In Vitro Effects of Vaspin on Porcine Granulosa Cell Proliferation, Cell Cycle Progression, and Apoptosis by Activation of GRP78 Receptor and Several Kinase Signaling Pathways Including MAP3/1, AKT, and STAT3

The role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of psoriasis - a focus on resistin, omentin-1 and vaspin

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin condition with several types of manifestation, including psoriatic arthritis. In recent years, studies have demonstrated multiple molecules and mechanisms that play important roles in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. Studies have been conducted to determine the role of adipokines, bioactive peptides secreted by the adipose tissue, in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. These studies have shown that adipokines are dysregulated in psoriasis and their abnormal expression profile could contribute to the inflammatory mechanisms observed in psoriasis.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory features of resistin, omentin-1, and vaspin, and discuss their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

EXPERT OPINION

The adipokines resistin, omentin, and vaspin appear to be promising therapeutic targets in psoriasis. It is important to seek to block the action of resistin, either by blocking its receptors or by blocking its systemic effects with antibodies. In the case of omentin and vaspin, substances that are receptor mimetics of these adipokines should be sought and studies conducted of their analogues for the treatment of psoriasis. To introduce these therapies into clinical practice, multicentre clinical trials are required to confirm their efficacy and safety after initial studies in animal models.

Diagnostic and therapeutic value of human serpin family proteins

SERPIN (serine proteinase inhibitors) is an acronym for the superfamily of structurally similar proteins found in animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, and archaea. Over 1500 SERPINs are known in nature, while only 37 SERPINs are found in humans, which participate in inflammation, coagulation, angiogenesis, cell viability, and other pathophysiological processes. Both qualitative or quantitative deficiencies or overexpression and/or abnormal accumulation of SERPIN can lead to diseases commonly referred to as "serpinopathies". Hence, strategies involving SERPIN supplementation, elimination, or correction are utilized and/or under consideration. In this review, we discuss relationships between certain SERPINs and diseases as well as putative strategies for the clinical explorations of SERPINs.

Expression and in vitro effect of phoenixin-14 on the porcine ovarian granulosa cells

Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) regulates energy metabolism via the G protein-coupled receptor 173 (GPR173); elevated plasma levels have been described in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. The aims were to investigate the ovarian expression of PNX-14/GPR173 and the in vitro effect of PNX-14 on granulosa cells (Gc) function. Transcript and protein levels of PNX-14/GRP173 were analysed by real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry in the porcine ovarian follicles at days 2-3, 10-12 and 16-18 of the oestrous. For in vitro experiments, Gc were isolated from follicles at days 10-12 of the oestrous (4-6 mm) and PNX-14 at doses 1-1000 nM was added for 24-72 h to determine Gc proliferation. Cell cycle progression, E2 secretion, expression of proliferating cells nuclear antigen, cyclins, mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1; ERK1/2), protein kinase B (AKT) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were studied. The involvement of these kinases in PNX-14 action on Gc proliferation was analysed using pharmacological inhibitors. Levels of GPR173 were increased in the ovarian follicles with oestrous progression, while only PNX-14 protein was the highest at days 10-12 of the oestrous. Immuno-signal of PNX-14 was detected in Gc and theca cells and oocyte, while GPR173 was mostly in theca. Interestingly, PNX-14 stimulated Gc proliferation, E2 secretion, cell cycle progression and cyclins expression and had a modulatory effect on MAP3/1, AKT and STAT3 activation. Our study suggests that PNX-14 could be an important factor for porcine reproduction by influencing ovarian follicle growth through direct action on Gc function.

Spexin role in human granulosa cells physiology and PCOS: expression and negative impact on steroidogenesis and proliferation†

Spexin (SPX) is a novel neuropeptide and adipokine negatively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. A recent study investigated expression and regulatory function of SPX in the hypothalamus and pituitary; however, the effect on ovarian function is still unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of SPX and its receptors, galanin receptors 2 and 3 (GALR2/3), in the human ovary and to study its in vitro effect on granulosa cells (GC) function. Follicular fluid (FF) and GC were obtained from normal weight and obese healthy and diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women. Expression of SPX and GALR2/3 in the ovary was studied by qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The level of SPX in FF was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The in vitro effect of recombinant human SPX on GC proliferation, steroidogenesis, and signaling pathways (MAP3/1, STAT3, AKT, PKA) was analyzed. Moreover, GC proliferation and estradiol (E2) secretion were measured with and without an siRNA against GALR2/3 and pharmacological inhibition of the above kinases. The results showed that both the SPX concentration in FF and its gene expression were decreased in GC of obese and PCOS women, while the protein expression of GALR2/3 was increased. We noted that SPX reduced GC proliferation and steroidogenesis; these effects were mediated by GALR2/3 and kinases MAP3/1, AKT, and STAT3 for proliferation or kinases MAP3/1 and PKA for E2 secretion. The obtained data clearly documented that SPX is a novel regulator of human ovarian physiology and possibly plays a role in PCOS pathogenesis.

