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Campagnoli LIM, Marchesi N, Varesi A, Morozzi M, Mascione L, Ricevuti G, Esposito C, Galeotti N, Pascale A. New therapeutic avenues in multiple sclerosis: Is there a place for gut microbiota-based treatments? Pharmacol Res 2024; 209:107456. [PMID: 39389400 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
The bidirectional interaction between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS), the so-called gut microbiota-brain axis, is reported to influence brain functions, thus having a potential impact on the development or the progression of several neurodegenerative disorders. Within this context, it has been documented that multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS, is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, including constipation, dysphagia, and faecal incontinence. Moreover, some evidence suggests the existence of an altered gut microbiota (GM) composition in MS patients with respect to healthy individuals, as well as the potential influence of GM dysbiosis on typical MS features, including increased intestinal permeability, disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity, chronic inflammation, and altered T cells differentiation. Starting from these assumptions, the possible involvement of GM alteration in MS pathogenesis seems likely, and its restoration could represent a supplemental beneficial strategy against this disabling disease. In this regard, the present review will explore possible preventive approaches (including several dietary interventions, the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, and the use of faecal microbiota transplantation) to be pursued as prophylaxis or in combination with pharmacological treatments with the aim of re-establishing a proper GM, thus helping to prevent the development of this disease or to manage it by alleviating symptoms or slowing down its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Marchesi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Angelica Varesi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Morozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Mascione
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Italy; Nephrology and dialysis unit, ICS S. Maugeri SPA SB Hospital, Pavia, Italy; High School in Geriatrics, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Galeotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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2
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Li R, Miao Z, Liu Y, Chen X, Wang H, Su J, Chen J. The Brain-Gut-Bone Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights, Challenges, and Future Prospects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307971. [PMID: 39120490 PMCID: PMC11481201 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are global health challenges characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells, leading to cognitive and motor impairments. The brain-gut-bone axis, a complex network that modulates multiple physiological systems, has gained increasing attention owing to its profound effects on the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. No comprehensive review has been conducted to clarify the triangular relationship involving the brain-gut-bone axis and its potential for innovative therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. In light of this, a new perspective is aimed to propose on the interplay between the brain, gut, and bone systems, highlighting the potential of their dynamic communication in neurodegenerative diseases, as they modulate multiple physiological systems, including the nervous, immune, endocrine, and metabolic systems. Therapeutic strategies for maintaining the balance of the axis, including brain health regulation, intestinal microbiota regulation, and improving skeletal health, are also explored. The intricate physiological interactions within the brain-gut-bone axis pose a challenge in the development of effective treatments that can comprehensively target this system. Furthermore, the safety of these treatments requires further evaluation. This review offers a novel insights and strategies for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, which have important implications for clinical practice and patient well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zong Miao
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji UniversitySchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsXinhua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200092China
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of OrthopedicsXinhua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200092China
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
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Luesma MJ, López-Marco L, Monzón M, Santander S. Enteric Nervous System and Its Relationship with Neurological Diseases. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5579. [PMID: 39337066 PMCID: PMC11433641 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13185579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a fundamental component of the gastrointestinal system, composed of a vast network of neurons and glial cells. It operates autonomously but is interconnected with the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus nerve. This communication, known as the gut-brain axis, influences the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to review neurological pathologies related to the ENS. Methods: To this end, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in the "PubMed" database. Articles available in "free format" were selected, applying the filters "Humans" and limiting the search to publications from the last ten years. Results: The ENS has been linked to various neurological diseases, from autism spectrum disorder to Parkinson's disease including neurological infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV), even sharing pathologies with the CNS. This finding suggests that the ENS could serve as an early diagnostic marker or therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Gastrointestinal symptoms often precede CNS symptoms, and the ENS's accessibility aids in diagnosis and treatment. Parkinson's patients may show intestinal lesions up to twenty years before CNS symptoms, underscoring the potential for early diagnosis. However, challenges include developing standardized diagnostic protocols and the uneven distribution of dopaminergic neurons in the ENS. Continued research is needed to explore the ENS's potential in improving disease prognosis. Conclusions: The ENS is a promising area for early diagnosis and therapeutic development. Nevertheless, it is essential to continue research in this area, especially to gain a deeper understanding of its organization, function, and regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Luesma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Liberto López-Marco
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Santander
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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4
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Cocean AM, Vodnar DC. Exploring the gut-brain Axis: Potential therapeutic impact of Psychobiotics on mental health. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111073. [PMID: 38914414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
One of the most challenging and controversial issues in microbiome research is related to gut microbial metabolism and neuropsychological disorders. Psychobiotics affect human behavior and central nervous system processes via the gut-brain axis, involving neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. They have therapeutic potential in the treatment of several neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as depression, anxiety, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, anorexia nervosa, and multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between psychobiotics and the abovementioned diseases need further exploration. This review focuses on the relationship between gut microbiota and its impact on neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, examining the potential of psychobiotics as a preventive and therapeutic approach, summarising recent research on the gut-brain axis and the potential beneficial effects of psychobiotics, highlighting the need for further research and investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Cocean
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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5
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Akyazı O, Korkmaz D, Cevher SC. Experimental Parkinson models and green chemistry approach. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115092. [PMID: 38844056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's is the most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's. Motor findings in Parkinson's occur as a result of the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons starting in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ending in the putamen and caudate nucleus. Loss of neurons and the formation of inclusions called Lewy bodies in existing neurons are characteristic histopathological findings of Parkinson's. The disease primarily impairs the functional capacity of the person with cardinal findings such as tremor, bradykinesia, etc., as a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Experimental animal models of Parkinson's have been used extensively in recent years to investigate the pathology of this disease. These models are generally based on systemic or local(intracerebral) administration of neurotoxins, which can replicate many features of Parkinson's mammals. The development of transgenic models in recent years has allowed us to learn more about the modeling of Parkinson's. Applying animal modeling, which shows the most human-like effects in studies, is extremely important. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress increases in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and various age-related degenerative diseases in humans and that neurons are sensitive to it. In cases where oxidative stress increases and antioxidant systems are inadequate, natural molecules such as flavonoids and polyphenols can be used as a new antioxidant treatment to reduce neuronal reactive oxygen species and improve the neurodegenerative process. Therefore, in this article, we examined experimental animal modeling in Parkinson's disease and the effect of green chemistry approaches on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Akyazı
- Gazi University, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey.
