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Ding X, Yue P, Li X, Jia Y, Fang R, Li E, Wu X, Zhou H, Song X. Evaluation of nintedanib efficacy: Attenuating the lens fibrosis in vitro and vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112334. [PMID: 38815350 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Organ fibrosis is a huge challenge in clinic. There are no drugs for fibrotic cataracts treatments in clinic. Nintedanib is approved by the FDA for pulmonary fibrosis treatments. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of nintedanib on fibrotic cataracts. METHODS Drug efficacy was validated through TGFβ2-induced cell models and injury-induced anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) mice. A slit lamp and the eosin staining technique were applied to access the degree of capsular fibrosis. The CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the toxicity and anti-proliferation ability of the drug. The cell migration was determined by wound healing assay and transwell assay. The anti-epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and anti-fibrosis efficacy were evaluated by qRT-PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence. The inhibition of nintedanib to signaling pathways was certified by immunoblot. RESULTS Nintedanib inhibited the migration and proliferation of TGFβ2-induced cell models. Nintedanib can also repress the EMT and fibrosis of the lens epithelial cells. The intracameral injection of nintedanib can also allay the anterior subcapsular opacification in ASC mice. The TGFβ2/ Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways can be blocked by nintedanib in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Nintedanib alleviates fibrotic cataracts by suppressing the TGFβ2/ Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. Nintedanib is a potential drug for lens fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Ding
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Peilin Yue
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaohe Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nan Kai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxuan Jia
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Rui Fang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Enjie Li
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xi Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nan Kai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Honggang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nan Kai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xudong Song
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Ophthalmology&Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China.
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2
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Ma M, Lv Y, Zhang K, Zhou L. RASFF1A inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells induced by TGFβ through regulating HDAC6. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102325. [PMID: 38394972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
To explore the role of Ras-association domain family 1 A (RASSF1A) in TGFβ2-induced changes of lens epithelial cells (LECs) behavior. The human LEC line SRA01/04 cells were treated with TGFβ2 in the presence or absence of RASSF1A and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). qRT-PCR and western blot were performed to analysis mRNA and proteins expression. Cell proliferation was evaluated using MTT assay and colony formation assay. Transwell and scratch-wound healing assays were conducted to detected cell migration ability. RASSF1A was downregulated in TGFβ2-induced SRA01/04 cells. RASSF1A overexpression inhibited the cell viability, colony formation and migration abilities of SRA01/04 cells induced by TGFβ2. Overexpression of RASSF1A suppressed TGFβ2-induced EMT of SRA01/04 cells, which was manifested as inhibition of EMT-related proteins α-SMA, Vimentin, Snail and Fn expression. Moreover, RASSF1A down-regulated the expression of HDAC6. Importantly, HDAC6 reversed the effects of RASSF1A on SRA01/04 cells. These findings indicate that RASSF1A prevented TGFβ2-induced proliferation, migration, and EMT of LECs by regulating HDAC6 expression, suggesting that RASSF1A holds promise as a potential target for cataracts treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Yunkai Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuyao Maternity And Child Health Care Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang 315400, China
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Liu X, Li J, Liu S, Long Y, Kang C, Zhao C, Wei L, Huang S, Luo Y, Dai B, Zhu X. Fabrication of a 3D bioprinting model for posterior capsule opacification using GelMA and PLMA hydrogel-coated resin. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae020. [PMID: 38529352 PMCID: PMC10963077 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) remains the predominant complication following cataract surgery, significantly impairing visual function restoration. In this study, we developed a PCO model that closely mimics the anatomical structure of the crystalline lens capsule post-surgery. The model incorporated a threaded structure for accurate positioning and observation, allowing for opening and closing. Utilizing 3D printing technology, a stable external support system was created using resin material consisting of a rigid, hollow base and cover. To replicate the lens capsule structure, a thin hydrogel coating was applied to the resin scaffold. The biocompatibility and impact on cellular functionality of various hydrogel compositions were assessed through an array of staining techniques, including calcein-AM/PI staining, rhodamine staining, BODIPY-C11 staining and EdU staining in conjunction with transwell assays. Additionally, the PCO model was utilized to investigate the effects of eight drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties, including 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), THZ1, sorbinil, 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI), xanthohumol, zebularine, rapamycin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, on human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). Confocal microscopy facilitated comprehensive imaging of the PCO model. The results demonstrated that the GelMA 60 5% + PLMA 2% composite hydrogel exhibited superior biocompatibility and minimal lipid peroxidation levels among the tested hydrogels. Moreover, compared to using hydrogel as the material for 3D printing the entire model, applying surface hydrogel spin coating with parameters of 2000 rpm × 2 on the resin-based 3D printed base yielded a more uniform cell distribution and reduced apoptosis. Furthermore, rapamycin, 4-OI and AICAR demonstrated potent antiproliferative effects in the drug intervention study. Confocal microscopy imaging revealed a uniform distribution of HLECs along the anatomical structure of the crystalline lens capsule within the PCO model, showcasing robust cell viability and regular morphology. In conclusion, the PCO model provides a valuable experimental platform for studying PCO pathogenesis and exploring potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Cataract and Lens Refractive Surgery Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiale Li
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Cataract and Lens Refractive Surgery Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Long
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ching Kang
- Cataract and Lens Refractive Surgery Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Cataract and Lens Refractive Surgery Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Wei
- Cataract and Lens Refractive Surgery Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoqi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Cataract and Lens Refractive Surgery Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Cataract and Lens Refractive Surgery Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
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Shu X, Liu Y, He F, Gong Y, Li J. A bibliometric and visualized analysis of the pathogenesis of cataracts from 1999 to 2023. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26044. [PMID: 38390089 PMCID: PMC10881887 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the pathogenesis of cataracts is ongoing and the number of publications on this topic is increasing annually. This study offers an overview of the research status, popular topics, and scholarly tendencies in the field of cataract pathogenesis over recent decades,which helps to guide future research directions, and optimize resource allocation. In the present study, we performed a bibliometric analysis of cataract pathogenesis. Publications from January 1, 1999, to December 20, 2023, were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), and the extracted data were quantified and analyzed. We analyzed and presented the data using Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Python. In all, 4006 articles were evaluated based on various characteristics, including publication year, authors, countries, institutions, journals, citations, and keywords. This study utilized VOSviewer to conduct visualized analysis, including co-authorship, co-citation, co-occurrence, and network visualization. The CiteSpace software was used to identify keywords with significant bursts of activity. The number of annual global publications climbed from 76 to 277 between 1999 and 2023, a 264.47% rise. Experimental Eye Research published the most manuscripts (178 publications), whereas Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science received the most citations (6675 citations). The most influential and productive country, institution, and author were the United States (1244 publications, 54,456 citations), University of California system (136 publications, 5401 citations), and Yao Ke (49 publications, 838 citations), respectively. The top 100 ranked keywords are divided into four clusters through co-occurrence analysis: (1) secondary cataracts, (2) oxidative stress, (3) gene mutations and protein abnormalities, and (4) alteration of biological processes in lens epithelial cells. Further discussions on the four subtopics outline the research topics and trends. In conclusion, the specific mechanism of cataract formation remains a popular topic for future research and should be explored in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 55, University Town Central Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 55, University Town Central Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanfan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 55, University Town Central Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 55, University Town Central Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Sciences Research Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 55, University Town Central Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang JD, Zhang JS, Li XX, Wang KJ, Li M, Mao YY, Wan XH. Knockout of TGF-β receptor II by CRISPR/Cas9 delays mesenchymal transition of Lens epithelium and posterior capsule opacification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129290. [PMID: 38199534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common postoperative complication of cataract surgery. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) that is proven to induce PCO formation in clinical and experimental studies. In this study, CRISPR sequences targeting exon of TGF-βRII were knocked out with lentiviral transfection in LECs. Rabbits' PCO model was established and recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) for transferring the gRNA of TGF βRII were intravitreally injected. SgRNA inhibited TGF-βRII expression and human LECs proliferation. In TGF-βRII knockout group, LECs motility and migration were suppressed, N-cadherin and vimentin expressions were significantly decreased, whereas E-cadherin was increased. The animal model showed that TGF-βRII knockout in vivo was effective in suppressing PCO. The current study suggested that the CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease system could suppress TGF-βRII secretion, which participates in the EMT procedure of LECs in vitro and PCO in vivo. These findings might provide a new gene-editing approach and insight into a novel therapeutic strategy for PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Da Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Shang Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao Xia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Kai Jie Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ying Yan Mao
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiu Hua Wan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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6
