Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer

Natural Compounds for Preventing Age-Related Diseases and Cancers

Aging is a multifaceted process influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental elements. As time progresses, the human body experiences degenerative changes in major functions. The external and internal signs of aging manifest in various ways, including skin dryness, wrinkles, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Additionally, cancer, like aging, is a complex disease that arises from the accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Circadian clock dysregulation has recently been identified as an important risk factor for aging and cancer development. Natural compounds and herbal medicines have gained significant attention for their potential in preventing age-related diseases and inhibiting cancer progression. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects as well as circadian clock regulation. This review explores age-related diseases, cancers, and the potential of specific natural compounds in targeting the key features of these conditions.

Curcumin and its anti-colorectal cancer potential: From mechanisms of action to autophagy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression, one of the most common cancers globally, is supported by specific mechanisms to escape cell death despite chemotherapy, including cellular autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved degradation pathway involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and clearance of foreign bodies, and its imbalance is associated with many diseases. However, the role of autophagy in CRC progression remains controversial, as it has a dual function, affecting either cell death or survival, and is associated with cellular senescence in tumor therapy. Indeed, numerous data have been presented that autophagy in cancers serves as an alternative to cell apoptosis when the latter is ineffective or in apoptosis-resistant cells, which is why it is also referred to as programmed cell death type II. Curcumin, one of the active constituents of Curcuma longa, has great potential to combat CRC by influencing various cellular signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation in a safe and cost-effective approach. This review discusses the efficacy of curcumin against CRC in vitro and in vivo, particularly its modulation of autophagy and apoptosis in various cellular pathways. While clinical studies have assessed the potential of curcumin in cancer prevention and treatment, none have specifically examined its role in autophagy. Nonetheless, we offer an overview of potential correlations to support the use of this polyphenol as a prophylactic or co-therapeutic agent in CRC.

Evaluation of the synergistic effects of curcumin-resveratrol co-loaded biogenic silica on colorectal cancer cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant global health concern, being the third most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most diagnosed cancer in women, with alarming mortality rates. Natural phytochemicals have gained prominence among various therapeutic avenues explored due to their diverse biological properties. Curcumin, extracted from turmeric, and resveratrol, a polyphenol found in several plants, have exhibited remarkable anticancer activities. However, their limited solubility and bioavailability hinder their therapeutic efficacy. To enhance the bioavailability of these compounds, nanomaterials work as effective carriers with biogenic silica (BS) attracting major attention owing to their exceptional biocompatibility and high specific surface area. In this study, we developed Curcumin-resveratrol-loaded BS (Cur-Res-BS) and investigated their effects on colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and Caco-2). Our results demonstrated significant concentration-dependent inhibition of cell viability in HCT-116 cells and revealed a complex interplay of crucial proto-onco or tumor suppressor genes, such as TP53, Bax, Wnt-1, and CTNNB1, which are commonly dysregulated in colorectal cancer. Notably, Cur-Res-BS exhibited a synergistic impact on key signaling pathways related to colorectal carcinogenesis. While these findings are promising, further investigations are essential to comprehensively understand the mechanisms and optimize the therapeutic strategy. Moreover, rigorous safety assessments and in vitro studies mimicking the in vivo environment are imperative before advancing to in vivo experiments, ensuring the potential of Cur-Res-BS as an efficient treatment for CRC.

Recent Trends in Curcumin-Containing Inorganic-Based Nanoparticles Intended for In Vivo Cancer Therapy

Curcumin is a natural compound that has been widely investigated thanks to its various biological properties, including antiproliferative. This molecule acts on different cancers such as lung, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, etc. However, the bioactive actions of curcumin have limitations when its physicochemical properties compromise its pharmacological potential. As a therapeutic strategy against cancer, curcumin has been associated with inorganic nanoparticles. These nanocarriers are capable of delivering curcumin and offering physicochemical properties that synergistically enhance anticancer properties. This review highlights the different types of curcumin-based inorganic nanoparticles and discusses their physicochemical properties and in vivo anticancer activity in different models of cancer.

Bifidobacterium longum SX-1326 ameliorates gastrointestinal toxicity after irinotecan chemotherapy via modulating the P53 signaling pathway and brain-gut axis

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignant malignancy affecting the gastrointestinal tract that is usually treated clinically with chemotherapeutic agents, whereas chemotherapeutic agents can cause severe gastrointestinal toxicity, which brings great pain to patients. Therefore, finding effective adjuvant agents for chemotherapy is crucial.

METHODS

In this study, a CRC mouse model was successfully constructed using AOM/DSS, and the treatment was carried out by probiotic Bifidobacterium longum SX-1326 (B. longum SX-1326) in combination with irinotecan. Combining with various techniques of modern biomedical research, such as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting and 16S rDNA sequencing, we intend to elucidate the effect and mechanism of B. longum SX-1326 in improving the anticancer efficacy and reducing the side effects on the different levels of molecules, animals, and bacteria.

RESULTS

Our results showed that B. longum SX-1326 enhanced the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 (M vs. U = p < 0.01) and down-regulated the expression level of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) through up-regulation of the p53 signaling pathway in CRC mice, which resulted in an adjuvant effect on the treatment of CRC with irinotecan. Moreover, B. longum SX-1326 was also able to regulate the gut-brain-axis (GBA) by restoring damaged enterochromaffin cells, reducing the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain tissue (I vs. U = 89.26 vs. 75.03, p < 0.05), and further alleviating the adverse effects of nausea and vomiting. In addition, B. longum SX-1326 reversed dysbiosis in CRC model mice by increasing the levels of Dehalobacterium, Ruminnococcus, and Mucispirillum. And further alleviated colorectal inflammation by downregulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our work reveals that B. longum SX-1326 has a favorable effect in adjuvant irinotecan for CRC and amelioration of post-chemotherapy side effects, and also provides the theoretical basis and data for finding a safe and efficient chemotherapeutic adjuvant.

Curcumin affects apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells through ATF6-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the main cause of cancer-associated death. Herein, we treated SW620 and HT-29 CRC cells with different curcumin concentrations, followed by treatment with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) curcumin/endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA)/activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) interference plasmid (si-ATF6). We detected cell proliferation/apoptosis, ATF6 cellular localization/nuclear translocation, ion concentration, ATF6 protein/apoptotic protein (Bax/Bcl-2/Cleaved Caspase-3) levels, and ERS-related proteins (glucose-regulated protein 78 [Grp78]/C/EBP homologous protein [CHOP]). We discovered inhibited cell proliferation/growth, enhanced cell apoptosis/(Bax/Bcl-2) ratio/Cleaved Caspase-3 levels/Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm/ERS-related protein (Grp78/CHOP) levels, and activated ERS following treatment with IC50 curcumin. 4-PBA partially reversed the inhibitory effect of curcumin on SW620 cells by restraining ERS. Curcumin stimulated ATF6 expression and its nuclear translocation to activate ERS. ATF6 silencing partly annulled the inhibitory effect of curcumin on SW620 cells. Our study explored the molecular mechanism of curcumin affecting CRC cell apoptosis through ATF6.

Hsa_circ_0136666 mediates the antitumor effect of curcumin in colorectal carcinoma by regulating CXCL1 via miR-1301-3p

BACKGROUND

This study investigate the anti-tumor effect of curcumin and whether its mediated by hsa_circ_0136666 through miR-1301-3p/CXCL1 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Through multiple experiments, we have drawn the conclusion that curcumin inhibited CRC development through the hsa_circ_0136666/miR-1301-3p/CXCL1 axis, hinting at a novel treatment option for curcumin to prevent CRC development.