| | - Dılara Korkmaz
- Gazi University, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Sule Coskun Cevher
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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6
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Yoon HJ, Kang W, Jo S, Hwang YS, Lee JH, Chung SJ, Park YK. Dietary quality and the gut microbiome in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:761-769. [PMID: 37711026 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2253025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has increased steadily with the increase of the elderly population. PD may influence dietary intake and quality, and the gut microbiome composition. The present study examined differences in dietary intake and quality between PD patients and controls according to sex. In addition, we assessed the gut microbiome composition. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at A Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. PD severity, swallowing function, olfactory function, and constipation status were examined by a skilled nurse. Dietary data were collected through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Stool samples were subjected to microbiome analysis. To examine dietary quality, the Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ), Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were used. An independent t-test was used to determine differences between patients and controls. A chi-square test was used to examine frequency differences. RESULTS Dietary intake did not differ between the PD patient and control groups. Regarding dietary quality, the patients consumed more saturated fat compared to controls. Overall, the dietary differences between the groups were minor. The composition of the gut microbiome differed between PD patients and controls. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genus were most abundant in PD patients. Prevotella VZCB and other Faecalibacterium were most abundant in controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that PD patients may experience gut microbiome change even in the early stage, while nutritional needs can be met when a balanced diet including various food groups are consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Yoon
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Woorim Kang
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Drug Development, Development center, CJ Bioscience Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungyang Jo
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Su Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je Hee Lee
- Department of Drug Development, Development center, CJ Bioscience Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoo Kyoung Park
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- Department of Medical Nutrition (AgeTech-Service Convergence Major), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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7
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Chakraborty P, Gamage HKAH, Laird AS. Butyrate as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105745. [PMID: 38641025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining an optimum microbial community within the gastrointestinal tract is intricately linked to human metabolic, immune and brain health. Disturbance to these microbial populations perturbs the production of vital bioactive compounds synthesised by the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Of the SCFAs, butyrate is known to be a major source of energy for colonocytes and has valuable effects on the maintenance of intestinal epithelium and blood brain barrier integrity, gut motility and transit, anti-inflammatory effects, and autophagy induction. Inducing endogenous butyrate production is likely to be beneficial for gut-brain homeostasis and for optimal neuronal function. For these reasons, butyrate has gained interest as a potential therapy for not only metabolic and immunological disorders, but also conditions related to the brain, including neurodegenerative diseases. While direct and indirect sources of butyrate, including prebiotics, probiotics, butyrate pro-drugs and glucosidase inhibitors, offer a promising therapeutic avenue, their efficacy and dosage in neurodegenerative conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we review current literature on effects of butyrate relevant to neuronal function, the impact of butyrate in a range of neurodegenerative diseases and related treatments that may have potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Chakraborty
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hasinika K A H Gamage
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia's Bioactives, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Angela S Laird
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Liu X, Shen L, Wan M, Xie H, Wang Z. Peripheral extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration: pathogenic influencers and therapeutic vehicles. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:170. [PMID: 38610012 PMCID: PMC11015679 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis epitomize a class of insidious and relentless neurological conditions that are difficult to cure. Conventional therapeutic regimens often fail due to the late onset of symptoms, which occurs well after irreversible neurodegeneration has begun. The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) further impedes efficacious drug delivery to the central nervous system, presenting a formidable challenge in the pharmacological treatment of NDDs. Recent scientific inquiries have shifted focus toward the peripheral biological systems, investigating their influence on central neuropathology through the lens of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles, distinguished by their ability to breach the BBB, are emerging as dual operatives in the context of NDDs, both as conveyors of pathogenic entities and as prospective vectors for therapeutic agents. This review critically summarizes the burgeoning evidence on the role of extracerebral EVs, particularly those originating from bone, adipose tissue, and gut microbiota, in modulating brain pathophysiology. It underscores the duplicity potential of peripheral EVs as modulators of disease progression and suggests their potential as novel vehicles for targeted therapeutic delivery, positing a transformative impact on the future landscape of NDD treatment strategies. Search strategy A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 2000 to December 2023. The search combined the following terms using Boolean operators: "neurodegenerative disease" OR "Alzheimer's disease" OR "Parkinson's disease" OR "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" AND "extracellular vesicles" OR "exosomes" OR "outer membrane vesicles" AND "drug delivery systems" AND "blood-brain barrier". MeSH terms were employed when searching PubMed to refine the results. Studies were included if they were published in English, involved human subjects, and focused on the peripheral origins of EVs, specifically from bone, adipose tissue, and gut microbiota, and their association with related diseases such as osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and gut dysbiosis. Articles were excluded if they did not address the role of EVs in the context of NDDs or did not discuss therapeutic applications. The titles and abstracts of retrieved articles were screened using a dual-review process to ensure relevance and accuracy. The reference lists of selected articles were also examined to identify additional relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Meidan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Angmedicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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9
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Yao L, Yang Y, Yang X, Rezaei MJ. The Interaction Between Nutraceuticals and Gut Microbiota: a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Prevent and Treatment Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04151-2. [PMID: 38587699 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. Emerging research has shed light on the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Nutraceuticals such as curcumin, berberine, phytoestrogens, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol, EGCG, and fisetin), dietary fibers have been shown to influence gut microbiota composition and function, restoring microbial balance and enhancing the gut-brain axis. The mechanisms underlying these benefits involve microbial metabolite production, restoration of gut barrier integrity, and modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways. Additionally, probiotics and prebiotics have shown potential in promoting gut health, influencing the gut microbiome, and alleviating PD symptoms. They can enhance the gut's antioxidant capacity of the gut, reduce inflammation, and maintain immune homeostasis, contributing to a neuroprotective environment. This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the potential of nutraceuticals and gut microbiota modulation in the prevention and management of Parkinson's disease, emphasizing the need for further research and clinical trials to validate their effectiveness and safety. The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach involving nutraceuticals and gut microbiota may open new avenues for addressing the challenges of PD and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yao
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, China.
| | - Mohammad J Rezaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hernández-Zulueta J, Bolaños-Chang AJ, Santa Cruz-Pavlovich FJ, Valero Rodríguez AD, Lizárraga Madrigal A, Del Rio-Murillo XI, Navarro-Partida J, Gonzalez-De la Rosa A. Microbial Dynamics in Ophthalmic Health: Exploring the Interplay between Human Microbiota and Glaucoma Pathogenesis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:592. [PMID: 38674238 PMCID: PMC11051970 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The human microbiome has a crucial role in the homeostasis and health of the host. These microorganisms along with their genes are involved in various processes, among these are neurological signaling, the maturation of the immune system, and the inhibition of opportunistic pathogens. In this sense, it has been shown that a healthy ocular microbiota acts as a barrier against the entry of pathogens, contributing to the prevention of infections. In recent years, a relationship has been suggested between microbiota dysbiosis and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In patients with glaucoma, it has been observed that the microbiota of the ocular surface, intraocular cavity, oral cavity, stomach, and gut differ from those observed in healthy patients, which may suggest a role in pathology development, although the evidence remains limited. The mechanisms involved in the relationship of the human microbiome and this neurodegenerative disease remain largely unknown. For this reason, the present review aims to show a broad overview of the influence of the structure and composition of the human oral and gut microbiota and relate its dysbiosis to neurodegenerative diseases, especially glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joicye Hernández-Zulueta
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez, Zapopan 45200, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Andres J. Bolaños-Chang
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Ximena I. Del Rio-Murillo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - José Navarro-Partida
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirúrgica, S.C., Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Zapopan 45116, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-De la Rosa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Centro de Retina Medica y Quirúrgica, S.C., Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Zapopan 45116, Jalisco, Mexico
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11
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Bock HJ, Lee HW, Lee NK, Paik HD. Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU210152 and its fermented soy milk attenuates oxidative stress in neuroblastoma cells. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113868. [PMID: 38225133 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the probiotic properties and neuroprotective effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU210152 and its application in soy milk. L. plantarum KU210152 exhibited high tolerance to artificial gastrointestinal conditions, high adhesion to intestinal cells (HT-29), and safe enzyme production. Conditioned medium acquired from HT-29 cells treated with heat-killed lactic acid bacteria (LAB-CM) was used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects. The CM exhibited neuroprotective effects via cell viability assay, morphological observations, and suppression of ROS production. Heat-killed L. plantarum KU210152 increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in HT-29 cells. In SH-SY5Y cells, pretreatment with L. plantarum KU210152 CM decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and upregulated BDNF and TH expression. The CM inhibited caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities. The neuroprotective effects of L. plantarum KU210152 were also confirmed in fermented soy milk. Therefore, both L. plantarum KU210152 and the fermented soy milk can be used as functional ingredients with neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Bock
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Won Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Cheng Y, Tan G, Zhu Q, Wang C, Ruan G, Ying S, Qie J, Hu X, Xiao Z, Xu F, Chen L, Chen M, Pei Y, Zhang H, Tian Y, Chen D, Liu X, Huang H, Wei Y. Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with Parkinson's disease: clinical trial results from a randomized, placebo-controlled design. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2284247. [PMID: 38057970 PMCID: PMC10841011 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2284247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been demonstrated to be related to gut dysbiosis, however, the impact of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on microbiota engraftment in PD patients is uncertain. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled trial at the Department of Neurology, Army Medical University Southwest Hospital in China (ChiCTR1900021405) from February 2019 to December 2019. Fifty-six participants with mild to moderate PD (Hoehn-Yahr stage 1-3) were randomly assigned to the FMT and placebo group, 27 patients in the FMT group and 27 in the placebo group completed the whole trial. During the follow-up, no severe adverse effect was observed, and patients with FMT treatment showed significant improvement in PD-related autonomic symptoms compared with the placebo group at the end of this trial (MDS-UPDRS total score, group×time effect, B = -6.56 [-12.98, -0.13], P < 0.05). Additionally, FMT improved gastrointestinal disorders and a marked increase in the complexity of the microecological system in patients. This study demonstrated that FMT through oral administration is clinically feasible and has the potential to improve the effectiveness of current medications in the clinical symptoms of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guohua Tan
