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Anan G, Kikuchi D, Hirose T, Ito H, Nakayama S, Mori T. Impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on urolithiasis. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:925-928. [PMID: 37069977 PMCID: PMC10105037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Anan G, Hirose T, Kikuchi D, Takahashi C, Endo A, Ito H, Sato S, Nakayama S, Hashimoto H, Ishiyama K, Kimura T, Takahashi K, Sato M, Mori T. Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 suppresses renal stone formation. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106524. [PMID: 36349594 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nephrolithiasis is a common renal disease with no effective medication. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, an anti-diabetic agent, have diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties and could prevent nephrolithiasis. Here, we investigated the potential of SGLT2 inhibition against nephrolithiasis using large-scale epidemiological data, animal models, and cell culture experiments. METHODS This study included the data of diabetic patients (n = 1,538,198) available in the Japanese administrative database and divided them according to SGLT2 inhibitor prescription status. For animal experiments, renal calcium oxalate stones were induced by ethylene glycol in Sprague-Dawley rats, and phlorizin, an SGLT1/2 inhibitor, was used for the treatment. The effects of SGLT2-specific inhibition for renal stone formation were assessed in SGLT2-deficient mice and a human proximal tubular cell line, HK-2. RESULTS Nephrolithiasis prevalence in diabetic men was significantly lower in the SGLT2 inhibitor prescription group than in the non-SGLT2 inhibitor prescription group. Phlorizin attenuated renal stone formation and downregulated the kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim1) and osteopontin (Opn) expression in rats, with unchanged water intake and urine volume. It suppressed inflammation and macrophage marker expression, suggesting the role of the SGLT2 inhibitor in reducing inflammation. SGLT2-deficient mice were resistant to glyoxylic acid-induced calcium oxalate stone formation with reduced Opn expression and renal damages. High glucose-induced upregulation of OPN and CD44 and cell surface adhesion of calcium oxalate reduced upon SGLT2-silencing in HK-2 cells. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings identified that SGLT2 inhibition prevents renal stone formation and may be a promising therapeutic approach against nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Anan
- Department of Urology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Urology, Yotsuya Medical Cube, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Hirose
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chika Takahashi
- Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akari Endo
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigemitsu Sato
- Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hashimoto
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ishiyama
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Kimura
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Urology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takefumi Mori
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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Anan G, Yoneyama T, Hirose T, Sato M, Mori T, Ohyama C. Aberrant glycosylation of osteopontin in a rat renal stone formation model: A preliminary study. BJUI COMPASS 2022; 4:63-65. [PMID: 36569496 PMCID: PMC9766862 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Go Anan
- Department of UrologyTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan,Department of UrologyYotsuya Medical CubeTokyoJapan
| | - Tohru Yoneyama
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical ResearchHirosaki University School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
| | - Takuo Hirose
- Division of Nephrology and EndocrinologyTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of UrologyTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takefumi Mori
- Division of Nephrology and EndocrinologyTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Chikara Ohyama
- Department of UrologyHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
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Proteomic analysis of inhibitory protein profiles in the urine of children with nephrolithiasis: implication for disease prevention. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:2783-2788. [PMID: 35879498 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study we aimed to screen for the presence of biomarkers that are downregulated in children with nephrolithiasis (RS) compared to healthy controls (HC) using a proteomic approach. We hypothesized that RS and HC would display unique inhibitory protein profiles that could be used for comparative pathway analysis. METHODS This is a prospective, controlled, pilot study of pooled urine from RS (N = 30, 24 females, mean age 12.95 ± 4.03 years) versus age- and gender-matched HC, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The criteria for protein selection were: (1) patient/control abundance ratio of < 0.5; and (2) ≤ 0.05 p-value for the Fisher's Exact Test. Results were confirmed by ELISA testing in individual samples. RESULTS 67 proteins were downregulated in RS group, and 17 of those were significantly different compared to controls. Of those seventeen proteins, five (two actins, annexin A5, keratin 6B, and serpin B4) were completely absent in the urine of stone patients but were found in controls. The remaining twelve proteins were significantly less abundant in the patient's urine compared to healthy controls. Protein-protein interaction modeling of significant proteins identified syndecan-1 as the key node, a protein associated with adhesion pathways. ELISA analysis by subgroups showed statistically significant difference in the urinary excretion of osteopontin (5.1 ± 3.22 ng/mg creatinine vs 14.1 ± 9.5 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.046) between stone patients with hypocitraturia and controls. Urinary osteopontin concentration was positively correlated with urinary citrate excretion (r = 0.417, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Children with RS have a different urinary inhibitory polypeptide profile compared to HC. Decreased urinary excretion of these proteins indicates their potential inhibitory role in renal stone formation, especially of the adhesion phase. Lower concentration of urinary osteopontin in children with nephrolithiasis and hypocitraturia suggests its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease. Further characterization of these proteins in a larger sample is imperative.