AIM

To determine whether hsa_circ_0136666 involvement in curcumin-triggered CRC progression was mediated by sponging miR-1301-3p.

METHODS

Cell counting kit-8, colony-forming cell, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and flow cytometry assays were carried out to determine cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantified hsa_circ_0136666, miR-1301-3p, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and western blot analysis determined CXCL1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax) protein levels. CircBank or starbase software was first used for the prediction of miR-1301-3p binding with hsa_circ_0136666 and CXCL1, followed by RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assay validation. In vivo experiments were implemented in a murine xenograft model.

RESULTS

Curcumin blocked CRC cell proliferation but boosted apoptosis. Moreover, elevated hsa_circ_0136666 Levels were observed in CRC cells, which were reduced by curcumin. In vitro, hsa_circ_0136666 overexpression abolished the antitumor activity of CRC cells. Mechanical analysis revealed the ability of hsa_circ_0136666 to sponge miR-1301-3p to modulate CXCL1 levels.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin inhibited CRC development through the hsa_circ_0136666/miR-1301-3p/CXCL1 axis, hinting at a novel treatment option for curcumin to prevent CRC development.

Inhibition of murine colorectal cancer metastasis by targeting M2-TAM through STAT3/NF-kB/AKT signaling using macrophage 1-derived extracellular vesicles loaded with oxaliplatin, retinoic acid, and Libidibia ferrea

Colorectal cancer is still unmanageable despite advances in target therapy. However, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown potential in nanomedicine as drug delivery systems, especially for modulating the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, M1 Macrophage EVs (M1EVs) were used as nanocarriers of oxaliplatin (M1EV1) associated with retinoic acid (M1EV2) and Libidibia ferrea (M1EV3), alone or in combination (M1EV4) to evaluate their antiproliferative and immunomodulatory potential on CT-26 and MC-38 colorectal cancer cell lines and prevent metastasis in mice of allograft and peritoneal colorectal cancer models. Tumors were evaluated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The cell death profile and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process (EMT) were analyzed in vitro in colorectal cancer cell lines. Polarization of murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) was also carried out. M1EV2 and M1EV3 used alone or particularly M1EV4 downregulated the tumor progression by TME immunomodulation, leading to a decrease in primary tumor size and metastasis in the peritoneum, liver, and lungs. STAT3, NF-kB, and AKT were the major genes downregulated by of M1EV systems. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) shifted from an M2 phenotype (CD163) to an M1 phenotype (CD68) reducing levels of IL-10, TGF-β and CCL22. Furthermore, malignant cells showed overexpression of FADD, APAF-1, caspase-3, and E-cadherin, and decreased expression of MDR1, survivin, vimentin, and PD-L1 after treatment with systems of M1EVs. The study shows that EVs from M1 antitumor macrophages can transport drugs and enhance their immunomodulatory and antitumor activity by modulating pathways associated with cell proliferation, migration, survival, and drug resistance.

Physico-chemical properties of curcumin nanoparticles and its efficacy against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma

Curcumin is a bioactive component with anticancer characteristics; nevertheless, it has poor solubility and fast metabolism, resulting in low bioavailability and so restricting its application. Curcumin loaded in nano emulsions (Cur-NE) was developed to improve water solubility and eliminate all the limitations of curcumin. Size distribution, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, UV-Visible spectra, IR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were used to characterize the prepared Cur-NE. Cancer therapeutic efficacy was assessed by oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), DNA damage, apoptotic proteins (caspase-3 and 9), besides investigating tumor histology and monitoring tumor growth. Additionally, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the liver, kidney, heart, and spleen tissues were examined to gauge the adverse effects of the treatment method's toxicity. The results showed that Cur-NE is more effective than free curcumin at slowing the growth of Ehrlich tumors while significantly increasing the levels of apoptotic proteins. On the other hand, Cur-NE-treated mice showed some damage in other organs when compared to mice treated with free curcumin. Cur-NE has a higher efficacy in treating Ehrlich tumor.

Himalayan flora: targeting various molecular pathways in lung cancer

The fatal amplification of lung cancer across the globe and the limitations of current treatment strategies emphasize the necessity for substitute therapeutics. The incorporation of phyto-derived components in chemo treatment holds promise in addressing those challenges. Despite the significant progressions in lung cancer therapeutics, the complexities of molecular mechanism and pathways underlying this disease remain inadequately understood, necessitating novel biomarker targeting. The Himalayas, abundant in diverse plant varieties with established chemotherapeutic potential, presents a promising avenue for investigating potential cures for lung carcinoma. The vast diversity of phytocompounds herein can be explored for targeting the disease. This review delves into the multifaceted targets of lung cancer and explores the established phytochemicals with their specific molecular targets. It emphasizes comprehending the intricate pathways that govern effective therapeutic interventions for lung cancer. Through this exploration of Himalayan flora, this review seeks to illuminate potential breakthroughs in lung cancer management using natural compounds. The amalgamation of Himalayan plant-derived compounds with cautiously designed combined therapeutic approaches such as nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery and synergistic therapy offers an opportunity to redefine the boundaries of lung cancer treatment by reducing the drug resistance and side effects and enabling an effective targeted delivery of drugs. Furthermore, additional studies are obligatory to understand the possible derivation of natural compounds used in current lung cancer treatment from plant species within the Himalayan region.

Curcumin's Dose-Dependent Attenuation of Gastric Cancer Cell Progression Via the PI3K Pathway Blockade

Background: Gastric cancer stands as a primary cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, making the discovery of new therapeutic agents essential for enhancing treatment outcomes. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound found in turmeric (Curcuma longa), has demonstrated potential in multiple cancer types due to its anti-cancer characteristics. This research aimed to examine the impact of curcumin on gastric cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion, as well as its influence on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade. Methods: Gastric cancer cell lines were exposed to varying curcumin concentrations, followed by assessments of cell viability, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, gene and protein expression levels associated with the PI3K signaling cascade were evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Results: The findings revealed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, migration, and invasion in gastric cancer cells treated with curcumin. Additionally, curcumin administration led to the downregulation of key genes and proteins within the PI3K signaling process, such as PI3K, Akt, and mTOR. Conclusion: These findings propose that curcumin may exercise its anti-cancer effects on gastric cancer cells, partly by suppressing the PI3K signaling pathway. This study's outcomes support curcumin's potential as a therapeutic agent for gastric cancer and encourage further exploration of its underlying molecular mechanisms and in vivo effectiveness.

Bioactive Compounds of Dietary Origin and Their Influence on Colorectal Cancer as Chemoprevention

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of death and the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide. The tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells participate in colorectal tumor progression and can dictate malignancy. Nutrition status affects treatment response and the progression or recurrence of the tumor. This review summarizes the main bioactive compounds against the molecular pathways related to colorectal carcinogenesis. Moreover, we focus on the compounds with chemopreventive properties, mainly polyphenols and carotenoids, which are highly studied dietary bioactive compounds present in major types of food, like vegetables, fruits, and seeds. Their proprieties are antioxidant and gut microbiota modulation, important in the intestine because they decrease reactive oxygen species and inflammation, both principal causes of cancer. These compounds can promote apoptosis and inhibit cell growth, proliferation, and migration. Combined with oncologic treatment, a sensitization to first-line colorectal chemotherapy schemes, such as FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, is observed, making them an attractive and natural support in the oncologic treatment of CRC.

