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Edvinsson JCA, Ran C, Olofsgård FJ, Steinberg A, Edvinsson L, Belin AC. MERTK in the rat trigeminal system: a potential novel target for cluster headache? J Headache Pain 2024; 25:85. [PMID: 38783191 PMCID: PMC11119394 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The trigeminal system is key to the pathophysiology of migraine and cluster headache, two primary headache disorders that share many features. Recently, MER proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MERTK), a cell surface receptor, was strongly associated with cluster headache through genetic studies. Further, the MERTK ligand galectin-3 has been found to be elevated in serum of migraine patients. In this study, MERTK and MERTK ligands were investigated in key tissue to better understand their potential implication in the pathophysiology of primary headache disorders. Immunohistochemistry was used to map MERTK and galectin-3 expression in rat trigeminal ganglia. RT-qPCR was used to assess MERTK gene expression in blood, and ELISA immunoassays were used for MERTK ligand quantification in serum from study participants with and without cluster headache. MERTK gene expression was elevated in blood samples from study participants with cluster headache compared to controls. In addition, MERTK ligand galectin-3 was found at increased concentration in the serum of study participants with cluster headache, whereas the levels of MERTK ligands growth arrest specific 6 and protein S unaffected. MERTK and galectin-3 were both expressed in rat trigeminal ganglia. Galectin-3 was primarily localized in smaller neurons and to a lesser extent in C-fibres, while MERTK was found in satellite glia cells and in the outer membrane of Schwann cells. Interestingly, a strong MERTK signal was found specifically in the region proximal to the nodes of Ranvier. The overexpression of MERTK and galectin-3 in tissue from study participants with cluster headache, as well as the presence of MERTK in rat peripheral satellite glia cells and Schwann cells in the trigeminal ganglia, further highlights MERTK signalling as an interesting potential future therapeutic target in primary headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C A Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, Lund, 22184, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Ran
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Steinberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Andrea Carmine Belin
- Centre for Cluster Headache, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
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Ruffinatti FA, Scarpellino G, Chinigò G, Visentin L, Munaron L. The Emerging Concept of Transportome: State of the Art. Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 37668550 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00010.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of ion channels and transporters expressed in cell membranes, collectively referred to as the transportome, is a complex and multifunctional molecular machinery; in particular, at the plasma membrane level it finely tunes the exchange of biomolecules and ions, acting as a functionally adaptive interface that accounts for dynamic plasticity in the response to environmental fluctuations and stressors. The transportome is responsible for the definition of membrane potential and its variations, participates in the transduction of extracellular signals, and acts as a filter for most of the substances entering and leaving the cell, thus enabling the homeostasis of many cellular parameters. For all these reasons, physiologists have long been interested in the expression and functionality of ion channels and transporters, in both physiological and pathological settings and across the different domains of life. Today, thanks to the high-throughput technologies of the postgenomic era, the omics approach to the study of the transportome is becoming increasingly popular in different areas of biomedical research, allowing for a more comprehensive, integrated, and functional perspective of this complex cellular apparatus. This article represents a first effort for a systematic review of the scientific literature on this topic. Here we provide a brief overview of all those studies, both primary and meta-analyses, that looked at the transportome as a whole, regardless of the biological problem or the models they used. A subsequent section is devoted to the methodological aspect by reviewing the most important public databases annotating ion channels and transporters, along with the tools they provide to retrieve such information. Before conclusions, limitations and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Alessandro Ruffinatti
- Turin Cell Physiology Laboratory (TCP-Lab), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scarpellino
- Turin Cell Physiology Laboratory (TCP-Lab), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Chinigò
- Turin Cell Physiology Laboratory (TCP-Lab), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Visentin
- Turin Cell Physiology Laboratory (TCP-Lab), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Munaron
- Turin Cell Physiology Laboratory (TCP-Lab), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Vacassenno RM, Haddad CN, Cooper RL. The effects of doxapram (blocker of K2p channels) on resting membrane potential and synaptic transmission at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109497. [PMID: 36306997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The resting membrane potential of most cells is maintained by potassium K2p channels. The pharmacological profile and distribution of various K2p channel subtypes in organisms are still being investigated. The Drosophila genome contains 11 subtypes; however, their function and expression profiles have not yet been determined. Doxapram is clinically used to enhance respiration in humans and blocks the acid-sensitive K2p TASK subtype in mammals. The resting membrane potential of larval Drosophila muscle and synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction are pH sensitive. The present study investigated the effects of doxapram on membrane potential and synaptic transmission using intracellular recordings of larval Drosophila muscles. Doxapram (1 mM and 10 mM) depolarizes the muscle and appears to depolarize motor neurons, causing an increase in the frequency of spontaneous quantal events and evoked excitatory junction potentials. Verapamil (1 and 10 mM) paralleled the action of doxapram. These changes were matched by an extracellular increase in KCl (50 mM) and blocked by Cd2+. It is assumed that the motor nerve depolarizes to open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic nerve terminals because of exposure to doxapram. These findings are significant for building models to better understand the function of pharmacological agents that affect K2p channels and how K2p channels contribute to the physiology of tissues. Drosophila offers a genetically amenable model that can alter the tissue-specific expression of K2p channel subtypes to simulate known human diseases related to this family of channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Vacassenno
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA; Department of Biology, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA.