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qihui Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcong Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Senhong Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlong Qie
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Minjia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Pei
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyin Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology-Microbiology Division, Key Laboratory of Pathogen of Jiangsu Province; The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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13
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He ZQ, Huan PF, Wang L, He JC. Compound Dihuang Granule Changes Gut Microbiota of MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice via Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3610-3624. [PMID: 37561259 PMCID: PMC10584754 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota was connected to Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathology. The ancient Chinese medication for PD is Compound Dihuang Granule (CDG), and we found a neuroprotective function in treating the constipation of PD patients. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action still needs to be clarified. We predicted the probable targets of CDG against PD through Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) network pharmacology and verified the analysis through animal experiments in vivo. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis screened PD-related genes, including Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1), Nuclear Factor- Kappa B (NF-κB), and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses proved that the NF-κB and toll-like receptor signaling pathways serve a key function in CDG therapy of PD. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that CDG strongly connected to TLR4/NF-κB. Experiments findings indicated that CDG improved the damage of dopaminergic neurons and gut microbial dysbiosis, ameliorated motor impairments, and suppressed the PD-associated inflammation and oxidative stress in mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahy dropyridine (MPTP). CDG suppressed the inflammatory proteins in the colon and protected the intestinal barrier. Overall, CDG improved gut microbial in PD by blocking the pathway of TLR4/NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Qing He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Peng-Fei Huan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Cheng He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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14
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He Y, Zhao J, Dong H, Zhang X, Duan Y, Ma Y, Yu M, Fei J, Huang F. TLR2 deficiency is beneficial at the late phase in MPTP-induced Parkinson' disease mice. Life Sci 2023; 333:122171. [PMID: 37827233 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The etiology of PD is still elusive but neuroinflammation is proved to be an important contributor. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) involves in the release of several inflammatory cytokines. Whether TLR2 serves as a mediator contributing to the damage of DA system in PD remain unclear. MAIN METHODS Tlr2 knockout (Tlr2-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with a subacute regimen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). At 3, 7 and 14 days after MPTP injection, the behavioral performance, including the Pole test, the Rotarod test, the Rearing test and the Wire hang test was evaluated. Moreover, the PD-like phenotypes, including dopaminergic degeneration, the activation of glial cells and the α-Syn expression were systematically analyzed in the nigrostriatal pathway. Finally, the composition of gut microbiota in the MPTP-treated groups were assessed. KEY FINDINGS TLR2 deficiency had no obvious impact on the dopaminergic injury at 3 and 7 days following MPTP administration. On the contrary, at 14 days post injection, TLR2 deficiency not only significantly attenuated motor deficits in the Pole test and the Rotarod test, and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, but also mitigated α-Syn abnormality, astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation through the suppressed TLR2/MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, the alteration of gut microbiota was also detected in the mutant mice. SIGNIFICANCE These findings highlight the neuroprotective effect of TLR2-pathways at the late phase in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao He
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Zhao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtian Dong
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufei Duan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai Model Organisms Center, INC., Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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15
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Scaldaferri F, D’Onofrio AM, Calia R, Di Vincenzo F, Ferrajoli GF, Petito V, Maggio E, Pafundi PC, Napolitano D, Masi L, Schiavoni E, Fanali C, Puca P, Turchini L, Lopetuso LR, Del Chierico F, Putignani L, Gasbarrini A, Camardese AG. Gut Microbiota Signatures Are Associated With Psychopathological Profiles in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: Results From an Italian Tertiary IBD Center. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:1805-1818. [PMID: 37280117 PMCID: PMC10628916 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) suffer from psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety, or bipolar disorder, and show specific personality traits. Despite this, there are few data about personality profiles' characterization in UC patients and about correlation of their psychopathological profile with their intestinal microbiota.The aim of our study is to analyze the psychopathological and personality profile of UC patients and correlate it with specific signatures of their gut microbiota. METHODS This is a prospective interventional longitudinal cohort study. We enrolled consecutive patients affected by UC attending to the IBD Unit of Center for Digestive Disease of "A. Gemelli" IRCCS Hospital in Rome and a group of healthy subjects, matched for specific characteristics. Each patient was evaluated by a gastroenterologist and a psychiatrist. Moreover, all participants underwent psychological tests and a collection of stool samples. RESULTS We recruited 39 UC patients and 37 healthy subjects. Most patients showed high level of alexithymia, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, as well as neuroticism and hypochondria, with obsessive-compulsive features at the behavioral level, which significantly impaired their quality of life and abilities at work. Gut microbiota analysis in UC patients demonstrated an increase in actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Saccharibacteria (TM7), with a reduction in verrucomicrobia, euryarchaeota and tenericutes. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed the presence of high levels of psycho-emotional distress in UC patients, alongside alterations of the intestinal microbiota, and highlighted some families and genera of bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Klebsiella, and Clostridiaceae) as potential markers of an altered gut-brain axis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scaldaferri
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria D’Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Psichiatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Rosaria Calia
- Servizio di Psicologia Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Divisione di Chirurgia Generale e del Trapianto di Fegato, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Federica Di Vincenzo
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Gaspare Filippo Ferrajoli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Psichiatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Valentina Petito
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Eleonora Maggio
- Servizio di Psicologia Clinica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Divisione di Chirurgia Generale e del Trapianto di Fegato, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Pia Clara Pafundi
- Research Core Facility di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Gemelli Generator, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Napolitano
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Letizia Masi
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Elisa Schiavoni
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Caterina Fanali
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Puca
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Laura Turchini
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- UOS Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche Intestinali, Centro di Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente (CEMAD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - and Giovanni Camardese
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Psichiatria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Probiotics as potential treatments to reduce myocardial remodelling and heart failure via the gut-heart axis: State-of-the-art review. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2539-2551. [PMID: 36892791 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are considered to represent important modulators of gastrointestinal health through increased colonization of beneficial bacteria thus altering the gut microflora. Although these beneficial effects of probiotics are now widely recognized, emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microflora also affect numerous other organ systems including the heart through a process generally referred to as the gut-heart axis. Moreover, cardiac dysfunction such as that seen in heart failure can produce an imbalance in the gut flora, known as dysbiosis, thereby further contributing to cardiac remodelling and dysfunction. The latter occurs by the production of gut-derived pro-inflammatory and pro-remodelling factors which exacerbate cardiac pathology. One of the key contributors to gut-dependent cardiac pathology is trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a choline and carnitine metabolic by-product first synthesized as trimethylamine which is then converted into TMAO by a hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase. The production of TMAO is particularly evident with regular western diets containing high amounts of both choline and carnitine. Dietary probiotics have been shown to reduce myocardial remodelling and heart failure in animal models although the precise mechanisms for these effects are not completely understood. A large number of probiotics have been shown to possess a reduced capacity to synthesize gut-derived trimethylamine and therefore TMAO thereby suggesting that inhibition of TMAO is a factor mediating the beneficial cardiac effects of probiotics. However, other potential mechanisms may also be important contributing factors. Here, we discuss the potential benefit of probiotics as effective therapeutic tools for attenuating myocardial remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Karmazyn
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6G 2X6, Canada.
| | - Xiaohong Tracey Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6G 2X6, Canada
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17
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Bock HJ, Lee NK, Paik HD. Neuroprotective Effects of Heat-Killed Levilactobacillus brevis KU15152 on H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1189-1196. [PMID: 37317628 PMCID: PMC10580890 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2304.04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed to demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of heat-killed Levilactobacillus brevis KU15152. Heat-killed L. brevis KU15152 showed antioxidant activity similar to that of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, in terms of radical scavenging activity. To evaluate the neuroprotective effects, conditioned medium (CM) obtained by incubating heat-killed bacteria in intestinal cells (HT-29) was used through gut-brain axis. CM from L. brevis KU15152 protected neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Pretreatment with CM significantly alleviated the morphological changes induced by H2O2. Heat-killed L. brevis KU15152 showed an increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in HT-29 cells. L. brevis KU15152-CM remarkably downregulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, while upregulating the expression of BDNF and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, L. brevis KU15152-CM reduced caspase-3 activity following H2O2 treatment. In conclusion, L. brevis KU15152 can be potentially used as food materials to avoid neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Bock
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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18
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Spekker E, Nagy-Grócz G. All Roads Lead to the Gut: The Importance of the Microbiota and Diet in Migraine. Neurol Int 2023; 15:1174-1190. [PMID: 37755364 PMCID: PMC10536453 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine, a prevalent neurological condition and the third most common disease globally, places a significant economic burden on society. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise underlying mechanism of the disease remains incompletely comprehended. Nevertheless, it is established that the activation and sensitization of the trigeminal system are crucial during migraine attacks, and specific substances have been recognized for their distinct involvement in the pathomechanism of migraine. Recently, an expanding body of data indicates that migraine attacks can be prevented and treated through dietary means. It is important to highlight that the various diets available pose risks for patients without professional guidance. This comprehensive overview explores the connection between migraine, the gut microbiome, and gastrointestinal disorders. It provides insight into migraine-triggering foods, and discusses potential diets to help reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. Additionally, it delves into the benefits of using pre- and probiotics as adjunctive therapy in migraine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Preventive Health Sciences Research Group, Incubation Competence Centre of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Zhao M, Chu J, Feng S, Guo C, Xue B, He K, Li L. Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114985. [PMID: 37311282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is indispensable for maintaining host health by enhancing the host's digestive capacity, safeguarding the intestinal epithelial barrier, and preventing pathogen invasion. Additionally, the gut microbiota exhibits a bidirectional interaction with the host immune system and promotes the immune system of the host to mature. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, primarily caused by factors such as host genetic susceptibility, age, BMI, diet, and drug abuse, is a significant contributor to inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying inflammatory diseases resulting from gut microbiota dysbiosis lack systematic categorization. In this study, we summarize the normal physiological functions of symbiotic microbiota in a healthy state and demonstrate that when dysbiosis occurs due to various external factors, the normal physiological functions of the gut microbiota are lost, leading to pathological damage to the intestinal lining, metabolic disorders, and intestinal barrier damage. This, in turn, triggers immune system disorders and eventually causes inflammatory diseases in various systems. These discoveries provide fresh perspectives on how to diagnose and treat inflammatory diseases. However, the unrecognized variables that might affect the link between inflammatory illnesses and gut microbiota, need further studies and extensive basic and clinical research will still be required to investigate this relationship in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min'an Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jiayi Chu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shiyao Feng