Role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases

Programmed cell death (PCD) is regarded as a pathological form of cell death with an intracellular program mediated, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and embryonic development. Pyroptosis is a new paradigm of PCD, which has received increasing attention due to its close association with immunity and disease. Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory cell death mediated by gasdermin that promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines and contents induced by inflammasome activation. Recently, increasing evidence in studies shows that pyroptosis has a crucial role in inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, neurological diseases (NDs), and metabolic diseases (MDs), suggesting that targeting cell death is a potential intervention for the treatment of these inflammatory diseases. Based on this, the review aims to identify the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways related to pyroptosis activation and summarizes the current insights into the complicated relationship between pyroptosis and multiple human inflammatory diseases (CVDs, cancer, NDs, and MDs). We also discuss a promising novel strategy and method for treating these inflammatory diseases by targeting pyroptosis and focus on the pyroptosis pathway application in clinics.

New Hybrid Scaffolds Based on 5-FU/Curcumin: Synthesis, Cytotoxic, Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effect

A series of 5-FU-Curcumin hybrids were synthesized, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The synthesized hybrid compounds were evaluated in different colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW620) and in non-malignant cells (HaCaT and CHO-K1), to determine their chemopreventive potential. Hybrids 6a and 6d presented the best IC₅₀ value against the SW480 cell line with results of 17.37 ± 1.16 µM and 2.43 ± 0.33 µM, respectively. Similarly, compounds 6d and 6e presented IC₅₀ results of 7.51 ± 1.47 µM and 14.52 ± 1.31 µM, respectively, against the SW620 cell line. These compounds were more cytotoxic and selective than curcumin alone, the reference drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and the equimolar mixture of curcumin and 5-FU. In addition, hybrids 6a and 6d (in SW480) and compounds 6d and 6e (in SW620) induced cell cycle arrest in S-phase, and, compounds 6d and 6e caused a significant increase in the sub-G0/G1 phase population in both cell lines. Hybrid 6e was also observed to induce apoptosis of SW620 cells with a respective increase in executioner caspases 3 and 7. Taken together, these results suggest that the hybrids could actively act on a colorectal cancer model, making them a privileged scaffold that could be used in future research.

The role of microRNA-induced apoptosis in diverse radioresistant cancers

Resistance to cancer radiotherapy is one of the biggest concerns for success in treating and preventing recurrent disease. Malignant tumors may develop when they block genetic mutations associated with apoptosis or abnormal expression of apoptosis; Tumor treatment may induce the expression of apoptosis-related genes to promote tumor cell apoptosis. MicroRNAs have been shown to contribute to forecasting prognosis, distinguishing between cancer subtypes, and affecting treatment outcomes in cancer. Constraining these miRNAs may be an attractive treatment strategy to help overcome radiation resistance. The delivery of these future treatments is still challenging due to the excess downstream targets that each miRNA can control. Understanding the role of miRNAs brings us one step closer to attaining patient treatment and improving patient outcomes. This review summarized the current information on the role of microRNA-induced apoptosis in determining the radiosensitivity of various cancers.

CLEFMA induces intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways through ERK1/2 and p38 signalling in uterine cervical cancer cells

Although concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for locally advanced or recurrent uterine cervical cancer, treatment fails at a high rate. Therefore, the development of novel targeting agents is critical. This study investigated the action of CLEFMA, a potent, synthetic curcumin derivative, on cervical cancer cells and its mechanism of action. We found that CLEFMA negatively regulated the viability of cervical cancer cells, involving induction of cell apoptosis. Cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, cleaved caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-9 expression were increased by treatment with CLEFMA. After U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) were applied as cotreatment with CLEFMA, the expression of cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 was reduced significantly. In conclusion, CLEFMA activates both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways through ERK1/2 and p38 signal transduction in cervical cancer cells.

Gnetum montanum extract induces apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of AKT in SW480 human colon cancer cells

CONTEXT

Gnetum montanum Markgr. (Gnetaceae) is used to treat rheumatic arthralgia and bruises in the clinic.

OBJECTIVE

To exam the activity and mechanism of G. montanum extract (GME) against colon cancer cells SW480.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The anti-proliferative activity of GME (0-120 μg/mL) on SW480 cells was determined using MTS assay at 24, 48, and 72 h. The in vitro activity of GME (0-120 μg/mL) on SW480 cells was investigated using flow cytometry and western blotting analysis. The in vivo activity of GME was evaluated using xenograft tumour model of zebrafish and nude mice. The chemical composition of GME was detected by using HPLC-MS/MS.

RESULTS

The IC₅₀ value SW480 cells viability by GME were 126.50, 78.25, and 50.77 μg/mL, respectively, for 24, 48, and 72 h. The experiments showed that apoptotic cells and G2/M phase cells increased from 20.81 to 61.53% (p < 0.01) and 25.76 to 34.93% with 120 μg/mL GME, respectively. GME also down-regulated the protein expression of P-AKT, P-GSK-3β, P-PDK1, P-c-Raf, caspase-3, and Bcl-2, and up-regulated the expression cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, and Bax. In vivo study found that GME can significantly inhibit the growth and migration of SW480 cells in xenograft zebrafish. GME reduced the nude mice tumour weight to approximately 32.19% at 28 mg/kg/day and to 53.17% (p < 0.01) at 56 mg/kg/day. Forty-two compounds were identified from the GME.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

GME has a significant antitumor effect on colon cancer cells SW480, and it has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent.

Proteomic analysis of the chemosensitizing effect of curcumin on CRC cells treated with 5-FU

Background

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most common chemotherapy drugs used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC), which often develops resistance in more than 15% of patients. Curcumin, an active component of Curcuma longa, has been reported to show antitumor activity in CRC and, furthermore, enhance the effect of chemotherapy against colorectal cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensitizing effect of curcumin on 5-FU have not been largely elucidated. In this study, we aimed to systematically investigate the role of curcumin as a chemosensitizer for the treatment of CRC, along with the key events responsible for its pharmaceutical effect, which may lead to better clinical outcomes.

Methods

A high-resolution 2DE-based proteomics approach was used to characterize global protein expression patterns in CRC cells treated with 5-FU both in combination with curcumin or without. The differentially expressed proteins were obtained from the 2DE analysis and subsequently identified by MALDI-TOF MS or nano-ESI-MS/MS, some of which were validated by the Western blot. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured to assess the change in the redox environment resulting from the drug treatment.

Results

A series of proteins with altered abundances were detected and identified by MALDI-TOF or nano-MS/MS. From a total of 512 isolated proteins, 22 proteins were found to be upregulated and 6 proteins were downregulated. Intracellular ROS was significantly elevated after curcumin treatment. Furthermore, mass spectrometry data revealed that some of the proteins appeared to have more oxidized forms upon curcumin treatment, suggesting a direct role for ROS in the chemosensitizing effect of curcumin.

Conclusion

The effect of curcumin in enhancing chemosensitivity to 5-FU is a complex phenomenon made up of several mechanisms, including enhancement of the intracellular level of ROS. Our findings presented here could provide clues for a further study aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying the chemosensitizing effect of curcumin.