ISG15 suppresses ovulation and female fertility by ISGylating ADAMTS1

BACKGROUND

ISGylation is a post-translational protein modification that regulates many life activities, including immunomodulation, antiviral responses, and embryo implantation. The exact contribution of ISGylation to folliculogenesis remains largely undefined.

RESULTS

Here, Isg15 knockout in mice causes hyperfertility along with sensitive ovarian responses to gonadotropin, such as increases in cumulus expansion and ovulation rate. Moreover, ISG15 represses the expression of ovulation-related genes in an ISGylation-dependent manner. Mechanistically, ISG15 binds to ADAMTS1 via the ISG15-conjugating system (UBA7, UBE2L6, and HERC6), ISGylating ADAMTS1 at the binding sites Lys309, Lys593, Lys597, and Lys602, resulting in ADAMTS1 degradation via a 20S proteasome-dependent pathway.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, the present study demonstrates that covalent ISG15 conjugation produces a novel regulatory axis of ISG15-ADAMTS1 that enhances the degradation of ADAMTS1, thereby compromising ovulation and female fertility.

The TH 22-mediated IL-22 deficiency associated with premature ovarian insufficiency

RESEARCH QUESTION

Is deficiency of IL-22 associated with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)?

DESIGN

Levels of IL-22 and IL-22BP, IL-22-producing T cells, and IL22RA1/IL10R2 expression were measured and compared among 29 patients with POI, 42 with precursor stage of POI (pre-POI) and 46 control women. Correlation of serum IL-22 and IL-22⁺ CD4⁺ T subsets with ovarian reserve markers were further analyzed.

RESULTS

IL-22 levels in serum significantly differed among control women and patients with pre-POI and POI, with the lowest concentrations in POI group (p = .019). Significant reduction of peripheral CD4⁺ IL-22⁺ T cells was observed in patients with POI (p = .010), which mainly contributed by decrease of CD4⁺ IL-22⁺ IL-17^- T_H 22 cells (p = .012) but not T_H 17 cells (p = .125). Levels of serum IL-22 and IL-22-producing CD4⁺ T subsets were significantly correlated with ovarian reserve markers, including AMH, bilateral AFC, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and E2 (p < .05). The specific receptor IL22RA1 expression was marginally reduced in granulosa cells from patients with pre-POI (p = .051). No difference of IL-22BP was observed either in serum (p = .216) or follicular fluid (p = .856) among groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study first demonstrated the significant association between T_H 22-mediated IL-22 deficiency and ovarian insufficiency, which provide new insights into the autoimmune disturbance and opens new avenues for exogenous IL-22 administration as potential intervention of POI.

Water-soluble Yb3+, Er3+ codoped NaYF4 nanoparticles induced SGC-7901 cell apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS-mediated ER stress

BACKGROUND

Nanoparticles are potential luminescent probes; among them, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) are currently being developed as fluorescent probes for biomedical applications. However, the molecular mechanisms of UCNP in human gastric cell lines remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to examine UCNP cytotoxicity to SGC-7901 cells and explore its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

The effects of 50-400 μg/mL UCNP on human gastric adenocarcinoma (SGC-7901) cells were investigated. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), intracellular Ca²⁺ levels, and apoptosis. Activated caspase-3 and nine activities were measured; meanwhile, cytochrome C (Cyt C) in the cytosol and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), protein kinase B (Akt), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), 94 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94), calpain-1, and calpain-2 protein levels were also detected.

RESULTS

UCNP inhibited the viability of SGC-7901 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and increased the proportion of cell apoptosis. Exposure to UCNP enhanced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, elevated the level of ROS, decreased ΔΨm, increased intracellular Ca²⁺ and Cyt C protein levels, decreased the levels of phosphorylated Akt, increased the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and upregulated the protein expression of GRP-78, GRP-94, calpain-1 and calpain-2 in SGC-7901 cells.

