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Perycz M, Dabrowski MJ, Jardanowska-Kotuniak M, Roura AJ, Gielniewski B, Stepniak K, Dramiński M, Ciechomska IA, Kaminska B, Wojtas B. Comprehensive analysis of the REST transcription factor regulatory networks in IDH mutant and IDH wild-type glioma cell lines and tumors. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:72. [PMID: 38711090 PMCID: PMC11071216 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) acts either as a repressor or activator of transcription depending on the genomic and cellular context. REST is a key player in brain cell differentiation by inducing chromatin modifications, including DNA methylation, in a proximity of its binding sites. Its dysfunction may contribute to oncogenesis. Mutations in IDH1/2 significantly change the epigenome contributing to blockade of cell differentiation and glioma development. We aimed at defining how REST modulates gene activation and repression in the context of the IDH mutation-related phenotype in gliomas. We studied the effects of REST knockdown, genome wide occurrence of REST binding sites, and DNA methylation of REST motifs in IDH wild type and IDH mutant gliomas. We found that REST target genes, REST binding patterns, and TF motif occurrence proximal to REST binding sites differed in IDH wild-type and mutant gliomas. Among differentially expressed REST targets were genes involved in glial cell differentiation and extracellular matrix organization, some of which were differentially methylated at promoters or gene bodies. REST knockdown differently impacted invasion of the parental or IDH1 mutant glioma cells. The canonical REST-repressed gene targets showed significant correlation with the GBM NPC-like cellular state. Interestingly, results of REST or KAISO silencing suggested the interplay between these TFs in regulation of REST-activated and repressed targets. The identified gene regulatory networks and putative REST cooperativity with other TFs, such as KAISO, show distinct REST target regulatory networks in IDH-WT and IDH-MUT gliomas, without concomitant DNA methylation changes. We conclude that REST could be an important therapeutic target in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Perycz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal J Dabrowski
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Jardanowska-Kotuniak
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School of Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adria-Jaume Roura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Stepniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dramiński
- Computational Biology Group, Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona A Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
- Laboratory of Sequencing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Nafe R, Hattingen E. The Spectrum of Molecular Pathways in Gliomas-An Up-to-Date Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2281. [PMID: 37626776 PMCID: PMC10452344 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, molecular alterations have gained increasing significance in the diagnosis and biological assessment of tumors. Gliomas represent the largest group of tumors of the central nervous system, and the main aim of this review is to present the current knowledge on molecular pathways and their alterations in gliomas. A wide range of new insights has been gained, including evidence for the involvement of the WNT pathway or the hippo pathway in the pathobiology of gliomas, indicating a broad involvement of different pathways formerly not considered to play a central role in gliomas. Even new aspects of angiogenic, apoptotic, and metabolic pathways are presented, as well as the rapidly growing field of epigenetic processes, including non-coding RNAs. The two major conclusions drawn from the present review are the distinct interconnectivity of the whole spectrum of molecular pathways and the prominent role of non-coding RNAs, especially circular RNAs, in the regulation of specific targets. All these new insights are discussed, even considering the topic of the resistance to therapy of gliomas, along with aspects that are still incompletely understood, like the role of hydroxymethylation, or even ferroptosis, in the pathobiology of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Nafe
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinics of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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Ozair A, Bhat V, Alisch RS, Khosla AA, Kotecha RR, Odia Y, McDermott MW, Ahluwalia MS. DNA Methylation and Histone Modification in Low-Grade Gliomas: Current Understanding and Potential Clinical Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041342. [PMID: 36831683 PMCID: PMC9954183 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, the most common type of malignant primary brain tumor, were conventionally classified through WHO Grades I-IV (now 1-4), with low-grade gliomas being entities belonging to Grades 1 or 2. While the focus of the WHO Classification for Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors had historically been on histopathological attributes, the recently released fifth edition of the classification (WHO CNS5) characterizes brain tumors, including gliomas, using an integration of histological and molecular features, including their epigenetic changes such as histone methylation, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation, which are increasingly being used for the classification of low-grade gliomas. This review describes the current understanding of the role of DNA methylation, demethylation, and histone modification in pathogenesis, clinical behavior, and outcomes of brain tumors, in particular of low-grade gliomas. The review also highlights potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets in associated cellular biomolecules, structures, and processes. Targeting of MGMT promoter methylation, TET-hTDG-BER pathway, association of G-CIMP with key gene mutations, PARP inhibition, IDH and 2-HG-associated processes, TERT mutation and ARL9-associated pathways, DNA Methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibition, Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition, BET inhibition, CpG site DNA methylation signatures, along with others, present exciting avenues for translational research. This review also summarizes the current clinical trial landscape associated with the therapeutic utility of epigenetics in low-grade gliomas. Much of the evidence currently remains restricted to preclinical studies, warranting further investigation to demonstrate true clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ozair
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Vivek Bhat
- St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore 560034, India
| | - Reid S. Alisch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Atulya A. Khosla
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA
| | - Rupesh R. Kotecha
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yazmin Odia
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Michael W. McDermott
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Miami Neuroscience Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA
- Correspondence: (M.W.M.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Manmeet S. Ahluwalia
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA
- Miami Neuroscience Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176, USA
- Correspondence: (M.W.M.); (M.S.A.)