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chuanhao Guo
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Baigong Xue
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Kan He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Golchin A, Ranjbarvan P, Parviz S, Shokati A, Naderi R, Rasmi Y, Kiani S, Moradi F, Heidari F, Saltanatpour Z, Alizadeh A. The role of probiotics in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2023; 18:635-657. [PMID: 37492007 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) as an emerging field is a multidisciplinary science and combines basic sciences such as biomaterials science, biology, genetics and medical sciences to achieve functional TERM-based products to regenerate or replace damaged or diseased tissues or organs. Probiotics are useful microorganisms which have multiple effective functions on human health. They have some immunomodulatory and biocompatibility effects and improve wound healing. In this article, we describe the latest findings on probiotics and their pro-healing properties on various body systems that are useable in regenerative medicine. Therefore, this review presents a new perspective on the therapeutic potential of probiotics for TERM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Golchin
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Cellular & Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Parviz Ranjbarvan
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Cellular & Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Shima Parviz
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied cell sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Amene Shokati
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Roya Naderi
- Neurophysiology Research center & Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center & Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, 57157993313, Iran
| | - Samaneh Kiani
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Faezeh Moradi
- Department of Tissue engineering, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Zohreh Saltanatpour
- Pediatric Cell & Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center & Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 35147-99422, Iran
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21
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Aghamohammad S, Hafezi A, Rohani M. Probiotics as functional foods: How probiotics can alleviate the symptoms of neurological disabilities. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114816. [PMID: 37150033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are diseases of the central nervous system with progressive loss of nervous tissue. One of the most difficult problems associated with neurological disorders is that there is no clear treatment for these diseases. In this review, the physiopathology of some neurodegenerative diseases, etiological causes, drugs used and their side effects, and finally the role of probiotics in controlling the symptoms of these neurodegenerative diseases are presented. Recently, researchers have focused more on the microbiome and the gut-brain axis, which may play a critical role in maintaining brain health. Probiotics are among the most important bacteria that have positive effects on the balance of homeostasis via influencing the microbiome. Other important functions of probiotics in alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders include anti-inflammatory properties, short-chain fatty acid production, and the production of various neurotransmitters. The effects of probiotics on the control of abnormalities seen in neurological disorders led to probiotics being referred to as "psychobiotic. Given the important role of the gut-brain axis and the imbalance of the gut microbiome in the etiology and symptoms of neurological disorders, probiotics could be considered safe agents that positively affect the balance of the microbiome as complementary treatment options for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asal Hafezi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Mhanna A, Alshehabi Z. The microbiota-gut-brain axis and three common neurological disorders: a mini-review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:1780-1783. [PMID: 37228957 PMCID: PMC10205337 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are an important cause of disability and death globally. Recently, a large body of research shows that the gut microbiome affects the brain and its conditions, through the gut-brain axis. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide a brief overview of the relationship between the microbiota-gut-brain axis in three neurological disorders: epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and migraine. The authors chose these three disorders because of their burdensome and great effect on health care. We live on a microbial planet. Before humans, microorganisms existed for a hundred million years. Today, there are trillions of these microbes living in our bodies, it is called human microbiota. These organisms have a crucial role in our homeostasis and survival. Most of the human microbiota live in the gut. The number of gut microbiota is much more than the number of body cells. Gut microbiota has been regarded as a crucial regulator of the gut-brain axis. The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is described as a major advancement in neuroscience because it influences the pathophysiology of several neurological and psychiatric disorders. From this, more studies of the microbiota-gut-brain axis are needed in the future, to provide a better understanding of brain disorders and so that better treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuheir Alshehabi
- Department of Pathology, Tishreen University Hospital, Latakia, Syrian Arab Republic
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23
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Wasser CI, Mercieca EC, Kong G, Hannan AJ, Allford B, McKeown SJ, Stout JC, Glikmann-Johnston Y. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotics Targeting Gut Dysbiosis in Huntington’s Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2023; 12:43-55. [PMID: 37005888 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-220556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Gastrointestinal symptoms are clinical features of Huntington’s disease (HD), which adversely affect people’s quality of life. We recently reported the first evidence of gut dysbiosis in HD gene expansion carriers (HDGECs). Here, we report on a randomized controlled clinical trial of a 6-week probiotic intervention in HDGECs. Objective: The primary objective was to determine whether probiotics improved gut microbiome composition in terms of richness, evenness, structure, and diversity of functional pathways and enzymes. Exploratory objectives were to determine whether probiotic supplementation improved cognition, mood, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: Forty-one HDGECs, including 19 early manifest and 22 premanifest HDGECs were compared with 36 matched-healthy controls (HCs). Participants were randomly assigned probiotics or placebo and provided fecal samples at baseline and 6-week follow-up, which were sequenced using 16S-V3-V4 rRNA to characterize the gut microbiome. Participants completed a battery of cognitive tests and self-report questionnaires measuring mood and gastrointestinal symptoms. Results: HDGECs had altered gut microbiome diversity when compared to HCs, indicating gut dysbiosis. Probiotic intervention did not ameliorate gut dysbiosis or have any effect on cognition, mood, or gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut microbiome differences between HDGECs and HCs were unchanged across time points, suggesting consistency of gut microbiome differences within groups. Conclusion: Despite the lack of probiotic effects in this trial, the potential utility of the gut as a therapeutic target in HD should continue to be explored given the clinical symptomology, gut dysbiosis, and positive results from probiotics and other gut interventions in similar neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory I Wasser
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Ageing and Neurodegeneration Program, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily-Clare Mercieca
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Ageing and Neurodegeneration Program, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Geraldine Kong
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brianna Allford
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Ageing and Neurodegeneration Program, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie C Stout
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Ageing and Neurodegeneration Program, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yifat Glikmann-Johnston
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Ageing and Neurodegeneration Program, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Zhang T, Zhang J, Duan L. The Role of Genetically Engineered Probiotics for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071566. [PMID: 37049407 PMCID: PMC10097376 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of genetically modified probiotics (gm probiotics) in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). OBJECTIVE This systematic review was performed to investigate the role of gm probiotics in treating IBD and to clarify the involved mechanisms. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Medline were searched from their inception to 18 September 2022 to identify preclinical and clinical studies exploring the efficacy of gm probiotics in IBD animal models or IBD patients. Two independent researchers extracted data from the included studies, and the data were pooled by the type of study; that is, preclinical or clinical. RESULTS Forty-five preclinical studies were included. In these studies, sodium dextran sulfate and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid were used to induce colitis. Eleven probiotic species have been genetically modified to produce therapeutic substances, including IL-10, antimicrobial peptides, antioxidant enzymes, and short-chain fatty acids, with potential therapeutic properties against colitis. The results showed generally positive effects of gm probiotics in reducing disease activity and ameliorating intestinal damage in IBD models; however, the efficacy of gm probiotics compared to that of wild-type probiotics in many studies was unclear. The main mechanisms identified include modulation of the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, production of regulatory metabolites by beneficial bacteria, reduction of the pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratio in colonic tissue and plasma, modulation of oxidative stress activity in the colon, and improvement of intestinal barrier integrity. Moreover, only one clinical trial with 10 patients with Crohn's disease was included, which showed that L. lactis producing IL-10 was safe, and a decrease in disease activity was observed in these patients. CONCLUSIONS Gm probiotics have a certain efficacy in colitis models through several mechanisms. However, given the scarcity of clinical trials, it is important for researchers to pay more attention to gm probiotics that are more effective and safer than wild-type probiotics to facilitate further clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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Ghalandari N, Assarzadegan F, Mahdavi H, Jamshidi E, Esmaily H. Evaluating the effectiveness of probiotics in relieving constipation in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14312. [PMID: 36938477 PMCID: PMC10015253 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics on the treatment of constipation in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by analyzing data from published randomized clinical trials (RCTs). PD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by clinical symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremor. Constipation is a common complaint reported by PD patients. Probiotics are often used to treat functional constipation. The potential mechanisms behind PD-related constipation include dysfunction of the enteric nervous system due to alpha-synuclein aggregation, dyssynergic contractions of the puborectalis muscle, and alterations of the gut microbiome. Method To conduct this study, we searched Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for published articles on PD, probiotics, and constipation. We selected RCTs from 944 studies, and ultimately included 3 RCTs in our meta-analysis. The frequency of bowel movements per week was the only index that could be summarized among the records. We extracted and analyzed the results as means and standard deviations. Result We calculated a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.19; I-squared = 57.0%; p < 0.001) to determine the treatment effect in terms of frequency of bowel movements per week in the RCTs. Conclusion Our results show that probiotic intake has beneficial effects on constipation in PD patients. Further research, including multicenter studies, is needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of probiotic supplements in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Ghalandari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Assarzadegan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mahdavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Jamshidi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Esmaily
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author. School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Valiasr ST., 1996835113, Tehran, Iran, .