New thiophene derivative augments the antitumor activity of γ-irradiation against colorectal cancer in mice via anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic pathways

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide and the second cause of cancer-related deaths. It usually starts as an inflammation that progresses to adenocarcinoma. The goal of the present study was to investigate the antitumor efficacy of a new thiophene derivative against CRC in mice and explore the possible associated molecular pathways. The potential of this thiophene derivative to sensitize the CRC tumor tissue to a low dose of gamma irradiation was also investigated.

METHODS

Adult male mice were divided into seven groups; control, group treated with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) for the induction of CRC. The DMH-group was further divided into six groups and treated with either cisplatin, thiophene derivative, γ-irradiation, cisplatin + γ-irradiation, thiophene derivative + γ-irradiation, or left untreated.

RESULTS

DMH induced CRC as evidenced by the macroscopic examination of colon tissues and histopathology, and elevated the activities of cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). DMH also elevated kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) and downregulated the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ) as shown by RT-PCR and Western blotting. DMH exerted anti-apoptotic activity by reducing the expression of phosphorylated p53 and cleaved caspase3 at the gene and protein levels. The flow cytometry analysis showed that DMH elevated the necrosis and reduced the apoptosis compared to the other groups. The colon tissue from DMH-treated mice showed hyperplasia, aberrant crypt foci, loss of cell polarity, typical CRC of grade 4 with lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrating mucosa, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa score 3. Treatment with thiophene derivative or γ-irradiation ameliorated most of these deleterious effects of DMH. The concomitant action of thiophene derivative + γ-irradiation was typified by the better amelioration of tumor incidence and multiplicity, iNOS, PPARγ, p53, caspase 3, and histopathology of colon.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, the new thiophene derivative is a promising therapeutic candidate for treatment of colorectal cancer in mice. It also sensitizes the CRC tumor to the ionizing radiation through anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic pathways.

Curcumin alleviates experimental colitis via a potential mechanism involving memory B cells and Bcl-6-Syk-BLNK signaling

BACKGROUND

Immune dysfunction is the crucial cause in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is mainly related to lymphocytes (T or B cells, incl-uding memory B cells), mast cells, activated neutrophils, and macrophages. As the precursor of B cells, the activation of memory B cells can trigger and differentiate B cells to produce a giant variety of inducible B cells and tolerant B cells, whose dysfunction can easily lead to autoimmune diseases, including IBD.

AIM

To investigate whether or not curcumin (Cur) can alleviate experimental colitis by regulating memory B cells and Bcl-6-Syk-BLNK signaling.

METHODS

Colitis was induced in mice with a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) solution in drinking water. Colitis mice were given Cur (100 mg/kg/d) orally for 14 con-secutive days. The colonic weight, colonic length, intestinal weight index, occult blood scores, and histological scores of mice were examined to evaluate the curative effect. The levels of memory B cells in peripheral blood of mice were measured by flow cytometry, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-7A, and TNF-α expression in colonic tissue homogenates were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot was used to measure the expression of Bcl-6, BLNK, Syk, and other signaling pathway related proteins.

RESULTS

After Cur treatment for 14 d, the body weight, colonic weight, colonic length, colonic weight index, and colonic pathological injury of mice with colitis were ameliorated. The secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-7A was statistically decreased, while the IL-35 and IL-10 levels were considerably increased. Activation of memory B cell subsets in colitis mice was confirmed by a remarkable reduction in the expression of IgM, IgG, IgA, FCRL5, CD103, FasL, PD-1, CD38, and CXCR3 on the surface of CD19⁺ CD27⁺ B cells, while the number of CD19⁺ CD27⁺ IL-10⁺ and CD19⁺ CD27⁺ Tim-3⁺ B cells increased significantly. In addition, Cur significantly inhibited the protein levels of Syk, p-Syk, Bcl-6, and CIN85, and increased BLNK and p-BLNK expression in colitis mice.

CONCLUSION

Cur could effectively alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating memory B cells and the Bcl-6-Syk-BLNK signaling pathway.

Curcumin-Encapsulated Nanomicelles Improve Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity in Cisplatin-Resistant Human Oral Cancer Cells

Oral cancer has a high mortality rate, which is mostly determined by the stage of the disease at the time of admission. Around half of all patients with oral cancer report with advanced illness. Hitherto, chemotherapy is preferred to treat oral cancer, but the emergence of resistance to anti-cancer drugs is likely to occur after a sequence of treatments. Curcumin is renowned for its anticancer potential but its marred water solubility and poor bioavailability limit its use in treating multidrug-resistant cancers. As part of this investigation, we prepared and characterized Curcumin nanomicelles (CUR-NMs) using DSPE-PEG-2000 and evaluated the anticancer properties of cisplatin-resistant cancer cell lines. The prepared CUR-NMs were sphere-shaped and unilamellar in structure, with a size of 32.60 ± 4.2 nm. CUR-NMs exhibited high entrapment efficiency (82.2%), entrapment content (147.96 µg/mL), and a mean zeta potential of −17.5ζ which is considered moderately stable. The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies revealed that CUR-NMs had significantly higher cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in cisplatin drug-resistant oral cancer cell lines and parental oral cancer cells compared to plain curcumin (CUR). The DAPI and FACS analysis corroborated a high percentage of apoptotic cells with CUR-NMs (31.14%) compared to neat CUR (19.72%) treatment. Conclusively, CUR-NMs can potentially be used as an alternative carrier system to improve the therapeutic effects of curcumin in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant human oral cancer.

Inhibition and potential treatment of colorectal cancer by natural compounds via various signaling pathways

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of malignant digestive tract tumor with a high incidence rate worldwide. Currently, the clinical treatment of CRC predominantly include surgical resection, postoperative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, these treatments contain severe limitations such as drug side effects, the risk of recurrence and drug resistance. Some natural compounds found in plants, fungi, marine animals, and bacteria have been shown to inhibit the occurrence and development of CRC. Although the explicit molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of these compounds on CRC are not clear, classical signaling transduction pathways such as NF-kB and Wnt/β-catenin are extensively regulated. In this review, we have summarized the specific mechanisms regulating the inhibition and development of CRC by various types of natural compounds through nine signaling pathways, and explored the potential therapeutic values of these natural compounds in the clinical treatment of CRC.

Utility of Intravenous Curcumin Nanodelivery Systems for Improving In Vivo Pharmacokinetics and Anticancer Pharmacodynamics

Curcumin nanoformulations for intravenous injection have been developed to offset poor absorption, biotransformation, degradation, and excessive clearance associated with parenteral delivery. This review investigates (1) whether intravenous nanoformulations improve curcumin pharmacokinetics (PK) and (2) whether improved PK yields greater therapeutic efficacy. Standard PK parameters (measured maximum concentration [C_max], area under the curve [AUC], distribution volume [V_d], and clearance [CL]) of intravenously administered free curcumin in mice and rats were sourced from literature and compared to curcumin formulated in nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes. The studies that also featured analysis of pharmacodynamics (PD) in murine cancer models were used to determine whether improved PK of nanoencapsulated curcumin resulted in improved PD. The distribution and clearance of free and nanoformulated curcumin were very fast, typically accounting for >80% curcumin elimination from plasma within 60 min. Case-matched analysis demonstrated that curcumin nanoencapsulation generally improved curcumin PK in terms of measured C_max (n = 27) and AUC (n = 33), and to a lesser extent V_d and CL. However, when the data were unpaired and clustered for comparative analysis, only 5 out of the 12 analyzed nanoformulations maintained a higher relative curcumin concentration in plasma over time compared to free curcumin. Quantitative analysis of the mean plasma concentration of free curcumin versus nanoformulated curcumin did not reveal an overall marked improvement in curcumin PK. No correlation was found between PK and PD, suggesting that augmentation of the systemic presence of curcumin does not necessarily lead to greater therapeutic efficacy.

