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Rathkopf DE, Roubaud G, Chi KN, Efstathiou E, Attard G, Olmos D, Small EJ, Saad M, Castro E, Kim W, Wu D, Bertzos K, Dibaj S, Zhang J, Francis P, Smith MR. Patient-reported Outcomes for Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer and BRCA1/2 Gene Alterations: Final Analysis from the Randomized Phase 3 MAGNITUDE Trial. Eur Urol 2024:S0302-2838(24)02594-6. [PMID: 39317633 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The phase 3 MAGNITUDE trial assessed the efficacy and safety of niraparib 200 mg and abiraterone acetate 1000 mg plus prednisone 10 mg (AAP) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and alterations in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes. Here we report final analysis results for patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in the HRR+ cohort with a focus on BRCA1/2 alterations (BRCA+). METHODS Protocol-specified endpoints evaluated patient-reported symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and tolerability (side-effect bother) using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (FACT-P), and EQ-5D-5L questionnaires. Evaluations were completed on day 1 of designated treatment cycles and during follow-up. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS All patients with BRCA+ mCRPC (n = 225) were included in the PRO analyses with average on-treatment PRO compliance >80% when completed on-site. Time to deterioration in pain according to BPI-SF and FACT-P scores did not significantly differ between niraparib + AAP and placebo + AAP. During treatment, EQ-5D-5L revealed no clinically meaningful differences in overall HRQoL between treatment arms in the BRCA+ subgroup. Finally, tolerability was similar between arms; side effect bother rated as "not at all" or "a little bit" ranged from 79.8% to 95.9% during treatment. Limitations include a sample size that may not have been powered to detect a difference in PROs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Treatment with niraparib + AAP maintained HRQoL with minimal side-effect bother reported by most patients with BRCA+ mCRPC. Differences between treatment groups in time to pain deterioration did not meet conventional levels of statistical significance. The MAGNITUDE trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03748641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Rathkopf
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Guilhem Roubaud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kim N Chi
- BC Cancer, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - David Olmos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric J Small
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marniza Saad
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elena Castro
- Intercentre Clinical Management Unit for Medical Oncology, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Won Kim
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daphne Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shiva Dibaj
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Francis
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew R Smith
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Papp O, Jordán V, Hetey S, Balázs R, Kaszás V, Bartha Á, Ordasi NN, Kamp S, Farkas B, Mettetal J, Dry JR, Young D, Sidders B, Bulusu KC, Veres DV. Network-driven cancer cell avatars for combination discovery and biomarker identification for DNA damage response inhibitors. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:68. [PMID: 38906870 PMCID: PMC11192759 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy is well established as a key intervention strategy for cancer treatment, with the potential to overcome monotherapy resistance and deliver a more durable efficacy. However, given the scale of unexplored potential target space and the resulting combinatorial explosion, identifying efficacious drug combinations is a critical unmet need that is still evolving. In this paper, we demonstrate a network biology-driven, simulation-based solution, the Simulated Cell™. Integration of omics data with a curated signaling network enables the accurate and interpretable prediction of 66,348 combination-cell line pairs obtained from a large-scale combinatorial drug sensitivity screen of 684 combinations across 97 cancer cell lines (BAC = 0.62, AUC = 0.7). We highlight drug combination pairs that interact with DNA Damage Response pathways and are predicted to be synergistic, and deep network insight to identify biomarkers driving combination synergy. We demonstrate that the cancer cell 'avatars' capture the biological complexity of their in vitro counterparts, enabling the identification of pathway-level mechanisms of combination benefit to guide clinical translatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Papp
- Turbine Simulated Cell Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Róbert Balázs
- Turbine Simulated Cell Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valér Kaszás
- Turbine Simulated Cell Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Bartha
- Turbine Simulated Cell Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra N Ordasi
- Turbine Simulated Cell Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Bálint Farkas
- Turbine Simulated Cell Technologies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jerome Mettetal
- Oncology Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Dry
- Early Data Science, Oncology Data Science, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Duncan Young
- Search and Evaluation, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Sidders
- Early Data Science, Oncology Data Science, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krishna C Bulusu
- Early Data Science, Oncology Data Science, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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Gumenku L, Sekhoacha M, Abrahams B, Mashele S, Shoko A, Erukainure OL. Genetic Signatures for Distinguishing Chemo-Sensitive from Chemo-Resistant Responders in Prostate Cancer Patients. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2263-2277. [PMID: 38534761 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly impacting South Africa with high mortality rates. Despite many years of extensive research and significant financial expenditure, there has yet to be a definitive solution to prostate cancer. It is not just individuals who vary in their response to treatment, but even different nodules within the same tumor exhibit unique transcriptome patterns. These distinctions extend beyond mere differences in gene expression levels to encompass the control and networking of individual genes. Escalating chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer patients has prompted increased research into its underlying mechanisms. The heterogeneous nature of transcriptomic organization among men makes the pursuit of universal biomarkers and one-size-fits-all treatments impractical. This study delves into the expression of drug resistance-associated genes, ABCB1 and CYP1B1, in cancer cells. Employing bioinformatics, we explored the molecular pathways and cascades linked to drug resistance following upregulation of these genes. Samples were obtained from archived prostate cancer patient specimens through pre-treatment biopsies of two categories: good vs. poor responders, with cDNAs synthesized from isolated RNAs subjected to qPCR analysis. The results revealed increased ABCB1 and CYP1B1 expression in tumor samples of the poor responders. Gene enrichment and network analysis associated ABCB1 with ABC transporters and LncRNA-mediated therapeutic resistance (WP3672), while CYP1B1 was linked to ovarian steroidogenesis, tryptophan metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, benzo(a)pyrene metabolism, the sulindac metabolic pathway, and the estrogen receptor pathway, which are associated with drug resistance. Both ABCB1 and CYP1B1 correlated with microRNAs in cancer and the Nuclear Receptors Meta-Pathway. STRING analysis predicted protein-protein interactions of ABCB1 and CYP1B1 with Glutathione S-transferase Pi, Catechol O-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6, Leucine-rich Transmembrane and O-methyltransferase (LRTOMT), and Epoxide hydrolase 1, with scores of 0.973, 0.971, 0.966, 0.966, and 0.966, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis of the chemotherapy drug, docetaxel, with CYP1B1 and ABCB1 revealed robust molecular interactions, with binding energies of -20.37 and -15.25 Kcal/mol, respectively. These findings underscore the susceptibility of cancer patients to drug resistance due to increased ABCB1 and CYP1B1 expression in tumor samples from patients in the poor-responders category that affects associated molecular pathways. The potent molecular interactions of ABCB1 and CYP1B1 with docetaxel further emphasize the potential basis for chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemohang Gumenku
