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Canale P, Borghini A. Mitochondrial microRNAs: New Emerging Players in Vascular Senescence and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6620. [PMID: 38928325 PMCID: PMC11204228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play an important role by controlling gene expression in the cytoplasm in almost all biological pathways. Recently, scientists discovered that miRNAs are also found within mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of cells. These mitochondrial miRNAs, known as mitomiRs, can originate from the nuclear or mitochondrial genome, and they are pivotal in controlling mitochondrial function and metabolism. New insights indicate that mitomiRs may influence key aspects of the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, especially concerning mitochondrial function and metabolic regulation. While the importance of mitochondria in cardiovascular health and disease is well-established, our understanding of mitomiRs' specific functions in crucial biological pathways, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, is still in its early stages. Through this review, we aimed to delve into the mechanisms of mitomiR generation and their impacts on mitochondrial metabolic pathways within the context of vascular cell aging and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The relatively unexplored field of mitomiR biology holds promise for future research investigations, with the potential to yield novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Canale
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Feng Z, Wang Y, Fu Z, Liao J, Liu H, Zhou M. Exploring the Causal Effects of Mineral Metabolism Disorders on Telomere and Mitochondrial DNA: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1417. [PMID: 38794655 PMCID: PMC11123946 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the causal relationships between mineral metabolism disorders, representative of trace elements, and key aging biomarkers: telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN). Utilizing bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in combination with the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method, we explored the causal relationships between mineral metabolism disorders and these aging indicators. Sensitivity analysis can be used to determine the reliability and robustness of the research results. The results confirmed that a positive causal relationship was observed between mineral metabolism disorders and TL (p < 0.05), while the causal relationship with mtDNA-CN was not significant (p > 0.05). Focusing on subgroup analyses of specific minerals, our findings indicated a distinct positive causal relationship between iron metabolism disorders and both TL and mtDNA-CN (p < 0.05). In contrast, disorders in magnesium and phosphorus metabolism did not exhibit significant causal effects on either aging biomarker (p > 0.05). Moreover, reverse MR analysis did not reveal any significant causal effects of TL and mtDNA-CN on mineral metabolism disorders (p > 0.05). The combination of 2SLS with MR analysis further reinforced the positive causal relationship between iron levels and both TL and mtDNA-CN (p < 0.05). Notably, the sensitivity analysis did not indicate significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity within these causal relationships (p > 0.05). These findings highlight the pivotal role of iron metabolism in cellular aging, particularly in regulating TL and sustaining mtDNA-CN, offering new insights into how mineral metabolism disorders influence aging biomarkers. Our research underscores the importance of trace element balance, especially regarding iron intake, in combating the aging process. This provides a potential strategy for slowing aging through the adjustment of trace element intake, laying the groundwork for future research into the relationship between trace elements and healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China or (Z.F.); (Y.W.); (Z.F.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
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Canale P, Campolo J, Borghini A, Andreassi MG. Long Telomeric Repeat-Containing RNA (TERRA): Biological Functions and Challenges in Vascular Aging and Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3211. [PMID: 38137431 PMCID: PMC10740775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction is implicated in vascular aging and shorter leucocyte telomeres are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Another pathophysiological mechanism that explains the causal relationship between telomere shortening and atherosclerosis development focuses on the clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which represents a new and independent risk factor in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Since telomere attrition has a central role in driving vascular senescence, understanding telomere biology is essential to modulate the deleterious consequences of vascular aging and its cardiovascular disease-related manifestations. Emerging evidence indicates that a class of long noncoding RNAs transcribed at telomeres, known as TERRA for "TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA", actively participates in the mechanisms regulating telomere maintenance and chromosome end protection. However, the multiple biological functions of TERRA remain to be largely elucidated. In particular, the role of TERRA in vascular biology is surprisingly unknown. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of TERRA and its roles in telomere biology. Additionally, we outline the pieces of evidence that exist regarding the relationship between TERRA dysregulation and disease. Finally, we speculate on how a comprehensive understanding of TERRA transcription in the cardiovascular system may provide valuable insights into telomere-associated vascular aging, offering great potential for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Canale
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (A.B.)