CONCLUSION

UCNP induced SGC-7901 cell apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, initiating the caspase-9/caspase-3 cascade.

Advances in anti-cancer effects and underlying mechanisms of marine algae polysaccharides

Cancer is a leading cause of death in both developing and developed countries. With the increase in the average global life expectancy, it has become a major health problem and burden for most public healthcare systems worldwide. Due to the fewer side effects of natural compounds than of chemotherapeutic drugs, increasing scientific attention is being focused on the development of anti-cancer drugs derived from natural sources. Marine algae are an interesting source of functional compounds with diverse health-promoting activities. Among these compounds, polysaccharides have attracted considerable interest for many years because of their excellent anti-cancer abilities. They improve the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs with relatively low toxicity to normal human cells. However, there are few reviews summarising the unique anti-cancer effects and underlying mechanisms of marine algae polysaccharides (MAPs). Thus, the current review focuses on updating the advances in the discovery and evaluation of MAPs with anti-cancer properties and the elucidation of their mechanisms of action, including the signalling pathways involved. This review aims to provide a deeper understanding of the anti-cancer functions of the natural compounds derived from medicinal marine algae and thereby offer a new perspective on cancer prevention and therapy with high effectiveness and safety.

High androgen concentrations in follicular fluid of polycystic ovary syndrome women

BACKGROUND

According to current definitions of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), hyperandrogenism is considered as a key element in the pathogenesis of this common endocrinopathy. However, until now, studies about ovarian androgen profile in women are very rare. Our aim was then to characterise the expression profile of the androgens in follicular fluid of 30 PCOS patients, and compare it to those of 47 Control women and 29 women with only polycystic ovary morphology on ultrasounds (ECHO group).

METHODS

A retrospective, single-centre cohort study was performed. The intrafollicular concentrations of the key androgens were assessed and correlated with the intrafollicular levels of some adipokines of interest. Androgens were quantified by mass spectrophotometry combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, while adipokine concentrations were measured by ELISA assays.

RESULTS

In PCOS patients, the intrafollicular concentrations of the androgens synthesised by ovarian theca cells, i.e., 17OH-pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, Δ4-androstenedione and testosterone, were significantly higher than those of the androgens of adrenal origin, and positively correlated with the main PCOS clinical and biological features, as well as with the adipokines mostly expressed in the follicular fluid of PCOS patients, i.e. resistin, omentin, chemerin and apelin. Conversely, Control women showed the highest levels of 17OH-progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol. Confirming these results, apelin levels were negatively associated with pregnenolone and deoxycorticosterone concentrations, while visfatin levels, which were higher in the Control group, negatively correlated with the Δ4-androstenedione and testosterone ones.

CONCLUSIONS

PCOS is characterised by a selective increase in the intrafollicular levels of the androgens synthesised by theca cells, strengthening the hypothesis that ovarian hyperandrogenism plays a central role in its pathogenesis. Further, the significant correlation between the intrafollicular concentrations of the androgens and most of the adipokines of interest, including apelin, chemerin, resistin and omentin, confirms the existence of a close relationship between these two hormonal systems, which appear deeply involved in ovarian physiology and PCOS physiopathology.

New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides

The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones—adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.

Simulated Microgravity Induces the Proliferative Inhibition and Morphological Changes in Porcine Granulosa Cells

Astronauts are always faced with serious health problems during prolonged spaceflights. Previous studies have shown that weightlessness significantly affects the physiological function of female astronauts, including a change in reproductive hormones and ovarian cells, such as granulosa and theca cells. However, the effects of microgravity on these cells have not been well characterized, especially in granulosa cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on the proliferation and morphology of porcine granulosa cells (pGCs). pGC proliferation from the SMG group was inhibited, demonstrated by the reduced O.D. value and cell density in the WST-1 assay and cell number counting. SMG-induced pGCs exhibited an increased ratio of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a decreased ratio of cells in the S and G2/M phase. Western blot analysis indicated a down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4), and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6), leading to the prevention of the G1-S transition and inducing the arrest phase. pGCs under the SMG condition showed an increase in nuclear area. This caused a reduction in nuclear shape value in pGCs under the SMG condition. SMG-induced pGCs exhibited different morphologies, including fibroblast-like shape, rhomboid shape, and pebble-like shape. These results revealed that SMG inhibited proliferation and induced morphological changes in pGCs.