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Bingen JM, Clark LV, Band MR, Munzir I, Carrithers MD. Differential DNA methylation associated with multiple sclerosis and disease modifying treatments in an underrepresented minority population. Front Genet 2023; 13:1058817. [PMID: 36685876 PMCID: PMC9845287 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1058817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Black and Hispanic American patients frequently develop earlier onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) and a more severe disease course that can be resistant to disease modifying treatments. The objectives were to identify differential methylation of genomic DNA (gDNA) associated with disease susceptibility and treatment responses in a cohort of MS patients from underrepresented minority populations. Patients with MS and controls with non-inflammatory neurologic conditions were consented and enrolled under an IRB-approved protocol. Approximately 64% of donors identified as Black or African American and 30% as White, Hispanic-Latino. Infinium MethylationEPIC bead arrays were utilized to measure epigenome-wide gDNA methylation of whole blood. Data were analyzed in the presence and absence of adjustments for unknown covariates in the dataset, some of which corresponded to disease modifying treatments. Global patterns of differential methylation associated with MS were strongest for those probes that showed relative demethylation of loci with lower M values. Pathway analysis revealed unexpected associations with shigellosis and amoebiasis. Enrichment analysis revealed an over-representation of probes in enhancer regions and an under-representation in promoters. In the presence of adjustments for covariates that included disease modifying treatments, analysis revealed 10 differentially methylated regions (DMR's) with an FDR <1E-77. Five of these genes (ARID5B, BAZ2B, RABGAP1, SFRP2, WBP1L) are associated with cancer risk and cellular differentiation and have not been previously identified in MS studies. Hierarchical cluster and multi-dimensional scaling analysis of differential DNA methylation at 147 loci within those DMR's was sufficient to differentiate MS donors from controls. In the absence of corrections for disease modifying treatments, differential methylation in patients treated with dimethyl fumarate was associated with immune regulatory pathways that regulate cytokine and chemokine signaling, axon guidance, and adherens junctions. These results demonstrate possible associations of gastrointestinal pathogens and regulation of cellular differentiation with MS susceptibility in our patient cohort. This work further suggests that analyses can be performed in the presence and absence of corrections for immune therapies. Because of their high representation in our patient cohort, these results may be of specific relevance in the regulation of disease susceptibility and treatment responses in Black and Hispanic Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Bingen
- Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lindsay V. Clark
- High Performance Biological Computing, and Roy J Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Mark R. Band
- High Performance Biological Computing, and Roy J Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Ilyas Munzir
- Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael D. Carrithers
- Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Neurology, Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Michael D. Carrithers,
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Glioma Stem Cells: Novel Data Obtained by Single-Cell Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214224. [PMID: 36430704 PMCID: PMC9694247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of primary CNS tumor, composed of cells that resemble normal glial cells. Recent genetic studies have provided insight into the inter-tumoral heterogeneity of gliomas, resulting in the updated 2021 WHO classification of gliomas. Thorough understanding of inter-tumoral heterogeneity has already improved the prognosis and treatment outcomes of some types of gliomas. Currently, the challenge for researchers is to study the intratumoral cell heterogeneity of newly defined glioma subtypes. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) present in gliomas and many other tumors are an example of intratumoral heterogeneity of great importance. In this review, we discuss the modern concept of glioma stem cells and recent single-cell sequencing-driven progress in the research of intratumoral glioma cell heterogeneity. The particular emphasis was placed on the recently revealed variations of the cell composition of the subtypes of the adult-type diffuse gliomas, including astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma. The novel data explain the inconsistencies in earlier glioma stem cell research and also provide insight into the development of more effective targeted therapy and the cell-based immunotherapy of gliomas. Separate sections are devoted to the description of single-cell sequencing approach and its role in the development of cell-based immunotherapies for glioma.
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Transcription Factors with Targeting Potential in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073720. [PMID: 35409080 PMCID: PMC8998804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas portray a large and heterogeneous group of CNS tumors, encompassing a wide range of low- to high-grade tumors, as defined by histological and molecular characteristics. The identification of signature mutations and other molecular abnormalities has largely impacted tumor classification, diagnosis, and therapy. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators of gene expression programs, which ultimately shape cell fate and homeostasis. A variety of TFs have been detected to be aberrantly expressed in brain tumors, being highly implicated in critical pathological aspects and progression of gliomas. Herein, we describe a selection of oncogenic (GLI-1/2/3, E2F1–8, STAT3, and HIF-1/2) and tumor suppressor (NFI-A/B, TBXT, MYT1, and MYT1L) TFs that are deregulated in gliomas and are subsequently associated with tumor development, progression, and migratory potential. We further discuss the current targeting options against these TFs, including chemical (Bortezomib) and natural (Plumbagin) compounds, small molecules, and inhibitors, and address their potential implications in glioma therapy.