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Agudelo J, Fedrigon D, Faris A, Wilkins L, Monga M, Miller AW. Delineating the role of the urinary metabolome in the lithogenesis of calcium-based kidney stones. Urology 2022; 167:49-55. [PMID: 35716870 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the role of the urinary metabolome in the genesis of urinary stone disease (USD). METHODS Untargeted metabolomics was utilized in comparative analyses of calcium-based stones (CBS) and spot urine samples from patients with a history of USD with or without urinary stone activity based on radiologic imaging. Stone and urine metabolomes were stratified by composition and radiographic stone-activity, respectively. Additionally, we quantified highly abundant metabolites that were present in either calcium oxalate (CaOx) or calcium phosphate (CaPhos) stones and also significantly enriched in the urine of active stone formers (SF) compared to non-active SF. These data were used to delineate either a direct involvement of urinary metabolites in lithogenesis or the passive uptake of biomolecules within the stone matrix. RESULTS Urinary metabolomes were distinct based on radiographic stone-activity and the two types of CBS. Stratification by radiologic stone activity was driven by the enrichment of 14 metabolites in the urine of active SF that were also highly abundant in both CaOx and CaPhos stones, indicative of a potential involvement of these metabolites in lithogenesis. Using the combination of these 14 metabolites in total, we generated a model that correctly classified patients as either active vs non-active SF in a prospectively recruited cohort with 73% success. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest specific urinary metabolites directly contribute to the formation of urinary stones and that active SF may excrete higher levels of lithogenic metabolites than non-active patients. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish the causative mechanisms associated with these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Agudelo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Anna Faris
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lamont Wilkins
- Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manoj Monga
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Aaron W Miller
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Hong SY, Xia QD, Xu JZ, Liu CQ, Sun JX, Xun Y, Wang SG. Identification of the pivotal role of SPP1 in kidney stone disease based on multiple bioinformatics analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:7. [PMID: 35016690 PMCID: PMC8751247 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a multifactorial disease involving both environmental and genetic factors, whose pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to explore the hub genes related to stone formation that could serve as potential therapeutic targets. Methods Based on the GSE73680 dataset with 62 samples, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Randall’s plaque (RP) tissues and normal tissues were screened and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify key modules associated with KSD. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed to explore the biological functions. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub genes. Meanwhile, CIBERSORT and ssGSEA analysis were used to estimate the infiltration level of the immune cells. The correlations between hub genes and immune infiltration levels were also investigated. Finally, the top hub gene was selected for further GSEA analysis. Results A total of 116 DEGs, including 73 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated genes, were screened in the dataset. The red module was identified as the key module correlated with KSD. 53 genes were obtained for functional enrichment analysis by taking the intersection of DEGs and genes in the red module. GO analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in extracellular matrix organization (ECM) and extracellular structure organization, and others. KEGG analysis revealed that the pathways of aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, cell adhesion molecules, arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, and ECM-receptor interaction were enriched. Through PPI network construction, 30 hub genes were identified. CIBERSORT analysis revealed a significantly increased proportion of M0 macrophages, while ssGSEA revealed no significant differences. Among these hub genes, SPP1, LCN2, MMP7, MUC1, SCNN1A, CLU, SLP1, LAMC2, and CYSLTR2 were positively correlated with macrophages infiltration. GSEA analysis found that positive regulation of JNK activity was enriched in RP tissues with high SPP1 expression, while negative regulation of IL-1β production was enriched in the low-SPP1 subgroup. Conclusions There are 30 hub genes associated with KSD, among which SPP1 is the top hub gene with the most extensive links with other hub genes. SPP1 might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of KSD, which is expected to become a potential therapeutic target, while its interaction with macrophages in KSD needs further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01157-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Yuan Hong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Dong Xia
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen-Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Xuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xun
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shao-Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Charondo LB, Hamouche F, Sarwal RD, Sarwal MM, Chi T, Stoller ML. A large staghorn stone diagnosed and managed in an asymptomatic patient using the "Kidney Injury Test (Kit)" spot urine assay: A case report. Urol Case Rep 2021; 39:101854. [PMID: 34621621 PMCID: PMC8479636 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2021.101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kidney Injury Test (KIT) Stone-Score provides an objective measure of stone burden. Unlike urinary supersaturation the KIT Stone-Scores assess underlying stone disease rather than urinary solute composition. We report a case of a 43-year-old woman with no history of nephrolithiasis who underwent an elective, voluntary KIT assay and was diagnosed with a large staghorn renal stone after an unanticipated markedly elevated score. This clinical scenario highlights the potential future use of the non-invasive urinary KIT assay as a reliable non-invasive tool to detect and monitor urinary stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fadl Hamouche
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Minnie M Sarwal
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Thomas Chi