Role of vaspin in porcine ovary: effect on signaling pathways and steroid synthesis via GRP78 receptor and protein kinase A†

Vaspin, visceral-adipose-tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, is involved in the development of obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and energy metabolism. Our previous study showed vaspin expression and its regulation in the ovary; however, the role of this adipokine in ovarian cells has never been studied. Here, we studied the in vitro effect of vaspin on various kinase-signaling pathways: mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein kinase AMP (PRKAA1), protein kinase A (PKA), and on expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB2) as well as on steroid synthesis by porcine ovarian cells. By using western blot, we found that vaspin (1 ng/ml), in a time-dependent manner, increased phosphorylation of MAP3/1, AKT, STAT3, PRKAA1, and PKA, while it decreased the expression of NFKB2. We observed that vaspin, in a dose-dependent manner, increased the basal steroid hormone secretion (progesterone and estradiol), mRNA and protein expression of steroid enzymes using real-time PCR and western blot, respectively, and the mRNA of gonadotropins (FSHR, LHCGR) and steroids (PGR, ESR2) receptors. The stimulatory effect of vaspin on basal steroidogenesis was reversed when ovarian cells were cultured in the presence of a PKA pharmacological inhibitor (KT5720) and when GRP78 receptor was knocked down (siRNA). However, in the presence of insulin-like growth factor type 1 and gonadotropins, vaspin reduced steroidogenesis. Thus, vaspin, by activation of various signaling pathways and stimulation of basal steroid production via GRP78 receptor and PKA, could be a new regulator of porcine ovarian function.

Protective Activity of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Paraquat-Induced Cell Damage in SH-SY5Y Cells

Aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) is a new pharmaceutical compound esterified by aspirin and eugenol, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of AEE on paraquat- (PQ-) induced cell damage of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and its potential molecular mechanism. There was no significant change in cell viability when AEE was used alone. PQ treatment reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. However, AEE reduced the PQ-induced loss of cell viability. Flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were used to evaluate cell apoptosis. Compared with the PQ group, AEE pretreatment could significantly inhibit PQ-induced cell damage. AEE pretreatment could reduce the cell damage of SH-SY5Y cells induced by PQ via reducing superoxide anion, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and increasing the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). At the same time, AEE could increase the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decrease the activity of malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that compared with the control group, the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and Bcl-2 was significantly decreased, while the expression of caspase-3 and Bax was significantly increased in the PQ group. In the AEE group, AEE pretreatment could upregulate the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and Bcl-2 and downregulate the expression of caspase-3 and Bax in SH-SY5Y cells. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the silencing of PI3K by shRNA could weaken the protective effect of AEE on PQ-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, AEE has a protective effect on PQ-induced SH-SY5Y cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway to inhibit oxidative stress.

Review: Vaspin (SERPINA12) Expression and Function in Endocrine Cells

Proper functioning of the body depends on hormonal homeostasis. White adipose tissue is now known as an endocrine organ due to the secretion of multiple molecules called adipokines. These proteins exert direct effects on whole body functions, including lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, and reproduction, whereas changes in their level are linked with pathological events, such as infertility, diabetes, and increased food intake. Vaspin-visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, or SERPINA12 according to serpin nomenclature, is an adipokine discovered in 2005 that is connected to the development of insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation. A significantly higher amount of vaspin was observed in obese patients. The objective of this review was to summarize the latest findings about vaspin expression and action in endocrine tissues, such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adipose tissue, thyroid, ovary, placenta, and testis, as well as discuss the link between vaspin and pathologies connected with hormonal imbalance.

Protegrin-1 Regulates Porcine Granulosa Cell Proliferation via the EGFR-ERK1/2/p38 Signaling Pathway in vitro

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are traditionally known to be essential components in host defense via their broad activities against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Their immunomodulatory properties have also recently received considerable attention in mammalian somatic tissues of various species. However, little is known regarding the role of AMPs in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an antimicrobial peptide which is known to have potent antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and negative bacteria. Here we report that the PG-1 is present in the porcine ovarian follicular fluid. Treatment of granulosa cell with PG-1 enhanced granulosa cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This is accompanied by increased expression of cell-cycle progression-related genes such as cyclin D1(CCND1), cyclin D2 (CCND2), and cyclin B1(CCNB1). Additionally, Western blot analysis showed that PG-1 increased phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the phosphorylated-/total extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 ratio. Pretreatment with either U0126, a specific ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor, or EGFR kinase inhibitor, AG1478, blocked the PG-1 induced proliferation. Moreover, luciferase reporter assay revealed that ETS domain-containing protein-1 (Elk1) C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and the transcription activators downstream of the MAPK pathway, were activated by PG-1. These data collectively suggest that PG-1 may regulate pig granulosa cell proliferation via EGFR-MAPK pathway., Hence, our finding offers insights into the role of antimicrobial peptides on follicular development regulation.