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jonica Campolo
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20142 Milano, Italy;
| | - Andrea Borghini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (A.B.)
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Borghini A, Mercuri A, Campolo J, Parolini M, Ndreu R, Turchi S, Andreassi MG. Influence of Chromosome 9p21.3 rs1333049 Variant on Telomere Length and Their Interactive Impact on the Prognosis of Coronary Artery Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:387. [PMID: 37754816 PMCID: PMC10531536 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both telomere shortening and the chromosome 9p21.3 (Chr9p21) rs1333049 (G/C) variant are involved in coronary artery disease (CAD) risk, likely affecting mechanisms related to cell cycle arrest and vascular senescence. The aim of the study was to examine the link between Chr9p21 rs1333049 variant and leucocyte telomere length (LTL), as well as their interactive effect on the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). METHODS A cohort of 472 patients with angiographically proven and clinically stable CAD were included in the study. At baseline, the LTL, biochemical parameters, and genotype analysis of Chr9p21 rs1333049 variant were measured in all patients. The primary endpoint of this study was the occurrence of MACE defined as a composite of coronary-related death, nonfatal MI, and coronary revascularization. RESULTS On multivariable linear regression analysis, age (p = 0.02) and Chr9p21 rs1333049 variant (p = 0.002) were the only independent predictors of LTL levels. Carriers of the CC genotype of this SNP had shorter telomeres than GC carriers (p = 0.02) and GG carriers (p = 0.0005). After a follow-up with a mean period of 62 ± 19 months, 90 patients (19.1%) had MACE. Short LTL was an independent prognostic factor of MACE incidence (HR:2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7; p = 0.005) after adjustment for potential confounders. There was a significant interaction (p = 0.01) between the LTL and rs1333049 variant, with patients with risk-allele C and short LTL having a higher risk (HR:5.8; 95% CI: 1.8-19.2; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION A strong relationship between LTL and Chr9p21 rs1333049 variant was identified, and they interactively affect the risk of poor prognosis in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Borghini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (R.N.); (S.T.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Antonella Mercuri
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (R.N.); (S.T.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Jonica Campolo
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy; (J.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Marina Parolini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy; (J.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Rudina Ndreu
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (R.N.); (S.T.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Stefano Turchi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (R.N.); (S.T.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Andreassi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (R.N.); (S.T.); (M.G.A.)
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Gao J, Hou T. Cardiovascular disease treatment using traditional Chinese medicine:Mitochondria as the Achilles' heel. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114999. [PMID: 37311280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), involving the pathological alteration of the heart or blood vessels, is one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide, with an estimated 18.6 million deaths per year. CVDs are caused by a variety of risk factors, including inflammation, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and increased oxidative stress. Mitochondria, the hub of ATP production and the main generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), are linked to multiple cellular signaling pathways that regulate the progression of CVD and therefore are recognized as an essential target for CVD management. Initial treatment of CVD generally focuses on diet and lifestyle interventions; proper drugs or surgery can prolong or save the patient's life. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), a holistic medical care system with an over 2500-year history, has been proven to be efficient in curing CVD and other illnesses, with a strengthening effect on the body. However, the mechanisms underlying TCM alleviation of CVD remain elusive. Recent studies have recognized that TCM can alleviate cardiovascular disease by manipulating the quality and function of mitochondria. This review systematically summarizes the association of mitochondria with cardiovascular risk factors, and the relationships between mitochondrial dysfunction and CVD progression. We will investigate the research progress of managing cardiovascular disease by TCM and cover widely used TCMs that target mitochondria for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Tianshu Hou
- Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital and Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041 China.