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Jing RH, Hu CH, Qi TT, Ma B. Role of reactive oxygen species in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1935-1941. [PMID: 38111943 PMCID: PMC10700083 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). METHODS Flow cytometry was used to assess ROS production after transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) induction. Apoptosis of HLECs after H2O2 and TGF-β2 interference with or without ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were assessed by flow cytometry. The corresponding protein expression levels of the EMT marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the extracellular matrix (ECM), marker fibronectin (Fn), and apoptosis-associated proteins were detected by using Western blotting in the presence of an ROS scavenger (NAC). Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to assess the migration capability of HLECs. RESULTS TGF-β2 stimulates ROS production within 8h in HLECs. Additionally, TGF-β2 induced HLECs cell apoptosis, EMT/ECM synthesis protein markers expression, and pro-apoptotic proteins production; nonetheless, NAC treatment prevented these responses. Similarly, TGF-β2 promoted HLECs cell migration, whereas NAC inhibited cell migration. We further determined that although ROS initiated apoptosis, it only induced the accumulation of the EMT marker α-SMA protein, but not COL-1 or Fn. CONCLUSION ROS contribute to TGF-β2-induced EMT/ECM synthesis and cell apoptosis of HLECs; however, ROS alone are not sufficient for EMT/ECM synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cong-Hui Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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7
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Yang T, Hu Y, Chen S, Li L, Cao X, Yuan J, Shu F, Jiang Z, Qian S, Zhu X, Wei C, Wei R, Yan M, Li C, Yin X, Lu Q. Correction to: YY1 inactivated transcription co-regulator PGC-1α to promote mitochondrial dysfunction of early diabetic nephropathy-associated tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2787-2792. [PMID: 37115478 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) could be promoted by the occurrence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which has a close relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). As a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays an important role not only in regulating the fibrosis process but also in maintaining the mitochondrial function of pancreatic β-cells. However, it was not clear whether YY1 participated in maintaining mitochondrial function of RTECs in early DN-associated TIF. In this study, we dynamically detected mitochondrial functions and protein expression of YY1 in db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-cultured HK-2 cells. Our results showed that comparing with the occurrence of TIF, the emergence of mitochondrial dysfunction of RTECs was an earlier even, besides the up-regulated and nuclear translocated YY1. Correlation analysis showed YY1 expressions were negatively associated with PGC-1α in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanism research demonstrated the formation of mTOR-YY1 heterodimer induced by HG up-regulated YY1, the nuclear translocation of which inactivated PGC-1α by binding to the PGC-1α promoter. Overexpression of YY1 induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in normal glucose-cultured HK-2 cells and 8-weeks-old db/m mice. While, dysfunctional mitochondria induced by HG could be improved by knockdown of YY1. Finally, downregulation of YY1 could retard the progression of TIF by preventing mitochondrial functions, resulting in the improvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in early DN. These findings suggested that YY1 was a novel regulator of mitochondrial function of RTECs and contributed to the occurrence of early DN-associated TIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yinlu Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Shangxiu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xinyun Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Jiayu Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Fanglin Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Hangzhou Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sitong Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chujing Wei
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Meng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chenlin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, NO. 209. Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, NO. 209. Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Pacheco AIP. Cataractogenesis and molecular pathways, with reactive free oxygen species as a common pathway. Surv Ophthalmol 2023:S0039-6257(23)00144-3. [PMID: 37944599 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Slowing down or stopping the natural process of cataractogenesis is certainly a challenge for those who today propose an option other than surgery. Addressing the same problem in different ways constitutes a new approach to solving what is today the number one cause of reversible blindness worldwide. The technological revolution, as well as the advances in the biological sciences, allows us to conceive mechanisms never thought of before to stop the process that, as a common pathway, constitutes opacification of the crystalline lens. A new dawn for cataracts is coming through molecular, newly-discovered mechanisms. Cataractogenesis and molecular pathways have reactive free oxygen species as a common pathway. Surgical removal is today's gold standard, but perhaps not for much longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Iván Pérez Pacheco
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Medical Science, Ophthalmological General Teaching Center Hospital "Dr. Enrique Cabrera", Havana, Cuba.
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9
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De Piano M, Cacciamani A, Balzamino BO, Scarinci F, Cosimi P, Cafiero C, Ripandelli G, Micera A. Biomarker Signature in Aqueous Humor Mirrors Lens Epithelial Cell Activation: New Biomolecular Aspects from Cataractogenic Myopia. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1328. [PMID: 37759728 PMCID: PMC10526747 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory, vasculogenic, and profibrogenic factors have been previously reported in vitreous (VH) and aqueous (AH) humors in myopic patients who underwent cataract surgery. In light of this, we selected some mediators for AH and anterior-capsule-bearing lens epithelial cell (AC/LEC) analysis, and AH expression was correlated with LEC activation (epithelial-mesenchymal transition and EMT differentiation) and axial length (AL) elongation. In this study, AH (97; 41M/56F) and AC/LEC samples (78; 35M/43F) were collected from 102 patients who underwent surgery, and biosamples were grouped according to AL elongation. Biomolecular analyses were carried out for AH and LECs, while microscopical analyses were restricted to whole flattened AC/LECs. The results showed increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and angiopoietin-2 (ANG)-2 and decreased levels of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF)-A were detected in AH depending on AL elongation. LECs showed EMT differentiation as confirmed by the expression of smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-βR1/TGFβ isoforms. A differential expression of IL-6R/IL-6, IL-8R/IL-8, and VEGF-R1/VEGF was observed in the LECs, and this expression correlated with AL elongation. The higher VEGF-A and lower VEGF-D transcript expressions were detected in highly myopic LECs, while no significant changes were monitored for VEGF-R transcripts. In conclusion, these findings provide a strong link between the AH protein signature and the EMT phenotype. Furthermore, the low VEGF-A/ANG-2 and the high VEGF-A/VEGF-D ratios in myopic AH might suggest a specific inflammatory and profibrogenic pattern in high myopia. The highly myopic AH profile might be a potential candidate for rating anterior chamber inflammation and predicting retinal distress at the time of cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Piano
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (B.O.B.)
| | - Andrea Cacciamani
- Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (B.O.B.)
| | - Fabio Scarinci
- Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Pamela Cosimi
- Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Concetta Cafiero
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Fabrizio Spaziani Hospital, 03100 Frosinone, Italy;
| | - Guido Ripandelli
- Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (F.S.); (P.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (B.O.B.)
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10
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Donato L, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, Scalinci SZ, Mordà D, Rinaldi C, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. Human retinal secretome: A cross-link between mesenchymal and retinal cells. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:665-686. [PMID: 37545752 PMCID: PMC10401416 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i7.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered the most effective source for regenerative medicine, especially due to released soluble paracrine bioactive components and extracellular vesicles. These factors, collectively called the secretome, play crucial roles in immunomodulation and in improving survival and regeneration capabilities of injured tissue. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the secretome released by retinal cytotypes, especially retinal pigment epithelium and Müller glia cells. The latter trophic factors represent the key to preserving morphofunctional integrity of the retina, regulating biological pathways involved in survival, function and responding to injury. Furthermore, these factors can play a pivotal role in onset and progression of retinal diseases after damage of cell secretory function. In this review, we delineated the importance of cross-talk between MSCs and retinal cells, focusing on common/induced secreted factors, during experimental therapy for retinal diseases. The cross-link between the MSC and retinal cell secretomes suggests that the MSC secretome can modulate the retinal cell secretome and vice versa. For example, the MSC secretome can protect retinal cells from degeneration by reducing oxidative stress, autophagy and programmed cell death. Conversely, the retinal cell secretome can influence the MSC secretome by inducing changes in MSC gene expression and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics and Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo 90139, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
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11
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Li C, Chen X, Zhang S, Liang C, Ma X, Zhang R, Yan H. Glutaredoxin 1 protects lens epithelial cells from epithelial-mesenchymal transition by preventing casein kinase 1α S-glutathionylation during posterior capsular opacification. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102676. [PMID: 36989576 PMCID: PMC10074848 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress drives protein S-glutathionylation, which regulates the structure and function of target proteins and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), a cytoplasmic deglutathionylating enzyme, maintains a reducing environment within the cell under various conditions by reversing S-glutathionylation. Grx1 performs a wide range of antioxidant activities in the lens and prevents protein-thiol mixed disulfide accumulation, reducing protein-protein aggregation, insolubilization, and apoptosis of lens epithelial cells. Oxidative stress is related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during posterior capsular opacification (PCO). However, whether Grx1-regulated protein S-glutathionylation plays an essential role in PCO remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that Grx1 expression was decreased in mice following cataract surgery. Furthermore, the absence of Grx1 elevated oxidative stress and protein S-glutathionylation and aggravated EMT in both in vitro and in vivo models. Concurrently, these results could be reversed by Grx1 overexpression. Notably, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry results showed that casein kinase 1α (CK1α) was susceptible to S-glutathionylation under oxidative stress, and CK1α S-glutathionylation (CK1α-SSG) was mediated at Cys249. The absence of Grx1 upregulated CK1α-SSG, subsequently decreasing the CK1α-induced phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser45. The consequential downregulation of degradative β-catenin and upregulation of its nuclear translocation activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and aggravated EMT. In conclusion, the downregulated expression of Grx1 in mice following cataract surgery aggravated EMT by upregulating the extent of CK1α-SSG. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report how S-glutathionylation regulates CK1α activity under oxidative stress.