A cationic amino acid polymer nanocarrier synthesized in supercritical CO2 for co-delivery of drug and gene to cervical cancer cells

The present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of a drug curcumin-loaded polymer to inhibit the growth of cervical cancer cells by enhancing the anti-cancer efficiency of curcumin. We synthesized poly(methacryloyl beta-alanine) (PMBA) as a nanocarrier by radical polymerization in supercritical CO₂. The results showed that the curcumin encapsulated and folic acid (FA)-treated PMBA (Poly@Cur-FA) for 24 h activated the reactive oxygen species-mediated programmed cell death machinery in HeLa cells. This remarkable effect of Poly@Cur-FA treatment was visualized using different fluorescent probes, which demonstrated that the Poly@Cur-FA treatment disrupted the cell membrane, as also supported by scanning electron microscopy observations. The effect of Poly@Cur-FA dispersion on the cells was observed under a transmission electron microscope. Further, the HeLa cells were treated with the polymer encapsulated curcumin and Bcl2 siRNA (Pol-Cur-siRNA) for 24 h, which effectively suppressed the Bcl2 and simulated the autophagic pathway. This co-delivery system was designed to inhibit curcumin efflux and can enhance the treatment efficacy by targeting multiple signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptotic, and autophagic pathways. Collectively, the Pol-Cur-siRNA system appears to offer an efficient combinational therapeutic strategy that might overcome the problems associated with the chemosensitivity against the standard synthetic anti-cancer drugs. To support the experimental data, an artificial neural network model was developed to foresee the drug and gene release behaviors.

Plants as a Source of Anticancer Agents: From Bench to Bedside

Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Conventional anticancer therapies are associated with lack of selectivity and serious side effects. Cancer hallmarks are biological capabilities acquired by cancer cells during neoplastic transformation. Targeting multiple cancer hallmarks is a promising strategy to treat cancer. The diversity in chemical structure and the relatively low toxicity make plant-derived natural products a promising source for the development of new and more effective anticancer therapies that have the capacity to target multiple hallmarks in cancer. In this review, we discussed the anticancer activities of ten natural products extracted from plants. The majority of these products inhibit cancer by targeting multiple cancer hallmarks, and many of these chemicals have reached clinical applications. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid ground for researchers and physicians to design more effective combination anticancer therapies using plant-derived natural products.

How Curcumin Targets Inflammatory Mediators in Diabetes: Therapeutic Insights and Possible Solutions

Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial chronic metabolic disorder, characterized by altered metabolism of macro-nutrients, such as fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic encephalopathy, diabetic periodontitis, and diabetic nephropathy are the prominent complications of diabetes. Inflammatory mediators are primarily responsible for these complications. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric, is well known for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. The regulation of several signaling pathways effectively targets inflammatory mediators in diabetes. Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities against a wide range of molecular targets have been shown to have therapeutic potential for a variety of chronic inflammatory disorders, including diabetes. Curcumin’s biological examination has shown that it is a powerful anti-oxidant that stops cells from growing by releasing active free thiol groups at the target location. Curcumin is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent that targets inflammatory mediators in diabetes, and its resistant form leads to better therapeutic outcomes in diabetes complications. Moreover, Curcumin is an anti-oxidant and NF-B inhibitor that may be useful in treating diabetes. Curcumin has been shown to inhibit diabetes-related enzymes, such as a-glucosidase, aldose reductase and aldose reductase inhibitors. Through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and its suppression of vascular endothelial development and nuclear transcription factors, curcumin has the ability to prevent, or reduce, the course of diabetic retinopathy. Curcumin improves insulin sensitivity by suppressing phosphorylation of ERK/JNK in HG-induced insulin-resistant cells and strengthening the PI3K-AKT-GSK3B signaling pathway. In the present article, we aimed to discuss the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of curcumin in diabetes regulated by various molecular signaling pathways.

Proapoptotic Effect and Molecular Docking Analysis of Curcumin–Resveratrol Hybrids in Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention

Different hybrids based on curcumin and resveratrol were previously synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The most active molecules (3a, 3e, 3i, and 3k) were evaluated in vitro as an approach to determine the possible mechanism of action of the hybrids. The results indicated that the evaluated curcumin/resveratrol hybrids induce mitochondrial instability in SW620 and SW480 cells. Moreover, these molecules caused a loss in membrane integrity, suggesting an apoptotic process mediated by caspases after the treatment with compounds 3i (SW480) and 3k (SW620). In addition, the results suggest that the mechanism of action of the hybrids could be independent of the p53 status. Furthermore, hybrids 3e and 3i caused G0/G1 phase arrest, which highlights the potential of these molecules not only as cytotoxic but also as cytostatic compounds. Hybrids 3e and 3i caused a negative modulation of the matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) on SW480 cells. These curcumin resveratrol hybrids could be potential candidates for further investigations in the search for potential chemopreventive agents, even in those cases with resistance to conventional chemotherapy because of the lack of p53 expression or function. Molecular docking simulations showed that compounds 3e, 3i, and 3k bind efficiently to proapoptotic human caspases 3/7 proteins, as well as human MMP-7 and p53, which, in turn, could explain at the molecular level the in vitro cytotoxic effect of these compounds in SW480 and SW620 colon cancer cell lines.

Anticancer Properties of Curcumin Against Colorectal Cancer: A Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and reoccurring diseases, as well as the world’s second largest cause of mortality. Despite existing preventative, diagnostic, and treatment methods, such as chemotherapy, the number of instances rises year after year. As a result, new effective medications targeting specific checkpoints should be developed to combat CRC. Natural compounds, such as curcumin, have shown significant anti-colorectal cancer characteristics among medications that can be used to treat CRC. These chemicals are phenolic compounds that belong to the curcuminoids category. Curcumin exerts its anti-proliferative properties against CRC cell lines in vitro and in vivo via a variety of mechanisms, including the suppression of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways, the stoppage of the cell cycle, and the activation of autophagy. Curcumin also has anti-angiogenesis properties. Thus, this review is aimed at emphasizing the biological effect and mode of action of curcumin on CRC. Furthermore, the critical role of these substances in CRC chemoprevention was emphasized.

Curcumin and Derivatives in Nanoformulations with Therapeutic Potential on Colorectal Cancer

There is growing concern in the rise of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases globally, and with this rise is the presentation of drug resistance. Like other cancers, current treatment options are either invasive or manifest severe side effects. Thus, there is a move towards implementing safer treatment options. Curcumin (CUR), extracted from Curcuma longa, has received significant attention by scientists as possible alternative to chemotherapeutic agents. It is safe and effective against CRC and nontoxic in moderate concentrations. Crucially, it specifically modulates apoptotic effects on CRC. However, the use of CUR is limited by its low solubility and poor bioavailability in aqueous media. These limitations are surmountable through novel approaches, such as nanoencapsulation of CUR, which masks the physicochemical properties of CUR, thus potentiating its anti-CRC effects. Furthermore, chemical derivatization of CUR is another approach that can be used to address the above constraints. This review spans published work in the last two decades, with key findings employing either of the two approaches, in addition to a combined approach in managing CRC. The combined approach affords the possibility of better treatment outcomes but not widely investigated nor yet clinically implemented.