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Maimaiti A, Aili Y, Turhon M, Kadeer K, Aikelamu P, Wang Z, Niu W, Aisha M, Kasimu M, Wang Y, Wang Z. Modification Patterns of DNA Methylation-Related lncRNAs Regulating Genomic Instability for Improving the Clinical Outcomes and Tumour Microenvironment Characterisation of Lower-Grade Gliomas. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:844973. [PMID: 35359593 PMCID: PMC8960387 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.844973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that affects genomic instability and regulates gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate gene expression by interacting with chromosomal modifications or remodelling factors. It is urgently needed to evaluate the effects of DNA methylation-related lncRNAs (DMlncRNAs) on genome instability and further investigate the mechanism of action of DMlncRNAs in mediating the progression of lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) and their impact on the immune microenvironment.Methods: LGG transcriptome data, somatic mutation profiles and clinical features analysed in the present study were obtained from the CGGA, GEO and TCGA databases. Univariate, multivariate Cox and Lasso regression analyses were performed to establish a DMlncRNA signature. The KEGG and GO analyses were performed to screen for pathways and biological functions associated with key genes. The ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms were used to determine the level of immune cells in LGGs and the immune microenvironment fraction. In addition, DMlncRNAs were assessed using survival analysis, ROC curves, correlation analysis, external validation, independent prognostic analysis, clinical stratification analysis and qRT-PCR.Results: We identified five DMlncRNAs with prognostic value for LGGs and established a prognostic signature using them. The Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed 10-years survival rate of 10.10% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.27–31.40%] in high-risk patients and 57.28% (95% CI: 43.17–76.00%) in low-risk patients. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI of risk scores were 1.013 and 1.009–1.017 (p < 0.001), respectively, based on the univariate Cox regression analysis and 1.009 and 1.004–1.013 (p < 0.001), respectively, based on the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Therefore, the five-lncRNAs were identified as independent prognostic markers for patients with LGGs. Furthermore, GO and KEGG analyses revealed that these lncRNAs are involved in the prognosis and tumorigenesis of LGGs by regulating cancer pathways and DNA methylation.Conclusion: The findings of the study provide key information regarding the functions of lncRNAs in DNA methylation and reveal that DNA methylation can regulate tumour progression through modulation of the immune microenvironment and genomic instability. The identified prognostic lncRNAs have high potential for clinical grouping of patients with LGGs to ensure effective treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yirizhati Aili
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mirzat Turhon
- Department of Neurointerventional Surgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurointerventional Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaheerman Kadeer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Paziliya Aikelamu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weiwei Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Maimaitili Aisha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Maimaitijiang Kasimu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxin Wang, ; Zengliang Wang,
| | - Zengliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxin Wang, ; Zengliang Wang,
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Uribe D, Niechi I, Rackov G, Erices JI, San Martín R, Quezada C. Adapt to Persist: Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Epigenetic Regulation on Cell Plasticity. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:313. [PMID: 35205179 PMCID: PMC8869716 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor, characterized by great resistance to treatments, as well as inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. GBM exhibits infiltration, vascularization and hypoxia-associated necrosis, characteristics that shape a unique microenvironment in which diverse cell types are integrated. A subpopulation of cells denominated GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) exhibits multipotency and self-renewal capacity. GSCs are considered the conductors of tumor progression due to their high tumorigenic capacity, enhanced proliferation, invasion and therapeutic resistance compared to non-GSCs cells. GSCs have been classified into two molecular subtypes: proneural and mesenchymal, the latter showing a more aggressive phenotype. Tumor microenvironment and therapy can induce a proneural-to-mesenchymal transition, as a mechanism of adaptation and resistance to treatments. In addition, GSCs can transition between quiescent and proliferative substates, allowing them to persist in different niches and adapt to different stages of tumor progression. Three niches have been described for GSCs: hypoxic/necrotic, invasive and perivascular, enhancing metabolic changes and cellular interactions shaping GSCs phenotype through metabolic changes and cellular interactions that favor their stemness. The phenotypic flexibility of GSCs to adapt to each niche is modulated by dynamic epigenetic modifications. Methylases, demethylases and histone deacetylase are deregulated in GSCs, allowing them to unlock transcriptional programs that are necessary for cell survival and plasticity. In this review, we described the effects of GSCs plasticity on GBM progression, discussing the role of GSCs niches on modulating their phenotype. Finally, we described epigenetic alterations in GSCs that are important for stemness, cell fate and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Uribe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Gorjana Rackov
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José I. Erices
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (D.U.); (I.N.); (J.I.E.); (R.S.M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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Di Ruscio V, Carai A, Del Baldo G, Vinci M, Cacchione A, Miele E, Rossi S, Antonelli M, Barresi S, Caulo M, Colafati GS, Mastronuzzi A. Molecular Landscape in Infant High-Grade Gliomas: A Single Center Experience. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020372. [PMID: 35204463 PMCID: PMC8871476 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG) represent about 15% of all pediatric brain tumors, with a dismal prognosis and survival rates ranging from 15 to 35%. Approximately 10–12% of pediatric HGGs (pHGG) occur in children younger than five years of age at diagnosis, specifically infants (iHGG), with an unexpected overall survival rate (OS) in 60–70% of cases. In the literature, iHGGs include a large variety of heterogeneous lesions with different molecular profiles that likely explain their different outcomes. We report our single-institution experience of iHGG including 11 children under five years of age with newly diagnosed HGG between 2011 and 2021. All patients received surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy; only two patients received radiotherapy because their age at diagnosis was more than four years-old. Molecular investigations, including next generation sequencing (NGS) and DNA methylation, detected three NTRK-fusions, one ROS1-fusions, one MN1-rearrangement, and two PATZ1-fusions. According to the molecular results, when chemotherapy failed to control the disease, two patients benefited from target therapy with a NTRK-Inhibitor larotrectinib, achieving a complete remission and a very good partial response, respectively, and no severe side-effects. In conclusion, molecular investigations play a fundamental role in the diagnostic work-up and also in the therapeutic decision. Their routine use in clinical practice could help to replace highly toxic chemotherapy regimens with a target therapy that has moderate adverse effects, even in long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Ruscio