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12
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FGF-2 Differentially Regulates Lens Epithelial Cell Behaviour during TGF-β-Induced EMT. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060827. [PMID: 36980168 PMCID: PMC10046997 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) can regulate and/or dysregulate lens epithelial cell (LEC) behaviour, including proliferation, fibre differentiation, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Earlier studies have investigated the crosstalk between FGF and TGF-β in dictating lens cell fate, that appears to be dose dependent. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a fibre-differentiating dose of FGF differentially regulates the behaviour of lens epithelial cells undergoing TGF-β-induced EMT. Postnatal 21-day-old rat lens epithelial explants were treated with a fibre-differentiating dose of FGF-2 (200 ng/mL) and/or TGF-β2 (50 pg/mL) over a 7-day culture period. We compared central LECs (CLECs) and peripheral LECs (PLECs) using immunolabelling for changes in markers for EMT (α-SMA), lens fibre differentiation (β-crystallin), epithelial cell adhesion (β-catenin), and the cytoskeleton (alpha-tropomyosin), as well as Smad2/3- and MAPK/ERK1/2-signalling. Lens epithelial explants cotreated with FGF-2 and TGF-β2 exhibited a differential response, with CLECs undergoing EMT while PLECs favoured more of a lens fibre differentiation response, compared to the TGF-β-only-treated explants where all cells in the explants underwent EMT. The CLECs cotreated with FGF and TGF-β immunolabelled for α-SMA, with minimal β-crystallin, whereas the PLECs demonstrated strong β-crystallin reactivity and little α-SMA. Interestingly, compared to the TGF-β-only-treated explants, α-SMA was significantly decreased in the CLECs cotreated with FGF/TGF-β. Smad-dependent and independent signalling was increased in the FGF-2/TGF-β2 co-treated CLECs, that had a heightened number of cells with nuclear localisation of Smad2/3 compared to the PLECs, that in contrast had more pronounced ERK1/2-signalling over Smad2/3 activation. The current study has confirmed that FGF-2 is influential in differentially regulating the behaviour of LECs during TGF-β-induced EMT, leading to a heterogenous cell population, typical of that observed in the development of post-surgical, posterior capsular opacification (PCO). This highlights the cooperative relationship between FGF and TGF-β leading to lens pathology, providing a different perspective when considering preventative measures for controlling PCO.
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13
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Liu Z, Huang S, Zheng Y, Zhou T, Hu L, Xiong L, Li DWC, Liu Y. The lens epithelium as a major determinant in the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the crystalline lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 92:101112. [PMID: 36055924 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline lens is a transparent and refractive biconvex structure formed by lens epithelial cells (LECs) and lens fibers. Lens opacity, also known as cataracts, is the leading cause of blindness in the world. LECs are the principal cells of lens throughout human life, exhibiting different physiological properties and functions. During the embryonic stage, LECs proliferate and differentiate into lens fibers, which form the crystalline lens. Genetics and environment are vital factors that influence normal lens development. During maturation, LECs help maintain lens homeostasis through material transport, synthesis and metabolism as well as mitosis and proliferation. If disturbed, this will result in loss of lens transparency. After cataract surgery, the repair potential of LECs is activated and the structure and transparency of the regenerative tissue depends on postoperative microenvironment. This review summarizes recent research advances on the role of LECs in lens development, homeostasis, and regeneration, with a particular focus on the role of cholesterol synthesis (eg., lanosterol synthase) in lens development and homeostasis maintenance, and how the regenerative potential of LECs can be harnessed to develop surgical strategies and improve the outcomes of cataract surgery (Fig. 1). These new insights suggest that LECs are a major determinant of the physiological and pathological state of the lens. Further studies on their molecular biology will offer possibility to explore new approaches for cataract prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Leyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China; Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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14
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Kubo E, Shibata S, Shibata T, Sasaki H, Singh DP. Role of Decorin in the Lens and Ocular Diseases. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010074. [PMID: 36611867 PMCID: PMC9818407 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is an archetypal member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family and is involved in various biological functions and many signaling networks, interacting with extra-cellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factors, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Decorin also modulates the growth factors, cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. It has been reported to be involved in many ischemic and fibrotic eye diseases, such as congenital stromal dystrophy of the cornea, anterior subcapsular fibrosis of the lens, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, et al. Furthermore, recent evidence supports its role in secondary posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. The expression of decorin mRNA in lens epithelial cells in vitro was found to decrease upon transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-2 addition and increase upon fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 addition. Wound healing of the injured lens in mice transgenic for lens-specific human decorin was promoted by inhibiting myofibroblastic changes. Decorin may be associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PCO development in the lens. Gene therapy and decorin administration have the potential to serve as excellent therapeutic approaches for modifying impaired wound healing, PCO, and other eye diseases related to fibrosis and angiogenesis. In this review, we present findings regarding the roles of decorin in the lens and ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-286-2211 (ext. 3412); Fax: +81-76-286-1010
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Teppei Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Dhirendra P. Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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15
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Prophylaxis of posterior capsule opacification through autophagy activation with indomethacin-eluting intraocular lens. Bioact Mater 2022; 23:539-550. [PMID: 36514385 PMCID: PMC9729928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common long-term postoperative complication of cataract surgery, leading to secondary vision loss. Optimized intraocular lens (IOL) structure and appropriate pharmacological intervention, which provides physical barriers and biological inhibition, respectively, can block the migration, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) for PCO prophylaxis. Herein, a novel indomethacin-eluting IOL (INDOM-IOL) with an optimized sharper edge and a sustained drug release behavior was developed for PCO prevention. Indomethacin (INDOM), an ophthalmic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for postoperative ocular inflammation, was demonstrated to not only be able to suppress cell migration and down-regulate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and EMT markers, including alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and cyclin D1, but also promote the autophagy activation in LECs. Additionally, autophagy was also verified to be a potential therapeutic target for the down-regulation of EMT in LECs. The novel IOL, serving as a drug delivery platform, could carry an adjustable dose of hydrophobic indomethacin with sustained drug release ability for more than 28 days. In the rabbit PCO model, the indomethacin-eluting IOL showed excellent anti-inflammatory and anti-PCO effects. In summary, indomethacin is an effective pharmacological intervention in PCO prophylaxis, and the novel IOL we developed prevented PCO in vivo under its sustained indomethacin release property, which provided a promising approach for PCO prophylaxis in clinical application.
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16
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Zhang D, Zhu H, Yu X, Wang L, Wen Y, Zhang L, Tong J, Shen Y. Blue light attenuates TGF-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells via autophagy impairment. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:456. [DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) was related to pathological epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs). It has been reported that blue light could have an effect on EMT. This study aims to elucidate the role and potential mechanism of autophagy in EMT after blue light exposure in LECs.
Methods
HLE-B3 cells were treated with TGF-β2 with different concentration and time to induce EMT as a model of PCO in vitro. Cells were exposed to blue light with or without TGF-β2. The expression levels of EMT-associated markers were analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blotting and cell migration ability was determined by transwell migration assay and wound healing assay. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins were analyzed by western blotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Rapamycin and chloroquine were utilized in cells for autophagy activation and inhibition.
Results
TGF-β2 induced autophagy activation during EMT progression in HLE-B3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Blue light exposure inhibited TGF-β2-induced EMT characterized by inhibited expression of EMT related markers and reduced migration capacity. Meanwhile, blue light exposure impaired autophagy activated by TGF-β2. Furthermore, Autophagy activation with rapamycin rescued EMT attenuated by blue light. Autophagy inhibition with chloroquine reduced TGF-β2-induced EMT in HLE-B3 cells.
Conclusion
Blue light exposure had inhibited effects on TGF-β2-induced EMT in LECs through autophagy impairment, which provides a new insight on prevention and treatment of PCO.