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26
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Zhou L, Han D, Wang X, Chen Z. Probiotic Formulation VSL#3 Interacts with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells To Protect Dopaminergic Neurons via Centrally and Peripherally Suppressing NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0320822. [PMID: 36728426 PMCID: PMC10100967 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03208-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic immunomodulation is increasingly recognized among the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), while the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. With the growing popularity of using probiotics as an adjuvant approach in PD treatment, concerns about the added effects of probiotics have been raised. In addition to the molecular mechanism mediating the neuroprotective effects of MSCs, the combined effects of a probiotic formulation, VSL#3, and MSC infusion were also evaluated in PD mice. The animals were weekly treated with human MSCs (hMSCs) via the tail vein, VSL#3 via the gastrointestinal tract, or their combination six times. hMSCs, VSL#3 alone, and their combination markedly ameliorated the decreased striatal dopamine content, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNAs in striatum and peripheral tissues induced by MPTP. Furthermore, hMSCs, VSL#3, and their combination notably downregulated mRNA expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1 in brain and peripheral tissues of PD mice. These results suggest that hMSCs, VSL#3, and their combination prevent neurodegenerative changes in PD mice via anti-inflammatory activities in both the central and peripheral systems, possibly through suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that VSL#3 interacts with hMSCs to attenuate neurodegeneration and inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation without altering the effects of hMSCs. Major findings of our study support the usage of probiotic formulation VSL#3 as an adjuvant therapy to hMSC infusion in PD treatment. IMPORTANCE This study provides evidence for the neuroprotective activities of human umbilical cord MSCs from the aspect of anti-inflammation actions. hMSCs inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and MPTP-induced inflammation in both brain and periphery to relieve the degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons in PD mice. Furthermore, as an additional therapeutic agent, probiotic formulation VSL#3 interacts with hMSCs in suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome as well as the central and peripheral anti-inflammatory effects to exert neuroprotective actions in PD mice without altering the actions of hMSCs, suggesting the potential of VSL#3 as an adjuvant therapy in PD treatment. The findings of the present study give a further understanding of the anti-inflammatory activity and the molecular mechanism for the beneficial effects of MSCs as well as the potential application of probiotic formulation as an adjuvant approach to MSC therapy in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhou
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Han
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhe Wang
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Center of Parkinson’s Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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Sancandi M, De Caro C, Cypaite N, Marascio N, Avagliano C, De Marco C, Russo E, Constanti A, Mercer A. Effects of a probiotic suspension Symprove™ on a rat early-stage Parkinson's disease model. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:986127. [PMID: 36742204 PMCID: PMC9890174 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.986127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies in recent years have focused on the role that the gut may play in Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathogenesis, suggesting that the maintenance of a healthy gut may lead to potential treatments of the disease. The health of microbiota has been shown to be directly associated with parameters that play a potential role in PD including gut barrier integrity, immunity, function, metabolism and the correct functioning of the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota (GM) may therefore be employed as valuable indicators for early diagnosis of PD and potential targets for preventing or treating PD symptoms. Preserving the gut homeostasis using probiotics may therefore lead to a promising treatment strategy due to their known benefits in improving constipation, motor impairments, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of probiotics in PD are yet to be clarified. In this project, we have tested the efficacy of an oral probiotic suspension, Symprove™, on an established animal model of PD. Symprove™, unlike many commercially available probiotics, has been shown to be resistant to gastric acidity, improve symptoms in gastrointestinal diseases and improve gut integrity in an in vitro PD model. In this study, we used an early-stage PD rat model to determine the effect of Symprove™ on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in the brain and on plasma cytokine levels, GM composition and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) release. Symprove™ was shown to significantly influence both the gut and brain of the PD model. It preserved the gut integrity in the PD model, reduced plasma inflammatory markers and changed microbiota composition. The treatment also prevented the reduction in SCFAs and striatal inflammation and prevented tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell loss by 17% compared to that observed in animals treated with placebo. We conclude that Symprove™ treatment may have a positive influence on the symptomology of early-stage PD with obvious implications for the improvement of gut integrity and possibly delaying/preventing the onset of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in human PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sancandi
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen De Caro
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Neringa Cypaite
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Marascio
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrew Constanti
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Mercer
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Audrey Mercer,
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Probiotic Influences on Motor Skills: A Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2481-2486. [PMID: 37550907 PMCID: PMC10616912 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230807150523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of probiotics have mostly been shown to be favorable on measures of anxiety and stress. More recent experiments indicate single- and multi-strain probiotics in treating motorrelated diseases. Initial studies in patients with Parkinson's disease and Prader-Willi syndrome are concordant with this hypothesis. In addition, probiotics improved motor coordination in normal animals and models of Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury as well as grip strength in hepatic encephalopathy. Further studies should delineate the most optimal bacterial profile under each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
- CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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29
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Chronic Treatment with the Probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 Attenuates Motor Impairment, Striatal Microglial Activation, and Dopaminergic Loss in Rats with 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced Hemiparkinsonism. Neuroscience 2022; 507:79-98. [PMID: 36370934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis is considered a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), and chronic treatment with probiotics could prevent it. Here we report the assessment of a probiotic mixture [Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and Bifidobacterium animalis lactis BB-12 (BB-12)] administered to male rats 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right striatum, a model that mimics the early stages of PD. Before and after lesion, animals were subjected to behavioral tests: narrow beam, cylinder test, and apomorphine (APO)-induced rotations. Dopaminergic (DA) denervation and microglia recruitment were assessed with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+) and ionized calcium-binding protein-1 adapter (Iba1+) immunostaining, respectively. Post 6-OHDA injury, rats treated with sunflower oil (probiotics vehicle) developed significant decrease in crossing speed and increases in contralateral paw slips (narrow beam), forepaw use asymmetry (cylinder), and APO-induced rotations. In striatum, 6-OHDA eliminated ≈2/3 of TH+ area and caused significant increase of Iba1+ microglia population. Retrograde axonal degeneration suppressed ≈2/5 of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In hemiparkinsonian rats, probiotics treatment significantly improved the crossing speed, and also reduced paw slips (postlesion days 14 and 21), the loss of TH+ neurons in SNpc, and the loss of TH+ area and of Iba1+ microglia count in striatum, without affecting the proportion of microglia morphological phenotypes. Probiotics treatment did not attenuate forepaw use asymmetry nor APO-induced rotations. These results indicate that the mixture of probiotics LGG and BB-12 protects nigrostriatal DA neurons against 6-OHDA-induced damage, supporting their potential as preventive treatment of PD.
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30
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Bonnechère B, Amin N, van Duijn C. What Are the Key Gut Microbiota Involved in Neurological Diseases? A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213665. [PMID: 36430144 PMCID: PMC9696257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence highlighting there are significant changes in the gut microbiota composition and relative abundance in various neurological disorders. We performed a systematic review of the different microbiota altered in a wide range of neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke). Fifty-two studies were included representing 5496 patients. At the genus level, the most frequently involved microbiota are Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotella. The overlap between the pathologies was strongest for MS and PD, sharing eight genera (Akkermansia, Butyricicoccus, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Dorea, Faecalibacterium, Parabacteroides, and Prevotella) and PD and stroke, sharing six genera (Enterococcus, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, and Roseburia). The identification signatures overlapping for AD, PD, and MS raise the question of whether these reflect a common etiology or rather common consequence of these diseases. The interpretation is hampered by the low number and low power for AD, ALS, and stroke with ample opportunity for false positive and false negative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonnechère
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Correspondence:
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Wang K, Zhang C, Zhang B, Li G, Shi G, Cai Q, Huang M. Gut dysfunction may be the source of pathological aggregation of alpha-synuclein in the central nervous system through Paraquat exposure in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 246:114152. [PMID: 36201918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common types of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is Lewy body disease (LBD), which is characterized by excessive accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the neurons and affects around 6 million individuals globally. In recent years, due to the environmental factors that can affect the development of this condition, such as exposure to herbicides and pesticides, so it has become a younger disease. Currently, the vast majority of studies on the neurotoxic effects of paraquat (PQ) focus on the late mechanisms of neuronal-glial network regulation, and little is known about the early origins of this environmental factor leading to LBD. OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of PQ exposure on intestinal function and to explore the key components of communicating the gut-brain axis by establishing a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, C57BL/6J mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg PQ to construct an LBD time-series model, and confirmed by neurobehavioral testing and pathological examination. After PQ exposure, on the one hand, we found that fecal particle counts and moisture content were abnormal. on the other hand, we found that the expression levels of colonic tight junction proteins decreased, the expression levels of inflammatory markers increased, and the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota altered. In addition, pathological aggregation of α-syn was consistent in the colon and midbrain, and the metabolism and utilization of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also markedly altered. This suggests that pathological α-syn and SCFAs form the gut may be key components of the communicating gut-brain axis. CONCLUSION In this PQ-induced mouse model, gut microbiota disruption, intestinal epithelial barrier damage, and inflammatory responses may be the main causes of gut dysfunction, and pathological α-syn and SCFAs in the gut may be key components of the communicating gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Baofu Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ge Shi