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (V.D.R.); (G.D.B.); (M.V.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (V.D.R.); (G.D.B.); (M.V.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Vinci
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (V.D.R.); (G.D.B.); (M.V.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonella Cacchione
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (V.D.R.); (G.D.B.); (M.V.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (V.D.R.); (G.D.B.); (M.V.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Sabrina Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Department of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Massimo Caulo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Stefania Colafati
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), 00165 Rome, Italy; (V.D.R.); (G.D.B.); (M.V.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
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ARID1A loss-of-function induces CpG island methylator phenotype. Cancer Lett 2022; 532:215587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The Transcriptome and Methylome of the Developing and Aging Brain and Their Relations to Gliomas and Psychological Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030362. [PMID: 35159171 PMCID: PMC8834030 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutually linked expression and methylation dynamics in the brain govern genome regulation over the whole lifetime with an impact on cognition, psychological disorders, and cancer. We performed a joint study of gene expression and DNA methylation of brain tissue originating from the human prefrontal cortex of individuals across the lifespan to describe changes in cellular programs and their regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. The analysis considers previous knowledge in terms of functional gene signatures and chromatin states derived from independent studies, aging profiles of a battery of chromatin modifying enzymes, and data of gliomas and neuropsychological disorders for a holistic view on the development and aging of the brain. Expression and methylation changes from babies to elderly adults decompose into different modes associated with the serial activation of (brain) developmental, learning, metabolic and inflammatory functions, where methylation in gene promoters mostly represses transcription. Expression of genes encoding methylome modifying enzymes is very diverse reflecting complex regulations during lifetime which also associates with the marked remodeling of chromatin between permissive and restrictive states. Data of brain cancer and psychotic disorders reveal footprints of pathophysiologies related to brain development and aging. Comparison of aging brains with gliomas supports the view that glioblastoma-like and astrocytoma-like tumors exhibit higher cellular plasticity activated in the developing healthy brain while oligodendrogliomas have a more stable differentiation hierarchy more resembling the aged brain. The balance and specific shifts between volatile and stable and between more irreversible and more plastic epigenomic networks govern the development and aging of healthy and diseased brain.
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Xu Y, Huang Z, Yu X, Chen K, Fan Y. Integrated genomic and DNA methylation analysis of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. Mol Brain 2021; 14:176. [PMID: 34952628 PMCID: PMC8710019 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastasis is a common and lethal complication of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is mostly diagnosed only after symptoms develop, at which point very few treatment options are available. Therefore, patients who have an increased risk of developing brain metastasis need to be identified early. Our study aimed to identify genomic and epigenomic biomarkers for predicting brain metastasis risk in NSCLC patients. METHODS Paired primary lung tumor tissues and either brain metastatic tissues or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from 29 patients with treatment-naïve advanced NSCLC with central nervous system (CNS) metastases. A control group comprising 31 patients with advanced NSCLC who died without ever developing CNS metastasis was also included. Somatic mutations and DNA methylation levels were examined through capture-based targeted sequencing with a 520-gene panel and targeted bisulfite sequencing with an 80,672 CpG panel. RESULTS Compared to primary lung lesions, brain metastatic tissues harbored numerous unique copy number variations. The tumor mutational burden was comparable between brain metastatic tissue (P = 0.168)/CSF (P = 0.445) and their paired primary lung tumor samples. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (KEAP1) mutations were detected in primary lung tumor and brain metastatic tissue samples of patients with brain metastasis. KEAP1 mutation rate was significantly higher in patients with brain metastasis than those without (P = 0.031). DNA methylation analysis revealed 15 differentially methylated blocks between primary lung tumors of patients with and without CNS metastasis. A brain metastasis risk prediction model based on these 15 differentially methylated blocks had an area under the curve of 0.94, with 87.1% sensitivity and 82.8% specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses revealed 15 differentially methylated blocks in primary lung tumor tissues, which can differentiate patients with and without CNS metastasis. These differentially methylated blocks may serve as predictive biomarkers for the risk of developing CNS metastasis in NSCLC. Additional larger studies are needed to validate the predictive value of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Xu
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Kaiyan Chen
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yun Fan
- Department of Medical Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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13
