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Gong G, Ganesan K, Wan Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zheng Y. Unveiling the neuroprotective properties of isoflavones: current evidence, molecular mechanisms and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-37. [PMID: 38794836 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2357701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a wide range of debilitating and incurable brain disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of the nervous system's structure and function. Isoflavones, which are naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemicals, have been found to regulate various cellular signaling pathways associated with the nervous system. The main objective of this comprehensive review is to explore the neuroprotective effects of isoflavones, elucidate the underlying mechanisms, and assess their potential for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Relevant data regarding isoflavones and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases were gathered from multiple library databases and electronic sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Numerous isoflavones, including genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, and formononetin, have exhibited potent neuroprotective properties against various neurodegenerative diseases. These compounds have been found to modulate neurotransmitters, which in turn contributes to their ability to protect against neurodegeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have provided evidence of their neuroprotection mechanisms, which involve interactions with estrogenic receptors, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory properties, anti-apoptotic activity, and modulation of neural plasticity. This review aims to provide current insights into the neuroprotective characteristics of isoflavones and shed light on their potential therapeutic applications in future clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yukai Wan
- Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Xuexu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Zhenxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
| | - Yuzhong Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, China
- Guangdong East Drug and Food and Health Branch, Chaozhou, China
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2
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Wang X, Zhou J, Wang Y, Li X, Hu Q, Luo L, Liu X, Liu W, Ye J. Effect of astrocyte GPER on the optic nerve inflammatory response following optic nerve injury in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29428. [PMID: 38638966 PMCID: PMC11024623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Activated astrocytes are a primary source of inflammatory factors following traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Accumulation of inflammatory factors in this context leads to increased axonal damage and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Therefore, in the present study, we explored the role of the astrocyte G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in regulating inflammatory factors following optic nerve crush (ONC), and analyzed its potential regulatory mechanisms. Overall, our results showed that GPER was abundantly expressed in the optic nerve, and co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP). Exogenous administration of G-1 led to a significant reduction in astrocyte activation and expression of inflammation-related factors (including IL-1β, TNF-α, NFκB, and p-NFκB). Additionally, it dramatically increased the survival of RGCs. In contrast, astrocytes were activated to a greater extent by exogenous G15 administration; however, RGCs survival was significantly reduced. In vitro, GPER activation significantly reduced astrocyte activation and the release of inflammation-related factors. In conclusion, activation of astrocyte GPER significantly reduced ONC inflammation levels, and should be explored as a potential target pathway for protecting the optic nerve and RGCs after TON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Xinqiao Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400032, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Qiumei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Linlin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
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Suzuki H, Fujiwara Y, Ariyani W, Amano I, Ishii S, Ninomiya AK, Sato S, Takaoka A, Koibuchi N. 17β-Estradiol (E2) Activates Matrix Mineralization through Genomic/Nongenomic Pathways in MC3T3-E1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4727. [PMID: 38731947 PMCID: PMC11083456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogen plays an important role in osteoporosis prevention. We herein report the possible novel signaling pathway of 17β-estradiol (E2) in the matrix mineralization of MC3T3-E1, an osteoblast-like cell line. In the culture media-containing stripped serum, in which small lipophilic molecules such as steroid hormones including E2 were depleted, matrix mineralization was significantly reduced. However, the E2 treatment induced this. The E2 effects were suppressed by ICI182,780, the estrogen receptor (ER)α, and the ERβ antagonist, as well as their mRNA knockdown, whereas Raloxifene, an inhibitor of estrogen-induced transcription, and G15, a G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) 1 inhibitor, had little or no effect. Furthermore, the E2-activated matrix mineralization was disrupted by PMA, a PKC activator, and SB202190, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, but not by wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor. Matrix mineralization was also induced by the culture media from the E2-stimulated cell culture. This effect was hindered by PMA or heat treatment, but not by SB202190. These results indicate that E2 activates the p38 MAPK pathway via ERs independently from actions in the nucleus. Such activation may cause the secretion of certain signaling molecule(s), which inhibit the PKC pathway. Our study provides a novel pathway of E2 action that could be a therapeutic target to activate matrix mineralization under various diseases, including osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.F.); (W.A.); (I.A.); (S.I.); (A.K.N.)