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qian Cai
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Min Huang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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Liu W, Lim KL, Tan EK. Intestine-derived α-synuclein initiates and aggravates pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in Drosophila. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:44. [PMID: 36253844 PMCID: PMC9575256 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is a key pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the precise role of intestinal α-syn in the progression of PD is unclear. In a number of genetic Drosophila models of PD, α-syn was frequently ectopically expressed in the neural system to investigate the pathobiology. Method We investigated the potential role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathogenesis using a Drosophila model. Human α-syn was overexpressed in Drosophila guts, and life span, survival, immunofluorescence and climbing were evaluated. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining were performed to assess the effects of intestinal α-syn on intestinal dysplasia. High‐throughput RNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, quantitative RT‐PCR, immunofluorescence, and ROS staining were performed to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. Results We found that the intestinal α-syn alone recapitulated many phenotypic and pathological features of PD, including impaired life span, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and progressive motor defects. The intestine-derived α-syn disrupted intestinal homeostasis and accelerated the onset of intestinal ageing. Moreover, intestinal expression of α-syn induced dysbiosis, while microbiome depletion was efficient to restore intestinal homeostasis and ameliorate the progression of PD. Intestinal α-syn triggered ROS, and eventually led to the activation of the dual oxidase (DUOX)–ROS–Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway. In addition, α-syn from both the gut and the brain synergized to accelerate the progression of PD. Conclusions The intestinal expression of α-syn recapitulates many phenotypic and pathologic features of PD, and induces dysbiosis that aggravates the pathology through the DUOX–ROS–JNK pathway in Drosophila. Our findings provide new insights into the role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Research, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012289. [PMID: 36293176 PMCID: PMC9603886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the Central Nervous System, the so-called gut microbiota brain axis (GMBA), deeply affects brain function and has an important impact on the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), gastrointestinal symptoms often precede the onset of motor and non-motor manifestations, and alterations in the GM composition accompany disease pathogenesis. Several studies have been conducted to unravel the role of dysbiosis and intestinal permeability in PD onset and progression, but the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of GM modifying approaches remain to be fully elucidated. After a brief introduction on the involvement of GMBA in the disease, we present evidence for GM alterations and leaky gut in PD patients. According to these data, we then review the potential of GM-based signatures to serve as disease biomarkers and we highlight the emerging role of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, dietary interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation as supportive therapeutic approaches in PD. Finally, we analyze the mutual influence between commonly prescribed PD medications and gut-microbiota, and we offer insights on the involvement also of nasal and oral microbiota in PD pathology, thus providing a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the role of microbial features in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Chen KH, Lin HS, Li YC, Sung PH, Chen YL, Yin TC, Yip HK. Synergic Effect of Early Administration of Probiotics and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Alleviating Inflammation-Induced Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911974. [PMID: 36233275 PMCID: PMC9570240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that probiotics enhanced the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) on alleviating neuropathic pain (NP) due to chronic constriction injury (CCI) mainly through regulating the microbiota in rats. SD rats (n = 50) were categorized into group 1 (sham-control), group 2 (NP), group 3 (NP + probiotics (i.e., 1.5 billion C.F.U./day/rat, orally 3 h after NP procedure, followed by QOD 30 times)), group 4 (NP + ADMSCs (3.0 × 105 cells) 3 h after CCI procedure, followed by QOD six times (i.e., seven times in total, i.e., mimic a clinical setting of drug use) and group 5 (NP + probiotics + ADMSCs (3.0 × 105 cells)) and euthanized by day 60 after NP induction. By day 28 after NP induction, flow-cytometric analysis showed circulating levels of early (AN-V+/PI−) and late (AN-V+/PI+) apoptotic, and three inflammatory (CD11b-c+, Ly6G+ and MPO+) cells were lowest in group 1 and significantly progressively reduced in groups 2 to 5 (all p < 0.0001). By days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 60 after CCI, the thresholds of thermal paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) were highest in group 1 and significantly progressively increased in groups 2 to 5 (all p < 0.0001). Numbers of pain-connived cells (Nav1.8+/peripherin+, p-ERK+/peripherin+, p-p38+/peripherin+ and p-p38+/NF200+) and protein expressions of inflammatory (p-NF-κB, IL-1ß, TNF-α and MMP-9), apoptotic (cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP), oxidative-stress (NOX-1, NOX-2), DNA-damaged (γ-H2AX) and MAPK-family (p-P38, p-JNK, p-ERK1/2) biomarkers as well as the protein levels of Nav.1.3, Nav.1.8, and Nav.1.9 in L4-L5 in dorsal root ganglia displayed an opposite pattern of mechanical PWT among the groups (all p < 0.0001). In conclusion, combined probiotic and ADMSC therapy was superior to merely one for alleviating CCI-induced NP mainly through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sheng Lin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Center of Cell Therapy, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Cheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (T.-C.Y.); (H.-K.Y.)
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361028, China
- Correspondence: (T.-C.Y.); (H.-K.Y.)
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Raj K, Singh S, Chib S, Mallan S. Microbiota- Brain-Gut-Axis Relevance to Parkinson's Disease: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3049-3067. [PMID: 36200207 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666221003112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common type of neurogenerative disease among middleaged and older people, characterized by aggregation of alpha-synuclein and dopaminergic neuron loss. The microbiota- gut-brain axis is a dynamic bidirectional communication network and is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. The aggregation of misfolded protein alpha-synuclein is a neuropathological characteristic of PD, originates in the gut and migrates to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus nerve and olfactory bulb. The change in the architecture of gut microbiota increases the level short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other metabolites, acting on the neuroendocrine system and modulating the concentrations of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and other neurotransmitters. It also alters the vagus and intestinal signalling, influencing the brain and behaviour by activating microglia and systemic cytokines. Both experimental and clinical reports indicate the role of intestinal dysbiosis and microbiota host interaction in neurodegeneration. Probiotics are live microorganisms that modify the gut microbiota in the small intestine to avoid neurological diseases. Probiotics have been shown in clinical and preclinical studies to be effective in the treatment of PD by balancing the gut microbiota. In this article, we described the role of gut-microbiota in the pathogenesis of PD. The article aims to explore the mechanistic strategy of the gut-brain axis and its relation with motor impairment and the use of probiotics to maintain gut microbial flora and prevent PD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadga Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Sudhanshu Mallan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
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Du Y, Li Y, Xu X, Li R, Zhang M, Cui Y, Zhang L, Wei Z, Wang S, Tuo H. Probiotics for constipation and gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 103:92-97. [PMID: 36087572 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Constipation is one of the common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease that significantly impacts patient quality of life. Probiotics supplementation may improve constipation symptoms, but its effect on the gut microbiota population is unclear. METHODS In this randomized controlled study, 46 PD patients with constipation according to Rome Ⅲ criteria were recruited. The number of complete bowel movements per week, degree of defecation effort, Bristol stool Scale (BSS), Patient Assessment of Constipation symptom (PAC-SYM) and Patient assessment of constipation quality of life questionnaire (PAC-QOL) were collected pre- and post-intervention to evaluate the constipation symptoms. In addition, fresh feces of subjects before and after intervention and healthy controls were collected for 16s rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing to compare bacterial flora differences. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the treatment group increased the average number of complete bowel movements per week (1.09 ± 1.24 vs. 0.04 ± 0.64, P < 0.001). Probiotics supplementation reduced the BSS score (0.65 ± 0.93 vs. -0.17 ± 0.94, P = 0.004), PAC-SYM score (4.09 ± 6.31 vs. -1.83 ± 4.14, P < 0.001), PAC-QOL score (10.65 ± 16.53 vs. 0.57 ± 12.82, P = 0.042), and degree of defecation effort score (1.00 ± 0.80 vs. 0.00 ± 0.30, P < 0.001). The improvement rate of constipation in the probiotics group was significantly higher than that in the control group (52.2% vs. 8.7%, P = 0.001). PD patients showed intestinal flora disorders compared to healthy controls. After 12 weeks of probiotics treatment, g_Christensenella_sp._Marseille-P2437 significantly increased, while g_Eubacterium_oxidoreducens_group, g_Eubacterium_hallii_group and s_Odoribacter_sp._N54.MGS-14 decreased (p < 0 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Probiotics treatment can effectively improve the constipation symptoms of PD patients and positively affected the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingkai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiya Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Houzhen Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Gordon J, Lockard G, Monsour M, Alayli A, Choudhary H, Borlongan CV. Sequestration of Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease via Stem Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710138. [PMID: 36077534 PMCID: PMC9456021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Insidious and progressive, this disorder is secondary to the gradual loss of dopaminergic signaling and worsening neuroinflammation, affecting patients’ motor capabilities. Gold standard treatment includes exogenous dopamine therapy in the form of levodopa–carbidopa, or surgical intervention with a deep brain stimulator to the subcortical basal ganglia. Unfortunately, these therapies may ironically exacerbate the already pro-inflammatory environment. An alternative approach may involve cell-based therapies. Cell-based therapies, whether endogenous or exogenous, often have anti-inflammatory properties. Alternative strategies, such as exercise and diet modifications, also appear to play a significant role in facilitating endogenous and exogenous stem cells to induce an anti-inflammatory response, and thus are of unique interest to neuroinflammatory conditions including Parkinson’s disease. Treating patients with current gold standard therapeutics and adding adjuvant stem cell therapy, alongside the aforementioned lifestyle modifications, may ideally sequester inflammation and thus halt neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Gordon