lncRNA‑CASC15 promotes osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis by regulating epithelial‑mesenchymal transition via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare type of tumor and mostly occurs in children and adolescents. Approximately 10–25% of patients with OS have lung metastases, and lung damage caused by lung metastasis is the main cause of mortality. Therefore, studying the growth and metastasis of OS is key in reducing OS mortality and improving prognosis. The expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) cancer susceptibility 15 (CASC15) in OS patients or OS cell lines were quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The expression of vimentin, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and cyclin D were detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Mice were injected with OS cell lines via the tail vein to observe tumor formation in the lung. CCK-8 and EdU assays were utilized to evaluate cell proliferation. Both Ttranswell assay and cell scratch test detected cell migration. The results revealed that lncRNA-CASC15 was highly expressed in clinical samples and OS cells. In vitro verification experiments revealed that CASC15 promoted the growth of OS cells. Rescue experiments demonstrated that CASC15 affected the cell cycle by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby promoting cell proliferation. Furthermore, the transfection dose test indicated that lentiviruses expressing various doses of CASC15-overexpression (oe-CASC15) altered the proliferation and migration status of OS cells. CASC15 promoted OS cell metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. The overexpression of CASC15 revealed that the occurrence of metastasis was also related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The western blotting results revealed that CASC15 could lead to β-catenin entering the nucleus via the Wnt pathway to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of OS cells. To sum up, CASC15 promoted the proliferation of OS cells in vitro and the growth of OS xenograft tumors in vivo. Moreover, CASC15 promoted the entry of β-catenin into the nucleus, thus activating the Wnt pathway and subsequently promoting the EMT of OS cells.

Adipokines change the balance of proliferation/apoptosis in the ovarian cells of human and domestic animals: A comparative review

Adipose tissue secretes multiple hormones termed adipokines, which are important regulators of many processes. There are four types of evidence supporting an association between adipokines and female fertility which are effects that occur: centrally at the pituitary; peripherally and locally at the ovary and reproductive tract; directly on the oocyte/embryo and during pregnancy. In this review, there was a focus on the description of adipokines (leptin, apelin, resistin, chemerin, adiponectin, vaspin and visfatin) on ovarian cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis in comparison to effects on human and domestic animal ovaries including pigs, cattle and chickens. Knowledge about molecules which regulate the balance between proliferation and apoptosis so that these processes are optimal for ovarian function is essential for understanding the physiology and reducing the incidence of infertility. Furthermore, oogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte loss/selection and atresia are important processes for optimal ovarian physiological functions. There, however, is ovulation from only a few follicles, while the majority undergo atresia that is induced by apoptosis.

miR-130a-3p regulates steroid hormone synthesis in goat ovarian granulosa cells by targeting the PMEPA1 gene

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key epigenomic regulators of proliferation, differentiation, and secretion in cells involved in follicular development. We here studied the functional role of one such molecule, miR-130a-3p, in goat ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). High expression of this miRNA was evident in goat GCs by fluorescence in situ hybridization and suppressed estradiol and progesterone secretion from these cells, as determined by ELISA. miR-130a-3p was predicted to have a binding site for the 3' UTR of the prostate transmembrane protein androgen induced 1 gene (PMEPA1), and this was verified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. PMEPA1 mRNA and protein expression were both found to be regulated by miR-130a-3p in GCs. Moreover, the overexpression or knockdown of PMEPA1 enhanced or suppressed estradiol and progesterone secretion from these cells, respectively. Furthermore, the secretion of estradiol and progesterone did not change significantly after the offsetting of PMEPA1 overexpression in GCs by miR-130a-3p. In summary, our present data indicate that miR-130a-3p inhibits the secretion of estradiol and progesterone in GCs by targeting PMEPA1. Our study thus provides seminal data and important new insights into the regulation of reproductive mechanisms in the nanny goat and other female mammals.