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Yuki Fujiwara
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.F.); (W.A.); (I.A.); (S.I.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Winda Ariyani
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.F.); (W.A.); (I.A.); (S.I.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.F.); (W.A.); (I.A.); (S.I.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Sumiyasu Ishii
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.F.); (W.A.); (I.A.); (S.I.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Ayane Kate Ninomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.F.); (W.A.); (I.A.); (S.I.); (A.K.N.)
| | - Seiichi Sato
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.S.); (A.T.)
- Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Hokkaido, Japan; (S.S.); (A.T.)
- Molecular Medical Biochemistry Unit, Biological Chemistry and Engineering Course, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.F.); (W.A.); (I.A.); (S.I.); (A.K.N.)
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Hamed AB, El-Abhar HS, Abdallah DM, Ahmed KA, Abulfadl YS. Prunetin in a GPR30-dependent manner mitigates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via interrupting indoxyl sulfate/TLR4/TRIF, RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL, and RIPK3/PGAM5/DRP-1 crosstalk. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101818. [PMID: 37868646 PMCID: PMC10587762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential health benefits of phytochemicals in preventing and treating diseases have gained increasing attention. Here, we proved that the methylated isoflavone prunetin possesses a reno-therapeutic effect against renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult by activating G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30). After choosing the therapeutic dose of prunetin against renal I/R injury in the pilot study, male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into 5 groups; viz., sham-operated (SO), SO injected with 1 mg/kg prunetin intraperitoneally for three successive days, untreated I/R, I/R treated with prunetin, and I/R treated with G-15, the selective GPR30 blocker, followed by prunetin. Treatment with prunetin reversed the I/R renal injury effect and majorly restored normal renal function and architecture. Mechanistically, prunetin restored the I/R-induced depletion of renal GPR30, an impact that was canceled by the pre-administration of G-15. Additionally, post-administration of prunetin normalized the boosted inflammatory markers indoxyl sulfate, TLR4, and TRIF and abrogated renal cell demise by suppressing necroptotic signaling, verified by the inactivation of p-RIPK1, p-RIPK3, and p-MLKL while normalizing the inhibited caspase-8. Besides, prunetin reversed the I/R-mediated mitochondrial fission by inhibiting the protein expression of PGMA5 and p-DRP-1. All these favorable impacts of prunetin were nullified by G-15. To sum up, prunetin exhibited a significant reno-therapeutic effect evidenced by the enhancement of renal morphology and function, the suppression of the inflammatory cascade indoxyl sulfate/TLR4/TRIF, which turns off the activated/phosphorylated necroptotic trajectory RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL, while enhancing caspase-8. Additionally, prunetin opposed the mitochondrial fission pathway RIPK3/PGMA5/DRP-1, effects that are mediated via the activation of GPR30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B. Hamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dalaal M. Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A. Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Yasmin S. Abulfadl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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Ariyani W, Amano I, Koibuchi N. Isoflavones Mediate Dendritogenesis Mainly through Estrogen Receptor α. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109011. [PMID: 37240356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and G-protein-coupled ER (GPER1) play a crucial role during brain development and are involved in dendrite and spine growth as well as synapse formation. Soybean isoflavones, such as genistein, daidzein, and S-equol, a daidzein metabolite, exert their action through ER and GPER1. However, the mechanisms of action of isoflavones on brain development, particularly during dendritogenesis and neuritogenesis, have not yet been extensively studied. We evaluated the effects of isoflavones using mouse primary cerebellar culture, astrocyte-enriched culture, Neuro-2A clonal cells, and co-culture with neurons and astrocytes. Soybean isoflavone-augmented estradiol mediated dendrite arborization in Purkinje cells. Such augmentation was suppressed by co-exposure with ICI 182,780, an antagonist for ERs, or G15, a selective GPER1 antagonist. The knockdown of nuclear ERs or GPER1 also significantly reduced the arborization of dendrites. Particularly, the knockdown of ERα showed the greatest effect. To further examine the specific molecular mechanism, we used Neuro-2A clonal cells. Isoflavones also induced neurite outgrowth of Neuro-2A cells. The knockdown of ERα most strongly reduced isoflavone-induced neurite outgrowth compared with ERβ or GPER1 knockdown. The knockdown of ERα also reduced the mRNA levels of ER-responsive genes (i.e., Bdnf, Camk2b, Rbfox3, Tubb3, Syn1, Dlg4, and Syp). Furthermore, isoflavones increased ERα levels, but not ERβ or GPER1 levels, in Neuro-2A cells. The co-culture study of Neuro-2A cells and astrocytes also showed an increase in isoflavone-induced neurite growth, and co-exposure with ICI 182,780 or G15 significantly reduced the effects. In addition, isoflavones increased astrocyte proliferation via ER and GPER1. These results indicate that ERα plays an essential role in isoflavone-induced neuritogenesis. However, GPER1 signaling is also necessary for astrocyte proliferation and astrocyte-neuron communication, which may lead to isoflavone-induced neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ariyani