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Lin X, Yang T, Liu X, Fan F, Zhou X, Li H, Luo Y. TGF-β/Smad Signalling Activation by HTRA1 Regulates the Function of Human Lens Epithelial Cells and Its Mechanism in Posterior Subcapsular Congenital Cataract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214431. [PMID: 36430917 PMCID: PMC9692351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cataract is the leading cause of blindness among children worldwide. Patients with posterior subcapsular congenital cataract (PSC) in the central visual axis can result in worsening vision and stimulus deprivation amblyopia. However, the pathogenesis of PSC remains unclear. This study aims to explore the functional regulation and mechanism of HTRA1 in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). HTRA1 was significantly downregulated in the lens capsules of children with PSC compared to normal controls. HTRA1 is a suppression factor of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway, which plays a key role in cataract formation. The results showed that the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway was activated in the lens tissue of PSC. The effect of HTRA1 on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis was measured in HLECs. In primary HLECs, the downregulation of HTRA1 can promote the proliferation and migration of HLECs by activating the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway and can significantly upregulate the TGF-β/Smad downstream target genes FN1 and α-SMA. HTRA1 was also knocked out in the eyes of C57BL/6J mice via adeno-associated virus-mediated RNA interference. The results showed that HTRA1 knockout can significantly upregulate p-Smad2/3 and activate the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway, resulting in abnormal proliferation and irregular arrangement of lens epithelial cells and leading to the occurrence of subcapsular cataract. To conclude, HTRA1 was significantly downregulated in children with PSC, and the downregulation of HTRA1 enhanced the proliferation and migration of HLECs by activating the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway, which led to the occurrence of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Tianke Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiyue Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(0)21-64377134
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18
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Silibinin suppresses TGFβ2-induced lens epithelial cell migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Cui Y, Yang H, Shi S, Ping X, Zheng S, Tang X, Yu X, Shentu X. TP53INP2 Contributes to TGF-β2-Induced Autophagy during the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Posterior Capsular Opacification Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152385. [PMID: 35954230 PMCID: PMC9368444 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication after cataract surgery, in which increased levels of transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) accelerate PCO formation; however, the pathological mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to explore the regulation mechanism of TGF-β2 in PCO formation via its autophagic functions. Methods: The autophagic effect of TGF-β2 was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. The association between autophagy and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated by qPCR and Western blotting. The transcriptome analysis was used to uncover the molecular mechanism of TGF-β2-induced PCO formation. Results: TGF-β2 specifically promotes autophagy flux in human lens epithelial cells. The activation of autophagy by rapamycin can promote EMT marker synthesis and improve cell migration. However, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA attenuates EMT. To uncover the molecular mechanisms, we performed RNA sequencing and found that TGF-β2 elevated tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein2 (TP53INP2) expression, which was accompanied by a nuclear-to-cytoplasm translocation. Moreover, the knockdown of TP53INP2 blocked the TGF-β2-induced autophagy and EMT processes, revealing that TP53INP2 plays an important role in TGF-β2-induced autophagy during EMT. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of this study suggested that TP53INP2 was a novel regulator of PCO development by TGF-β2, and notably, TP53INP2, may be a potential target for the pharmacological treatment of PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Cui
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (X.P.); (X.T.); (X.Y.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (X.P.); (X.T.); (X.Y.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Silu Shi
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (X.P.); (X.T.); (X.Y.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiyuan Ping
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (X.P.); (X.T.); (X.Y.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Sifan Zheng
- GKT School of Medical Education, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Xiajing Tang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (X.P.); (X.T.); (X.Y.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaoning Yu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (X.P.); (X.T.); (X.Y.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xingchao Shentu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; (Y.C.); (H.Y.); (S.S.); (X.P.); (X.T.); (X.Y.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-13515818860
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20
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Liu D, Wu Q, Chen W, Chen K, Lin H, Liu F, Xie X, Chen HJ, Chen W. Nanoporous Gold Ring-Integrated Photothermal Intraocular Lens for Active Prevention of Posterior Capsular Opacification. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201098. [PMID: 35796194 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the leading complication after cataract surgery, and is mainly induced by the proliferation and migration of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs). Although numerous attempts have been made to reduce the incidence of PCO, this complication remains a critical challenge in postoperative visual recovery. This study aims to report a functionalized intraocular lens (R-IOL) with a region-confined photothermal effect for the active prevention of PCO after implantation. The outer rim of R-IOL (non-optical area) is decorated with a nanoporous gold (NPG) ring, which can effectively eliminate the LECs around R-IOL, ultimately inhibiting the migration of LECs from the periphery to the visual axis center in the initial stage, and preventing the subsequent PCO. Furthermore, the mechanism of LECs elimination can be attributed to apoptosis induced by mild photothermal therapy. After in vivo implantation for 30 days, PCO is rarely observed in the R-IOL group, whereas the considerably higher incidence of PCO (75%) is found in the pristine IOL (P-IOL) group. The region-confined photothermal effect based on NPG not only provides an active strategy to effectively prevent PCO, but also introduces new opportunities for the treatment of undesirable hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qianni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fanmao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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21
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Wen C, Wang C, Hu C, Qi T, Jing R, Wang Y, Zhang M, Shao Y, Pei C. REPS2 downregulation facilitates FGF-induced adhesion and migration in human lens epithelial cells through FAK/Cdc42 signaling and contributes to posterior capsule opacification. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110378. [PMID: 35690292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) can cause postoperative visual loss after cataract surgery. Residual human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) are the entitative reasons for PCO. Low expression of Ral-binding protein 1-associated Eps domain-containing 2 (REPS2) and high levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) were observed in the lens and postoperative aqueous humor of cataract patients. REPS2 was identified as a negative regulator in growth factor signaling; however, its function in HLECs is unknown. This was first investigated in the present study by evaluating REPS2 expression in anterior lens capsules from cataract patients, a mouse cataract model, and HLE-b3 cells. The biological function of REPS2 in HLE-B3 cells was assessed by REPS2 silencing and Cell Counting Kit 8, wound healing, Transwell migration, F-actin staining, G-protein pulldown and western blot assays. In the present study, REPS2 was significantly downregulated in human and mouse cataract capsules and H2O2-treated HLE-B3 cells. REPS2 knockdown increased fibronectin, type I collagen, and α-smooth muscle actin expression levels and stimulated HLECs proliferation and migration; these effects were enhanced by FGF treatment and accompanied with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) activation, focal adhesion protein upregulation, and F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization. However, treatment with the FAK inhibitor PF573228 abolished these effects. Thus, REPS2 downregulation in cataract HLECs induces their proliferation and facilitates FGF-induced ECM synthesis, EMT, cell adhesion and migration by activating FAK/Cdc42 signaling, which may underlie PCO pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics & Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Conghui Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ruihua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, second affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yunqing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, first affiliated hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
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22
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YY1 inactivated transcription co-regulator PGC-1α to promote mitochondrial dysfunction of early diabetic nephropathy-associated tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022:10.1007/s10565-022-09711-7. [PMID: 35445903 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) could be promoted by the occurrence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which had a closely relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). As a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) played an important role not only in regulating fibrosis process, but also in maintaining mitochondrial function of pancreatic β cells. However, it was not clear whether YY1 participated in maintaining mitochondrial function of RTECs in early DN-associated TIF. In this study, we dynamically detected mitochondrial functions and protein expression of YY1 in db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-cultured HK-2 cells. Our results showed that comparing with the occurrence of TIF, the emergence of mitochondrial dysfunction of RTECs was an earlier even, besides the up-regulated and nuclear translocated YY1. Correlation analysis showed YY1 expressions were negatively associated with PGC-1α in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanism research demonstrated the formation of mTOR-YY1 heterodimer induced by HG upregulated YY1, the nuclear translocation of which inactivated PGC-1α by binding to the PGC-1α promoter. Overexpression of YY1 induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in normal glucose cultured HK-2 cells and 8-week-old db/m mice. While, dysfunctional mitochondria induced by HG could be improved by knockdown of YY1. Finally, downregulation of YY1 could retard the progression of TIF by preventing mitochondrial functions, resulting in the improvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in early DN. These findings suggested that YY1 was a novel regulator of mitochondrial function of RTECs and contributed to the occurrence of early DN-associated TIF .
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23
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Caban M, Owczarek K, Lewandowska U. The Role of Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors on Ocular Diseases: Focusing on Potential Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084256. [PMID: 35457074 PMCID: PMC9026850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye diseases are associated with visual impairment, reduced quality of life, and may even lead to vision loss. The efficacy of available treatment of eye diseases is not satisfactory. The unique environment of the eye related to anatomical and physiological barriers and constraints limits the bioavailability of existing agents. In turn, complex ethiopathogenesis of ocular disorders that used drugs generally are non-disease specific and do not act causally. Therefore, there is a need for the development of a new therapeutic and preventive approach. It seems that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have a significant role in the development and progression of eye diseases and could be used in the therapy of these disorders as pharmacological targets. MMPs and TIMPs play an important role in the angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell invasion, and migration, which occur in ocular diseases. In this review, we aim to describe the participation of MMPs and TIMPs in the eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and ocular cancers, posterior capsule opacification focusing on potential mechanisms.