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Mamello Sekhoacha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Beynon Abrahams
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Samson Mashele
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Aubrey Shoko
- Centre for Proteomics and Genomics Research, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Laser Research Center, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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4
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Leslie AR, Ning S, Armstrong CM, D’Abronzo LS, Sharifi M, Schaaf ZA, Lou W, Liu C, Evans CP, Lombard AP, Gao AC. IGFBP3 promotes resistance to Olaparib via modulating EGFR signaling in advanced prostate cancer. iScience 2024; 27:108984. [PMID: 38327800 PMCID: PMC10847745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Olaparib is a pioneering PARP inhibitor (PARPi) approved for treating castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumors harboring DNA repair defects, but clinical resistance has been documented. To study acquired resistance, we developed Olaparib-resistant (OlapR) cell lines through chronic Olaparib treatment of LNCaP and C4-2B cell lines. Here, we found that IGFBP3 is highly expressed in acquired (OlapR) and intrinsic (Rv1) models of Olaparib resistance. We show that IGFBP3 expression promotes Olaparib resistance by enhancing DNA repair capacity through activation of EGFR and DNA-PKcs. IGFBP3 depletion enhances efficacy of Olaparib by promoting DNA damage accumulation and subsequently, cell death in resistant models. Mechanistically, we show that silencing IGFBP3 or EGFR expression reduces cell viability and resensitizes OlapR cells to Olaparib treatment. Inhibition of EGFR by Gefitinib suppressed growth of OlapR cells and improved Olaparib sensitivity, thereby phenocopying IGFBP3 inhibition. Collectively, our results highlight IGFBP3 and EGFR as critical mediators of Olaparib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Leslie
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shu Ning
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Masuda Sharifi
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A. Schaaf
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alan P. Lombard
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA
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5
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Zhang J, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Jia W, Xia C, Wang F, Liu T. Multi-therapies Based on PARP Inhibition: Potential Therapeutic Approaches for Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16099-16127. [PMID: 36512711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) are known to catalyze the process of PARylation, which plays a vital role in various cellular functions. They have become important targets for the discovery of novel antitumor drugs since their inhibition can induce significant lethality in tumor cells. Therefore, researchers all over the world have been focusing on developing novel and potent PARP inhibitors for cancer therapy. Studies have shown that PARP inhibitors and other antitumor agents, such as EZH2 and EGFR inhibitors, play a synergistic role in cancer cells. The combined inhibition of PARP and the targets with synergistic effects may provide a rational strategy to improve the effectiveness of current anticancer regimens. In this Perspective, we sum up the recent advance of PARP-targeted agents, including single-target inhibitors/degraders and dual-target inhibitors/degraders, discuss the fundamental theory of developing these dual-target agents, and give insight into the corresponding structure-activity relationships of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Zipeng Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Jinbo Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Wenshuang Jia
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Fugang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271016, China
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6
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Hunia J, Gawalski K, Szredzka A, Suskiewicz MJ, Nowis D. The potential of PARP inhibitors in targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1073797. [PMID: 36533080 PMCID: PMC9751342 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1073797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) deficiencies result in genome instability, which is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes take part in various DDR pathways, determining cell fate in the wake of DNA damage. PARPs are readily druggable and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) against the main DDR-associated PARPs, PARP1 and PARP2, are currently approved for the treatment of a range of tumor types. Inhibition of efficient PARP1/2-dependent DDR is fatal for tumor cells with homologous recombination deficiencies (HRD), especially defects in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2)-dependent pathway, while allowing healthy cells to survive. Moreover, PARPi indirectly influence the tumor microenvironment by increasing genomic instability, immune pathway activation and PD-L1 expression on cancer cells. For this reason, PARPi might enhance sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-(L)1 or anti-CTLA4, providing a rationale for PARPi-ICI combination therapies. In this review, we discuss the complex background of the different roles of PARP1/2 in the cell and summarize the basics of how PARPi work from bench to bedside. Furthermore, we detail the early data of ongoing clinical trials indicating the synergistic effect of PARPi and ICIs. We also introduce the diagnostic tools for therapy development and discuss the future perspectives and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Hunia
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gawalski
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Zhang D, Xu X, Wei Y, Chen X, Li G, Lu Z, Zhang X, Ren X, Wang S, Qin C. Prognostic Role of DNA Damage Response Genes Mutations and their Association With the Sensitivity of Olaparib in Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221129451. [PMID: 36283420 PMCID: PMC9608002 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221129451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence shows that gene mutation is a significant proportion of genetic factors associated with prostate cancer. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signal cascade network that aims to maintain genomic integrity in cells. This comprehensive study was performed to determine the link between different DNA damage response gene mutations and prostate cancer. Materials and methods A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Papers published up to February 1, 2022 were retrieved. The DDR gene mutations associated with prostate cancer were identified by referring to relevant research and review articles. Data of prostate cancer patients from multiple PCa cohorts were obtained from cBioPortal. The OR or HR and 95% CIs were calculated using both fixed-effects models (FEMs) and random-effects models (REMs). Results Seventy-four studies were included in this research, and the frequency of 13 DDR genes was examined. Through the analysis of 33 articles that focused on the risk estimates of DDR genes between normal people and PCa patients, DDR genes were found to be more common in prostate cancer patients (OR = 3.6293 95% CI [2.4992; 5.2705]). Also, patients in the mutated group had a worse OS and DFS outcome than those in the unmutated group (P < .05). Of the 13 DDR genes, the frequency of 9 DDR genes in prostate cancer was less than 1%, and despite differences in race, BRCA2 was the potential gene with the highest frequency (REM Frequency = .0400, 95% CI .0324 - .0541). The findings suggest that mutations in genes such as ATR, BLM, and MLH1 in PCa patients may increase the sensitivity of Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor. Conclusion These results demonstrate that mutation in any DDR pathway results in a poor prognosis for PCa patients. Furthermore, mutations in ATR, BLM, and MLH1 or the expression of POLR2L, PMS1, FANCE, and other genes significantly influence Olaparib sensitivity, which may be underlying therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinchi Xu