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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6
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Estrogenic flavonoids and their molecular mechanisms of action. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 114:109250. [PMID: 36509337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a major group of phytoestrogens associated with physiological effects, and ecological and social impacts. Although the estrogenic activity of flavonoids was reported by researchers in the fields of medical, environmental and food studies, their molecular mechanisms of action have not been comprehensively reviewed. The estrogenic activity of the respective classes of flavonoids, anthocyanidins/anthocyanins, 2-arylbenzofurans/3-arylcoumarins/α-methyldeoxybenzoins, aurones/chalcones/dihydrochalcones, coumaronochromones, coumestans, flavans/flavan-3-ols/flavan-4-ols, flavanones/dihydroflavonols, flavones/flavonols, homoisoflavonoids, isoflavans, isoflavanones, isoflavenes, isoflavones, neoflavonoids, oligoflavonoids, pterocarpans/pterocarpenes, and rotenone/rotenoids, was summarized through a comprehensive literature search, and their structure-activity relationship, biological activities, signaling pathways, and applications were discussed. Although the respective classes of flavonoids contained at least one chemical mimicking estrogen, the mechanisms varied, such as those with estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, non-estrogenic, and biphasic activities, and additional activities through crosstalk/bypassing, which exert biological activities through cell signaling pathways. Such mechanistic variations of estrogen action are not limited to flavonoids and are observed among other broad categories of chemicals, thus this group of chemicals can be termed as the "estrogenome". This review article focuses on the connection of estrogen action mainly between the outer and the inner environments, which represent variations of chemicals and biological activities/signaling pathways, respectively, and form the basis to understand their applications. The applications of chemicals will markedly progress due to emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence for precision medicine, which is also true of the study of the estrogenome including estrogenic flavonoids.
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Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor GPER: Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:295-320. [PMID: 36662583 PMCID: PMC10153636 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031122-121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The actions of estrogens and related estrogenic molecules are complex and multifaceted in both sexes. A wide array of natural, synthetic, and therapeutic molecules target pathways that produce and respond to estrogens. Multiple receptors promulgate these responses, including the classical estrogen receptors of the nuclear hormone receptor family (estrogen receptors α and β), which function largely as ligand-activated transcription factors, and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPER, which activates a diverse array of signaling pathways. The pharmacology and functional roles of GPER in physiology and disease reveal important roles in responses to both natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in numerous physiological systems. These functions have implications in the treatment of myriad disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the complex pharmacology of GPER and summarizes major physiological functions of GPER and the therapeutic implications and ongoing applications of GPER-targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, and Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Sekikawa A, Wharton W, Butts B, Veliky CV, Garfein J, Li J, Goon S, Fort A, Li M, Hughes TM. Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11921. [PMID: 36233223 PMCID: PMC9570153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40-70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20-30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood-brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- School of Nursing and Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brittany Butts
- School of Nursing and Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cole V. Veliky
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua Garfein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shatabdi Goon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annamaria Fort
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mengyi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Timothy M. Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Dong Q, Hu S, Zou H, Wu T, Shi J, Zhang H, Sheng Y, Sun W, Kong X, Chen L. Decoding microbial genomes to understand their functional roles in human complex diseases. IMETA 2022; 1:e14. [PMID: 38868571 PMCID: PMC10989872 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Complex diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), kidney disease, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cancer have become a major burden to public health and affect more than 20% of the population worldwide. The etiology of complex diseases is not yet clear, but they are traditionally thought to be caused by genetics and environmental factors (e.g., dietary habits), and by their interactions. Besides this, increasing pieces of evidence now highlight that the intestinal microbiota may contribute substantially to the health and disease of the human host via their metabolic molecules. Therefore, decoding the microbial genomes has been an important strategy to shed light on their functional potential. In this review, we summarize the roles of the gut microbiome in complex diseases from its functional perspective. We further introduce artificial tools in decoding microbial genomes to profile their functionalities. Finally, state-of-the-art techniques have been highlighted which may contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the gut microbiome in human complex diseases and promote the development of the gut microbiome-based personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Quanbin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Shixian Hu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversitySun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Huayiyang Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yanhui Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Lianmin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
