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Du Q, Sun J, Zhou Y, Yu Y, Kong W, Chen C, Zhou Y, Zhao K, Shao C, Gu X. Fabrication of ACP-CCS-PVA composite membrane for a potential application in guided bone regeneration. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25930-25938. [PMID: 37664206 PMCID: PMC10472212 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04498j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The barrier membranes of guided bone regeneration (GBR) have been widely used in clinical medicine to repair bone defects. However, the unmatched mechanical strength, unsuitable degradation rates, and insufficient regeneration potential limit the application of the current barrier membranes. Here, amorphous calcium phosphate-carboxylated chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (ACP-CCS-PVA) composite membranes are fabricated by freeze-thaw cycles, in which the ATP-stabilized ACP nanoparticles are uniformly distributed throughout the membranes. The mechanical performance and osteogenic properties are significantly improved by the ACP incorporated into the CCS-PVA system, but excess ACP would suppress cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Our work highlights the pivotal role of ACP in GBR and provides insight into the need for biomaterial fabrication to balance mechanical strength and mineral content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Du
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Yadong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Weijing Kong
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310006 China
| | - Xinhua Gu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310003 China
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Development of Two-Layer Hybrid Scaffolds Based on Oxidized Polyvinyl Alcohol and Bioactivated Chitosan Sponges for Tissue Engineering Purposes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012059. [PMID: 36292917 PMCID: PMC9603651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized polyvinyl alcohol (OxPVA) is a new polymer for the fabrication of nerve conduits (NCs). Looking for OxPVA device optimization and coupling it with a natural sheath may boost bioactivity. Thus, OxPVA/chitosan sponges (ChS) as hybrid scaffolds were investigated to predict in the vivo behaviour of two-layered NCs. To encourage interaction with cells, ChS were functionalized with the self-assembling-peptide (SAP) EAK, without/with the laminin-derived sequences -IKVAV/-YIGSR. Thus, ChS and the hybrid scaffolds were characterized for mechanical properties, ultrastructure (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM), bioactivity, and biocompatibility. Regarding mechanical analysis, the peptide-free ChS showed the highest values of compressive modulus and maximum stress. However, among +EAK groups, ChS+EAK showed a significantly higher maximum stress than that found for ChS+EAK-IKVAV and ChS+EAK-YIGSR. Considering ultrastructure, microporous interconnections were tighter in both the OxPVA/ChS and +EAK groups than in the others; all the scaffolds induced SH-SY5Y cells’ adhesion/proliferation, with significant differences from day 7 and a higher total cell number for OxPVA/ChS+EAK scaffolds, in accordance with SEM. The scaffolds elicited only a slight inflammation after 14 days of subcutaneous implantation in Balb/c mice, proving biocompatibility. ChS porosity, EAK 3D features and neuro-friendly attitude (shared with IKVAV/YIGSR motifs) may confer to OxPVA certain bioactivity, laying the basis for future appealing NCs.
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Improving Polysaccharide-Based Chitin/Chitosan-Aerogel Materials by Learning from Genetics and Molecular Biology. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031041. [PMID: 35160985 PMCID: PMC8839503 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Improved wound healing of burnt skin and skin lesions, as well as medical implants and replacement products, requires the support of synthetical matrices. Yet, producing synthetic biocompatible matrices that exhibit specialized flexibility, stability, and biodegradability is challenging. Synthetic chitin/chitosan matrices may provide the desired advantages for producing specialized grafts but must be modified to improve their properties. Synthetic chitin/chitosan hydrogel and aerogel techniques provide the advantages for improvement with a bioinspired view adapted from the natural molecular toolbox. To this end, animal genetics provide deep knowledge into which molecular key factors decisively influence the properties of natural chitin matrices. The genetically identified proteins and enzymes control chitin matrix assembly, architecture, and degradation. Combining synthetic chitin matrices with critical biological factors may point to the future direction with engineering materials of specific properties for biomedical applications such as burned skin or skin blistering and extensive lesions due to genetic diseases.