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Cui Y, Dong X, Zhang X, Chen C, Fu D, Li X, Liang X. Deciphering the O-Glycosylation of HKU1 Spike Protein With the Dual-Functional Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:707235. [PMID: 34485242 PMCID: PMC8414140 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.707235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HKU1 is a human beta coronavirus and infects host cells via highly glycosylated spike protein (S). The N-glycosylation of HKU1 S has been reported. However, little is known about its O-glycosylation, which hinders the in-depth understanding of its biological functions. Herein, a comprehensive study of O-glycosylation of HKU1 S was carried out based on dual-functional histidine-bonded silica (HBS) materials. The enrichment method for O-glycopeptides with HBS was developed and validated using standard proteins. The application of the developed method to the HKU1 S1 subunit resulted in 46 novel O-glycosylation sites, among which 55.6% were predicted to be exposed on the outer protein surface. Moreover, the O-linked glycans and their abundance on each HKU1 S1 site were analyzed. The obtained O-glycosylation dataset will provide valuable insights into the structure of HKU1 S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cui
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuefang Dong
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Dongmei Fu
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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Dong X, Chen C, Yan J, Zhang X, Li X, Liang X. Comprehensive O-Glycosylation Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Biomimetic Trp-Arg Materials. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10444-10452. [PMID: 34284575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious public health threat. Most vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 target the highly glycosylated spike protein (S). A good knowledge of the glycosylation profile of this protein is key to successful vaccine development. Unlike the 22 confirmed N-glycosylation sites on SARS-CoV-2 S, only a few O-glycosylation sites on this protein have been reported. This difference is mainly ascribed to the extremely low stoichiometry of O-glycosylation. Herein, we designed the biomimetic materials, Trp-Arg (WR) monomer-grafted silica microspheres (designated as WR-SiO2), and these biomimetic materials can enrich N- and O-linked glycopeptides with high selectivity. And WR-SiO2 can resist the nonglycopeptides' interference with the 100 molar fold of BSA during O-linked glycopeptide enrichment. We utilized WR-SiO2 to comprehensively analyze the O-glycosylation profile of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S. Twenty-seven O-glycosylation sites including 18 unambiguous sites are identified on SARS-CoV-2 S. Our study demonstrates that the biomimetic polymer can offer specific selectivity for O-linked glycopeptides and pave the way for O-glycosylation research in biological fields. The O-glycosylation profile of SARS-CoV-2 S might supplement the comprehensive glycosylation in addition to N-glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Deng Q, Liang H. Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:149. [PMID: 34132361 PMCID: PMC8208620 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney stone disease is one of the oldest diseases known to medicine; however, the mechanisms of stone formation and development remain largely unclear. Over the past decades, a variety of theories and strategies have been developed and utilized in the surgical management of kidney stones, as a result of recent technological advances. Observations from the authors and other research groups suggest that there are five entirely different main mechanisms for kidney stone formation. Urinary supersaturation and crystallization are the driving force for intrarenal crystal precipitation. Randall's plaques are recognized as the origin of calcium oxalate stone formation. Sex hormones may be key players in the development of nephrolithiasis and may thus be potential targets for new drugs to suppress kidney stone formation. The microbiome, including urease-producing bacteria, nanobacteria and intestinal microbiota, is likely to have a profound effect on urological health, both positive and negative, owing to its metabolic output and other contributions. Lastly, the immune response, and particularly macrophage differentiation, play crucial roles in renal calcium oxalate crystal formation. In the present study, the current knowledge for each of these five aspects of kidney stone formation is reviewed. This knowledge may be used to explore novel research opportunities and improve the understanding of the initiation and development of kidney stones for urologists, nephrologists and primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Zhang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Deng
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518109, P.R. China
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Liu RN, Zou DM, Tian MY, Li K, Du JL, Liu MJ, Ma YZ. Effect of magnesium ammonium phosphate on the expression of adhesion molecules in sheep renal tubular epithelial cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:167-177. [PMID: 34153557 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules play an important role in urinary calculus formation. The expressions of adhesion molecules in renal tubular has been reported in some animals. However, the role of adhesion molecules in the process of sheep urinary calculus formation is still unclear. The magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is the main component of sheep urinary calculus. In this paper, the sheep renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) were isolated and treated with MAP, the expressions of osteopontin (OPN), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and apoptosis-related indicators caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax in RTECs were observed, the viability of RTECs was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the expressions of inflammatory factors Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA). The histopathological observation of kidney in urolithiasis sheep was made. The results showed that MAP could reduce the viability and SOD activity, enhance the activity of MDA significantly and promote the expressions of IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α of RTECs. By western blot and qPCR methods, the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and OPN increased in 48 h. In addition, the expression of caspase-3 increased significantly and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax reduced with exposure to MAP. The renal tissue structure was seriously damaged, the RTECs in urolithiasis sheep were degenerative and necrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Dong-Min Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Meng-Yue Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jin-Liang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China.; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Mao-Jun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China..
