1
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Aguilar-Pozo VB, Chimenos JM, Elduayen-Echave B, Olaciregui-Arizmendi K, López A, Gómez J, Guembe M, García I, Ayesa E, Astals S. Struvite precipitation in wastewater treatment plants anaerobic digestion supernatants using a magnesium oxide by-product. Sci Total Environ 2023; 890:164084. [PMID: 37207781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Struvite precipitation is a well-known technology to recover and upcycle phosphorus from municipal wastewater as a slow-release fertiliser. However, the economic and environmental costs of struvite precipitation are constrained by using technical-grade reagents as a magnesium source. This research evaluates the feasibility of using a low-grade magnesium oxide (LG-MgO) by-product from the calcination of magnesite as a magnesium source to precipitate struvite from anaerobic digestion supernatants in wastewater treatment plants. Three distinct LG-MgOs were used in this research to capture the inherent variability of this by-product. The MgO content of the LG-MgOs varied from 42 % to 56 %, which governed the reactivity of the by-product. Experimental results showed that dosing LG-MgO at P:Mg molar ratio close to stoichiometry (i.e. 1:1 and 1:2) favoured struvite precipitation, whereas higher molar ratios (i.e. 1:4, 1:6 and 1:8) favoured calcium phosphate precipitation due to the higher calcium concentration and pH. At a P:Mg molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2, the percentage of phosphate precipitated was 53-72 % and 89-97 %, respectively, depending on the LG-MgO reactivity. A final experiment was performed to examine the composition and morphology of the precipitate obtained under the most favourable conditions, which showed that (i) struvite was the mineral phase with the highest peaks intensity and (ii) struvite was present in two different shapes: hopper and polyhedral. Overall, this research has demonstrated that LG-MgO is an efficient source of magnesium for struvite precipitation, which fits the circular economy principles by valorising an industrial by-product, reducing the pressure on natural resources, and developing a more sustainable technology for phosphorus recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Aguilar-Pozo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Chimenos
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Elduayen-Echave
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain
| | - K Olaciregui-Arizmendi
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain
| | - A López
- Navarra de Infraestructuras Locales S.A., 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Gómez
- Navarra de Infraestructuras Locales S.A., 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Guembe
- Magnesitas Navarras, S.A., 31630 Zubiri, Spain
| | - I García
- Magnesitas Navarras, S.A., 31630 Zubiri, Spain
| | - E Ayesa
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, 20018 Donostia / San Sebastián, Spain
| | - S Astals
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Muys M, González Cámara SJ, Derese S, Spiller M, Verliefde A, Vlaeminck SE. Dissolution rate and growth performance reveal struvite as a sustainable nutrient source to produce a diverse set of microbial protein. Sci Total Environ 2023; 866:161172. [PMID: 36572313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To provide for the globally increasing demand for proteinaceous food, microbial protein (MP) has the potential to become an alternative food or feed source. Phosphorus (P), on the other hand, is a critical raw material whose global reserves are declining. Growing MP on recovered phosphorus, for instance, struvite obtained from wastewater treatment, is a promising MP production route that could supply protein-rich products while handling P scarcity. The aim of this study was to explore struvite dissolution kinetics in different MP media and characterize MP production with struvite as sole P-source. Different operational parameters, including pH, temperature, contact surface area, and ion concentrations were tested, and struvite dissolution rates were observed between 0.32 and 4.7 g P/L/d and a solubility between 0.23 and 2.22 g P-based struvite/L. Growth rates and protein production of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Limnospira sp. (previously known as Arthrospira sp.), and the purple non‑sulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris on struvite were equal to or higher than growth on conventional potassium phosphate. For aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, two slow-growing communities showed decreased growth on struvite, while the growth was increased for a third fast-growing one. Furthermore, MP protein content on struvite was always comparable to the one obtained when grown on standard media. Together with the low content in metals and micropollutants, these results demonstrate that struvite can be directly applied as an effective nutrient source to produce fast-growing MP, without any previous dissolution step. Combining a high purity recovered product with an efficient way of producing protein results in a strong environmental win-win.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Muys
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sergio J González Cámara
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Derese
- Research Group of Particle and Interfacial Technology, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Spiller
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arne Verliefde
- Research Group of Particle and Interfacial Technology, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Wang L, Gu K, Zhang Y, Sun J, Gu Z, Zhao B, Hu C. Enhanced struvite generation and separation by magnesium anode electrolysis coupled with cathode electrodeposition. Sci Total Environ 2022; 804:150101. [PMID: 34517320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adding magnesium ions (Mg2+) to produce struvite is an important method to recover nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Both the Mg2+ source and subsequent separation of struvite are key factors for the utilization of struvite. In this study, we developed an efficient method to recover nutrient salts from wastewater using sacrificial Mg anodes to generate struvite, with its simultaneous separation through cathode electrodeposition. The anode-released Mg2+ reacted with NH4+-N and PO43--P in bulk solution to form struvite, which was more intense on the cathode surface due to the relatively higher pH environment from hydrogen evolution, resulting in most of the struvite being deposited on the cathode surface and simultaneously separated out of the bulk solution. Using a cathode with a higher solution-cathode interface area and relatively low current density facilitated struvite deposition. Results showed that under optimal electrolysis condition (5.76 A/m2, pH 8.5, 180 min, and 1.2:1.0 Mg:P), 91% of the undissolved substances as the phosphate precipitation were deposited on the graphite cathode surface, and the proportion of struvite in the deposition reached 41.52%. This study provides a novel electrochemical method for struvite synthesis and separation for the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Kanghui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingqiu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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4
