9 were analyzed by immunocytochemical staining.
Results
The percentage of cell proliferation was reduced significantly by 10 and 50 mM doses of metformin (p < 0.001). The expression levels of nuclear NF-kB (p65), MMP-9 and MMP-2 were considerably reduced in 50 mM metformin treated cells while the expression of cytoplasmic NF-kB (p65) elevated compared to control group (p < 0.05). Ten millimolar metformin also reduced expression of MMP-9 significantly (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Metformin may act on the proliferation, and the processes of invasion and metastasis of MCF-7 cells through blocking NF-kB, which is intensely expressed in breast cancer cells, and through diminishing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Besli
- University of Health Sciences , Department of Medical Biology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Guven Yenmis
- Biruni University , Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Matem Tunçdemir
- Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine , Department of Medical Biology , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Elif Yaprak Sarac
- Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi , Department of Medical Services and Techniques , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sibel Doğan
- Istanbul University , Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Medical Faculty , Fatih , Turkey
| | - Seyhun Solakoğlu
- Istanbul University , Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Medical Faculty , Fatih , Turkey
| | - Gönül Kanigur Sultuybek
- Istanbul Aydin University , Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey
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Pompili S, Sferra R, Gaudio E, Viscido A, Frieri G, Vetuschi A, Latella G. Can Nrf2 Modulate the Development of Intestinal Fibrosis and Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4061. [PMID: 31434263 PMCID: PMC6720292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main mechanisms carried out by the cells to counteract several forms of stress is the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling. Nrf2 signaling controls the expression of many genes through the binding of a specific cis-acting element known as the antioxidant response element (ARE). Activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling can mitigate several pathologic mechanisms associated with an autoimmune response, digestive and metabolic disorders, as well as respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that Nrf2 pathway plays a key role in inflammation and in cancer development in many organs, including the intestine. Nrf2 appears to be involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an immune-mediated chronic and disabling disease, with a high risk of developing intestinal fibrotic strictures and cancer. Currently, drugs able to increase cytoprotective Nrf2 function are in clinical trials or already being used in clinical practice to reduce the progression of some degenerative conditions. The role of Nrf2 in cancer development and progression is controversial, and drugs able to inhibit abnormal levels of Nrf2 are also under investigation. The goal of this review is to analyze and discuss Nrf2-dependent signals in the initiation and progression of intestinal fibrosis and cancers occurring in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pompili
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberta Sferra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Viscido
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Frieri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Division, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Raffaele M, Pittalà V, Zingales V, Barbagallo I, Salerno L, Li Volti G, Romeo G, Carota G, Sorrenti V, Vanella L. Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibition Sensitizes Human Prostate Cancer Cells towards Glucose Deprivation and Metformin-Mediated Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102593. [PMID: 31137785 PMCID: PMC6566853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 have been frequently reported in different human cancers, playing a major role in drug resistance and regulation of cancer cell redox homeostasis. Metformin (MET), a drug widely used for type 2 diabetes, has recently gained interest for treating several cancers. Recent studies indicated that the anti-proliferative effects of metformin in cancer cells are highly dependent on glucose concentration. The present work was directed to determine whether use of a specific inhibitor of HO-1 activity, alone or in combination with metformin, affected metastatic prostate cancer cell viability under different concentrations of glucose. MTT assay and the xCELLigence system were used to evaluate cell viability and cell proliferation in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. Cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species were analyzed by flow cytometry. The activity of HO-1 was inhibited using a selective imidazole-based inhibitor; genes associated with antioxidant systems and cell death were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Our study demonstrates that metformin suppressed prostate cancer growth in vitro and increased oxidative stress. Disrupting the antioxidant HO-1 activity, especially under low glucose concentration, could be an attractive approach to potentiate metformin antineoplastic effects and could provide a biochemical basis for developing HO-1-targeting drugs against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Raffaele
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug Science, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Veronica Zingales
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Loredana Salerno
- Department of Drug Science, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Romeo
- Department of Drug Science, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Carota