| | - Christine N Haddad
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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Cooper RL, Krall RM. Hyperpolarization Induced by Lipopolysaccharides but Not by Chloroform Is Inhibited by Doxapram, an Inhibitor of Two-P-Domain K + Channel (K2P). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415787. [PMID: 36555429 PMCID: PMC9779748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial septicemia is commonly induced by Gram-negative bacteria. The immune response is triggered in part by the secretion of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS induces the subsequent release of inflammatory cytokines which can result in pathological conditions. There is no known blocker to the receptors of LPS. The Drosophila larval muscle is an amendable model to rapidly screen various compounds that affect membrane potential and synaptic transmission such as LPS. LPS induces a rapid hyperpolarization in the body wall muscles and depolarization of motor neurons. These actions are blocked by the compound doxapram (10 mM), which is known to inhibit a subtype of the two-P-domain K+ channel (K2P channels). However, the K2P channel blocker PK-THPP had no effect on the Drosophila larval muscle at 1 and 10 mM. These channels are activated by chloroform, which also induces a rapid hyperpolarization of these muscles, but the channels are not blocked by doxapram. Likewise, chloroform does not block the depolarization induced by doxapram. LPS blocks the postsynaptic glutamate receptors on Drosophila muscle. Pre-exposure to doxapram reduces the LPS block of these ionotropic glutamate receptors. Given that the larval Drosophila body wall muscles are depolarized by doxapram and hyperpolarized by chloroform, they offer a model to begin pharmacological profiling of the K2P subtype channels with the potential of identifying blockers for the receptors to mitigate the actions of the Gram-negative endotoxin LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L. Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rebecca M. Krall
- Department of STEM Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0001, USA
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The Effect of Doxapram on Proprioceptive Neurons: Invertebrate Model. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The resting membrane potential enables neurons to rapidly initiate and conduct electrical signals. K2p channels are key in maintaining this membrane potential and electrical excitability. They direct the resting membrane potential toward the K+ equilibrium potential. Doxapram is a known blocker for a subset of K2p channels that are pH sensitive. We assessed the effects of 0.1 and 5 mM doxapram on the neural activity within the propodite-dactylopodite (PD) proprioceptive sensory organ in the walking legs of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Results indicate that 0.1 mM doxapram enhances excitation, while the higher concentration 5 mM may over-excite the neurons and promote a sustained absolute refractory period until the compound is removed. The effect of 5 mM doxapram mimics the effect of 40 mM K+ exposure. Verapamil, another known K2p channel blocker as well as an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, reduces neural activity at both 0.1 and 5 mM. Verapamil may block stretch activated channels in sensory endings, in addition to reducing the amplitude of the compound action potential with whole nerve preparations. These findings are notable as they demonstrate that doxapram has acute effects on neurons of crustaceans, suggesting a targeted K2p channel. The actions of verapamil are complex due to the potential of affecting multiple ion channels in this preparation. Crustacean neurons can aid in understanding the mechanisms of action of various pharmacological agents as more information is gained.
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Herrera-Pérez S, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Campos-Ríos A, Fernández-Fernández D, Lamas J. Antiarrhythmic calcium channel blocker verapamil inhibits trek currents in sympathetic neurons. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997188. [PMID: 36188584 PMCID: PMC9522527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Verapamil, a drug widely used in certain cardiac pathologies, exert its therapeutic effect mainly through the blockade of cardiac L-type calcium channels. However, we also know that both voltage-dependent and certain potassium channels are blocked by verapamil. Because sympathetic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) are known to express a good variety of potassium currents, and to finely tune cardiac activity, we speculated that the effect of verapamil on these SCG potassium channels could explain part of the therapeutic action of this drug. To address this question, we decided to study, the effects of verapamil on three different potassium currents observed in SCG neurons: delayed rectifier, A-type and TREK (a subfamily of K2P channels) currents. We also investigated the effect of verapamil on the electrical behavior of sympathetic SCG neurons. Experimental Approach: We employed the Patch-Clamp technique to mouse SCG neurons in culture. Key Results: We found that verapamil depolarizes of the resting membrane potential of SCG neurons. Moreover, we demonstrated that this drug also inhibits A-type potassium currents. Finally, and most importantly, we revealed that the current driven through TREK channels is also inhibited in the presence of verapamil. Conclusion and Implications: We have shown that verapamil causes a clear alteration of excitability in sympathetic nerve cells. This fact undoubtedly leads to an alteration of the sympathetic-parasympathetic balance which may affect cardiac function. Therefore, we propose that these possible peripheral alterations in the autonomic system should be taken into consideration in the prescription of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Herrera-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Grupo de Neurofisiología Experimental y Circuitos Neuronales, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
- *Correspondence: S. Herrera-Pérez, ; J. A. Lamas,
| | - L. Rueda-Ruzafa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | - A. Campos-Ríos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - J.A. Lamas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: S. Herrera-Pérez, ; J. A. Lamas,