Polysaccharide-Zein Composite Nanoparticles for Enhancing Cellular Uptake and Oral Bioavailability of Curcumin: Characterization, Anti-colorectal Cancer Effect, and Pharmacokinetics

Curcumin (CUR) has demonstrated promising potential as a therapeutic agent against colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its intrinsic shortcomings, including oxidative instability, sensitivity to gastrointestinal (GI) hydrolytic/enzymatic action, and susceptibility to biotransformation and systemic elimination, have greatly undermined its value for application in clinical settings. The development of carriers, in particular oral formulations, for its efficient delivery has remained an important direction in nutraceutical research. In the present work, CUR-encapsulated nanoparticles were fabricated with zein alone (Zein-CUR) and with zein and a polysaccharide (PS) [gum Arabic (GA), hyaluronic acid (HA) and pectin (PC), respectively] (PS-Zein-CUR). Their physicochemical and biological properties were evaluated in a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed an increase in the particle size of the nanoparticles from 129.0 nm (Zein-CUR) to 188.8–346.4 nm (PS-Zein-CUR). The three PS-Zein-CUR formulations had significantly higher (17–22%) CUR encapsulation efficiency (EE) than Zein-CUR. Among them, HA-Zein-CUR exhibited the highest EE and loading capacity. Zeta potential and FTIR spectra indicated the involvement of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds in the formation of the PS-Zein-CUR. In human CRC cell lines (HCT8, HCT29, and HCT116), the three PS-Zein-CUR and CUR all effectively inhibited cell viability and colony formation (HA-Zein-CUR > PC-Zein-CUR > GA-Zein-CUR/CUR). HA-Zein-CUR and PC-Zein-CUR also resulted in significantly higher cellular uptake of CUR than GA-Zein-CUR and CUR. Simulated GI-digestion assay demonstrated significantly improved controlled-release properties of these two formulations. Further pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution assays in a CRC subcutaneous xenograft model in nude mice corroborated the enhanced pharmacokinetic properties of intragastric administration of HA-Zein-CUR compared with that of free CUR (3 times higher C_max and 9.18 times higher plasma AUC). HA-Zein-CUR also led to enhanced delivery and accumulation of CUR in major organs/tissues, in particular CRC tumors and colon. These results together support that HA-Zein-CUR has promising potential as an oral agent for the control of CRC.

Curcumin analog HO-3867 triggers apoptotic pathways through activating JNK1/2 signalling in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the common head and neck malignancy in the world. While surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are emerging as the standard treatment for OSCC patients, the outcome is limited to the recurrence and side effects. Therefore, patients with OSCC require alternative strategies for treatment. In this study, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effect and the mode of action of the novel curcumin analog, HO-3867, against human OSCC cells. We analysed the cytotoxicity of HO-3867 using MTT assay. In vitro mechanic studies were performed to determine whether MAPK pathway is involved in HO-3867 induced cell apoptosis. As the results, we found HO-3867 suppressed OSCC cells growth effectively. The flow cytometry data indicate that HO-3867 induce the sub-G1 phase. Moreover, we found that HO-3867 induced cell apoptosis by triggering formation of activated caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 and PARP. After dissecting MAPK pathway, we found HO-3867 induced cell apoptosis via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 pathway. Our results suggest that HO-3867 is an effective anticancer agent as its induction of cell apoptosis through JNK1/2 pathway in human oral cancer cells.

In Vitro and In Vivo Cardioprotective Effects of Curcumin against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Systematic Review

Objective

This study aimed to review the potential chemoprotective effects of curcumin against the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Methods

According to the PRISMA guideline, a comprehensive systematic search was performed in different electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) up to July 2021. One hundred and sixty-four studies were screened in accordance with a predefined set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eighteen eligible articles were finally included in the current systematic review.

Results

According to the in vitro and in vivo findings, it was found that doxorubicin administration leads to decreased cell survival, increased mortality, decreased bodyweight, heart weight, and heart to the bodyweight ratio compared to the control groups. However, curcumin cotreatment demonstrated an opposite pattern in comparison with the doxorubicin-treated groups alone. Other findings showed that doxorubicin significantly induces biochemical changes in the cardiac cells/tissue. Furthermore, the histological changes on the cardiac tissue were observed following doxorubicin treatment. Nevertheless, for most of the cases, these biochemical and histological changes mediated by doxorubicin were reversed near to control groups following curcumin coadministration.

Conclusion

It can be mentioned that coadministration of curcumin alleviates the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Curcumin exerts these cardioprotective effects through different mechanisms of antioxidant, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory. Since the finding presented in this systematic review are based on in vitro and in vivo studies, suggesting the use of curcumin in cancer patients as a cardioprotector agent against cardiotoxicity mediated by doxorubicin requires further clinical studies.

Microsatellite Status and IκBα Expression Levels Predict Sensitivity to Pharmaceutical Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Simple Summary

The global burden of colorectal cancer is high. Chemotherapy has been the backbone of colorectal cancer therapy for decades. Toxic side effects and frequently occurring drug resistances remain challenging problems. Therefore, exploring natural compounds with low or even no toxicity holds great potential. However, natural curcumin is poorly absorbed, limiting its clinical use. Therefore, our focus was to screen different molecular types of colorectal cancer to find the ones with the highest sensitivity to curcumin. We observed very individual responses to curcumin for various colorectal cancer cell lines. Most curcumin-sensitive cell lines were of the microsatellite-stable molecular type, and expressed high baseline levels of the IκBα protein. Contrarily, curcumin-resistant lines were mainly microsatellite instable, with low baseline IκBα levels. Considering all of the data obtained, we conclude that patients with microsatellite-stable tumors and high baseline IκBα protein expression would benefit from treatment with novel curcumin formulations and derivatives.

Abstract

Clinical utilization of curcumin in colorectal cancer (CRC) was revived as a result of the development of novel curcumin formulations with improved bioavailability. Additionally, identification of biomarkers for curcumin sensitivity would also promote successful clinical applications. Here, we wanted to identify such biomarkers in order to establish a predictive model for curcumin sensitivity. Thirty-two low-passage CRC cell lines with specified tumor characteristics were included. Curcumin suppressed cell proliferation, yet sensitivity levels were distinct. Most curcumin-sensitive CRC cell lines were microsatellite stable and expressed high levels of IκBα. The predictive capacity of this biomarker combination possessed a statistical significance of 72% probability to distinguish correctly between curcumin-sensitive and -resistant CRC cell lines. Detailed functional analyses were performed with three sensitive and three resistant CRC cell lines. As curcumin’s mode of action, inhibition of NF-κB p65 activation via IκBα was identified. In consequence, we hypothesize that novel curcumin formulations—either alone or, more likely, in combination with standard therapeutics—can be expected to prove clinically beneficial for CRC patients with high IκBα expression levels.