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EZH2 as a new therapeutic target in brain tumors: Molecular landscape, therapeutic targeting and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112532. [PMID: 34906772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The brain tumor treatment depends on identification of molecular pathways involved in progression and malignancy. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has obtained much attention in recent years in field of cancer therapy due to its aberrant expression and capacity in modulating expression of genes by binding to their promoter and affecting methylation status. The present review focuses on EZH2 signaling in brain tumors including glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, ependymomas, medulloblastoma and brain rhabdoid tumors. EZH2 signaling mainly participates in increasing proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. However, in medulloblastoma, EZH2 demonstrates tumor-suppressor activity. Furthermore, EZH2 can regulate response of brain tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Various molecular pathways can function as upstream mediators of EZH2 in brain tumors including lncRNAs and miRNAs. Owing to its enzymatic activity, EZH2 can bind to promoter of target genes to induce methylation and affects their expression. EZH2 can be considered as an independent prognostic factor in brain tumors that its upregulation provides undesirable prognosis. Both anti-tumor agents and gene therapies such as siRNA have been developed for targeting EZH2 in cancer therapy.
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14
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Levy JJ, Chen Y, Azizgolshani N, Petersen CL, Titus AJ, Moen EL, Vaickus LJ, Salas LA, Christensen BC. MethylSPWNet and MethylCapsNet: Biologically Motivated Organization of DNAm Neural Networks, Inspired by Capsule Networks. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:33. [PMID: 34417465 PMCID: PMC8379254 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-021-00193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations have been heavily implicated in carcinogenesis and the pathophysiology of diseases through upstream regulation of gene expression. DNAm deep-learning approaches are able to capture features associated with aging, cell type, and disease progression, but lack incorporation of prior biological knowledge. Here, we present modular, user-friendly deep-learning methodology and software, MethylCapsNet and MethylSPWNet, that group CpGs into biologically relevant capsules-such as gene promoter context, CpG island relationship, or user-defined groupings-and relate them to diagnostic and prognostic outcomes. We demonstrate these models' utility on 3,897 individuals in the classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. MethylCapsNet and MethylSPWNet provide an opportunity to increase DNAm deep-learning analyses' interpretability by enabling a flexible organization of DNAm data into biologically relevant capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Levy
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Youdinghuan Chen
- Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Nasim Azizgolshani
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Curtis L Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alexander J Titus
- Department of Life Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Manchester, NH, USA
| | - Erika L Moen
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Louis J Vaickus
- Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lucas A Salas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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15
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Grabowicz IE, Wilczyński B, Kamińska B, Roura AJ, Wojtaś B, Dąbrowski MJ. The role of epigenetic modifications, long-range contacts, enhancers and topologically associating domains in the regulation of glioma grade-specific genes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15668. [PMID: 34341417 PMCID: PMC8329071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide studies have uncovered specific genetic alterations, transcriptomic patterns and epigenetic profiles associated with different glioma types. We have recently created a unique atlas encompassing genome-wide profiles of open chromatin, histone H3K27ac and H3Kme3 modifications, DNA methylation and transcriptomes of 33 glioma samples of different grades. Here, we intersected genome-wide atlas data with topologically associating domains (TADs) and demonstrated that the chromatin organization and epigenetic landscape of enhancers have a strong impact on genes differentially expressed in WHO low grade versus high grade gliomas. We identified TADs enriched in glioma grade-specific genes and/or epigenetic marks. We found the set of transcription factors, including REST, E2F1 and NFKB1, that are most likely to regulate gene expression in multiple TADs, containing specific glioma-related genes. Moreover, many genes associated with the cell-matrix adhesion Gene Ontology group, in particular 14 PROTOCADHERINs, were found to be regulated by long-range contacts with enhancers. Presented results demonstrate the existence of epigenetic differences associated with chromatin organization driving differential gene expression in gliomas of different malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona E Grabowicz
- Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bartek Wilczyński
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Kamińska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adria-Jaume Roura
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtaś
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał J Dąbrowski
- Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Ranjan N, Pandey V, Panigrahi MK, Klumpp L, Naumann U, Babu PP. The Tumor Suppressor MTUS1/ATIP1 Modulates Tumor Promotion in Glioma: Association with Epigenetics and DNA Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061245. [PMID: 33809019 PMCID: PMC7999421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite multidisciplinary treatments, survival remains poor in glioma patients. Although novel therapeutic approaches are being explored, no outstanding effects on the survival have been achieved so far, which substantiates the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. To understand the mechanisms responsible for its high malignancy and obligatory recurrence, we examined the impact of MTUS1, a tumor-suppressor gene (TSG), coding for ATIP1, in glioma malignancy as well as how its expression might influence glioma therapy. We confirmed that in glioma cells, elevated ATIP1 expression damps tumor progression by mitigating proliferation and motility. Additionally, MTUS1/ATIP1 can be used as a biological marker to predict therapy outcomes. In glioma cell lines, glioma sphere cultures (GSC), high-grade glioma (HGG) and especially in glioma recurrence, MTUS1/ATIP1 expression is downregulated, probably by promoter hypermethylation. However, in GBM, high ATIP1 expression might interfere with radiation-therapy since elevated expression of MTUS1/ATIP1 drives double-strand break (DSB) DNA repair. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor. Resistance mechanisms in GBM present an array of challenges to understand its biology and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. We investigated the role of a TSG, MTUS1/ATIP1 in glioma. Glioma specimen, cells and low passage GBM sphere cultures (GSC) were analyzed for MTUS1/ATIP1 expression at the RNA and protein level. Methylation analyses were done by bisulfite sequencing (BSS). The consequence of chemotherapy and irradiation on ATIP1 expression and the influence of different cellular ATIP1 levels on survival was examined in vitro and in vivo. MTUS1/ATIP1 was downregulated in high-grade glioma (HGG), GSC and GBM cells and hypermethylation at the ATIP1 promoter region seems to be at least partially responsible for this downregulation. ATIP1 overexpression significantly reduced glioma progression by mitigating cell motility, proliferation and facilitate cell death. In glioma-bearing mice, elevated MTUS1/ATIP1 expression prolonged their survival. Chemotherapy, as well as irradiation, recovered ATIP1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, ATIP1 overexpression increased irradiation-induced DNA-damage repair, resulting in radio-resistance. Our findings indicate that MTUS1/ATIP1 serves as TSG-regulating gliomagenesis, progression and therapy resistance. In HGG, higher MTUS1/ATIP1 expression might interfere with tumor irradiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Ranjan