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug Science, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Yang P, Yu D, Zhou J, Zhuang S, Jiang T. TGM2 interference regulates the angiogenesis and apoptosis of colorectal cancer via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1122-1134. [PMID: 31010374 PMCID: PMC6592233 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1609831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis and apoptosis are critical for the growth of colorectal cancer (CRC). The study aimed to investigate the effects of TGM2 in CRC. Forty-two patients were recruited and their TGM2 levels were detected by performing Realtime-qPCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry , respectively. Levels of TGM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in four CRC cell lines and in normal cells were determined using RT-qPCR and Western blot. TGM2-siRNA was transfected into LoVo and HCT116 cells, respectively. TGM2 levels, cell viability, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis and related factors were determined. the tumorigenesis rates of mice were detected after TGM2-siRNA transfection. TGM2 were upregulated in patients with CRC. High TGM2 level of CRC patients had a lower survival rate. The levels of TGM2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were upregulated in all detected CRC cell lines. Silencing TGM2 could inhibit cell viabilities, angiogenesis and suppress the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, Wnt3a, β-catenin and Cyclin D1 , whereas cell apoptosis and the expressions of Caspase-3 and TIMP-1 were promoted. Tumor weights and volumes were reduced by TGM2-siRNA interference. The effects of TGM2-siRNA interference might be related to Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. This might prove that TGM2 could be used as a molecular target in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sufei Zhuang
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Potential Applications of NRF2 Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8592348. [PMID: 31097977 PMCID: PMC6487091 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8592348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NRF2/KEAP1 pathway represents one of the most important cell defense mechanisms against exogenous or endogenous stressors. Indeed, by increasing the expression of several cytoprotective genes, the transcription factor NRF2 can shelter cells and tissues from multiple sources of damage including xenobiotic, electrophilic, metabolic, and oxidative stress. Importantly, the aberrant activation or accumulation of NRF2, a common event in many tumors, confers a selective advantage to cancer cells and is associated to malignant progression, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Hence, in the last years, NRF2 has emerged as a promising target in cancer treatment and many efforts have been made to identify therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting its prooncogenic role. By summarizing the results from past and recent studies, in this review, we provide an overview concerning the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway, its biological impact in solid and hematologic malignancies, and the molecular mechanisms causing NRF2 hyperactivation in cancer cells. Finally, we also describe some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that have been successfully employed to counteract NRF2 activity in tumors, with a particular emphasis on the development of natural compounds and the adoption of drug repurposing strategies.
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Schulten HJ. Pleiotropic Effects of Metformin on Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2850. [PMID: 30241339 PMCID: PMC6213406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF) is a natural compound derived from the legume Galega officinalis. It is the first line antidiabetic drug for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. One of its main antidiabetic effects results from the reduction of hepatic glucose release. First scientific evidence for the anticancer effects of MTF was found in animal research, published in 2001, and some years later a retrospective observational study provided evidence that linked MTF to reduced cancer risk in T2D patients. Its pleiotropic anticancer effects were studied in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies at the molecular and cellular level. Although the majority of these studies demonstrated that MTF is associated with certain anticancer properties, clinical studies and trials provided a mixed view on its beneficial anticancer effects. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects of MTF and recent progress made in MTF applications in basic, preclinical, and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Donner Y, Kazmierczak S, Fortney K. Drug Repurposing Using Deep Embeddings of Gene Expression Profiles. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4314-4325. [PMID: 30001141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Computational drug repositioning requires assessment of the functional similarities among compounds. Here, we report a new method for measuring compound functional similarity based on gene expression data. This approach takes advantage of deep neural networks to learn an embedding that substantially denoises expression data, making replicates of the same compound more similar. Our method uses unlabeled data in the sense that it only requires compounds to be labeled by identity rather than detailed pharmacological information, which is often unavailable and costly to obtain. Similarity in the learned embedding space accurately predicted pharmacological similarities despite the lack of any such labels during training and achieved substantially improved performance in comparison with previous similarity measures applied to gene expression measurements. Our method could identify drugs with shared therapeutic and biological targets even when the compounds were structurally dissimilar, thereby revealing previously unreported functional relationships between compounds. Thus, our approach provides an improved engine for drug repurposing based on expression data, which we have made available through the online tool DeepCodex ( http://deepcodex.org ).
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