- Cardiovascular Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouJiangsuChina
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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10
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Gadolinium-based contrast agent accelerates the migration of astrocyte via integrin αvβ3 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5850. [PMID: 35393504 PMCID: PMC8990080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are chemicals injected intravenously during magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the diagnostic yield. Repeated use of GBCAs causes their deposition in the brain. Such deposition may affect various neuronal cells, including astrocytes. In this study, we examined the effect of GBCAs (Omniscan, Magnescope, Magnevist, and Gadovist) on astrocyte migration, which is critical for formation of neurons during development and maintaining brain homeostasis. All GBCAs increased cell migration and adhesion with increased actin remodelling. Knockdown of integrin αvβ3 by RNAi or exposure to integrin αvβ3 inhibitor reduced astrocyte migration. GBCAs increased phosphorylation of downstream factors of αvβ3, such as FAK, ERK1/2, and Akt. The phosphorylation of all these factors were reduced by RNAi or integrin αvβ3 inhibitor. GBCAs also increased the phosphorylation of their downstream factor, Rac1/cdc42, belonging to the RhoGTPases family. Coexposure to the selective RhoGTPases inhibitors, decreased the effects of GBCAs on cell migration. These findings indicate that GBCAs exert their action via integrin αvβ3 to activate the signaling pathway, resulting in increased astrocyte migration. Thus, the findings of the study suggest that it is important to avoid the repeated use of GBCAs to prevent adverse side effects in the brain, particularly during development.
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11
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Ariyani W, Miyazaki W, Amano I, Koibuchi N. Involvement of integrin αvβ3 in thyroid hormone-induced dendritogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938596. [PMID: 36072926 PMCID: PMC9441609 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation and/or modulation of the membrane-associated receptors plays a critical role in brain development. Thyroid hormone (TH) acts on both nuclear receptors (thyroid hormone receptor, TR) and membrane-associated receptors, particularly integrin αvβ3 in neurons and glia. Integrin αvβ3-mediated signal transduction mediates various cellular events during development including morphogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and intracellular metabolism. However, the involvement of integrin αvβ3-mediated TH action during brain development remains poorly understood. Thus, we examined the integrin αvβ3-mediated effects of TH (T3, T4, and rT3) in the neurons and astrocytes using primary cerebellar culture, astrocyte-enriched culture, Neuro-2A clonal cells, and co-culture of neurons and astrocytes. We found that TH augments dendrite arborization of cerebellar Purkinje cells. This augmentation was suppressed by knockdown of integrin αvβ3, as well as TRα and TRβ. A selective integrin αvβ3 antagonist, LM609, was also found to suppress TH-induced arborization. However, whether this effect was a direct action of TH on Purkinje cells or due to indirect actions of other cells subset such as astrocytes was not clarified. To further study neuron-specific molecular mechanisms, we used Neuro-2A clonal cells and found TH also induces neurite growth. TH-induced neurite growth was reduced by co-exposure with LM609 or knockdown of TRα, but not TRβ. Moreover, co-culture of Neuro-2A and astrocytes also increased TH-induced neurite growth, indicating astrocytes may be involved in neuritogenesis. TH increased the localization of synapsin-1 and F-actin in filopodia tips. TH exposure also increased phosphorylation of FAK, Akt, and ERK1/2. Phosphorylation was suppressed by co-exposure with LM609 and TRα knockdown. These results indicate that TRs and integrin αvβ3 play essential roles in TH-induced dendritogenesis and neuritogenesis. Furthermore, astrocytes-neuron communication via TR-dependent and TR-independent signaling through membrane receptors and F-actin are required for TH-induced neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ariyani
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Winda Ariyani, ; Noriyuki Koibuchi,
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Winda Ariyani, ; Noriyuki Koibuchi,
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12