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Huang Z, Shi Y, Wang H, Chun C, Chen L, Wang K, Lu Z, Zhao Y, Li X. Protective Effects of Chitosan-Bilirubin Nanoparticles Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 16:8235-8250. [PMID: 34992363 PMCID: PMC8709796 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s344805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastric ulcers (GU) are a disease of the gastrointestinal tract that can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption and heavy use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. GU manifests predominantly as pathological damage, such as extensive inflammatory erosion and superficial bleeding of the gastric mucosa. Oxidative stress damage and the inflammatory response are now considered important predisposing factors for GU, suggesting that antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs could be treatments for GU. Nanoparticle drug carriers offer many advantages over conventional drugs, such as improved drug efficiency, increased drug stability, and increased half-life. Methods We designed chitosan-bilirubin conjugate (CS-BR) nanoparticles and assessed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities of CS-BR in gastric epithelial cells. Then, we evaluated the intragastric retention time and the anti-ulcer effects of CS-BR in vivo. Results The in vitro data showed that CS-BR nanoparticles protect gastric epithelial cells against oxidative/inflammatory injury. The in vivo study demonstrated that CS-BR nanoparticles accumulate permanently in the stomach and exert powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against GU. Conclusion This study applied bilirubin to the treatment of GU and confirmed that CS-BR nanoparticles are effective at alleviating acute GU in an experimental model. The findings provide innovative ideas for prophylaxis against or treatment of GU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannan Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengcai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Changju Chun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Longwang Chen
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinze Li
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.,Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
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Chitosan Covalently Functionalized with Peptides Mapped on Vitronectin and BMP-2 for Bone Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112784. [PMID: 34835549 PMCID: PMC8622029 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, over 20 million patients suffer from bone disorders annually. Bone scaffolds are designed to integrate into host tissue without causing adverse reactions. Recently, chitosan, an easily available natural polymer, has been considered a suitable scaffold for bone tissue growth as it is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic material with antimicrobial activity and osteoinductive capacity. In this work, chitosan was covalently and selectively biofunctionalized with two suitably designed bioactive synthetic peptides: a Vitronectin sequence (HVP) and a BMP-2 peptide (GBMP1a). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) investigations highlighted the presence of the peptides grafted to chitosan (named Chit-HVP and Chit-GBMP1a). Chit-HVP and Chit-GBMP1a porous scaffolds promoted human osteoblasts adhesion, proliferation, calcium deposition, and gene expression of three crucial osteoblast proteins. In particular, Chit-HVP highly promoted adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts, while Chit-GBMP1a guided cell differentiation towards osteoblastic phenotype.
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Chen S, Gil CJ, Ning L, Jin L, Perez L, Kabboul G, Tomov ML, Serpooshan V. Adhesive Tissue Engineered Scaffolds: Mechanisms and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:683079. [PMID: 34354985 PMCID: PMC8329531 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.683079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of suture and bioglue techniques are conventionally used to secure engineered scaffold systems onto the target tissues. These techniques, however, confront several obstacles including secondary damages, cytotoxicity, insufficient adhesion strength, improper degradation rate, and possible allergic reactions. Adhesive tissue engineering scaffolds (ATESs) can circumvent these limitations by introducing their intrinsic tissue adhesion ability. This article highlights the significance of ATESs, reviews their key characteristics and requirements, and explores various mechanisms of action to secure the scaffold onto the tissue. We discuss the current applications of advanced ATES products in various fields of tissue engineering, together with some of the key challenges for each specific field. Strategies for qualitative and quantitative assessment of adhesive properties of scaffolds are presented. Furthermore, we highlight the future prospective in the development of advanced ATES systems for regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carmen J. Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liqun Ning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Linqi Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lilanni Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gabriella Kabboul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Martin L. Tomov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Kulkarni N, Shinde SD, Jadhav GS, Adsare DR, Rao K, Kachhia M, Maingle M, Patil SP, Arya N, Sahu B. Peptide-Chitosan Engineered Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:448-465. [PMID: 33656319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are signaling epitopes that control many vital biological events. Increased specificity, synthetic feasibility with concomitant lack of toxicity, and immunogenicity make this emerging class of biomolecules suitable for different applications including therapeutics, diagnostics, and biomedical engineering. Further, chitosan, a naturally occurring linear polymer composed of d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units, possesses anti-microbial, muco-adhesive, and hemostatic properties along with excellent biocompatibility. As a result, chitosan finds application in drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging. Despite these applications, chitosan demonstrates limited cell adhesion and lacks biosignaling. Therefore, peptide-chitosan hybrids have emerged as a new class of biomaterial with improved biosignaling properties and cell adhesion properties. As a result, recent studies encompass increased application of peptide-chitosan hybrids as composites or conjugates in drug delivery, cell therapy, and tissue engineering and as anti-microbial material. This review discusses the recent investigations involving chitosan-peptide materials and uncovers various aspects of these interesting hybrid materials for biomedical applications.