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Two-Pore-Domain Potassium (K 2P-) Channels: Cardiac Expression Patterns and Disease-Specific Remodelling Processes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112914. [PMID: 34831137 PMCID: PMC8616229 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore-domain potassium (K2P-) channels conduct outward K+ currents that maintain the resting membrane potential and modulate action potential repolarization. Members of the K2P channel family are widely expressed among different human cell types and organs where they were shown to regulate important physiological processes. Their functional activity is controlled by a broad variety of different stimuli, like pH level, temperature, and mechanical stress but also by the presence of lipids or pharmacological agents. In patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, alterations in K2P-channel expression and function have been observed, suggesting functional significance and a potential therapeutic role of these ion channels. For example, upregulation of atrial specific K2P3.1 (TASK-1) currents in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients was shown to contribute to atrial action potential duration shortening, a key feature of AF-associated atrial electrical remodelling. Therefore, targeting K2P3.1 (TASK-1) channels might constitute an intriguing strategy for AF treatment. Further, mechanoactive K2P2.1 (TREK-1) currents have been implicated in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. Cardiovascular expression of other K2P channels has been described, functional evidence in cardiac tissue however remains sparse. In the present review, expression, function, and regulation of cardiovascular K2P channels are summarized and compared among different species. Remodelling patterns, observed in disease models are discussed and compared to findings from clinical patients to assess the therapeutic potential of K2P channels.
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Li Y, Jiao H, Ren W, Ren F. TRESK alleviates trigeminal neuralgia induced by infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury in rats. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919882511. [PMID: 31558093 PMCID: PMC6822185 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919882511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia commonly results in pain behaviors and cognitive impairment. Convincing evidence suggests that TWIK-related spinal cord K+ (TRESK) exerts antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects. However, its possible potentials in trigeminal neuralgia remain unclear. Trigeminal neuralgia model was established in rats by generating an infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury, and rats received intrathecal injections of TRESK-overexpressing lentivirus and siRNA expression vector-targeted against TRESK (si-TRESK) into the trigeminal ganglions. Mechanical allodynia was evaluated by mechanical withdrawal threshold. Cognitive capacity was tested using Morris water maze. The TRESK expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results showed that the mRNA and protein levels of TRESK were significantly downregulated in trigeminal ganglions in injured rats. Intrathecal treatment with TRESK reduced mechanical allodynia and relieved learning and memory deficits in trigeminal neuralgia rats, while si-TRESK injection caused neuropathic pain and cognitive deficits. In summary, the present study concluded that TRESK ameliorated pain-associated behaviors and cognitive deficits, which was useful as an alternative approach in management of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Hena Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wenan Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
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Du W, Sun C, Wang B, Wang Y, Dong B, Liu J, Xia J, Xie W, Wang J, Sun J, Liu X, Wang H. Response mechanism of hypocrellin colorants biosynthesis by Shiraia bambusicola to elicitor PB90. AMB Express 2019; 9:146. [PMID: 31522304 PMCID: PMC6745040 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The valuable medicine Shiraia bambusicola P. Henn. and its major active substance hypocrellin exert unique curative effects on skin diseases, diabetes, and cancers. The wild S. bambusicola is endangered due to its harsh breeding conditions and long growth cycle. It is one of the effective ways to utilize the resources sustainably to produce hypocrellin by fermentation of S. bambusicola. PB90 is a protein elicitor isolated from Phytophthora boehmeriae to induce the useful metabolites production in fungi. In this work, PB90 was selected to promote the synthesis hypocrellin by S. bambusicola. To evaluate the effect of PB90 on S. bambusicola, it was found that the induced cells showed decreased biomass, increased cell wall permeability, rapid induction of secondary metabolites, and significant increase of some enzyme activities, which confirmed a strong activation of phenylalanine/flavonoid pathways. Studies on signal molecules and gene expression level in S. bambusicola treated with PB90 have found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are necessary signal molecules involved in the synthesis of hypocrellin in elicited cells, and increased their signal levels through mutual reaction. We have showed for the first time, the response mechanism of hypocrellin biosynthesis from S. bambusicola to PB90, which may be not only establish a theoretical foundation for the application of PB90 to the mass production of S. bambusicola, but can also motivate further research on the application of PB90 to the conservation and sustainable utilization of other medical fungi.
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Pergel E, Lengyel M, Enyedi P, Czirják G. TRESK (K2P18.1) Background Potassium Channel Is Activated by Novel-Type Protein Kinase C via Dephosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:661-672. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Lengyel M, Erdélyi F, Pergel E, Bálint-Polonka Á, Dobolyi A, Bozsaki P, Dux M, Király K, Hegedűs T, Czirják G, Mátyus P, Enyedi P. Chemically Modified Derivatives of the Activator Compound Cloxyquin Exert Inhibitory Effect on TRESK (K2P18.1) Background Potassium Channel. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:652-660. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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