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Huang D, Wang X, Zhu Y, Gong J, Liang J, Song Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wei C. Bazi Bushen Capsule Alleviates Post-Menopausal Atherosclerosis via GPER1-Dependent Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Effects. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:658998. [PMID: 34248622 PMCID: PMC8267998 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.658998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bazi Bushen capsule (BZBS), as a Chinese medicine used to relieve fatigue, has been proven effective for the treatment of atherogenesis through antilipid effects. To investigate the potential mechanism of BZBS in the anti-atherosclerotic effect, Ovx/ApoE-/- mice were applied to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic efficiency and potential mechanism of BZBS. Therapeutic effect was evaluated based on the number of CD68+ and CD3+ cells, the level of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and the ratio of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, as well as increasing ratio of Bcl2/Bax. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were chosen to evaluate the role of GPER1. Treatment with BZBS reduced lipid deposition by reducing the numbers of CD68+ and CD3+ cells, the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and the ratio of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, and increasing the ratio of Bcl2/Bax as compared with the control group. In si-GPER1-treated HUVECs, the anti-apoptotic effect of BZBS was decreased. This study revealed that BZBS exhibited a clear effect against atherogenesis via GPER1-dependent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. We believe that this manuscript is informative and useful for researchers pursuing the related alleviation of post-menopausal AS via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhong Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juexiao Gong
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanfei Song
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiyan Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Linsheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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13
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Hod R, Maniam S, Mohd Nor NH. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Equol (Soy Metabolite) on Breast Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:1105. [PMID: 33669783 PMCID: PMC7922416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is a soy isoflavone metabolite that can be produced by intestinal bacteria. It is lipophilic and resembles natural oestrogens with an affinity to oestrogen receptors. This review is focused on how equol affects breast cancer, as evidenced by in vivo and in vitro studies. Equol is considered chemoprotective in specific endocrine-related pathologies, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and menopausal symptoms. In humans, not everyone can produce equol from gut metabolism. It is postulated that equol producers benefit more than non-equol producers for all the endocrine-related effects. Equol exists in two enantiomers of R-equol and S-equol. Earlier studies, however, did not specify which enantiomer was being used. This review considers equol's type and concentration variations, pathways affected, and its outcome in in vivo and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Hod
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (S.M.); (N.H.M.N.)
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14
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Yuan W, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Bao K, Yu X, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Jiang G, Hong M. Formononetin attenuates atopic dermatitis by upregulating A20 expression via activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113397. [PMID: 32971159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex skin disease with highly heterogeneous inflammation, which ranks among the largest component of the nonfatal diseases worldwide. The medications currently used to treat AD primarily include antihistamines, vitamin D and anti-inflammatory drugs, etc. But, the usage of these drugs is usually accompanied by various side-effects. Formononetin (FMN), a natural active ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, decreases the AD relapse rate, reduces recurring severity incidence and resists the inflammation in the initial stage of AD. However, the underlying mechanism of FMN on repressing the development of AD is still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the potential mechanism of FMN on relieving the initial responses of AD and elucidate its possible therapeutic targets in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-induced mouse model of the initial stage of AD was established in vivo. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells were co-stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) in vitro. The production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay (ELISA). The protein expression was measured through immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The mRNA expression was examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The impact of TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3/A20) was reflected using its small interfering RNA (siRNA). The role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) was explored using its agonist (G1), antagonist (G15) or siRNA (siGPER) in vitro. RESULTS We found that FMN upregulated the expression of A20 protein and mRNA in the initial stage of AD model, especially in the epithelial region of ear tissue, and inhibited the production of TSLP simultaneously. Consistently, FMN significantly upregulated A20 protein and its mRNA expression while reduced TSLP protein and its mRNA expression in vitro, and this effect could be antagonized by A20 siRNA (siA20). Moreover, compared with PPT (ERα agonist) and DPN (ERβ agonist), G1 could significantly increase the expression of A20. In addition, compared with MPP (ERα antagonist) and PHTPP (ERβ antagonist), G15 could markedly reduce the expression of A20. Furthermore, the effects of FMN on A20 were interfered by siGPER and G15 in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that FMN attenuated AD by upregulating A20 expression via activation of GPER. This new strategy might have effective therapeutic potential for AD and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215003, China.
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yijing Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Kaifan Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xuerui Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yifan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, 215003, China.