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of General Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Vimal Pandey
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Manas Kumar Panigrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pathology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, Telangana 500003, India
| | - Lukas Klumpp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of General Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
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Ho NTT, Rahane CS, Pramanik S, Kim PS, Kutzner A, Heese K. FAM72, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051025. [PMID: 33804473 PMCID: PMC7957592 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a serious and aggressive cancer disease that has not allowed scientists to rest for decades. In this review, we consider the new gene pair |-SRGAP2–FAM72-| and discuss its role in the cell cycle and the possibility of defining new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM and other cancers via this gene pair |-SRGAP2–FAM72-|. Abstract Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer great potential for regenerative medicine due to their excellent ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types of the brain. In the central nervous system (CNS), NSC renewal and differentiation are under strict control by the regulation of the pivotal SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2)—Family with sequence similarity 72 (FAM72) master gene (i.e., |-SRGAP2–FAM72-|) via a divergent gene transcription activation mechanism. If the gene transcription control unit (i.e., the intergenic region of the two sub-gene units, SRGAP2 and FAM72) gets out of control, NSCs may transform into cancer stem cells and generate brain tumor cells responsible for brain cancer such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, we discuss the surveillance of this |-SRGAP2–FAM72-| master gene and its role in GBM, and also in light of FAM72 for diagnosing various types of cancers outside of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thanh Ho
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea;
| | - Chinmay Satish Rahane
- Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research, Talegaon Dabhade, Maharashtra 410507, India;
| | - Subrata Pramanik
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Pok-Son Kim
- Department of Mathematics, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea;
| | - Arne Kutzner
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea;
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Huangfu M, Wei R, Wang J, Qin J, Yu D, Guan X, Li X, Fu M, Liu H, Chen X. Osthole induces necroptosis via ROS overproduction in glioma cells. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:456-467. [PMID: 33350608 PMCID: PMC7876487 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a common primary malignant tumor that has a poor prognosis and often develops drug resistance. The coumarin derivative osthole has previously been reported to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Recently, we found that it could also trigger glioma cell necroptosis, a type of cell death that is usually accompanied with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the relationship between ROS production and necroptosis induced by osthole has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that osthole could induce necroptosis of glioma cell lines U87 and C6; such cell death was distinct from apoptosis induced by MG-132. Expression of necroptosis inhibitor caspase-8 was decreased, and levels of necroptosis proteins receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein were increased in U87 and C6 cells after treatment with osthole, whereas levels of apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 were not increased. Lactate dehydrogenase release and flow cytometry assays confirmed that cell death induced by osthole was primarily necrosis. In addition, necroptosis induced by osthole was accompanied by excessive production of ROS, as observed for other necroptosis-inducing reagents. Pretreatment with the RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 attenuated both osthole-induced necroptosis and the production of ROS in U87 cells. Furthermore, the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine decreased osthole-induced necroptosis and growth inhibition. Overall, these findings suggest that osthole induces necroptosis of glioma cells via ROS production and thus may have potential for development into a therapeutic drug for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riming Wei
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Jianli Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Dan Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, China.,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xumei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Minglei Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Science and Technology Department, Guilin Medical University, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, China
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Bivalent Genes Targeting of Glioma Heterogeneity and Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020540. [PMID: 33430434 PMCID: PMC7826605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for most primary Central Nervous System (CNS) neoplasms, characterized by high aggressiveness and low survival rates. Despite the immense research efforts, there is a small improvement in glioma survival rates, mostly attributed to their heterogeneity and complex pathophysiology. Recent data indicate the delicate interplay of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in regulating gene expression and cell differentiation, pointing towards the pivotal role of bivalent genes. Bivalency refers to a property of chromatin to acquire more than one histone marks during the cell cycle and rapidly transition gene expression from an active to a suppressed transcriptional state. Although first identified in embryonal stem cells, bivalent genes have now been associated with tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Emerging evidence indicates the implication of bivalent gene regulation in glioma heterogeneity and plasticity, mainly involving Homeobox genes, Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family Members, Hedgehog protein, and Solute Carrier Family members. These genes control a wide variety of cellular functions, including cellular differentiation during early organism development, regulation of cell growth, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, therapy resistance, and apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the implication of bivalent genes in glioma pathogenesis and their potential therapeutic targeting options.