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuang Wei
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinglin Chen
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhongwen Lu
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaohan Ren
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shangqian Wang
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China,Chao Qin, The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. ; Shangqian Wang, The State Key Lab of Reproductive; Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Chao Qin
- The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China,Chao Qin, The State Key Lab of Reproductive, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. ; Shangqian Wang, The State Key Lab of Reproductive; Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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8
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Response of the Urothelial Carcinoma Cell Lines to Cisplatin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012488. [PMID: 36293346 PMCID: PMC9604399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapy is the standard of care in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, in a large number of cases, the disease becomes resistant or does not respond to CDDP, and thus progresses and disseminates. In such cases, prognosis of patients is very poor. CDDP manifests its cytotoxic effects mainly through DNA damage induction. Hence, response to CDDP is mainly dependent on DNA damage repair and tolerance mechanisms. Herein, we have examined CDDP response in a panel of the urothelial carcinoma cell (UCC) lines. We characterized these cell lines with regard to viability after CDDP treatment, as well as kinetics of induction and repair of CDDP-induced DNA damage. We demonstrate that repair of CDDP-induced DNA lesions correlates, at least to some extent, with CDDP sensitivity. Furthermore, we monitored expression of the key genes involved in selected DNA repair and tolerance mechanisms, nucleotide excision repair, homologous recombination and translesion DNA synthesis, and show that it differs in the UCC lines and positively correlates with CDDP resistance. Our data indicate that CDDP response in the UCC lines is dependent on DNA damage repair and tolerance factors, which may, therefore, represent valuable therapeutic targets in this malignancy.
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Omole EB, Aijaz I, Ellegate J, Isenhart E, Desouki MM, Mastri M, Humphrey K, Dougherty EM, Rosario SR, Nastiuk KL, Ohm JE, Eng KH. Combined BRCA2 and MAGEC3 Expression Predict Outcome in Advanced Ovarian Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194724. [PMID: 36230652 PMCID: PMC9562635 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Like BRCA2, MAGEC3 is an ovarian cancer predisposition gene that has been shown to have prognostic significance in ovarian cancer patients. Despite the clinical significance of each gene, no studies have been conducted to assess the clinical significance of their combined expression. We therefore sought to determine the relationship between MAGEC3 and BRCA2 expression in ovarian cancer and their association with patient characteristics and outcomes. Immunohistochemical staining was quantitated on tumor microarrays of human tumor samples obtained from 357 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer to ascertain BRCA2 expression levels. In conjunction with our previously published MAGEC3 expression data, we observed a weak inverse correlation of MAGEC3 with BRCA2 expression (r = −0.15; p < 0.05) in cases with full-length BRCA2. Patients with optimal cytoreduction, loss of MAGEC3, and detectable BRCA2 expression had better overall (median OS: 127.9 vs. 65.3 months, p = 0.035) and progression-free (median PFS: 85.3 vs. 18.8 months, p = 0.002) survival compared to patients that were BRCA2 expressors with MAGEC3 normal levels. Our results suggest that combined expression of MAGEC3 and BRCA2 serves as a better predictor of prognosis than each marker alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel B. Omole
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Iqbal Aijaz
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - James Ellegate
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Emily Isenhart
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Desouki
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Michalis Mastri
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kristen Humphrey
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Emily M. Dougherty
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Spencer R. Rosario
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kent L. Nastiuk
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Joyce E. Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin H. Eng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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10
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Abstract
Targeted therapies have come to play an increasingly important role in cancer therapy over the past two decades. This success has been made possible in large part by technological advances in sequencing, which have greatly advanced our understanding of the mutational landscape of human cancer and the genetic drivers present in individual tumors. We are rapidly discovering a growing number of mutations that occur in targetable pathways, and thus tumor genetic testing has become an important component in the choice of appropriate therapies. Targeted therapy has dramatically transformed treatment outcomes and disease prognosis in some settings, whereas in other oncologic contexts, targeted approaches have yet to demonstrate considerable clinical efficacy. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge of targetable mutations that occur in a range of cancers, including hematologic malignancies and solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer. We outline seminal examples of druggable mutations and targeting modalities and address the clinical and research challenges that must be overcome to maximize therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Waarts
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies
- Center for Epigenetics Research, and
| | - Aaron J. Stonestrom
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies
- Center for Epigenetics Research, and
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Young C. Park
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies
- Center for Epigenetics Research, and
| | - Ross L. Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies
- Center for Epigenetics Research, and
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhu S, Du Y, Xu F, Sun W, Xu Z, Wang X, Qian P, Zhang Q, Feng J, Xu Y. RelB upregulates PD-L1 and exacerbates prostate cancer immune evasion. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:66. [PMID: 35177112 PMCID: PMC8851785 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The interaction between programmed death receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) is essential for suppressing activated T-lymphocytes. However, the precise mechanisms underlying PD-L1 overexpression in tumours have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we describe that RelB participates in the immune evasion of prostate cancer (PCa) via cis/trans transcriptional upregulation of PD-L1.