Expression and Impact of Vaspin on In Vitro Oocyte Maturation through MAP3/1 and PRKAA1 Signalling Pathways

Oocyte maturation is a critical stage in embryo production and female reproduction. The aims of this study were to determine: (i) the mRNA and protein expression of vaspin and its receptor 78-kDa glucose-regulated (GRP78) in porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, and their localisation by immunofluorescence; and (ii) the effects of vaspin on in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) and the involvement of mitogen ERK1/2 (MAP3/1)- and AMPKα (PRKAA1)-activated kinases in the studied processes. Porcine COCs were matured in vitro for 22 h or 44 h with vaspin at a dose of 1 ng/mL and nuclear maturation assessed by Hoechst 33342 or DAPI staining and the measurement of progesterone (P4) level in the maturation medium. We showed that vaspin and GRP78 protein expression increased in oocytes and cumulus cells after IVM. Moreover, vaspin enhanced significantly porcine oocyte IVM and P4 concentration, as well as MAP3/1 phosphorylation, while decreasing PRKAA1. Using pharmacological inhibitors of MAP3/1 (PD98059) and PRKAA1 (Compound C), we observed that the effect of vaspin was reversed to the control level by all studied parameters. In conclusion, vaspin, by improving in vitro oocyte maturation via MAP3/1 and PRKAA1 kinase pathways, can be a new factor to improve in vitro fertilisation protocols.

Novel Insights on the Corpus Luteum Function: Role of Vaspin on Porcine Luteal Cell Angiogenesis, Proliferation and Apoptosis by Activation of GRP78 Receptor and MAP3/1 Kinase Pathways

Formation and limited lifespan of corpus luteum (CL) are important for proper ovarian periodicity and fertility. Failed vascularization, imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis leads to luteal phase deficiency and infertility. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vaspin on angiogenesis, apoptosis and proliferation as well as the involvement of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein receptor (GRP78) and mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1) in these processes. Porcine luteal cells were incubated with vaspin (0.1-10 ng/mL) for 24 h to 72 h and then mRNA and protein expression of angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), VEGFA receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2), apoptosis: caspase 3, bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX), B-cell lymphoma (BCL2), and proliferation: proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin A factors as well as secretion of VEGFA, FGF2, ANGT1 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Moreover, apoptosis was assessed by caspase activity using the Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay, while proliferation was by alamarBlue. We found that vaspin enhanced luteal cell angiogenesis, proliferation, and significantly decreased apoptosis. Additionally, using GRP78 siRNA and the pharmacological inhibitor of MAP3/1 (PD98059), we observed that the effect of vaspin was reversed to the control level in all investigated processes. Taken together, our results suggest that vaspin is a new regulator of female fertility by direct regulation of CL formation and maintenance of luteal cell function.

Targeting the GRP78 Pathway for Cancer Therapy

The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) plays an important part in maintaining protein stability, regulating protein folding, and inducing apoptosis autophagy, which is considered as a powerful protein. Meanwhile, it also plays a role in ensuring the normal function of organs. In recent years, more and more researches have been carried out on the targeted therapy of GRP78, mainly focusing on its relevant role in tumor and its role as a major modulator and modulator of subordinate pathways. The ability of GRP78 to respond to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) determines whether tumor cells survive and whether the changes in expression level of GRP78 regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) caused by various factors will directly or indirectly affect cell proliferation, apoptosis, and injury, or reduce the body's defense ability, or have protective effects on various organs.

A novel approach combining metabolomics and molecular pharmacology to study the effect of Gei Herba on mouse hematopoietic function

Gei Herba, Chinese named Lanbuzheng (LBZ), is a traditional Chinese medicine promotes hematopoiesis, yet the underlying mechanism for this effect remains largely unknown. In the present study, a novel approach combining LC-MS metabolomics and molecular pharmacology was developed to investigate the hematopoietic effect and mechanism of LBZ on hematopoietic dysfunction (HD) caused by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in treated mice. The results show that LBZ can reduce damage in the spleen, a result consistent with the peripheral hemogram. Fourteen potential biomarkers were identified in the spleen by metabolic profiles analysis, including 5-hydroxymethyluracil, ascorbalamic acid, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, menadiol disulfate, l-homocysteine sulfonic acid and l-carnitine. Change in biomarker levels suggest that LBZ mainly affects β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids, oxidation of branched chain fatty acids and carnitine synthesis, and those metabolites produced along with related metabolic pathways are closely associated with anti-apoptosis. A molecular pharmacology approach was simultaneously developed to examine accompanying cellular signaling mechanisms. LBZ activates PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and granulocyte-colony-stimulating-factor (G-CSF)-mediated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/transcription 3 (STAT3), resulting in inhibiting the release of cytochrome c. Further, LBZ inhibits caspase-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis mediated by caspase-9 and caspase-3. LBZ can thus reduce CTX-induced HD via G-CSF-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling and PI3K/Akt mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways. The present study combines metabolomic and molecular pharmacological methods to elucidate mechanisms for the protective effect of LBZ on mouse HD following CTX-induced damage. This approach may be useful for exploring mechanisms of action of other drugs.