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20
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Uddin MS, Mamun AA, Alghamdi BS, Tewari D, Jeandet P, Sarwar MS, Ashraf GM. Epigenetics of glioblastoma multiforme: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:100-120. [PMID: 33370605 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of brain cancer and one of the most aggressive cancers found in humans. Most of the signs and symptoms of GBM can be mild and slowly aggravated, although other symptoms might demonstrate it as an acute ailment. However, the precise mechanisms of the development of GBM remain unknown. Due to the improvement of molecular pathology, current researches have reported that glioma progression is strongly connected with different types of epigenetic phenomena, such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and aberrant microRNA. Furthermore, the genes and the proteins that control these alterations have become novel targets for treating glioma because of the reversibility of epigenetic modifications. In some cases, gene mutations including P16, TP53, and EGFR, have been observed in GBM. In contrast, monosomies, including removals of chromosome 10, particularly q23 and q25-26, are considered the standard markers for determining the development and aggressiveness of GBM. Recently, amid the epigenetic therapies, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been used for treating tumors, either single or combined. Specifically, HDACIs are served as a good choice and deliver a novel pathway to treat GBM. In this review, we focus on the epigenetics of GBM and the consequence of its mutations. We also highlight various treatment approaches, namely gene editing, epigenetic drugs, and microRNAs to combat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Badrah S Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Md Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Balaji E V, Kumar N, Satarker S, Nampoothiri M. Zinc as a plausible epigenetic modulator of glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173549. [PMID: 32926916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor (WHO grade 4 astrocytoma) with unknown causes and is associated with a reduced life expectancy. The available treatment options namely radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy have failed to improve life expectancy. Out of the various therapeutic approaches, epigenetic therapy is one of the most studied. Epigenetic therapy is involved in the effective treatment of GBM by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase, histone deacetylation and non-coding RNA. It also promotes the expression of the tumor suppressor gene and is involved in the suppression of the oncogene. Various targets are being studied to implement proper epigenetic regulation to control GBM effectively. Zinc is one of the micronutrients which is considered to maintain epigenetic regulation by promoting the proper DNA folding, protecting genetic material from the oxidative damage and controlling the enzyme activation involved in the epigenetic regulation. Here, we are discussing the importance of zinc in regulating the epigenetic modifications and assessing its role in glioblastoma research. The discussion also highlights the importance of artificial intelligence using epigenetics for envisaging the glioma progression, diagnosis and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Balaji E
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Panchal SK, Brown L. DNA Methylation in Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092699. [PMID: 32825542 PMCID: PMC7565529 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence with the processes including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA-associated silencing [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Panchal
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia;
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Functional Foods Research Group and School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3812-6366
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23
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LingHu HR, Luo H, Gang L. Bufalin Induces Glioma Cell Death by Apoptosis or Necroptosis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4767-4778. [PMID: 32581545 PMCID: PMC7274536 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s242567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bufalin is a component of Chinese traditional medicine, Chansu, which is reported to induce cell death among various kinds of tumors. Apoptosis evasion is a common problem of cancer treatment. Materials and Methods The proliferation of U-87 and U-373 treated by bufalin combined with or without apoptosis inhibitor was detected by MTT assay. The protein levels related to apoptosis and necroptosis were measured by Western blotting. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was applied for monitoring the formation of necrosome. The gene knockdown by CRISPR/Cas9 was applied to determine the roles of the proteins in apoptosis and necroptosis. Results In this study, we found that bufalin could induce apoptosis or necroptosis when U-87 and U-373 escaped from apoptosis. Bufalin triggered cell death by upregulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1). Antagonizing cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 were also contributory. Caspase-8 activation led to apoptosis. When caspase-8 was functionally lost, necrosome consisted of RIPK1, receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) formed and necroptosis happened. The knockdown of above genes or the drug treatment confirmed the mechanism of bufalin-induced cell death. Cytotoxicity of bufalin to caspase-8 knockdown cell lines made control cell lines more sensitive to bufalin in their mixture. Discussion The cytotoxicity of bufalin to U-87 and U-373 was by inducing apoptosis or necroptosis when they were sensitive to apoptosis or not. The results indicated that seeking for treatments that could induce apoptosis and necroptosis was a good solution for the tumor evasion of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Rui LingHu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Beijing Chaoyang Integrative Medicine Emergency Medical Center, Beijing 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin 300162, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gang
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin 300162, People's Republic of China