A functionalized graphene oxide with improved cytocompatibility for stimuli-responsive co-delivery of curcumin and doxorubicin in cancer treatment

Nowadays, the usage of nanoparticles in various fields such as drug delivery, attracts the attention of many researchers in the treatment of cancers. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the novel drug delivery systems which is used broadly owing to its unique features. In this survey, doxorubicin (DOX) was accompanied by natural medicine, curcumin (CUR), to diminish its side effects and enhance its efficiency. Cytotoxicity assay in human gastric cancer (AGS), prostate cancer (PC3), and ovarian cancer (A2780), was evaluated. Also, the uptake of DOX and CUR into cells, was assessed using a fluorescence microscope. Moreover, real-time PCR was applied for the evaluation of the expression of RB1 and CDK2 genes, which were involved in the cell cycle. In both separate and simultaneous forms, DOX and CUR were loaded with high efficiency and the release behavior of both drugs was pH-sensitive. The higher release rate was attained at pH 5.5 and 42 °C for DOX (80.23%) and CUR (13.06), respectively. The intensity of fluorescence in the free form of the drugs, was higher than the loaded form. In the same concentration, the free form of CUR and DOX were more toxic than the loaded form in all cell lines. Also, free drugs showed more impact on the expression of RB1 and CDK2 genes. Co-delivery of CUR and DOX into the mentioned cell lines, was more effective than the free form of CUR and DOX due to its lower toxicity to normal cells.

Pharmacological Effects of Cisplatin Combination with Natural Products in Cancer Chemotherapy

Cisplatin and other platinum-based drugs, such as carboplatin, ormaplatin, and oxaliplatin, have been widely used to treat a multitude of human cancers. However, a considerable proportion of patients often relapse due to drug resistance and/or toxicity to multiple organs including the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and the cardiovascular, hematologic, and nervous systems. In this study, we sought to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the science highlighting the use of cisplatin in cancer therapy, with a special emphasis on its molecular mechanisms of action, and treatment modalities including the combination therapy with natural products. Hence, we searched the literature using various scientific databases., such as MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant sources, to collect and review relevant publications on cisplatin, natural products, combination therapy, uses in cancer treatment, modes of action, and therapeutic strategies. Our search results revealed that new strategic approaches for cancer treatment, including the combination therapy of cisplatin and natural products, have been evaluated with some degree of success. Scientific evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates that many medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that are promising candidates for the treatment of human diseases, and therefore represent an excellent source for drug discovery. In preclinical studies, it has been demonstrated that natural products not only enhance the therapeutic activity of cisplatin but also attenuate its chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Many experimental studies have also reported that natural products exert their therapeutic action by triggering apoptosis through modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p53 signal transduction pathways and enhancement of cisplatin chemosensitivity. Furthermore, natural products protect against cisplatin-induced organ toxicity by modulating several gene transcription factors and inducing cell death through apoptosis and/or necrosis. In addition, formulations of cisplatin with polymeric, lipid, inorganic, and carbon-based nano-drug delivery systems have been found to delay drug release, prolong half-life, and reduce systemic toxicity while other formulations, such as nanocapsules, nanogels, and hydrogels, have been reported to enhance cell penetration, target cancer cells, and inhibit tumor progression.

SMYD2 targets RIPK1 and restricts TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis to support colon tumor growth

SMYD2 is a histone methyltransferase, which methylates both histone H3K4 as well as a number of non-histone proteins. Dysregulation of SMYD2 has been associated with several diseases including cancer. In the present study, we investigated whether and how SMYD2 might contribute to colorectal cancer. Increased expression levels of SMYD2 were detected in human and murine colon tumor tissues compared to tumor-free tissues. SMYD2 deficiency in colonic tumor cells strongly decreased tumor growth in two independent experimental cancer models. On a molecular level, SMYD2 deficiency sensitized colonic tumor cells to TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis without affecting cell proliferation. Moreover, we found that SMYD2 targeted RIPK1 and inhibited the phosphorylation of RIPK1. Finally, in a translational approach, pharmacological inhibition of SMYD2 attenuated colonic tumor growth. Collectively, our data show that SMYD2 is crucial for colon tumor growth and inhibits TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis.

Effects of Curcuminoids on Systemic Inflammation and Quality of Life in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third and the fourth most common cancer in Iranian men and women, respectively. Curcuminoids are known to exertprotective effects against several kinds of cancers. We aim to assess the effects of curcuminoids on serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients with CRC (stage 3) aged ≥20 years, who had chemotherapy after the surgery and were referred to Baqiyatallah Oncology Clinic. Patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group receiving curcuminoids capsules (500 mg/day) (n = 36), or the control group taking placebo capsules (n = 36) for 8 weeks. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and 12 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), interferon γ (IFN-γ), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. The EORTC-QLQ-C30 instrument was used to assess the quality of life before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software.

RESULTS

A total of 67 subjects completed the study as three and two subjects were lost to follow-up in the curcuminoid and placebo groups, respectively. A significant change in CRP (p = 0.002) and ESR (p = 0.0001) was observed in patients supplemented with curcuminoids at the end of 8 weeks compared to placebo. Moreover, IL-1α showed a decreasing trend after curcuminoid supplementation compared to placebo (p = 0.077). A significant improvement in functional (p = 0.002) and global quality of life (p = 0.020) scales was observed in the curcuminoid group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that curcuminoids supplementation for a period of 8 weeks (500 mg/day) can improve ESR and serum levels of CRP in stage-3 CRC subjects and improve the global quality of life and functional scales compared to placebo.

Natural Products as the Modulators of Oxidative Stress: An Herbal Approach in the Management of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed and frequently occurred cancer in the males globally. The current treatment strategies available to treat prostate cancer are not much effective and express various adverse effects. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify novel treatment that can improve patient outcome. From times immemorial, natural products are highly recognized for novel drug development for various diseases including cancer. Cancer cells generally maintain higher basal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when compared to normal cells due to its high metabolic rate. However, initiation of excess intracellular ROS production can not be tolerated by the cancer cells and induce several cell death signals which are in contrast to normal cells. Therefore, small molecules of natural origin that induce ROS can potentially kill cancer cells in specific and provide a better opportunity to develop a novel drug therapy. In this review, we elaborated various classes of medicinal compounds and their mechanism of killing prostate cancer cells through direct or indirect ROS generation. This can generate a novel thought to develop promising drug candidate to treat prostate cancer patients.

Ethanol Extract of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel in Increasing the Expression of Caspase-3 in DSS-Induced Mice

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy derived from the glandular epithelial cells in the colon. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more likely to develop CRC. Cancer proliferation is characterized by the loss of inhibition of apoptosis, which involves caspase-3 activation. This study examined the effects of the pomegranate peel extract on the expression of caspase-3 in mice crypt cells induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) 2%.

Methods

The experimental study was done in six groups. All treatments were done in 42 days. The groups were all induced by DSS through water drinking, except for the normal group, which was only given water. The treatments given included the pomegranate extract in two doses (240 mg and 480 mg/kg bw/day), aspirin, and ellagic acid. The specimens were then fixated and stained for the immunohistochemistry scoring for the expression of caspase-3, which was then analyzed statistically.

Results

The H-scores of each treatment group were 213.23 ± 8.32 (DSS group), 243.81 ± 18.69 (normal group), 226.10 ± 12.38 (pomegranate peel extract of 240 mg/kg/d), 238.84 ± 15.81 (pomegranate peel extract of 480 mg/kg/d), 227.47 ± 12.15 (aspirin), and 224.01 ± 18.39 (ellagic acid). Statistical differences were found in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis among the DSS group, normal group, and dose 2 group (pomegranate peel extract of 480 mg/kg/day).

Conclusions

The ethanol extract of pomegranate was able to induce apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the increase of caspase-3 expression.