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Hersh J, Broyles D, Capcha JMC, Dikici E, Shehadeh LA, Daunert S, Deo S. Peptide-Modified Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:229-251. [PMID: 34250454 PMCID: PMC8267604 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric biomaterials have been used in a variety of applications, like cargo delivery and tissue scaffolding, because they are easily synthesized and can be adapted to many systems. However, there is still a need to further enhance and improve their functions to progress their use in the biomedical field. A promising solution is to modify the polymer surfaces with peptides that can increase biocompatibility, cellular interactions, and receptor targeting. In recent years, peptide modifications have been used to overcome many challenges to polymer biomaterial development. This review discusses recent progress in developing peptide-modified polymers for therapeutic applications including cell-specific targeting and tissue engineering. Furthermore, we will explore some of the most frequently studied base components of these biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hersh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - David Broyles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - José Manuel Condor Capcha
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Lina A Shehadeh
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Sapna Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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Cassimjee H, Kumar P, Choonara YE, Pillay V. Proteosaccharide combinations for tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Qin Y, Li P. Antimicrobial Chitosan Conjugates: Current Synthetic Strategies and Potential Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E499. [PMID: 31941068 PMCID: PMC7013974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a natural polysaccharide, chitosan possesses good biocompatibility, biodegradability and biosafety. Its hydroxyl and amino groups make it an ideal carrier material in the construction of polymer-drug conjugates. In recent years, various synthetic strategies have been used to couple chitosan with active substances to obtain conjugates with diverse structures and unique functions. In particular, chitosan conjugates with antimicrobial activity have shown great application prospects in the fields of medicine, food, and agriculture in recent years. Hence, we will place substantial emphasis on the synthetic approaches for preparing chitosan conjugates and their antimicrobial applications, which are not well summarized. Meanwhile, the challenges, limitations, and prospects of antimicrobial chitosan conjugates are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Comparative study of collagen and gelatin in chitosan-based hydrogels for effective wound dressing: Physical properties and fibroblastic cell behavior. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:625-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Negishi Y, Nomizu M. Laminin-derived peptides: Applications in drug delivery systems for targeting. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 202:91-97. [PMID: 31158392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the development of drug delivery systems (DDSs) for clinical application of anticancer drugs and gene therapy has rapidly progressed. In particular, DDS carriers used for chemotherapy and gene therapy are required to selectively deliver drugs and genes to cancer cells. Both the carrier and the molecule must in combination be highly selective in most cases. Possible candidate targeting molecules are the laminins, major basement membrane proteins that interact with various cells through their multiple constituent active peptide sequences. Laminin-derived peptides bind to various cellular receptors and have been used for DDSs as a targeting moiety. Here, we review the progress in laminin-derived peptide-conjugated DDSs. Drug and gene carriers as well as ultrasound diagnostic contrast agents utilizing laminin-derived peptides for selective targeting are useful components of DDSs and play important roles in cancer and in the neovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nomizu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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Liu S, Wang Y, Wang J, Qiu P, Wang S, Shi Y, Li M, Chen P, Lin X, Fang X. A cancellous bone matrix system with specific mineralisation degrees for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and bone regeneration. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2452-2467. [PMID: 30942200 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01657g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone regenerative therapies have been explored using various biomaterial systems.
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