Methods
Based on transcriptome results, RelB was manipulated in multiple human and murine PCa cell lines. Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were cocultured with PCa cells with different levels of RelB to examine the effect of tumourous RelB on T cell immunity. Male mice were injected with murine PCa cells to validate the effect of RelB on the PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune checkpoint using both tumour growth and metastatic experimental models.
Results
PD-L1 is uniquely expressed at a high level in PCa with high constitutive RelB and correlates with the patients’ Gleason scores. Indeed, a high level of PD-L1 is associated with RelB nuclear translocation in AR-negative aggressive PCa cells. Conversely, the silencing of RelB in advanced PCa cells resulted in reduced PD-L1 expression and enhanced susceptibility of PCa cells to the T cell immune response in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, a proximal NF-κB enhancer element was identified in the core promoter region of the human CD274 gene, which is responsible for RelB-mediated PD-L1 transcriptional activation. This finding provides an informative insight into immune checkpoint blockade by administering RelB within the tumour microenvironment.
Conclusion
This study deciphers the molecular mechanism by which tumourous RelB contributes to immune evasion by inhibiting T cell immunity via the amplification of the PD-L1/PD-1-mediated immune checkpoint. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02243-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shuyi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peipei Qian
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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12
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Abstract
ABSTRACT In May 2020, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors rucaparib and olaparib were Food and Drug Administration approved for the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers. Rucaparib was approved for tumors that harbor alterations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 following progression on chemotherapy and androgen receptor-directed therapy, whereas olaparib was approved for tumors that harbor alterations in a broader range of DNA damage repair genes following progression on androgen receptor-directed therapy. Loss-of-function mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase reliance on PARP-mediated mechanisms of DNA repair, and inhibition of this pathway results in the accumulation of lethal levels of DNA damage. This dependence is advantageous in the management of prostate cancer, as mutations in DNA damage repair genes are frequent. This review summarizes the role of PARP in cell homeostasis, methods of targeting PARP in cancer cells, and current clinical trials in the management of advanced prostate cancer with PARP inhibitors.
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13
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Morra F, Merolla F, Zito Marino F, Catalano R, Franco R, Chieffi P, Celetti A. The tumour suppressor CCDC6 is involved in ROS tolerance and neoplastic transformation by evading ferroptosis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08399. [PMID: 34841108 PMCID: PMC8605351 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coiled-coil domain containing 6 (CCDC6) is a tumour suppressor gene involved in apoptosis and DNA damage response. CCDC6 is known to be functionally impaired upon gene fusions, somatic mutations, and altered protein turnover in several tumours. Testicular germ cell tumours are among the most common malignancies in young males. Despite the high cure rate, achieved through chemotherapy and/or surgery, drug resistance can still occur. In a human cellular model of testis Embryonal Carcinoma, the deficiency of CCDC6 was associated with defects in DNA repair via homologous recombination and sensitivity to PARP1/2 inhibitors. Same data were obtained in a panel of murine testicular cell lines, including Sertoli, Spermatogonia and Spermatocytes. In these cells, upon oxidative damage exposure, the absence of CCDC6 conferred tolerance to reactive oxygen species affecting regulated cell death pathways by apoptosis and ferroptosis. At molecular level, the loss of CCDC6 was associated with an enhancement of the xCT/SLC7A11 cystine antiporter expression which, by promoting the accumulation of ROS, interfered with the activation of ferroptosis pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that the CCDC6 downregulation could aid the testis germ cells to be part of a pro-survival pathway that helps to evade the toxic effects of endogenous oxidants contributing to testicular neoplastic growth. Novel therapeutic options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morra
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Catalano
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chieffi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
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14
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Li Y, Zhao Z, Ai L, Wang Y, Liu K, Chen B, Chen T, Zhuang S, Xu H, Zou M, Gu Y, Li X. Discovering a qualitative transcriptional signature of homologous recombination defectiveness for prostate cancer. iScience 2021; 24:103135. [PMID: 34622176 PMCID: PMC8482486 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) biomarkers in prostate cancer is important for patients who will benefit from poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi). Here, we developed a transcriptional homologous recombination defectiveness (HRDness) signature, comprising 16 gene pairs (16-GPS), for prostate cancer by a relative expression ordering (REO)-based discovery procedure. Subsequently, two newly subtypes classified by 16-GPS showed a higher significance level in various clinicopathological and HRD features than subtypes obtained by other methods, such as HRDetect. HRDness subtype also displayed more aggressive features and higher genomics scores than non-HRDness in three independent datasets. HRDness prostate cancer cells were more sensitive to PARPi than non-HRDness. Moreover, the HRDness samples showed distinct multi-omics characteristics related to homologous recombination repair function loss. Overall, the newly proposed qualitative signature can robustly determine the HRD status for prostate cancer at the personalized level, and especially be an auxiliary tool for PARPi treatment strategy. 16 gene pairs (16-GPS) could predict HRDness for prostate cancer at individual level HRDness samples classified by 16-GPS showed HRD molecular and clinical features HRDness cells classified by 16-GPS tend to be sensitive to PARPi