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Hatakeyama S, Yoneyama T, Tobisawa Y, Yamamoto H, Ohyama C. Narrative review of urinary glycan biomarkers in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1850-1864. [PMID: 33968674 PMCID: PMC8100853 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. The application of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has improved the diagnosis and treatment of PC. However, the PSA test has become associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Therefore, there is an unmet need for novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers of PC. Urinary glycoproteins and exosomes are a potential source of PC glycan biomarkers. Urinary glycan profiling can provide noninvasive monitoring of tumor heterogeneity and aggressiveness throughout a treatment course. However, urinary glycan profiling is not popular due to technical disadvantages, such as complicated structural analysis that requires specialized expertise. The technological development of glycan analysis is a rapidly advancing field. A lectin-based microarray can detect aberrant glycoproteins in urine, including PSA glycoforms and exosomes. Glycan enrichment beads can enrich the concentration of N-linked glycans specifically. Capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry can detect glycans directory. Many studies suggest potential of urinary glycoproteins, exosomes, and glycosyltransferases as a biomarker of PC. Although further technological challenges remain, urinary glycan analysis is one of the promising approaches for cancer biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hatakeyama
- Department of Advanced Blood Purification Therapy, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tohru Yoneyama
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobisawa
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Chikara Ohyama
- Department of Advanced Blood Purification Therapy, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Nicklisch N, Schierz O, Enzmann F, Knipper C, Held P, Vach W, Dresely V, Meller H, Friederich S, Alt KW. Dental pulp calcifications in prehistoric and historical skeletal remains. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151675. [PMID: 33515689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of hard tissue formations in the dental pulp varies considerably. Beside ageing processes and irritations of the dental pulp, etiological associations with cardiovascular disease and dietary habits have been discussed, which are of particular research interest. The aim of this pilot study is to provide new insights on structural and etiological factors involved in the development of pulp calcifications by investigating skeletal remains from different (pre)historic periods. METHODS The jaws of 46 skeletons excavated in central Germany, were examined for the presence of pulp stones using digital volume tomography (DVT). A total of 1122 teeth were examined with all tooth types considered. To obtain information about the three-dimensional structure of pulp calcifications, micro-CT images were taken. Thin sections of three molars were histologically analysed. Potential dietary effects were studied by analysing stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) in bone samples collected from each individual. RESULTS The analysis indicates that pulp stones affect molars in particular and increase slightly with age and dental wear. The micro-CT scans and the histological analysis show that the structures are much more complex than presumed on the basis of DVT imaging. Individuals with lower δ15N-isotope values and thus with a potentially lower proportion of animal protein in their diet appear to be less affected by pulp stones. CONCLUSION When comparing between archaeological and recent data, DVT analysis provides qualitatively comparable results. Micro-CT and histological images illustrate the excellent preservation of pulp calcifications and their complex structure. Differences in prevalence rates and δ15N-isotope values of Neolithic and historical individuals support the assumption that dietary habits and living conditions could have an influence on the development of pulp calcifications. Due to the small sample size these results require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nicklisch
- Danube Private University, Förthofstraße 2, 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria.
| | - Oliver Schierz
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Materials Science, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Frieder Enzmann
- Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt Engelhorn Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, D6, 3, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Petra Held
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
| | - Werner Vach
- Institute of Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Veit Dresely
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum of Prehistory, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114 Halle [Saale], Germany.
| | - Harald Meller
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum of Prehistory, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114 Halle [Saale], Germany.
| | - Susanne Friederich
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum of Prehistory, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114 Halle [Saale], Germany.
| | - Kurt W Alt
- Danube Private University, Förthofstraße 2, 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria; Institute of Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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