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Li Y, Yang S, Jin X, Li D, Lu J, Wang X, Wu M. Mitochondria as novel mediators linking gut microbiota to atherosclerosis that is ameliorated by herbal medicine: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1082817. [PMID: 36733506 PMCID: PMC9886688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1082817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is characterized by endothelial damage, lipid deposition, and chronic inflammation. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of AS by regulating host metabolism and immunity. As human mitochondria evolved from primordial bacteria have homologous characteristics, they are attacked by microbial pathogens as target organelles, thus contributing to energy metabolism disorders, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Therefore, mitochondria may be a key mediator of intestinal microbiota disorders and AS aggravation. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, and bile acids, also affect mitochondrial function, including mtDNA mutation, oxidative stress, and mitophagy, promoting low-grade inflammation. This further damages cellular homeostasis and the balance of innate immunity, aggravating AS. Herbal medicines and their monomers can effectively ameliorate the intestinal flora and their metabolites, improve mitochondrial function, and inhibit atherosclerotic plaques. This review focuses on the interaction between gut microbiota and mitochondria in AS and explores a therapeutic strategy for restoring mitochondrial function and intestinal microbiota disorders using herbal medicines, aiming to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Li
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Min Wu,
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Li YJ, Jin X, Li D, Lu J, Zhang XN, Yang SJ, Zhao YX, Wu M. New insights into vascular aging: Emerging role of mitochondria function. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Vecoli C, Basta G, Borghini A, Gaggini M, Del Turco S, Mercuri A, Gastaldelli A, Andreassi MG. Advanced glycation end products, leukocyte telomere length, and mitochondrial DNA copy number in patients with coronary artery disease and alterations of glucose homeostasis: From the GENOCOR study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1236-1244. [PMID: 35260310 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Alterations of glucose homeostasis can increase advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that exacerbate vascular inflammatory disease and may increase vascular senescence and aging. This study examined the relationships between carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE) with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), as cell aging biomarkers, in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 459 patients with CAD further categorized as having normal glucose homeostasis (NG, n = 253), pre-diabetes (preT2D, n = 85), or diabetes (T2D, n = 121). All patients were followed up for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Plasma concentrations of sRAGE and CML were measured by ELISA. mtDNAcn and LTL were measured by qRT-PCR. CML levels were significantly higher in patients with preT2D (p < 0.007) or T2D (p < 0.003) compared with those with NG. mtDNAcn resulted lower in T2D vs preT2D (p = 0.04). At multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, short LTL (HR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.11-10.1; p = 0.04) and high levels of sRAGE (HR: 2.20; 95% CI: 1.01-5.14; p = 0.04) were associated with an increased risk for MACEs in patients with preT2D and T2D, respectively. T2D patients with both short LTL and high sRAGE levels had the highest risk of MACEs (HR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.11-9.92; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS High levels of sRAGE and short LTL were associated with an increased risk of MACEs, especially in patients with diabetes, supporting the usefulness of both biomarkers of glycemic impairment and aging in predicting cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CAD.
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Yegorov YE, Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Zhuravlev AD, Nikiforov NG, Vishnyakova KS, Orekhov AN. Somatic Mutations of Hematopoietic Cells Are an Additional Mechanism of Body Aging, Conducive to Comorbidity and Increasing Chronification of Inflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040782. [PMID: 35453534 PMCID: PMC9028317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the development of foci of chronic inflammation usually accompanies body aging. In these foci, senescent cells appear with a pro-inflammatory phenotype that helps maintain inflammation. Their removal with the help of senolytics significantly improves the general condition of the body and, according to many indicators, contributes to rejuvenation. The cells of the immune system participate in the initiation, development, and resolution of inflammation. With age, the human body accumulates mutations, including the cells of the bone marrow, giving rise to the cells of the immune system. We assume that a number of such mutations formed with age can lead to the appearance of “naive” cells with an initially pro-inflammatory phenotype, the migration of which to preexisting foci of inflammation contributes not to the resolution of inflammation but its chronicity. One of such cell variants are monocytes carrying mitochondrial mutations, which may be responsible for comorbidity and deterioration in the prognosis of the course of pathologies associated with aging, such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegor E. Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 105043 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander D. Zhuravlev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Khava S. Vishnyakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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Григорян ОР, Фролова ТМ, Михеев РК, Шереметьева ЕВ, Абсатарова ЮС, Ужегова ЖА, Андреева ЕН, Мокрышева НГ. [The dual role of the menopausal hormonal therapy as the enhancer of pleiotropic telomere rejuvenation and the silencer of cellular aging (literature review)]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2022; 68:105-112. [PMID: 35841174 PMCID: PMC9762536 DOI: 10.14341/probl12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Present worldwide healthcare researches prove that female patients are more sensitive to the population aging. Menopause or climacteria (climax) - is not as ageing itself, but a physiological unstoppable process. The main task for a physician is to improve life quality for female despite of ageing problems. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) due to the estrogen component has an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effect and promotes the expression of telomerase, which together changes the homeostasis and integrity of telomeres. The use of MHT for five years or more can not only significantly change the quality of life, but also increase its duration. Literature search was carried out in national (eLibrary, CyberLeninka.ru) and international (PubMed, Cochrane Library) databases in Russian and English. The priority was free access to the full text of articles. The choice of sources was prioritized for the period from 2019 to 2021. However, taking into account the insufficient knowledge of the chosen topic, the choice of sources dates back to 1989.