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24
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Guo M, Su F, Chen Y, Su B. Interfering Hsa_circRNA_0060640 Suppresses TGF-β2-Induced Proliferation, Motility and EMT in Human Lens Epithelium Cells by Targeting miR-214-3p and Collagen Type I alpha2 Chain. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:735-746. [PMID: 35392747 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2053724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel star factor in the research of ocular diseases including cataract and the most common postoperative complication posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Hsa_circRNA_0060640 (circ_0060640) is an age-related cataract-related circRNA. However, its role in cataractogenesis is unrevealed yet. METHODS PCO in vitro model was established in human lens epithelium cells (hLECs) induced by transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2). RNA and protein expressions were respectively detected by quantitative PCR and western blotting. Direct interaction between two RNAs was predicted by Starbase tool and confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. MTS and EdU assays measured cell proliferation; Transwell, starch wound and western blotting assays evaluated cell motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RESULTS Circ_0060640 expression is higher in anterior lens capsule tissues from human cataractous eyes and TGF-β2-stimulated hLECs cells line SRA01/04. RNA interference of circ_0060640 could prevent SRA01/04 cells from TGF-β2-induced cell proliferation, migration and invasion, accompanied with decreased N-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin and increased E-cadherin. Mechanistically, circ_0060640 directly controls microRNA (miR)-214-3p expression and then regulates gene expression of collagen type I alpha2 chain (COL1A2). Notably, COL1A2 inhibition is underlying the protective role of circ_0060640 silencing and miR-214-3p ectopic expression in TGF-β2-stimulated SRA01/04 cells. CONCLUSION Circ_0060640 is a novel cataract-related gene and its silencing could block TGF-β2-evoked hLECs proliferation, motility and EMT in vitro via targeting miR-214-3p-COL1A2 axis. Therefore, targeting circ_0060640 via RNA interference might be a treatment strategy for PCO development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University (Jingzhou Central Hospital), Jingzhou, China
| | - Fanfan Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University (Jingzhou Central Hospital), Jingzhou, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University (Jingzhou Central Hospital), Jingzhou, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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25
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Gao C, Lin X, Fan F, Liu X, Wan H, Yuan T, Zhao X, Luo Y. Status of higher TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels in the aqueous humour of patients with diabetes and cataracts. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 35379202 PMCID: PMC8981924 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor (TGF) is a cytokine that acts on the proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis of cells and the accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Very few studies have precisely evaluated the concentration of TGF-β in the aqueous humour (AH) of diabetic and cataract (DMC) eyes due to the low expression of proteins in the AH or other reasons. The concentrations of TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 in the AH of the DMC group were compared with those of the age-related cataract (ARC) group. Methods We collected AH and lens epithelium samples from 33 DMC patients and 36 ARC patients. Luminex liquid suspension chip detection was applied to detect the concentration of TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 in the AH samples. The expression of TGFB1/2/3 in lens epithelium samples was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results The concentrations of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in AH samples of DMC eyes were higher than those of ARC eyes. The differences in TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 between the two groups were statistically significant (P value = 0.001 for TGF-β1, P value = 0.023 for TGF-β2). The difference of the correlation between TGF-β1 and glycosylated haemoglobin was significant (P value = 0.011, and Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.306). The difference of the correlation between TGF-β2 and glycosylated haemoglobin was significant (P value = 0.026, and Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.269). The mRNA expression levels of TGFB1 and TGFB2 were upregulated in DMC epithelium samples compared with ARC epithelium samples. The differences in TGFB1 and TGFB2 between the two groups were statistically significant (P value for TGFB1 = 0.041, P value for TGFB2 = 0.021). Conclusions The concentrations of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in AH samples were significantly higher in DMC eyes than in ARC eyes. The higher the glycosylated haemoglobin was, the higher the concentrations of TGF-β1 and -β2 were. The mRNA expression of TGFB1 and TGFB2 was significantly upregulated in DMC epithelial samples compared with ARC epithelial samples, suggesting the proinflammatory status of the anterior chamber of DMC eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaolei Lin
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Wan
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xinrong Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Li X, Sun M, Cheng A, Zheng G. LncRNA GAS5 regulates migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelial cells via the miR-204-3p/TGFBR1 axis. J Transl Med 2022; 102:452-460. [PMID: 34916611 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cataract (DC) is a major ocular complication secondary to diabetes mellitus. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) is an important event in DC progression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs are involved in various biological processes and disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of lncRNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) and microRNA-204-3p (miR-204-3p) deregulation in the pathogenic mechanism of high glucose (HG)-stimulated LECs. The results show that GAS5 was up-regulated, whereas miR-204-3p was down-regulated in anterior lens capsule tissues of DC patients and in HG-treated LECs compared to their controls, respectively. Functional experiments suggest that the lentivirus-mediated depletion of GAS5, as well as overexpression of miR-204-3p, suppressed migration and EMT in HG-treated LECs. Further mechanistic studies revealed that lncRNA GAS5/miR-204-3p/type 1 receptor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFBR1) has a regulatory role in the process. Collectively, we demonstrated that dysregulation of GAS5 affects lens epithelial cell migration and EMT under HG conditions via the miR-204-3p/TGFBR1 axis. The current findings may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of DC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Anran Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Guangying Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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27
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Chen K, Rao Z, Dong S, Chen Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Gong F, Li X. Roles of the fibroblast growth factor signal transduction system in tissue injury repair. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac005. [PMID: 35350443 PMCID: PMC8946634 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following injury, tissue autonomously initiates a complex repair process, resulting in either partial recovery or regeneration of tissue architecture and function in most organisms. Both the repair and regeneration processes are highly coordinated by a hierarchy of interplay among signal transduction pathways initiated by different growth factors, cytokines and other signaling molecules under normal conditions. However, under chronic traumatic or pathological conditions, the reparative or regenerative process of most tissues in different organs can lose control to different extents, leading to random, incomplete or even flawed cell and tissue reconstitution and thus often partial restoration of the original structure and function, accompanied by the development of fibrosis, scarring or even pathogenesis that could cause organ failure and death of the organism. Ample evidence suggests that the various combinatorial fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and receptor signal transduction systems play prominent roles in injury repair and the remodeling of adult tissues in addition to embryonic development and regulation of metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief update on our current understanding of the roles, the underlying mechanisms and clinical application of FGFs in tissue injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siyang Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- Department of breast surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xulan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yongde Luo
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
| | - Fanghua Gong
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Correspondence. Xiaokun Li, ; Fanghua Gong, ; Yongde Luo,
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Quinlan
- Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biosciences, The University of Durham, Upper Mountjoy Science Site, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Frank Giblin
- Biomedical Sciences Emeritus, Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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29
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The occurrence timeline of steroid-induced ocular hypertension and cataract in children with systemic autoimmune diseases. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:2175-2184. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Liu J, Dong Y, Ji Q, Wen Y, Ke G, Shi L, Guan W, Xu W. Circ-MKLN1/miR-377-3p/CTGF Axis Regulates the TGF-β2-induced Posterior Capsular Opacification in SRA01/04 Cells. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:372-381. [PMID: 34961410 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1988983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common postoperative ocular complication after cataract surgery. Little research focused on the regulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in PCO. This study was designed to investigate the function of circRNA-muskelin (circ-MKLN1) in PCO. METHODS SRA01/04 cells were treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2. Cell viability was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Transwell assay was used for cell migration and invasion detection. Cell migration was also measured by wound healing assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were quantified using western blot. RESULTS Cell viability, migration, invasion and EMT process in SRA01/04 cells were facilitated by TGF-β2. Circ-MKLN1 expression was enhanced in 17 PCO lens samples relative to 19 normal lens samples and TGF-β2-treated SRA01/04 cells contrasted to control cells. Downregulation of circ-MKLN1 inhibited the effects of TGF-β2 on SRA01/04 cells. Circ-MKLN1 targeted miR-377-3p and the regulation of si-circ-MKLN1 for the TGF-β2-induced influences was related to the upregulation of miR-377-3p. CTGF was the target gene for miR-377-3p. CTGF knockdown also abolished the TGF-β2-mediated cell growth, migration and invasion of SRA01/04 cells. The function of miR-377-3p was achieved by reducing the CTGF level. TGF-β2-induced CTGF expression promotion was alleviated by si-circ-MKLN1 through upregulating the expression of miR-377-3p. CONCLUSION These results showed that circ-MKLN1 contributed to the progression of PCO in vitro by increasing the CTGF expression via sponging miR-377-3p. Circ-MKLN1 might be important for improving the molecular target therapy in PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, 230001, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingshan Ji
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, 230001, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
| | - Yuechun Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Genjie Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei City, Anhui, 230001, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China.,Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
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31
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Lin X, Li H, Yang T, Liu X, Fan F, Zhou X, Luo Y. Transcriptomics Analysis of Lens from Patients with Posterior Subcapsular Congenital Cataract. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1904. [PMID: 34946854 PMCID: PMC8702110 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the aetiology of posterior subcapsular congenital cataract from the perspective of transcriptional changes, we conducted an mRNA sequencing analysis of the lenses in posterior subcapsular congenital cataract patients and in normal children. There were 1533 differentially expressed genes from 19,072 genes in the lens epithelial cells of the posterior subcapsular congenital cataract patients compared to in the normal controls at a cut-off criteria of |log2 fold change| of >1 and a p-value of <0.05, including 847 downregulated genes and 686 upregulated genes. To further narrow down the DEGs, we utilised the stricter criteria of |log2 fold change| of >1 and an FDR value of <0.05, and we identified 551 DEGs, including 97 upregulated genes and 454 downregulated genes. This study also identified 1263 differentially expressed genes of the 18,755 genes in lens cortex and nuclear fibres, including 646 downregulated genes and 617 upregulated genes. The downregulated genes in epithelial cells were significantly enriched in the structural constituent of lenses, lens development and lens fibre cell differentiation. After filtering the DEGs using the databases iSyTE and Cat-Map, several high-priority candidate genes related to posterior subcapsular congenital cataract such as GRIFIN, HTRA1 and DAPL1 were identified. The findings of our study may provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of posterior subcapsular congenital cataract and help in the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; (X.L.); (H.L.); (T.Y.); (X.L.); (F.F.); (X.Z.)