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Li
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhangxiang Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Liqiang Ai
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuping Zhuang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Huanhuan Xu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yunyan Gu
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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15
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Wang Z, Dai Z, Wang B, Gao Y, Gao X, Wang L, Zhou S, Yang L, Qiu X, Liu Z. Targeting c-MET to Enhance the Efficacy of Olaparib in Prostate Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4383-4389. [PMID: 34377000 PMCID: PMC8349550 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s291267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Olaparib is clinically approved for the treatment prostate cancer, but cytotoxicity and off-target effects including DNA damage limit its clinical applications. In the current study, new strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of olaparib for the treatment of prostate cancer were investigated. Methods Two prostate cancer cell lines were exposed to the c-MET inhibitor PHA665752 and/or the PARP inhibitor olaparib. Cell counting kit-8, colony formation assays, and transwell assays were conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of olaparib alone or in combination with PHA665752 in prostate cancer cell lines. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and the comet assay were used to assess the effects of PHA665752 on olaparib-induced DNA damage. Results Combined inhibition of c-MET and PARP resulted in effective and synergistic blocking of the growth of prostate cancer cell lines. Invasion and migration were significantly suppressed when the agents were combined. Mechanistically, dual blocking of PARP and c-MET in prostate cancer cell lines was associated with an impaired DNA damage response. Interestingly, immunofluorescence staining analysis of RAD51 protein indicated that the c-MET inhibitor PHA665752 significantly impaired homologous repair via downregulated translocation of RAD51 into the nucleus in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion The combination of the c-MET inhibitor PHA665752 and the PARP inhibitor olaparib may be a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Dai
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuren Gao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihai Zhou
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Yang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yang M, Zhang W, Yu X, Wang F, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y. Helenalin Facilitates Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest by Targeting Thioredoxin Reductase-1 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930083. [PMID: 34125740 PMCID: PMC8212699 DOI: 10.12659/msm.930083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helenalin is a pseudoguaianolide natural product with anti-cancer activities. This study investigated the underlying mechanism of the anti-prostate cancer effects of helenalin in vitro. Material/Methods CCK-8 assay was performed to detect the optimal concentrations of helenalin in DU145 and PC-3 cells. After exposure to helenalin and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, ROS production was assessed by DCFH-DA staining. Thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) expression was detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. Moreover, apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry. Following TrxR1 knockdown or overexpression, TrxR1 expression, ROS generation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion were examined in cells co-treated with helenalin. Results Helenalin distinctly repressed the viability of prostate cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. We chose 8 μM and 4 μM as the optimal concentrations of helenalin for DU145 and PC-3 cells, respectively. Helenalin treatment markedly triggered ROS production and lowered TrxR1 expression, which was ameliorated by ROS inhibitor. Exposure to helenalin facilitated apoptosis as well as G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, which was reversed by ROS inhibitor. Helenalin relieved the inhibitory effect of TrxR1 on ROS production. Furthermore, helenalin ameliorated the decrease in apoptosis rate and the shortening of G0/G1 phase as well as the increase in migration and invasion induced by TrxR1 overexpression. Conclusions Our findings revealed that helenalin accelerated ROS-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via targeting TrxR1 in human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiuxiu Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yeping Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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17
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Hernando Polo S, Moreno Muñoz D, Rosero Rodríguez AC, Silva Ruiz J, Rosero Rodríguez DI, Couñago F. Changing the History of Prostate Cancer with New Targeted Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040392. [PMID: 33917592 PMCID: PMC8067446 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is changing due to the emergence of new targeted therapies for the treatment of different molecular subtypes. Some biomarkers are described as potential molecular targets different from classic androgen receptors (AR). Approximately 20–25% of mCRPCs have somatic or germline alterations in DNA repair genes involved in homologous recombination. These subtypes are usually associated with more aggressive disease. Inhibitors of the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARPi) have demonstrated an important benefit in the treatment of these subtypes of tumors. However, tumors that resistant to PARPi and wildtype BRCA tumors do not benefit from these therapies. Recent studies are exploring drug combinations with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) or protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitors, as mechanisms to overcome resistance or to induce BRCAness and synthetic lethality. This article reviews various different novel strategies to improve outcomes in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernando Polo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.H.P.); (D.M.M.); Tel.: +34-916-219-490 (S.H.P. & D.M.M.)
| | - Diana Moreno Muñoz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.H.P.); (D.M.M.); Tel.: +34-916-219-490 (S.H.P. & D.M.M.)