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24
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Perez E, Capper D. Invited Review: DNA methylation-based classification of paediatric brain tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:28-47. [PMID: 31955441 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation-based machine learning algorithms represent powerful diagnostic tools that are currently emerging for several fields of tumour classification. For various reasons, paediatric brain tumours have been the main driving forces behind this rapid development and brain tumour classification tools are likely further advanced than in any other field of cancer diagnostics. In this review, we will discuss the main characteristics that were important for this rapid advance, namely the high clinical need for improvement of paediatric brain tumour diagnostics, the robustness of methylated DNA and the consequential possibility to generate high-quality molecular data from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pathology specimens, the implementation of a single array platform by most laboratories allowing data exchange and data pooling to an unprecedented extent, as well as the high suitability of the data format for machine learning. We will further discuss the four most central output qualities of DNA methylation profiling in a diagnostic setting (tumour classification, tumour sub-classification, copy number analysis and guidance for additional molecular testing) individually for the most frequent types of paediatric brain tumours. Lastly, we will discuss DNA methylation profiling as a tool for the detection of new paediatric brain tumour classes and will give an overview of the rapidly growing family of new tumours identified with the aid of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Perez
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Anderson G. The effects of melatonin on signaling pathways and molecules involved in glioma: Melatonin and glioblastoma: pathophysiology and treatment. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:189-191. [PMID: 31958165 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Feldheim J, Kessler AF, Monoranu CM, Ernestus RI, Löhr M, Hagemann C. Changes of O 6-Methylguanine DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) Promoter Methylation in Glioblastoma Relapse-A Meta-Analysis Type Literature Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121837. [PMID: 31766430 PMCID: PMC6966671 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation of the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter has emerged as strong prognostic factor in the therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. It is associated with an improved response to chemotherapy with temozolomide and longer overall survival. MGMT promoter methylation has implications for the clinical course of patients. In recent years, there have been observations of patients changing their MGMT promoter methylation from primary tumor to relapse. Still, data on this topic are scarce. Studies often consist of only few patients and provide rather contrasting results, making it hard to draw a clear conclusion on clinical implications. Here, we summarize the previous publications on this topic, add new cases of changing MGMT status in relapse and finally combine all reports of more than ten patients in a statistical analysis based on the Wilson score interval. MGMT promoter methylation changes are seen in 115 of 476 analyzed patients (24%; CI: 0.21–0.28). We discuss potential reasons like technical issues, intratumoral heterogeneity and selective pressure of therapy. The clinical implications are still ambiguous and do not yet support a change in clinical practice. However, retesting MGMT methylation might be useful for future treatment decisions and we encourage clinical studies to address this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Feldheim
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.F.K.); (R.-I.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Almuth F. Kessler
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.F.K.); (R.-I.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Camelia M. Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.F.K.); (R.-I.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Mario Löhr
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.F.K.); (R.-I.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Carsten Hagemann
- Tumorbiology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.F.); (A.F.K.); (R.-I.E.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-20124644
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PES1 promotes BET inhibitors resistance and cells proliferation through increasing c-Myc expression in pancreatic cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:463. [PMID: 31718704 PMCID: PMC6852745 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Overexpressed PES1 promotes carcinogenesis in various types of malignant tumors. However, the biological role and clinical significance of PES1 in pancreatic cancer are still unexplored. Methods The expression level of PES1 in pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic cancer patient samples was determined using Western Blotting analysis, RT-qPCR analysis, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of tissue microarray, and the GEPIA web tool. MTS assay, colony formation assay, and xenograft tumor assay were used to evaluate the tumor growth ability of pancreatic cancer cells. Results We established that the expression of PES1 was abnormally increased in pancreatic cancer tissues and led to poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. We also found that PES1 was responsible for promoting cell growth and contributed to bromodomain and cancer cell resistance to extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we showed that PES1 interacted with BRD4 to enhance c-Myc expression, which is the primary cause of cancer cell resistance to BET inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. Finally, CDK5 inhibitors were proven to destabilize PES1 and overcome cancer cell resistance to BET inhibitors in pancreatic cancer cells. Conclusions We have shown that PES1 could be one of the promoting factors of tumor growth and a prognosis-related protein of pancreatic cancer. Targeting PES1 with CDK5 inhibitors might help overcome cancer cell resistance to BET inhibitors in pancreatic cancer cells.
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