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32
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Zhang X, Lai K, Li S, Wang J, Li J, Wang W, Ni S, Lu B, Grzybowski A, Ji J, Han H, Yao K. Drug-eluting intraocular lens with sustained bromfenac release for conquering posterior capsular opacification. Bioact Mater 2021; 9:343-357. [PMID: 34820575 PMCID: PMC8586266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment, and posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common long-term complication of modern cataract surgery, which can cause severe visual impairment after surgery. The proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) stimulated by growth factors and cytokines, are the key pathological mechanisms involved in the development of PCO. This study demonstrated that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), bromfenac, was capable of effectively inhibiting cell migration, overexpression of EMT markers, such as fibronectin (FN), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transcription factor Snail, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signaling induced by transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) in vitro. The inhibitory effect of bromfenac on TGF-β2-induced EMT was also verified on a primary lens epithelial cell model using human anterior capsules. Furthermore, based on ultrasonic spray technology, we developed a drug-eluting intraocular lens (IOL) using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with sustained bromfenac release ability for the prevention of PCO development. In the rabbit models of cataract surgery, bromfenac-eluting IOL exhibited remarkable PCO prevention and inflammation suppression effects with excellent biocompatibility. In conclusion, bromfenac can inhibit TGF-β2-induced cell migration and the EMT of LECs via ERK/GSK-3β/Snail signaling. The present study offers a novel approach for preventing PCO through PLGA-based drug sustained-release IOLs. Bromfenac inhibited TGF-β2-induced migration and EMT of LECs through ERK/GSK-3β/Snail signaling. Drug-eluting IOLs with sustained bromfenac release were developed based on ultrasonic spray technology. Bromfenac-eluting IOLs exhibited remarkable PCO prevention and inflammation suppression effects in vivo. Bromfenac-eluting IOLs hold great potential for clinical application of PCO prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kairan Lai
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Su Li
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiayong Li
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shuang Ni
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Bing Lu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 60-554 Olsztyn, Poland.,Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Gorczyczewskiego 2/3, 61-553 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Haijie Han
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, PR China
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33
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Basta MD, Paulson H, Walker JL. The local wound environment is a key determinant of the outcome of TGFβ signaling on the fibrotic response of CD44 + leader cells in an ex vivo post-cataract-surgery model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108829. [PMID: 34774488 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) has a role in regulating the normal and pathological response to wound healing, yet how it shifts from a pro-repair to a pro-fibrotic function within the wound environment is still unclear. Using a clinically relevant ex vivo post-cataract surgery model that mimics the lens fibrotic disease posterior capsule opacification (PCO), we investigated the influence of two distinct wound environments on shaping the TGFβ-mediated injury response of CD44+ vimentin-rich leader cells. The substantial fibrotic response of this cell population occurred within a rigid wound environment under the control of endogenous TGFβ. However, TGFβ was dispensable for the role of leader cells in wound healing on the endogenous basement membrane wound environment, where repair occurs in the absence of a major fibrotic outcome. A difference between leader cell function in these distinct environments was their cell surface expression of the latent TGFβ activator, αvβ3 integrin. This receptor is exclusively found on this CD44+ cell population when they localize to the leading edge of the rigid wound environment. Providing exogenous TGFβ to bypass any differences in the ability of the leader cells to sustain activation of TGFβ in different environments revealed their inherent ability to induce pro-fibrotic reactions on the basement membrane wound environment. Furthermore, exposure of the leader cells in the rigid wound environment to TGFβ led to an accelerated fibrotic response including the earlier appearance of pro-collagen + cells, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ myofibroblasts, and increased fibrotic matrix production. Collectively, these findings show the influence of the local wound environment on the extent and severity of TGFβ-induced fibrotic responses. These findings have important implications for understanding the development of the lens fibrotic disease PCO in response to cataract surgery wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D Basta
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Heather Paulson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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34
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Wishart TFL, Flokis M, Shu DY, Das SJ, Lovicu FJ. Hallmarks of lens aging and cataractogenesis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108709. [PMID: 34339681 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lens homeostasis and transparency are dependent on the function and intercellular communication of its epithelia. While the lens epithelium is uniquely equipped with functional repair systems to withstand reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative insult, ROS are not necessarily detrimental to lens cells. Lens aging, and the onset of pathogenesis leading to cataract share an underlying theme; a progressive breakdown of oxidative stress repair systems driving a pro-oxidant shift in the intracellular environment, with cumulative ROS-induced damage to lens cell biomolecules leading to cellular dysfunction and pathology. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of the sources and essential functions of lens ROS, antioxidative defenses, and changes in the major regulatory systems that serve to maintain the finely tuned balance of oxidative signaling vs. oxidative stress in lens cells. Age-related breakdown of these redox homeostasis systems in the lens leads to the onset of cataractogenesis. We propose eight candidate hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging and cataractogenesis in the mammalian lens: oxidative stress, altered cell signaling, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulated ion homeostasis, cell senescence, genomic instability and intrinsic apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Flokis
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daisy Y Shu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon J Das
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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35
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Mrugacz M, Bryl A, Falkowski M, Zorena K. Integrins: An Important Link between Angiogenesis, Inflammation and Eye Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:1703. [PMID: 34359873 PMCID: PMC8305893 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins belong to a group of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which is a large group of membrane-bound proteins. They are responsible for cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signal transduction from the ECM to the cells. Integrins take part in many other biological activities, such as extravasation, cell-to-cell adhesion, migration, cytokine activation and release, and act as receptors for some viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). They play a pivotal role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, tissue repair and are involved in the processes that are crucial to infection, inflammation and angiogenesis. Integrins have an important part in normal development and tissue homeostasis, and also in the development of pathological processes in the eye. This review presents the available evidence from human and animal research into integrin structure, classification, function and their role in inflammation, infection and angiogenesis in ocular diseases. Integrin receptors and ligands are clinically interesting and may be promising as new therapeutic targets in the treatment of some eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Bryl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
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36
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Disatham J, Brennan L, Chauss D, Kantorow J, Afzali B, Kantorow M. A functional map of genomic HIF1α-DNA complexes in the eye lens revealed through multiomics analysis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:497. [PMID: 34215186 PMCID: PMC8254356 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During eye lens development the embryonic vasculature regresses leaving the lens without a direct oxygen source. Both embryonically and throughout adult life, the lens contains a decreasing oxygen gradient from the surface to the core that parallels the natural differentiation of immature surface epithelial cells into mature core transparent fiber cells. These properties of the lens suggest a potential role for hypoxia and the master regulator of the hypoxic response, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 (HIF1), in the regulation of genes required for lens fiber cell differentiation, structure and transparency. Here, we employed a multiomics approach combining CUT&RUN, RNA-seq and ATACseq analysis to establish the genomic complement of lens HIF1α binding sites, genes activated or repressed by HIF1α and the chromatin states of HIF1α-regulated genes. RESULTS CUT&RUN analysis revealed 8375 HIF1α-DNA binding complexes in the chick lens genome. One thousand one hundred ninety HIF1α-DNA binding complexes were significantly clustered within chromatin accessible regions (χ2 test p < 1 × 10- 55) identified by ATACseq. Formation of the identified HIF1α-DNA complexes paralleled the activation or repression of 526 genes, 116 of which contained HIF1α binding sites within 10kB of the transcription start sites. Some of the identified HIF1α genes have previously established lens functions while others have novel functions never before examined in the lens. GO and pathway analysis of these genes implicate HIF1α in the control of a wide-variety of cellular pathways potentially critical for lens fiber cell formation, structure and function including glycolysis, cell cycle regulation, chromatin remodeling, Notch and Wnt signaling, differentiation, development, and transparency. CONCLUSIONS These data establish the first functional map of genomic HIF1α-DNA complexes in the eye lens. They identify HIF1α as an important regulator of a wide-variety of genes previously shown to be critical for lens formation and function and they reveal a requirement for HIF1α in the regulation of a wide-variety of genes not yet examined for lens function. They support a requirement for HIF1α in lens fiber cell formation, structure and function and they provide a basis for understanding the potential roles and requirements for HIF1α in the development, structure and function of more complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Disatham
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Lisa Brennan
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Daniel Chauss
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Marc Kantorow
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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37
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Konopińska J, Młynarczyk M, Dmuchowska DA, Obuchowska I. Posterior Capsule Opacification: A Review of Experimental Studies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132847. [PMID: 34199147 PMCID: PMC8269180 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication of cataract surgery. It causes a gradual deterioration of visual acuity, which would otherwise improve after a successful procedure. Despite recent advances in ophthalmology, this complication has not been eradicated, and the incidence of PCO can be as high as 10%. This article reviews the literature concerning the pathomechanism of PCO and examines the biochemical pathways involved in its formation and methods to prevent this complication. We also review the reported tests performed in cell cultures under laboratory conditions and in experimental animal models and in ex vivo human lens capsules. Finally, we describe research involving human eyes in the clinical setting and pharmacological methods that may reduce the frequency of PCO. Due to the multifactorial etiology of PCO, in vitro studies make it possible to assess the factors contributing to its complications and search for new therapeutic targets. Not all pathways involved in cell proliferation, migration, and contraction of the lens capsule are reproducible in laboratory conditions; moreover, PCO in humans and laboratory animals may be additionally stimulated by various degrees of postoperative reactions depending on the course of surgery. Therefore, further studies are necessary.