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Gavin Lockard
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Molly Monsour
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Adam Alayli
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Hassan Choudhary
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Onaolapo AY, Ojo FO, Olofinnade AT, Falade J, Lawal IA, Onaolapo OJ. Microbiome-Based Therapies in Parkinson's Disease: Can Tuning the Microbiota Become a Viable Therapeutic Strategy? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-126136. [PMID: 36056826 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220903114559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) have continued to baffle medical science, despite strides in the understanding of their pathology. The inability of currently available therapies to halt disease progression is a testament to an incomplete understanding of pathways crucial to disease initiation, progression and management. Science has continued to link the activities and equilibrium of the gut microbiome to the health and proper functioning of brain neurons. They also continue to stir interest in the potential applications of technologies that may shift the balance of the gut microbiome towards achieving a favourable outcome in PD management. There have been suggestions that an improved understanding of the roles of the gut microbiota is likely to lead to the emergence of an era where their manipulation becomes a recognized strategy for PD management. This review examines the current state of our journey in the quest to understand how the gut microbiota can influence several aspects of PD. We highlight the relationship between the gut microbiome/microbiota and PD pathogenesis, as well as preclinical and clinical evidence evaluating the effect of postbiotics, probiotics and prebiotics in PD management. This is with a view to ascertaining if we are at the threshold of discovering the application of a usable tool in our quest for disease modifying therapies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Folusho O Ojo
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Olofinnade
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos State
| | - Joshua Falade
- Department of Mental Health, Afe-Babalola University Ado-Ekiti Ekiti State Nigeria
| | - Ismail A Lawal
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences. Alhikmah University Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Poluektova EU, Mavletova DA, Odorskaya MV, Marsova MV, Klimina KM, Koshenko TA, Yunes RA, Danilenko VN. Comparative Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Analysis of the Limosilactobacillus fermentum U-21 Strain Promising for the Creation of a Pharmabiotic. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422090125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thangaleela S, Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Bharathi M, Chaiyasut C. Role of the Gut-Brain Axis, Gut Microbial Composition, Diet, and Probiotic Intervention in Parkinson's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1544. [PMID: 36013962 PMCID: PMC9412530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disease, affecting 1% of seniors worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) is one of the key access controls for most diseases and disorders. Disturbance in the GM creates an imbalance in the function and circulation of metabolites, resulting in unhealthy conditions. Any dysbiosis could affect the function of the gut, consequently disturbing the equilibrium in the intestine, and provoking pro-inflammatory conditions in the gut lumen, which send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus enteric nervous system, possibly disturbing the blood-brain barrier. The neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain cause accumulation of α-syn, and progressively develop PD. An important aspect of understanding and treating the disease is access to broad knowledge about the influence of dietary supplements on GM. Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic supplementation improves the function of the CNS, and improves the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Probiotic supplementation could be an adjuvant therapeutic method to manage PD. This review summarizes the role of GM in health, the GM-brain axis, the pathogenesis of PD, the role of GM and diet in PD, and the influence of probiotic supplementation on PD. The study encourages further detailed clinical trials in PD patients with probiotics, which aids in determining the involvement of GM, intestinal mediators, and neurological mediators in the treatment or management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Thangaleela
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Periyanaina Kesika
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Muruganantham Bharathi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.T.); (P.K.); (M.B.)
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Bai X, Batallé G, Balboni G, Pol O. Hydrogen Sulfide Increases the Analgesic Effects of µ- and δ-Opioid Receptors during Neuropathic Pain: Pathways Implicated. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071321. [PMID: 35883812 PMCID: PMC9311550 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) increases the analgesic actions of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) in inflammatory pain. However, the possible improvement of the analgesia of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and DOR agonists during neuropathic pain, through pretreatment with two slow-releasing H2S donors—DADS (diallyl disulfide) and GYY4137 (morpholin-4-ium 4-methoxyphenyl(morpholino) phosphinodithioate dichloromethane complex)—is still unknown. In male C57BL/6J mice with neuropathic pain incited by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (CCI), we evaluated: (1) the influence of DADS (3.5 mg/kg) and GYY4137 (0.7 mg/kg) on the inhibition of the allodynia and hyperalgesia produced by the systemic or local administration of morphine (3 mg/kg or 65 µg) and UFP-512 (1 mg/kg or 12.5 µg); (2) the reversion of the antinociceptive actions of high doses of DADS (30 mg/kg) and GYY4137 (24 mg/kg) with MOR and DOR antagonists; and (3) the effects of H2S donors on oxidative stress, apoptotic responses, and MOR and DOR expression in the medial septum (MS) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The results revealed that both DADS and GYY4137 improved the antiallodynic effects of morphine and UFP-512, possibly by up-regulating MOR and DOR expression in DRG. The administration of MOR and DOR antagonists blocked the analgesic properties of DADS and GYY4137, revealing the feasible participation of the endogenous opioid system in H2S analgesic effects. Moreover, both H2S donors inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis generated by CCI in the MS and/or DRG. This study suggests the co-treatment of H2S donors with MOR or DOR agonists as a potential therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (X.B.); (G.B.)
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Batallé
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (X.B.); (G.B.)
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Olga Pol
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (X.B.); (G.B.)
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-619-757-054
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Kowalska E, Ziarno M, Ekielski A, Żelaziński T. Materials Used for the Microencapsulation of Probiotic Bacteria in the Food Industry. Molecules 2022; 27:3321. [PMID: 35630798 PMCID: PMC9142984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics and probiotic therapy have been rapidly developing in recent years due to an increasing number of people suffering from digestive system disorders and diseases related to intestinal dysbiosis. Owing to their activity in the intestines, including the production of short-chain fatty acids, probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria can have a significant therapeutic effect. The activity of probiotic strains is likely reduced by their loss of viability during gastrointestinal transit. To overcome this drawback, researchers have proposed the process of microencapsulation, which increases the resistance of bacterial cells to external conditions. Various types of coatings have been used for microencapsulation, but the most popular ones are carbohydrate and protein microcapsules. Microencapsulating probiotics with vegetable proteins is an innovative approach that can increase the health value of the final product. This review describes the different types of envelope materials that have been used so far for encapsulating bacterial biomass and improving the survival of bacterial cells. The use of a microenvelope has initiated the controlled release of bacterial cells and an increase in their activity in the large intestine, which is the target site of probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kowalska
- Department of Technology and Food Evaluation, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Ziarno
- Department of Technology and Food Evaluation, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Ekielski
- Department of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.); (T.Ż.)
| | - Tomasz Żelaziński
- Department of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (A.E.); (T.Ż.)
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Gubert C, Gasparotto J, H. Morais L. Convergent pathways of the gut microbiota-brain axis and neurodegenerative disorders. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac017. [PMID: 35582476 PMCID: PMC9109005 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has been uncovering the role of the gut microbiota for brain health and disease. These studies highlight the role of gut microbiota on regulating brain function and behavior through immune, metabolic, and neuronal pathways. In this review we provide an overview of the gut microbiota axis pathways to lay the groundwork for upcoming sessions on the links between the gut microbiota and neurogenerative disorders. We also discuss how the gut microbiota may act as an intermediate factor between the host and the environment to mediate disease onset and neuropathology. Based on the current literature, we further examine the potential for different microbiota-based therapeutic strategies to prevent, to modify, or to halt the progress of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gubert
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Livia H. Morais
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Lee SHF, Ahmad SR, Lim YC, Zulkipli IN. The Use of Probiotic Therapy in Metabolic and Neurological Diseases. Front Nutr 2022; 9:887019. [PMID: 35592636 PMCID: PMC9110960 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.887019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is home to trillions of microbes that interact with host cells to influence and contribute to body functions. The number of scientific studies focusing on the gut microbiome has exponentially increased in recent years. Studies investigating factors that may potentially affect the gut microbiome and may be used for therapeutic purposes in diseases where dysbioses in the gut microbiome have been shown are of particular interest. This review compiles current evidence available in the scientific literature on the use of probiotics to treat metabolic diseases and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) to analyze the efficacy of probiotics in these diseases. To do this, we must first define the healthy gut microbiome before looking at the interplay between the gut microbiome and diseases, and how probiotics affect this interaction. In metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, probiotic supplementation positively impacts pathological parameters. Conversely, the gut–brain axis significantly impacts neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASDs. However, manipulating the gut microbiome and disease symptoms using probiotics has less pronounced effects on neurodevelopmental diseases. This may be due to a more complex interplay between genetics and the environment in these diseases. In conclusion, the use of microbe-based probiotic therapy may potentially have beneficial effects in ameliorating the pathology of various diseases. Validation of available data for the development of personalized treatment regimens for affected patients is still required.