| | | | - Jorge Silva Ruiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Unidad de Cáncer de Mama, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Felipe Couñago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Biomedicine, Universidad Europea, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ning Z, Yu S, Zhao Y, Sun X, Wu H, Yu X. Identification of miRNA-Mediated Subpathways as Prostate Cancer Biomarkers Based on Topological Inference in a Machine Learning Process Using Integrated Gene and miRNA Expression Data. Front Genet 2021; 12:656526. [PMID: 33841512 PMCID: PMC8024646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.656526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately identifying classification biomarkers for distinguishing between normal and cancer samples is challenging. Additionally, the reproducibility of single-molecule biomarkers is limited by the existence of heterogeneous patient subgroups and differences in the sequencing techniques used to collect patient data. In this study, we developed a method to identify robust biomarkers (i.e., miRNA-mediated subpathways) associated with prostate cancer based on normal prostate samples and cancer samples from a dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; n = 546) and datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (n = 139 and n = 90, with the latter being a cell line dataset). We also obtained 10 other cancer datasets to evaluate the performance of the method. We propose a multi-omics data integration strategy for identifying classification biomarkers using a machine learning method that involves reassigning topological weights to the genes using a directed random walk (DRW)-based method. A global directed pathway network (GDPN) was constructed based on the significantly differentially expressed target genes of the significantly differentially expressed miRNAs, which allowed us to identify the robust biomarkers in the form of miRNA-mediated subpathways (miRNAs). The activity value of each miRNA-mediated subpathway was calculated by integrating multiple types of data, which included the expression of the miRNA and the miRNAs’ target genes and GDPN topological information. Finally, we identified the high-frequency miRNA-mediated subpathways involved in prostate cancer using a support vector machine (SVM) model. The results demonstrated that we obtained robust biomarkers of prostate cancer, which could classify prostate cancer and normal samples. Our method outperformed seven other methods, and many of the identified biomarkers were associated with known clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ning
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring and Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China.,School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring and Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhao
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring and Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring and Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring and Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Measuring and Control Technology and Instrumentations of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
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19
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Ge J, Yu W, Li J, Ma H, Wang P, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shi G. USP16 regulates castration-resistant prostate cancer cell proliferation by deubiquitinating and stablizing c-Myc. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:59. [PMID: 33546726 PMCID: PMC7866668 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background c-Myc, a well-established oncogene, plays an important role in the initiation and progression of various cancers, including prostate cancer. However, its mechanism in cancer cell remains largely unknown and whether there exist a deubiquitinase targeting c-Myc also remains elusive. Methods Bioinformatic analysis and shRNA screening methods were used to identify potential deubiquitinases that correlate with c-Myc gene signature. Cell proliferation and viability were measured by Cell-Counting-Kit 8 and colony formation assays. A mouse xenograft model of PC3 cells was established to confirm the function of USP16 in vivo. The interaction between USP16 and c-Myc protein was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and protein co-localization assays. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to detect the expression of USP16, Ki67, and c-Myc in xenograft tissues and clinical tumour tissues. Furthermore, the correlation between USP16 and c-Myc was confirmed by RNA sequencing. Results Functional analyses identified USP16, known as a deubiquitinase, was strongly correlated with the c-Myc gene signature. Depletion of USP16 was shown to significantly suppress the growth of PCa cells both in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays confirmed that USP16 served as a novel deubiquitinase of c-Myc and overexpression of c-Myc significantly rescued the effects of USP16 disruption. Immunohistochemistry staining and RNA-seq tactics were further used to confirm the positive correlation between USP16 and c-Myc expression. Expression of USP16 in human PCa tissues was higher than that seen in normal prostate tissues and its high expression was found associated with poor prognosis. Conclusions USP16 serves as a novel deubiquitinase of c-Myc. Downregulation of USP16 markedly suppressed PCa cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. USP16 regulates PCa cell proliferation by deubiquitinating and stabilizing c-Myc, making it a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of PCa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01843-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Ge
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wandong Yu
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Li
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangbin Ma
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghao Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guowei Shi
- Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, No. 801, Heqing Road,Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Wang L, Wang Q, Xu Y, Cui M, Han L. Advances in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Using PARP Inhibitors and the Underlying Mechanism of Resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:167-178. [PMID: 31553293 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190925123507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is cytoreductive surgery followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, it has high risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. Poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors selectively target DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in tumor cells that cannot be repaired and induce the synthetic lethality of BRCA1/2 mutation cancers. PARP inhibitors are clinically used to treat recurrent ovarian cancer and show significant efficacy in ovarian cancer patients with homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway defects. PARP inhibitors also have significant clinical benefits in patients without HR defects. With the increasingly extensive clinical application of PARP inhibitors, the possibility of acquiring drug resistance is high. Therefore, clinical strategies should be adopted to manage drug resistance of PARP inhibitors. This study aims to summarize the indications and toxicity of PARP inhibitors, the mechanism of action, targeted treatment of drug resistance, and potential methods to manage drug-resistant diseases. We used the term "ovarian cancer" and the names of each PARP inhibitor as keywords to search articles published in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) on Pubmed, along with the keywords "clinicaltrials.gov" and "google.com/patents" as well as "uspto.gov." The FDA has approved olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib for the treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Talazoparib and veliparib are currently in early trials and show promising clinical results. The mechanism underlying resistance to PARP inhibitors and the clinical strategies to overcome them remain unclear. Understanding the mechanism of resistance to PARP inhibitors and their relationship with platinum resistance may help with the development of antiresistance therapies and optimization of the sequence of drug application in the future clinical treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Abstract
Bladder cancer has been successfully treated with immunotherapy, whereas prostate cancer is a cold tumor with inadequate immune-related treatment response. A greater understanding of the tumor microenvironment and methods for harnessing the immune system to address tumor growth will be needed to improve immunotherapies for both prostate and bladder cancer. Here, we provide an overview of prostate and bladder cancer, including fundamental aspects of the disease and treatment, the elaborate cellular makeup of the tumor microenvironment, and methods for exploiting relevant pathways to develop more effective treatments.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Characterization of the genomic landscape of prostate cancer has demonstrated frequent aberrations in DNA repair pathways, identifiable in up to 25% patients with metastatic disease, which may sensitize to novel therapies, including PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy. Here, we summarize the current clinical landscape and future horizons for targeting defective DNA repair pathways in PC. RECENT FINDINGS Several clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy of different PARP inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), most pronounced in those with BRCA mutations. The PROfound trial is the first positive phase 3 biomarker-selected trial to demonstrate improved outcomes with a targeted treatment, Olaparib, in mCRPC. Whilst the Keynote-199 trial failed to demonstrate efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab in unselected mCRPC patients, there was evidence of response in those harbouring DNA repair defects. SUMMARY These landmark trials represent a significant advance towards personalization of PC therapy. However, resistance remains inevitable and there is a lack of reliable predictive biomarkers to select patients for treatment. Characterization of resistance mechanisms, and validation of novel biomarkers is critical to maximize clinical benefit and inform novel treatment combinations to improve outcomes.