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38
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Factors Affecting Posterior Capsule Opacification in the Development of Intraocular Lens Materials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060860. [PMID: 34200928 PMCID: PMC8230425 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication arising from the corrective surgery used to treat cataract patients. PCO arises when lens epithelial cells (LEC) residing in the capsular bag post-surgery undergo hyper-proliferation and transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, migrating from the posterior capsule over the visual axis of the newly implanted intraocular lens (IOL). The developmental pathways underlying PCO are yet to be fully understood and the current literature is contradictory regarding the impact of the recognised risk factors of PCO. The aim of this review is firstly to collate the known biochemical pathways that lead to PCO development, providing an up-to-date chronological overview from surgery to established PCO formation. Secondly, the risk factors of PCO are evaluated, focussing on the impact of IOLs’ properties. Finally, the latest experimental model designs used in PCO research are discussed to demonstrate the ongoing development of clinical PCO models, the efficacy of newly developed IOL technology, and potential therapeutic interventions. This review will contribute to current PCO literature by presenting an updated overview of the known developmental pathways of PCO, an evaluation of the impact of the risk factors underlying its development, and the latest experimental models used to investigate PCO. Furthermore, the review should provide developmental routes for research into the investigation of potential therapeutic interventions and improvements in IOL design in the aid of preventing PCO for new and existing patients.
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39
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Bradbury P, Nader CP, Cidem A, Rutting S, Sylvester D, He P, Rezcallah MC, O'Neill GM, Ammit AJ. Tropomyosin 2.1 collaborates with fibronectin to promote TGF-β 1-induced contraction of human lung fibroblasts. Respir Res 2021; 22:129. [PMID: 33910572 PMCID: PMC8080347 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lung diseases are characterized by fibrosis, leading to impaired tissue patency and reduced lung function. Development of fibrotic tissue depends on two-way interaction between the cells and the extra-cellular matrix (ECM). Concentration-dependent increased stiffening of the ECM is sensed by the cells, which in turn increases intracellular contraction and pulling on the matrix causing matrix reorganization and further stiffening. It is generally accepted that the inflammatory cytokine growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a major driver of lung fibrosis through the stimulation of ECM production. However, TGF-β1 also regulates the expression of members of the tropomyosin (Tm) family of actin associating proteins that mediate ECM reorganization through intracellular-generated forces. Thus, TGF-β1 may mediate the bi-directional signaling between cells and the ECM that promotes tissue fibrosis. Using combinations of cytokine stimulation, mRNA, protein profiling and cellular contractility assays with human lung fibroblasts, we show that concomitant induction of key Tm isoforms and ECM by TGF-β1, significantly accelerates fibrotic phenotypes. Knocking down Tpm2.1 reduces fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. Collectively, the data suggest combined ECM secretion and actin cytoskeleton contractility primes the tissue for enhanced fibrosis. Our study suggests that Tms are at the nexus of inflammation and tissue stiffening. Small molecules targeting specific Tm isoforms have recently been designed; thus targeting Tpm2.1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta Bradbury
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cassandra P Nader
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aylin Cidem
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra Rutting
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Dianne Sylvester
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patrick He
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria C Rezcallah
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geraldine M O'Neill
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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40
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Shibata S, Shibata N, Ohtsuka S, Yoshitomi Y, Kiyokawa E, Yonekura H, Singh DP, Sasaki H, Kubo E. Role of Decorin in Posterior Capsule Opacification and Eye Lens Development. Cells 2021; 10:863. [PMID: 33918979 PMCID: PMC8070370 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin (DCN) is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) has been proposed as a major cause for the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. We investigated the plausible target gene(s) that suppress PCO. The expression of Dcn was significantly upregulated in rat PCO tissues compared to that observed in the control using a microarray-based approach. LECs treated with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 displayed an enhanced level of DCN expression, while LECs treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)β-2 showed a decrease in DCN expression. The expression of tropomyosin 1 (Tpm1), a marker of lens EMT increased after the addition of TGFβ-2 in human LEC; however, upregulation of Tpm1 mRNA or protein expression was reduced in human LECs overexpressing human DCN (hDCN). No phenotypic changes were observed in the lenses of 8- and 48-week-old transgenic mice for lens-specific hDCN (hDCN-Tg). Injury-induced EMT of the mouse lens, and the expression patterns of α smooth muscle actin, were attenuated in hDCN-Tg mice lenses. Overexpression of DCN inhibited the TGFβ-2-induced upregulation of Tpm1 and EMT observed during wound healing of the lens, but it did not affect mouse lens morphology until 48 weeks of age. Our findings demonstrate that DCN plays a significant role in regulating EMT formation of LECs and PCO, and suggest that for therapeutic intervention, maintenance of physiological expression of DCN is essential to attenuate EMT progression and PCO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan; (S.S.); (N.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan; (S.S.); (N.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Satoshi Ohtsuka
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan;
- Laboratory for Experimental Animals, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 6028566, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshitomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.Y.)
| | - Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncogenic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan;
| | - Hideto Yonekura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan; (Y.Y.); (H.Y.)
| | - Dhirendra P. Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan; (S.S.); (N.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan; (S.S.); (N.S.); (H.S.)