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Liu X, Du ZR, Wang X, Sun XR, Zhao Q, Zhao F, Wong WT, Wong KH, Dong XL. Polymannuronic acid prebiotic plus Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic as a novel synbiotic promoted their separate neuroprotection against Parkinson’s disease. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Becker A, Schmartz GP, Gröger L, Grammes N, Galata V, Philippeit H, Weiland J, Ludwig N, Meese E, Tierling S, Walter J, Schwiertz A, Spiegel J, Wagenpfeil G, Faßbender K, Keller A, Unger MM. Effects of Resistant Starch on Symptoms, Fecal Markers, and Gut Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease - The RESISTA-PD Trial. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:274-287. [PMID: 34839011 PMCID: PMC9684155 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiota is linked to multiple diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Abundance of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and fecal SCFA concentrations are reduced in PD. SCFAs exert various beneficial functions in humans. In the interventional, monocentric, open-label clinical trial "Effects of Resistant Starch on Bowel Habits, Short Chain Fatty Acids and Gut Microbiota in Parkinson'sDisease" (RESISTA-PD; ID: NCT02784145), we aimed at altering fecal SCFAs by an 8-week prebiotic intervention with resistant starch (RS). We enrolled 87 subjects in three study-arms: 32 PD patients received RS (PD + RS), 30 control subjects received RS, and 25 PD patients received solely dietary instructions. We performed paired-end 100 bp length metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples using the BGISEQ platform at an average of 9.9 GB. RS was well-tolerated. In the PD + RS group, fecal butyrate concentrations increased significantly, and fecal calprotectin concentrations dropped significantly after 8 weeks of RS intervention. Clinically, we observed a reduction in non-motor symptom load in the PD + RS group. The reference-based analysis of metagenomes highlighted stable alpha-diversity and beta-diversity across the three groups, including bacteria producing SCFAs. Reference-free analysis suggested punctual, yet pronounced differences in the metagenomic signature in the PD + RS group. RESISTA-PD highlights that a prebiotic treatment with RS is safe and well-tolerated in PD. The stable alpha-diversity and beta-diversity alongside altered fecal butyrate and calprotectin concentrations call for long-term studies, also investigating whether RS is able to modify the clinical course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouck Becker
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Laura Gröger
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Grammes
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Valentina Galata
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hannah Philippeit
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Ludwig
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Spiegel
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wagenpfeil
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Faßbender
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marcus M. Unger
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany,Corresponding author.
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Perez Visñuk D, Teran MDM, Savoy de Giori G, LeBlanc JG, de Moreno de LeBlanc A. Neuroprotective Effect of Riboflavin Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria in Parkinsonian Models. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1269-1279. [PMID: 35113305 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03520-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes might contribute to the cascade of events leading Parkinson disease (PD); and vitamins such as riboflavin can exert protection on vulnerable neurons in neurodegenerative conditions. Previously, it was demonstrated that a mixture of lactic acid bacteria (including a riboflavin-producing strain) improved motor skills in a parkinsonian model. The aim of the present work was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of Lactiplantibacillus (L.) plantarum CRL2130, a riboflavin-producing strain in PD models. In vitro, N2a differentiated neurons were exposed the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and treated with intracellular bacterial extracts or commercial riboflavin. In vivo, adult male C57BL/6 mice were injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probenecid, and received orally L. plantarum CRL2130, L. plantarum CRL725 (parent strain that produces low levels of riboflavin) or commercial vitamin. Results showed that when N2a cells were incubated with intracellular extract from L. plantarum CRL2130 maintained the viability, and significantly decreased the release of IL-6 and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), all affected by MPP+. In vivo, the administration of L. plantarum CRL2130 attenuated motor deficits and prevented dopaminergic neuronal death. Decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase of IL-10 in both serum and brain were observed in samples from mice that received L. plantarum CRL2130 compared to MPTP control group (without treatment). In addition, these beneficial effects were similar or improved when compared with animals that received commercial riboflavin. In conclusion, L. plantarum CRL2130 showed a neuroprotective effect in both PD models through anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Perez Visñuk
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000ILC, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Del Milagro Teran
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000ILC, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Graciela Savoy de Giori
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000ILC, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.,Cátedra de Microbiología Superior, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jean Guy LeBlanc
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000ILC, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, T4000ILC, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Klann EM, Dissanayake U, Gurrala A, Farrer M, Shukla AW, Ramirez-Zamora A, Mai V, Vedam-Mai V. The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Relation to Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:782082. [PMID: 35069178 PMCID: PMC8776990 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.782082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein (Lewy bodies) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and other related circuitry, which contribute to the development of both motor (bradykinesia, tremors, stiffness, abnormal gait) and non-motor symptoms (gastrointestinal issues, urinogenital complications, olfaction dysfunction, cognitive impairment). Despite tremendous progress in the field, the exact pathways and mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of this disease remain unclear. However, recent research suggests a potential relationship between the commensal gut bacteria and the brain capable of influencing neurodevelopment, brain function and health. This bidirectional communication is often referred to as the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the onset of non-motor symptoms, such as gastrointestinal manifestations, often precede the onset of motor symptoms and disease diagnosis, lending support to the potential role that the microbiome-gut-brain axis might play in the underlying pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. This review will provide an overview of and critically discuss the current knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease. We will discuss the role of α-synuclein in non-motor disease pathology, proposed pathways constituting the connection between the gut microbiome and the brain, existing evidence related to pre- and probiotic interventions. Finally, we will highlight the potential opportunity for the development of novel preventative measures and therapeutic options that could target the microbiome-gut-brain axis in the context of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Klann
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Upuli Dissanayake
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anjela Gurrala
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew Farrer
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Volker Mai
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Vinata Vedam-Mai
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Kopchak OO, Hrytsenko OY, Pulyk OR. PECULIARITIES OF THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN PATIENTS WITH MIGRAINE COMPARING TO HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:2218-2221. [PMID: 36378698 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202209207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: Analyze the gut microbiome state in patients with migraine (M) and healthy individuals, to assess possible correlations between the detected changes in patients with migraine and the frequency, intensity of headaches, psycho-emotional state of the patients, and their quality of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: 100 objects were enrolled, divided into 2 groups: main - patients with M and control - healthy volunteers. Investigation of the intestinal microbiome was performed by chromato-mass spectrometry. For M patients the following scales were used: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Back Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS Results: In main group increased amount of Alcaligenes spp (p = 0.0061), Clostridium coccoides (p = 0.0021), Clostridium propionicum (p = 0.0287), Eggerthella lenta (p = 0.0138), Pseudonocardia spp (p = 0.0210), Rhodococcus spp (p = 0.0164), Candida spp (p = 0.0079), Micromycetes spp (campesterol) (p = 0.0011) were found. Patients with M had a raised amount of Herpes simplex (p = 0.0305) and endotoxin level (p = 0.0459). Differences in gut microorganisms in both groups were significant. In patients with M negative correlations were observed between Alcaligenes spp ammount and BDI score (r = -0.6226, p =0.007), VAS score (r = -0.489, p = 0.046), headache frequency (r = -0.487, p = 0.046); between the levels of Clostridium coccoides and MIDAS score (r =-0.51, p = 0.035), BDI score (r = -0.54, p = 0.025) and positive correlation between Eggerthella lenta level and VAS score (r =0.4830, p=0.049). CONCLUSION Conclusions: Correlations between changes of gut microbiome and M are promising for further research.
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Singh RP, Shadan A, Ma Y. Biotechnological Applications of Probiotics: A Multifarious Weapon to Disease and Metabolic Abnormality. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:1184-1210. [PMID: 36121610 PMCID: PMC9483357 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of live microorganisms "Probiotics" for health benefits and well-being is increasing worldwide. Their use as a therapeutic approach to confer health benefits has fascinated humans for centuries; however, its conceptuality gradually evolved with methodological advancement, thereby improving our understanding of probiotics-host interaction. However, the emerging concern regarding safety aspects of live microbial is enhancing the interest in non-viable or microbial cell extracts, as they could reduce the risks of microbial translocation and infection. Due to technical limitations in the production and formulation of traditionally used probiotics, the scientific community has been focusing on discovering new microbes to be used as probiotics. In many scientific studies, probiotics have been shown as potential tools to treat metabolic disorders such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, digestive disorders (e.g., acute and antibiotic-associated diarrhea), and allergic disorders (e.g., eczema) in infants. However, the mechanistic insight of strain-specific probiotic action is still unknown. In the present review, we analyzed the scientific state-of-the-art regarding the mechanisms of probiotic action, its physiological and immuno-modulation on the host, and new direction regarding the development of next-generation probiotics. We discuss the use of recently discovered genetic tools and their applications for engineering the probiotic bacteria for various applications including food, biomedical applications, and other health benefits. Finally, the review addresses the future development of biological techniques in combination with clinical and preclinical studies to explain the molecular mechanism of action, and discover an ideal multifunctional probiotic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Prakash Singh
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand India
| | - Afreen Shadan
- Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, Jharkhand India
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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