Transmission Jeopardy of Adenomatosis Polyposis Coli and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the globally prevalent and virulent types of cancer with a distinct alteration in chromosomes. Often, any alterations in the adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor gene, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene are related to surmise colorectal cancer significantly. In this study, we have investigated chromosomal and gene variants to discern a new-fangled gene and its expression in the southern populations of India by primarily spotting the screened APC and MTHFR variants in CRC patients. An equal number of CRC patients and healthy control subjects (n = 65) were evaluated to observe a chromosomal alteration in the concerted and singular manner for APC and MTHFR genotypes using standard protocols. The increasing prognosis was observed in persons with higher alcoholism and smoking (P < 0.05) with frequent alterations in chromosomes 1, 5, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, and 22. The APC Asp 1822Val and MTHFR C677T genotypes provided significant results, while the variant alleles of this polymorphism were linked with an elevated risk of CRC. Chromosomal alterations can be the major cause in inducing carcinogenic outcomes in CRCs and can drive to extreme pathological states.

Curcuma as an adjuvant in colorectal cancer treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and mostly affects men. Around 20% of its incidence is by familiar disposition due to hereditary syndromes. The CRC treatment involves surgery and chemotherapy; however, the side effects of treatments and the fast emergence of drug resistance evidence the necessity to find more effective drugs. Curcumin is the main polyphenol pigment present in Curcuma longa, a plant widely used as healthy food with antioxidant properties. Curcumin has synergistic effects with antineoplastics such as 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, as well anti-inflammatory drugs by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and the Nuclear factor kappa B. Furthermore, curcumin shows anticancer properties by inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch, and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways implicated in the progression of CRC. However, the consumption of pure curcumin is less suitable, as the absorption is poor, and the metabolism and excretion are high. Pharmacological formulations and essential oils of the plant improve the curcumin absorption, resulting in therapeutical dosages. Despite the evidence obtained in vitro and in vivo, clinical studies have not yet confirmed the therapeutic potential of curcumin against CRC. Here we reviewed the last scientific information that supports the consumption of curcumin as an adjuvant for CRC therapy.

Rare case of metachronous tumor: Nasopharyngeal and colorectal carcinoma

The study presents an unusual case of a patient with a personal history of a rectal malignant tumor in 2013, who after a period of 6 years, was diagnosed with an advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, locally and regionally invasive. It is possible that the colorectal malignant tumor affected the development of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma, or the other way around, depending on the presence of genetic instabilities. These two types of malignant tumors share a series of genes that can influence their progression, i.e., SPINK-6 and Bcl-2. The particularity of this case stems from the development of a metachronous tumor, a rectal adenocarcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, two malignant tumors with different patient prognosis and disease progression. Research needs to be continued on the multidisciplinary therapeutic management of nasopharyngeal cancer and the ways of identifying this cancer type in its early stages, considering that most patients come from a rural environment, have poor medical education, a number of comorbidities, and who frequently ignore the signs, symptoms and sometimes the treatment offered.

Therapeutic Effects of Polyphenols on the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer by Regulating Wnt β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide in terms of both its rates of incidence and mortality. Due to serious side effects associated with conventional chemotherapeutic treatments, many natural products with fewer adverse side effects have been considered as potential treatment options. In fact, many natural products have widely been used in various phases of clinical trials for CRC, as well as in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. Curcumin (CUR) and resveratrol (RES) are classified as natural polyphenolic compounds that have been demonstrated to have anticancer activity against CRC and are associated with minimal side effects. By regulating select target genes involved in several key signaling pathways in CRC, in particular, the Wnt β-catenin signaling cascade, the course of CRC may be positively altered. In the current review, we focused on the therapeutic effects of CUR and RES in CRC as they pertain to modulation of the Wnt β-catenin signaling pathway.

Anti-cancer activity of amorphous curcumin preparation in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids

Despite its adverse effects, chemotherapy is generally used for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Development of supplement preparations targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) that cause distant metastasis and drug resistance is required. Although curcumin is known to have anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, and hypoglycemic-like actions, its low water solubility, oral absorption, and bioavailability impede its therapeutic uses. Patient-derived organoid cultures can recapitulate heterogeneity, epithelial structures, and molecular imprints of their parental tissues. In the present study, anti-carcinogenic properties of amorphous curcumin (AC), a compound with improved solubility and bioavailability, were evaluated against human CRC organoids. Treatment with AC inhibited the cell viability of CRC organoids in a concentration-dependent manner. AC arrested the cell cycle of CRC organoids and induced apoptosis. AC inhibited phosphorylation of ERK. Expression of downstream signals of ERK, namely c-MYC and cyclin-D1, were inhibited. Expressions of CSC markers, CD44, LGR5, and CD133, were declined in the AC-treated CRC organoids. The combinational treatment of CRC organoids with AC and anti-cancer drugs, oxaliplatin, 5-FU, or irinotecan showed a synergistic activity. In vivo, AC decreased the tumor growth of CRC organoids in mice with the induction of necrotic lesions. In conclusion, AC diminished the cell viability of CRC organoids through the inhibition of proliferation-related signals and CSC marker expression in addition to arresting the cell cycle. Collectively, these data suggest the value of AC as a promising supplement that could be used in combination with anti-cancer drugs to prevent the recurrence and metastasis of CRC.

Modulation of inflammation by phytochemicals to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity of cancer chemotherapy

Treatment of cancer with chemotherapeutic drugs is associated with numerous adverse effects as well as the eventual development of resistance to chemotherapy. There is a great need for complementary therapies such as botanicals and nutritional supplements with little or no side effects that prevent resistance to chemotherapy and reduce its adverse effects. Inflammation plays a major role in the development of chemoresistance and the adverse effects of chemotherapy. Phytochemicals have well-established anti-inflammatory effects; thus, they could be used as complementary therapies along with chemotherapy to increase its efficacy and reduce its toxicity. Botanical compounds inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway, which plays an important role in the generation of inflammation, chemotherapy resistance, and modulation of cell survival and apoptosis. Botanicals have previously been studied extensively for their cancer chemopreventive activities and are generally considered safe for human consumption. The present review focuses on the modulation of inflammation by phytochemicals and their role in increasing the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of cancer chemotherapy.

Anti-EGFR Binding Nanobody Delivery System to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment of Solid Tumours

BACKGROUND

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and members of its homologous protein family mediate transmembrane signal transduction by binding to a specific ligand, which leads to regulated cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and metastasis. With the development and application of Genetically Engineered Antibodies (GEAs), Nanobodies (Nbs) constitute a new research hot spot in many diseases. A Nb is characterized by its low molecular weight, deep tissue penetration, good solubility and high antigen-binding affinity, the anti-EGFR Nbs are of significance for the diagnosis and treatment of EGFR-positive tumours.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the information about the molecular structure of EGFR and its transmembrane signal transduction mechanism, and discuss the anti-EGFR-Nbs influence on the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours.

METHODS

Data were obtained from PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. All patents are searched from the following websites: the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO®), the United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO®) and Google Patents.

RESULTS

EGFR is a key target for regulating transmembrane signaling. The anti-EGFR-Nbs for targeted drugs could effectively improve the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours.

CONCLUSION

EGFR plays a role in transmembrane signal transduction. The Nbs, especially anti- EGFR-Nbs, have shown effectiveness in the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours. How to increase the affinity of Nb and reduce its immunogenicity remain a great challenge.