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23
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Wengner AM, Scholz A, Haendler B. Targeting DNA Damage Response in Prostate and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8273. [PMID: 33158305 PMCID: PMC7663807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone signaling induces vast gene expression programs which necessitate the local formation of transcription factories at regulatory regions and large-scale alterations of the genome architecture to allow communication among distantly related cis-acting regions. This involves major stress at the genomic DNA level. Transcriptionally active regions are generally instable and prone to breakage due to the torsional stress and local depletion of nucleosomes that make DNA more accessible to damaging agents. A dedicated DNA damage response (DDR) is therefore essential to maintain genome integrity at these exposed regions. The DDR is a complex network involving DNA damage sensor proteins, such as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase and the ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, as central regulators. The tight interplay between the DDR and steroid hormone receptors has been unraveled recently. Several DNA repair factors interact with the androgen and estrogen receptors and support their transcriptional functions. Conversely, both receptors directly control the expression of agents involved in the DDR. Impaired DDR is also exploited by tumors to acquire advantageous mutations. Cancer cells often harbor germline or somatic alterations in DDR genes, and their association with disease outcome and treatment response led to intensive efforts towards identifying selective inhibitors targeting the major players in this process. The PARP-1 inhibitors are now approved for ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer with specific genomic alterations. Additional DDR-targeting agents are being evaluated in clinical studies either as single agents or in combination with treatments eliciting DNA damage (e.g., radiation therapy, including targeted radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) or addressing targets involved in maintenance of genome integrity. Recent preclinical and clinical findings made in addressing DNA repair dysfunction in hormone-dependent and -independent prostate and breast tumors are presented. Importantly, the combination of anti-hormonal therapy with DDR inhibition or with radiation has the potential to enhance efficacy but still needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard Haendler
- Preclinical Research, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.W.); (A.S.)
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24
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Johnson E, Nussenzveig R, Agarwal N, Swami U. Germline variants and response to systemic therapy in advanced prostate cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:75-81. [PMID: 31849283 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of prostate cancer pharmacogenomics is growing at a rapid pace. Apart from evaluating relevant biomarkers and genomic alterations in tumor tissues, an increasing focus is being placed on decoding the impact of germline alterations on prostate cancer and its treatment. Herein we summarize various germline variants that have shown to associate with response to systemic therapy in men with advanced prostate cancer. Covered biomarkers include HSD3B1, SLCO2B1, SULT1E1, TRMT11, CYP17A1, CYP1B1, genes involved in homologous recombination and DNA mismatch repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Johnson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Roberto Nussenzveig
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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25
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Rose M, Burgess JT, O’Byrne K, Richard DJ, Bolderson E. PARP Inhibitors: Clinical Relevance, Mechanisms of Action and Tumor Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564601. [PMID: 33015058 PMCID: PMC7509090 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family has many essential functions in cellular processes, including the regulation of transcription, apoptosis and the DNA damage response. PARP1 possesses Poly (ADP-ribose) activity and when activated by DNA damage, adds branched PAR chains to facilitate the recruitment of other repair proteins to promote the repair of DNA single-strand breaks. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) were the first approved cancer drugs that specifically targeted the DNA damage response in BRCA1/2 mutated breast and ovarian cancers. Since then, there has been significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms behind sensitization of tumors to PARP inhibitors and expansion of the use of PARPi to treat several other cancer types. Here, we review the recent advances in the proposed mechanisms of action of PARPi, biomarkers of the tumor response to PARPi, clinical advances in PARPi therapy, including the potential of combination therapies and mechanisms of tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison Rose
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua T. Burgess
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth O’Byrne
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J. Richard
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Bolderson
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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26
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Nizialek E, Antonarakis ES. PARP Inhibitors in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Evidence to Date. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:8105-8114. [PMID: 32982407 PMCID: PMC7489946 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s227033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are a unique class of antineoplastic agents that function by inducing synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality occurs when PARPi and either another agent or an underlying genetic alteration together lead to overwhelming DNA damage and ultimately cell death. PARPi first showed promise as a cancer therapy in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations and have become part of standard treatment for breast and ovarian cancer. In prostate cancer, two PARPi, rucaparib and olaparib, have been FDA approved for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). While both agents are approved for tumors with BRCA1/2 alterations, for olaparib the indication is also expanded to patients with 12 other homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) gene alterations including ATM and PALB2. PARPi differ in their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and additional studies are being conducted with niraparib, veliparib, and talazoparib in prostate cancer. While PARPi are fairly well tolerated, common toxicities include hematologic (anemia/thrombocytopenia) and gastrointestinal effects (nausea/vomiting). Ongoing studies are being conducted combining PARPi with other agents in patients with and without HRD alterations. Early data are promising for the combination of PARPi with second-generation antiandrogens and with immunotherapy. As additional trials are developed and reported, the hope is that the patient population who may benefit from PARPi will continue to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Nizialek