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41
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Chen X, Yan H, Chen Y, Li G, Bin Y, Zhou X. Moderate oxidative stress promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the lens epithelial cells via the TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1631-1642. [PMID: 33417163 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in fibrosis and migration of lens epithelial cells (LECs), and eventually induces posterior capsule opacification (PCO). In the past, it was generally believed that the TGF-β/Smad pathway regulates lens EMT. A recent study found that attenuated glutathione level promotes LECs EMT via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which suggests a more complex pathogenesis of PCO. To test the hypothesis, we used the mouse cataract surgery PCO model and tested both canonical Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. The results showed that both TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were activated during the lens capsule fibrosis. Compared with the freshly isolated posterior capsule, the expression level of phosphorylated Smad2 was highest at day3 and then slightly decreased, but the expression level of Wnt10a gradually increased from day0 to day7. It shows that these two pathways are involved in the lens epithelium's fibrotic process and may play different roles in different periods. Subsequently, we established oxidative stress-induced EMT model in primary porcine lens epithelial cells and found that both the TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were activated. Further study suggests that block Wnt/β-catenin pathway using XAV939 alone or block TGF-β/Smad pathway using LY2109761 could partially block pLECs fibrosis, but blocking Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β/Smad pathway using combined XAV939 and LY2109761 could completely block pLECs fibrosis. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that both TGF-β/Smad and canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathways play a significant role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of lens epithelial cells but might be in a different stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Affiliated Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Affiliated Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yue Bin
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Avrahami D, Wang YJ, Schug J, Feleke E, Gao L, Liu C, Naji A, Glaser B, Kaestner KH. Single-cell transcriptomics of human islet ontogeny defines the molecular basis of β-cell dedifferentiation in T2D. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101057. [PMID: 32739450 PMCID: PMC7471622 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dedifferentiation of pancreatic β-cells may reduce islet function in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the prevalence, plasticity and functional consequences of this cellular state remain unknown. METHODS We employed single-cell RNAseq to detail the maturation program of α- and β-cells during human ontogeny. We also compared islets from non-diabetic and T2D individuals. RESULTS Both α- and β-cells mature in part by repressing non-endocrine genes; however, α-cells retain hallmarks of an immature state, while β-cells attain a full β-cell specific gene expression program. In islets from T2D donors, both α- and β-cells have a less mature expression profile, de-repressing the juvenile genetic program and exocrine genes and increasing expression of exocytosis, inflammation and stress response signalling pathways. These changes are consistent with the increased proportion of β-cells displaying suboptimal function observed in T2D islets. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the molecular program underlying islet cell maturation during human ontogeny and the loss of transcriptomic maturity that occurs in islets of type 2 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Avrahami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yue J Wang
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eseye Feleke
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Long Gao
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chengyang Liu
- Department of Surgery and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Sun Y, Xiong L, Wang X, Wang L, Chen B, Huang J, Huang M, Chen J, Wu J, Huang S, Liu Y. Autophagy inhibition attenuates TGF-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelial cells. Life Sci 2020; 265:118741. [PMID: 33181173 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Autophagy has been reported to play an essential role in fibrotic disorders. Known as fibrotic cataract, posterior capsular opacification (PCO) result from pathological epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs). This study aims to identify the role and potential mechanism of autophagy in TGF-β2-induced EMT in LECs. MAIN METHODS Primary rabbit LECs were treated with TGF-β2 to induce EMT as a model of fibrotic cataract in vitro. 3-methyladenine, chloroquine, bafilomycin A1, and gene silencing of autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) were treated in LECs for autophagy inhibition, while rapamycin was utilized for autophagy activation. The expression levels of EMT/autophagy-associated markers were analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. We additionally examined cell migration ability with transwell migration assay and wound healing assay. KEY FINDINGS TGF-β2 promoted autophagy flux during EMT progression of LECs in a time-dependent manner. Autophagy activation by rapamycin enhanced TGF-β2-triggered fibrogenic responses and cell migration in LECs, whereas pharmacological inhibition of autophagy alleviated TGF-β2-induced increases of EMT markers and cell migration of LECs. In addition, the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 induced by TGF-β2 was suppressed through autophagy inhibition, while it was promoted upon autophagy activation, indicating that TGF-β2/Smad signaling was involved in the modulation of autophagy on EMT in LECs. Furthermore, ATG7-silenced LECs exerted anti-fibrosis effect induced by TGF-β2 through downregulation of autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE Intervention/inhibition of autophagy could attenuate TGF-β2-induced EMT in LECs, which provides autophagy-related insights on preventing and treating the fibrotic cataract or other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Baoxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jieping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Wormstone IM, Wormstone YM, Smith AJO, Eldred JA. Posterior capsule opacification: What's in the bag? Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100905. [PMID: 32977000 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cataract, a clouding of the lens, is the most common cause of blindness in the world. It has a marked impact on the wellbeing and productivity of individuals and has a major economic impact on healthcare providers. The only means of treating cataract is by surgical intervention. A modern cataract operation generates a capsular bag, which comprises a proportion of the anterior capsule and the entire posterior capsule. The bag remains in situ, partitions the aqueous and vitreous humours, and in the majority of cases, houses an intraocular lens (IOL). The production of a capsular bag following surgery permits a free passage of light along the visual axis through the transparent intraocular lens and thin acellular posterior capsule. Lens epithelial cells, however, remain attached to the anterior capsule, and in response to surgical trauma initiate a wound-healing response that ultimately leads to light scatter and a reduction in visual quality known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). There are two commonly-described forms of PCO: fibrotic and regenerative. Fibrotic PCO follows classically defined fibrotic processes, namely hyperproliferation, matrix contraction, matrix deposition and epithelial cell trans-differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype. Regenerative PCO is defined by lens fibre cell differentiation events that give rise to Soemmerring's ring and Elschnig's pearls and becomes evident at a later stage than the fibrotic form. Both fibrotic and regenerative forms of PCO contribute to a reduction in visual quality in patients. This review will highlight the wealth of tools available for PCO research, provide insight into our current knowledge of PCO and discuss putative management of PCO from IOL design to pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Y M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A J O Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J A Eldred
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Richardson RB, Ainsbury EA, Prescott CR, Lovicu FJ. Etiology of posterior subcapsular cataracts based on a review of risk factors including aging, diabetes, and ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1339-1361. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1812759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Richardson
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, Canada
- McGill University’s Medical Physics Unit, Cedars Cancer Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsbury
- Public Health England’s Centre for Chemical, Radiological and Environmental Hazards, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Frank J. Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Ortiz-Hernandez GL, Sanchez-Hernandez ES, Casiano CA. Twenty years of research on the DFS70/LEDGF autoantibody-autoantigen system: many lessons learned but still many questions. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 32127038 PMCID: PMC7065333 DOI: 10.1186/s13317-020-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and initial characterization 20 years ago of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) presenting a dense fine speckled (DFS) nuclear pattern with strong staining of mitotic chromosomes, detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay in HEp-2 cells (HEp-2 IIFA test), has transformed our view on ANAs. Traditionally, ANAs have been considered as reporters of abnormal immunological events associated with the onset and progression of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD), also called ANA-associated rheumatic diseases (AARD), as well as clinical biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of these diseases. However, based on our current knowledge, it is not apparent that autoantibodies presenting the DFS IIF pattern fall into these categories. These antibodies invariably target a chromatin-associated protein designated as dense fine speckled protein of 70 kD (DFS70), also known as lens epithelium-derived growth factor protein of 75 kD (LEDGF/p75) and PC4 and SFRS1 Interacting protein 1 (PSIP1). This multi-functional protein, hereafter referred to as DFS70/LEDGF, plays important roles in the formation of transcription complexes in active chromatin, transcriptional activation of specific genes, regulation of mRNA splicing, DNA repair, and cellular survival against stress. Due to its multiple functions, it has emerged as a key protein contributing to several human pathologies, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), leukemia, cancer, ocular diseases, and Rett syndrome. Unlike other ANAs, "monospecific" anti-DFS70/LEDGF autoantibodies (only detectable ANA in serum) are not associated with SARD and have been detected in healthy individuals and some patients with non-SARD inflammatory conditions. These observations have led to the hypotheses that these antibodies could be considered as negative biomarkers of SARD and might even play a protective or beneficial role. In spite of 20 years of research on this autoantibody-autoantigen system, its biological and clinical significance still remains enigmatic. Here we review the current state of knowledge of this system, focusing on the lessons learned and posing emerging questions that await further scrutiny as we continue our quest to unravel its significance and potential clinical and therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greisha L Ortiz-Hernandez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA
| | - Evelyn S Sanchez-Hernandez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA
| | - Carlos A Casiano
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA. .,Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA.
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Impact of the actin cytoskeleton on cell development and function mediated via tropomyosin isoforms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:122-131. [PMID: 31630997 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological function of actin filaments is challenging to dissect because of the pleiotropic impact of global disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Tropomyosin isoforms have provided a unique opportunity to address this issue. A substantial fraction of actin filaments in animal cells consist of co-polymers of actin with specific tropomyosin isoforms which determine the functional capacity of the filament. Genetic manipulation of the tropomyosins has revealed isoform specific roles and identified the physiological function of the different actin filament types based on their tropomyosin isoform composition. Surprisingly, there is remarkably little redundancy between the tropomyosins resulting in highly penetrant impacts of both ectopic overexpression and knockout of isoforms. The physiological roles of the tropomyosins cover a broad range from development and morphogenesis to cell migration and specialised tissue function and human diseases.
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Li X, Meng F, Li H, Hua X, Wu L, Yuan X. L‑carnitine alleviates oxidative stress‑related damage via MAPK signaling in human lens epithelial cells exposed to H2O2. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1515-1522. [PMID: 31364739 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L‑carnitine (LC) is well known for its antioxidative properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of LC on human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) and to analyze its regulatory mechanism in cataractogenesis. HLE B‑3 cells were cultured with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and were pretreated with or without LC. The Cell Counting kit‑8 assay was used to determine cell viability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit was used to measure the cellular ROS production induced by H2O2 and LC. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression levels of oxidative damage markers and antioxidant enzymes. Notably, ROS overproduction was observed upon exposure to H2O2, whereas LC supplementation markedly decreased ROS levels through activation of the antioxidant enzymes forkhead box O1, peroxiredoxin 4 and catalase. Furthermore, LC suppressed the expression of apoptosis‑associated genes (caspase-3) and inflammation‑associated genes [interleukin (IL)1, IL6, IL8 and cyclooxygenase‑2]. Conversely, LC promoted proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin‑dependent kinase (CDK)2 and CDK4 expression, which may increase proliferation of HLECs that were incubated with H2O2. In addition, epithelial‑mesenchymal transition occurred upon ROS accumulation, whereas the effects of H2O2 on AQP1 and vimentin expression were reversed upon LC supplementation. Notably, this study revealed that LC restored the oxidant/antioxidant balance and protected against cell damage through the mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion, LC may serve a protective role in curbing oxidative damage and therefore may be considered a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Fanlan Meng
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Xia Hua
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Orbit Research Institute, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Li'an Wu
- Xi'an No. 4 Hospital, Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
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Li J, Chen Y, Han C, Huang S, Chen S, Luo L, Liu Y. JNK1/β-catenin axis regulates H2O2-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:336-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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