GSK-J4 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via ER stress and the synergism between GSK-J4 and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia KG-1a cells

Background

GSK-J4 is the inhibitor of H3K27me3 demethylase. Recent studies demonstrated that GSK-J4 could affect the proliferation and apoptosis of a variety of cancer cells. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of GSK-J4 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) KG-1a cells have not been explored thoroughly.

Methods

The effect of GSK-J4 on cell proliferation was assessed with CCK8, while cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. The proteins related to cell cycle, cell apoptosis, endoplastic reticulum (ER) stress and PKC-α/p-Bcl2 pathway were detected by Western blotting. The expression level of PKC-α mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time PCR.ER stress inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) was used to explore the role of ER stress in GSK-J4 induced cell-cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. The combination effects of Decitabine and GSK-J4 on KG-1a cells proliferation and apoptosis were also evaluated by CCK8, flow cytometry and immunoblot analysis.

Results

GSK-J4 reduced cell viability and arrested cell cycle progression at the S phase by decreasing the expression of CyclinD1 and CyclinA2 and increasing that of P21. Moreover, GSK-J4 enhanced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (cle-caspase-9 and bax) and inhibited PKC-a/p-Bcl2 pathway to promote cell apoptosis. In addition, ER stress-related proteins (caspase-12, GRP78 and ATF4) were increased markedly after exposure to GSK-J4. The effects of GSK-J4 on cell cycle, apoptosis and PKC-a/p-Bcl2 pathway were attenuated after treatment with ER stress inhibitor. Furthermore, decitabine could significantly inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of KG-1a cells after combined treatment with GSK-J4.

Conclusion

Taken together, this study provided evidence that ER stress could regulate the process of GSK-J4-induced cell cycle arrest, cell apoptosis and PKC-α/p-bcl2 pathway inhibition and demonstrated a potential combinatory effect of decitabine and GSK-J4 on leukemic cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Levels of the neuropeptide phoenixin-14 and its receptor GRP173 in the hypothalamus, ovary and periovarian adipose tissue in rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome

Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly discovered peptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of a small integral membrane protein 20 (Smim20), which acts as an important regulator of energy homeostasis and reproduction. Since dysfunction of reproduction is characteristic in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the role of PNX in pathogenesis of PCOS needs further investigation. The objective of this study was to determine expression of Smim20, PNX-14 and its receptor GRP173 in the hypothalamus, ovary and periovarian adipose tissue (PAT) of letrozole induced PCOS rats. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), protein kinases A (PKA) and B (Akt) were also estimated. We observed that PCOS rats had high weight gain and a number of ovarian cyst, high levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and PNX-14, while low estradiol. Smim20 mRNA expression was higher in the ovary and PAT, while PNX-14 peptide production was higher only in the ovary of PCOS rat. Moreover, in PCOS rats Gpr173 level was lower in PAT but at the protein level increased only in the ovary. Depending on the tissues, kinases phosphorylation were significantly differ in PCOS rats. Our results showed higher levels of PNX-14 in PCOS rats and indicated some novel findings regarding the mechanisms of PCOS pathophysiology.

Genetic variation, adipokines, and cardiometabolic disease

Adipokines are adipocyte-secreted cell signalling proteins that travel to distant target organs and tissues, where they regulate a variety of biological actions implicated in cardiometabolic health. In the past decade, genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genetic variants associated with circulating levels of adipokines, providing new instruments for examining the role of adipokines in cardiometabolic pathologies. Currently, there is limited genetic evidence of causal relationships between adipokines and cardiometabolic disease, which is consistent with findings from randomized clinical trials that have thus far shown limited success for adipokine-based treatments in improving cardiometabolic health. Incorporating human genetic data in early phases of target selection is essential for enhancing the success of adipokine-based therapies for cardiometabolic disease.