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Affiliation(s)
- О. Р. Григорян
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | - Т. М. Фролова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | - Р. К. Михеев
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | | | | | - Ж. А. Ужегова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | - Е. Н. Андреева
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии; Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова
| | - Н. Г. Мокрышева
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
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The Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020952. [PMID: 35055137 PMCID: PMC8778138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) mutations are known to participate in the development and progression of some CVD. Moreover, specific types of mitochondria-mediated CVD have been discovered, such as MIEH (maternally inherited essential hypertension) and maternally inherited CHD (coronary heart disease). Maternally inherited mitochondrial CVD is caused by certain mutations in the mtDNA, which encode structural mitochondrial proteins and mitochondrial tRNA. In this review, we focus on recently identified mtDNA mutations associated with CVD (coronary artery disease and hypertension). Additionally, new data suggest the role of mtDNA mutations in Brugada syndrome and ischemic stroke, which before were considered only as a result of mutations in nuclear genes. Moreover, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of mtDNA involvement in the development of the disease.
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12
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Tracy EP, Hughes W, Beare JE, Rowe G, Beyer A, LeBlanc AJ. Aging-Induced Impairment of Vascular Function: Mitochondrial Redox Contributions and Physiological/Clinical Implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:974-1015. [PMID: 34314229 PMCID: PMC8905248 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The vasculature responds to the respiratory needs of tissue by modulating luminal diameter through smooth muscle constriction or relaxation. Coronary perfusion, diastolic function, and coronary flow reserve are drastically reduced with aging. This loss of blood flow contributes to and exacerbates pathological processes such as angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery and microvascular disease. Recent Advances: Increased attention has recently been given to defining mechanisms behind aging-mediated loss of vascular function and development of therapeutic strategies to restore youthful vascular responsiveness. The ultimate goal aims at providing new avenues for symptom management, reversal of tissue damage, and preventing or delaying of aging-induced vascular damage and dysfunction in the first place. Critical Issues: Our major objective is to describe how aging-associated mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction via dysregulated reactive oxygen species production, the clinical impact of this phenomenon, and to discuss emerging therapeutic strategies. Pathological changes in regulation of mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative balance (Section 1) and mitochondrial dynamics of fission/fusion (Section 2) have widespread effects on the mechanisms underlying the ability of the vasculature to relax, leading to hyperconstriction with aging. We will focus on flow-mediated dilation, endothelial hyperpolarizing factors (Sections 3 and 4), and adrenergic receptors (Section 5), as outlined in Figure 1. The clinical implications of these changes on major adverse cardiac events and mortality are described (Section 6). Future Directions: We discuss antioxidative therapeutic strategies currently in development to restore mitochondrial redox homeostasis and subsequently vascular function and evaluate their potential clinical impact (Section 7). Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 974-1015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Paul Tracy
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - William Hughes
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason E Beare
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rowe
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amanda Jo LeBlanc
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Hoffmann J, Richardson G, Haendeler J, Altschmied J, Andrés V, Spyridopoulos I. Telomerase as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1047-1061. [PMID: 33504179 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Shortened telomeres have been linked to numerous chronic diseases, most importantly coronary artery disease, but the underlying mechanisms remain ill defined. Loss-of-function mutations and deletions in telomerase both accelerate telomere shortening but do not necessarily lead to a clinical phenotype associated with atherosclerosis, questioning the causal role of telomere length in cardiac pathology. The differential extranuclear functions of the 2 main components of telomerase, telomerase reverse transcriptase and telomerase RNA component, offer important clues about the complex relationship between telomere length and cardiovascular pathology. In this review, we critically discuss relevant preclinical models, genetic disorders, and clinical studies to elucidate the impact of telomerase in cardiovascular disease and its potential role as a therapeutic target. We suggest that the antioxidative function of mitochondrial telomerase reverse transcriptase might be atheroprotective, making it a potential target for clinical trials. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany (J.H.)