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Stellato M, Guadalupi V, Sepe P, Mennitto A, Claps M, Zattarin E, Verzoni E, Valdagni R, De Braud FG, Santini D, Tonini G, Procopio G. The emerging role of PARP inhibitors in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:715-726. [PMID: 32758032 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1797497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In prostate cancer , there has recently been an emerging interest in mutations in genes belonging to the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway and in the inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins. AREAS COVERED Mutations in the HRR genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, and Ataxia-Telangiesctasia mutated (ATM), have been reported in prostate cancer, with different incidence in the localized and advanced settings. The PARP enzyme complex is involved in repair of DNA damage and its inhibition causes the accumulation of DNA mutations in HRR deficient cells. Several PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are under development, such as olaparib, talazoparib, niraparib, rucaparib, and veliparib. In metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), olaparib has been the most studied and its clinical efficacy has been validated in a phase III clinical trial. Rucaparib and niraparib have also shown promising results in the preliminary analyzes of two phase II trials, while talazoparib is currently under development. EXPERT OPINION PARPi have become part of the treatment of mCRPC. Early results of combination therapy with PARPi and new hormonal therapy are promising and are supported by a strong biological rationale. Current results need to be validated in randomized phase III-controlled trials in order to translate the use of PARPi into real world practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stellato
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Guadalupi
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Sepe
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Mennitto
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Mélanie Claps
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Zattarin
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy.,Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milano, Italy.,Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo Gm De Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori , Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome , Rome, Italy
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28
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Wang L, Zhang S, Yu X, Guo C. Novel Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibitor DDHCB Inhibits Proliferation of BRCA Mutant Breast Cancer Cell In Vitro and In Vivo through a Synthetic Lethal Mechanism. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1874-1881. [PMID: 32394702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors are drugs that are effectively used to treat breast cancer. We synthesized a novel bromophenol derivative ethyl (E)-4-(2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido)benzoate (DDHCB) as a novel PARP-1 inhibitor. Our study found that DDHCB could inhibit PARP-1 activity with an IC50 value of 58.3 nM. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphe-nyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that DDHCB could selectively inhibit proliferation of BRCA mutant cells and demonstrate the ability of synthetic lethality. DDHCB could also induce DNA double-strand breaks with the ability to increase the foci quantitation of γ-H2AX. Moreover, DDHCB could increase PARP-1-DNA trapping and inhibit PAR formation in HCC-1937 cells. Further investigation showed that DDHCB induced apoptosis and G2/M cycle arrest. Finally, we found that DDHCB inhibited the growth of HCC-1937 xenografts with low toxicity. In vivo mechanisms showed that the level of γ-H2AX was increased in the DDHCB-treated tumors, indicating the PARP-1 inhibition ability of DDHCB in vivo. Our study results indicated that the future development of DDHCB for the treatment of breast cancer is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xuemin Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, China
| | - Chuanlong Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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29
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Prostate Cancer Development: Therapeutic Implications. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E82. [PMID: 31366128 PMCID: PMC6789661 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent nonskin cancer and second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in man. Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with many patients exhibiting an aggressive disease with progression, metastasis, and other patients showing an indolent disease with low tendency to progression. Three stages of development of human prostate tumors have been identified: intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma androgen-dependent, and adenocarcinoma androgen-independent or castration-resistant. Advances in molecular technologies have provided a very rapid progress in our understanding of the genomic events responsible for the initial development and progression of prostate cancer. These studies have shown that prostate cancer genome displays a relatively low mutation rate compared with other cancers and few chromosomal loss or gains. The ensemble of these molecular studies has led to suggest the existence of two main molecular groups of prostate cancers: one characterized by the presence of ERG rearrangements (~50% of prostate cancers harbor recurrent gene fusions involving ETS transcription factors, fusing the 5' untranslated region of the androgen-regulated gene TMPRSS2 to nearly the coding sequence of the ETS family transcription factor ERG) and features of chemoplexy (complex gene rearrangements developing from a coordinated and simultaneous molecular event), and a second one characterized by the absence of ERG rearrangements and by the frequent mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter SPOP and/or deletion of CDH1, a chromatin remodeling factor, and interchromosomal rearrangements and SPOP mutations are early events during prostate cancer development. During disease progression, genomic and epigenomic abnormalities accrued and converged on prostate cancer pathways, leading to a highly heterogeneous transcriptomic landscape, characterized by a hyperactive androgen receptor signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vaile Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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