| | - Min Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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15
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Ariyani W, Miyazaki W, Amano I, Hanamura K, Shirao T, Koibuchi N. Soy Isoflavones Accelerate Glial Cell Migration via GPER-Mediated Signal Transduction Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:554941. [PMID: 33250856 PMCID: PMC7672195 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.554941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean isoflavones, such as genistein, daidzein, and its metabolite, S-equol, are widely known as phytoestrogens. Their biological actions are thought to be exerted via the estrogen signal transduction pathway. Estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol (E2), play a crucial role in the development and functional maintenance of the central nervous system. E2 bind to the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) and regulates morphogenesis, migration, functional maturation, and intracellular metabolism of neurons and glial cells. In addition to binding to nuclear ER, E2 also binds to the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and activates the nongenomic estrogen signaling pathway. Soybean isoflavones also bind to the ER and GPER. However, the effect of soybean isoflavone on brain development, particularly glial cell function, remains unclear. We examined the effects of soybean isoflavones using an astrocyte-enriched culture and astrocyte-derived C6 clonal cells. Isoflavones increased glial cell migration. This augmentation was suppressed by co-exposure with G15, a selective GPER antagonist, or knockdown of GPER expression using RNA interference. Isoflavones also activated actin cytoskeleton arrangement via increased actin polymerization and cortical actin, resulting in an increased number and length of filopodia. Isoflavones exposure increased the phosphorylation levels of FAK (Tyr397 and Tyr576/577), ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), Akt (Ser473), and Rac1/cdc42 (Ser71), and the expression levels of cortactin, paxillin and ERα. These effects were suppressed by knockdown of the GPER. Co-exposure of isoflavones to the selective RhoA inhibitor, rhosin, selective Cdc42 inhibitor, casin, or Rac1/Cdc42 inhibitor, ML-141, decreased the effects of isoflavones on cell migration. These findings indicate that soybean isoflavones exert their action via the GPER to activate the PI3K/FAK/Akt/RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 signaling pathway, resulting in increased glial cell migration. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking studies to examine the binding mode of isoflavones to the GPER revealed the possibility that isoflavones bind directly to the GPER at the same position as E2, further confirming that the effects of the isoflavones are at least in part exerted via the GPER signal transduction pathway. The findings of the present study indicate that isoflavones may be an effective supplement to promote astrocyte migration in developing and/or injured adult brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Ariyani
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Hanamura
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shirao
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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16
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Petrine JCP, Del Bianco-Borges B. The influence of phytoestrogens on different physiological and pathological processes: An overview. Phytother Res 2020; 35:180-197. [PMID: 32780464 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional foods have nutritional properties and organic functions, which are beneficial to health. Certain types of functional food components are so-called phytoestrogens, non-steroidal compounds derived from the metabolism of precursors contained in plants, which originate secondary metabotypes known to induce biological responses and by mimicry or modulating the action of endogenous estrogen. These molecules are involved in several physiological and pathological processes related to reproduction, bone remodeling, skin, cardiovascular, nervous, immune systems, and metabolism. This review aimed to present an overview of phytoestrogens regarding their chemical structure, actions, and effects in the organism given several pathologies. Several studies have demonstrated beneficial phytoestrogen actions, such as lipid profile improvement, cognitive function, menopause, oxidative stress, among others. Phytoestrogens effects are not completely elucidated, being necessary future research to understand the exact action mechanisms, whether they are via estrogen receptor or whether other hidden mechanisms produce these effects. Thus, this review makes a general approach to the phytoestrogen actions, beneficial effects, risk and limitations. However, the complexities of biological effects after ingestion of phytoestrogens and the differences in their metabolism and bioavailability indicate that interpretation of either risk or benefits needs to be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica C P Petrine
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brasil
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17
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Yu M, Qi H, Gao X. Daidzein promotes milk synthesis and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells via the estrogen receptor α-dependent NFκB1 activation. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 33:43-52. [PMID: 32401613 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1763376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones possess a wide range of physiological effects. However, it is still unclear whether isoflavones can promote milk synthesis in mammary gland. This study aimed to determine the effects of a main soy isoflavone, daidzein, on milk synthesis and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and reveal the underlying molecular mechanism. Primary bovine MECs were treated with different concentrations of daidzein (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μM). Daidzein dose-dependently promoted α- and β-casein and lipid synthesis, cell cycle transition, and cell amount, with the best stimulatory effect at 20 μM. Daidzein also stimulated mTOR activation and Cyclin D1 and SREBP-1c expression. Daidzein induced the expression and nuclear localization of estrogen receptor α (ERα), and ERα knockdown blocked the stimulation of daidzein on these above signaling pathways. ERα knockdown also abolished the stimulation of daidzein on NFκB1 expression and phosphorylation, and NFκB1 was required for daidzein to enhance the mTOR, Cyclin D1 and SREBP-1c signaling pathways. In summary, our findings reveal that daidzein stimulates milk synthesis and proliferation of MECs via the ERα-dependent NFκB1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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