| | - Gavin Richardson
- Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom (G.R.)
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf and Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany (J.H., J.A.)
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf and Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany (J.H., J.A.).,IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (J.A.)
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.A.).,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain (V.A.)
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, United Kingdom (I.S.).,Freeman Hospital, Cardiothoracic Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospital Trust, United Kingdom (I.S.)
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14
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Vecoli C, Borghini A, Andreassi MG. The molecular biomarkers of vascular aging and atherosclerosis: telomere length and mitochondrial DNA 4977 common deletion. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 784:108309. [PMID: 32430098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age is the dominant risk factor for the most prevalent atherosclerotic vascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease and stroke. In human, telomere erosion and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage play a central role in the mechanisms leading to cellular aging decline. This review summarizes the most relevant findings on the role of telomere shortening and the common mtDNA4977 deletion in the progression and evolution of atherosclerosis by combining insight from experimental models and human clinical studies. The current evidence shows a link between telomere erosion and compromised mitochondrial function and provides a new perspective regarding their potential role as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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15
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Pejenaute Á, Cortés A, Marqués J, Montero L, Beloqui Ó, Fortuño A, Martí A, Orbe J, Zalba G. NADPH Oxidase Overactivity Underlies Telomere Shortening in Human Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041434. [PMID: 32093292 PMCID: PMC7073034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere shortening and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Different studies have shown that phagocytic NADPH oxidase is associated with this disease. This study aimed to investigate the association between phagocytic NADPH oxidase and telomere shortening in human atherosclerosis. To assess this potential association, telomere length and phagocytic NADPH oxidase activity were determined by PCR and chemiluminescence, respectively, in a population of asymptomatic subjects free of overt clinical atherosclerosis. We also measured serum 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels (an index of oxidative stress) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. After adjusting them for age and sex, telomere length inversely correlated (p < 0.05) with NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production, with 8-OHdG values, and with carotid IMT. Interestingly, the asymptomatic subjects with plaques have a lower telomere length (p < 0.05), and higher values of plasma 8-OHdG and superoxide production (p < 0.05). These data were confirmed in a second population in which patients with coronary artery disease showed lower telomere length and higher 8-OHdG and superoxide production than the asymptomatic subjects. In both studies, NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production in phagocytic cells was only due to the specific expression of the Nox2 isoform. In conclusion, these findings suggest that phagocytic NADPH oxidase may be involved in oxidative stress-mediated telomere shortening, and that this axis may be critically involved in human atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pejenaute
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.P.); (A.C.); (J.M.); (L.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Ó.B.); (A.M.); (J.O.)
| | - Adriana Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.P.); (A.C.); (J.M.); (L.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Ó.B.); (A.M.); (J.O.)
| | - Javier Marqués
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.P.); (A.C.); (J.M.); (L.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Ó.B.); (A.M.); (J.O.)
| | - Laura Montero
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.P.); (A.C.); (J.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Óscar Beloqui
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Ó.B.); (A.M.); (J.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Fortuño
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Amelia Martí
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Ó.B.); (A.M.); (J.O.)
- Department of Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Ó.B.); (A.M.); (J.O.)
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Zalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.P.); (A.C.); (J.M.); (L.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Ó.B.); (A.M.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence:
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