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Yu X, Wang Z, Wang J. Mechanical properties of bio-cementation materials in pre-precipitation mixing process. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:1314-1323. [PMID: 34350577 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urease-producing bacteria (UPB) could be used to cement loose sand particles. The UPB would produce free ammonia and carbon dioxide during the process of hydrolyzing urea, and part of the free ammonia would be discharged into the air to cause certain pollution to the atmospheric environment. The carbon dioxide could react with alkaline oxide to form carbonates and improved the strength in GGBS comparing with medium containing different concentrations of urea. By adding hydrogen phosphate ions and magnesium salts, free ammonia could be converted into environmentally friendly magnesium ammonium phosphate. The mixture of biological magnesium ammonium phosphate and basic magnesium carbonate could be synthesized through the bio-mineralization process. Through the pre-precipitation mixing process, the loose sand particles could be cemented into a whole. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the sand column showed that the mixture of biological magnesium ammonium phosphate and basic magnesium carbonate could better fill in the pores of sand grains. In the pre-precipitation mixing process, the optimal standing time and dosage of the bio-cement slurry prepared by the bio-mineralization method were 6 h and 30%, respectively. The average interface bonding force between CJ2 and glass slide was 2.12 N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoniu Yu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Liu RN, Zou DM, Tian MY, Li K, Du JL, Liu MJ, Ma YZ. Effect of magnesium ammonium phosphate on the expression of adhesion molecules in sheep renal tubular epithelial cells. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:167-177. [PMID: 34153557 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules play an important role in urinary calculus formation. The expressions of adhesion molecules in renal tubular has been reported in some animals. However, the role of adhesion molecules in the process of sheep urinary calculus formation is still unclear. The magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is the main component of sheep urinary calculus. In this paper, the sheep renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) were isolated and treated with MAP, the expressions of osteopontin (OPN), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and apoptosis-related indicators caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax in RTECs were observed, the viability of RTECs was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the expressions of inflammatory factors Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA). The histopathological observation of kidney in urolithiasis sheep was made. The results showed that MAP could reduce the viability and SOD activity, enhance the activity of MDA significantly and promote the expressions of IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α of RTECs. By western blot and qPCR methods, the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and OPN increased in 48 h. In addition, the expression of caspase-3 increased significantly and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax reduced with exposure to MAP. The renal tissue structure was seriously damaged, the RTECs in urolithiasis sheep were degenerative and necrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Dong-Min Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Meng-Yue Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jin-Liang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China.; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Mao-Jun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China..
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6
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Astals S, Martínez-Martorell M, Huete-Hernández S, Aguilar-Pozo VB, Dosta J, Chimenos JM. Nitrogen recovery from pig slurry by struvite precipitation using a low-cost magnesium oxide. Sci Total Environ 2021; 768:144284. [PMID: 33434803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia nitrogen management is a recurrent problem in intensive livestock areas. Struvite precipitation stands as a mature technology to recover ammonia nitrogen and prevent associated environmental problems. However, the feasibility of struvite technology to recover ammonia nitrogen from pig manure is limited by the reagents cost. This research aimed to optimise the formulation of a stabilizing agent (SA) synthesised using an industrial low-grade MgO by-product (LG-MgO) and phosphoric acid for efficient TAN recovery via struvite precipitation. Experimental results showed that the H3PO4/LG-MgO ratio controls the magnesium phosphate mineral phase of the SA (bobierrite and/or newberyite). Newberyite-rich SA showed the highest TAN removal efficiency from pig manure (66-73%) compared to the SA formed by a mixture of newberyite and bobierrite (51-59%) and by bobierrite (26%). Particle size reduction of LG-MgO did not improve the SA's TAN removal efficiency, although XRD patterns showed that the precipitates from the TAN removal experiments contained some unreacted newberyite. The economic analysis showed that the higher reactivity of the SA formulated using higher H3PO4/LG-MgO ratios compensated reagent costs. The SA synthesised with a H3PO4/LG-MgO ratio of 0.98 showed the most economical treatment cost, which was estimated at 7.5 € per kg of ammonia nitrogen from pig manure. Finally, the optimum SA was successfully synthesised in a 200-L pilot plant, with a TAN removal capacity only 10% lower than the one synthesised at lab-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Astals
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Martínez-Martorell
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Huete-Hernández
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V B Aguilar-Pozo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Dosta
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Chimenos
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Muys M, Phukan R, Brader G, Samad A, Moretti M, Haiden B, Pluchon S, Roest K, Vlaeminck SE, Spiller M. A systematic comparison of commercially produced struvite: Quantities, qualities and soil-maize phosphorus availability. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:143726. [PMID: 33307495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Production of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) from waste streams is increasingly implemented to recover phosphorus (P), which is listed as a critical raw material in the European Union (EU). To facilitate EU-wide trade of P-containing secondary raw materials such as struvite, the EU issued a revised fertilizer regulation in 2019. A comprehensive overview of the supply of struvite and its quality is presently missing. This study aimed: i) to determine the current EU struvite production volumes, ii) to evaluate all legislated physicochemical characteristics and pathogen content of European struvite against newly set regulatory limits, and iii) to compare not-regulated struvite characteristics. It is estimated that in 2020, between 990 and 1250 ton P are recovered as struvite in the EU. Struvite from 24 European production plants, accounting for 30% of the 80 struvite installations worldwide was sampled. Three samples failed the physicochemical legal limits; one had a P content of <7% and three exceeded the organic carbon content of 3% dry weight (DW). Mineralogical analysis revealed that six samples had a struvite content of 80-90% DW, and 13 samples a content of >90% DW. All samples showed a heavy metal content below the legal limits. Microbiological analyses indicated that struvite may exceed certain legal limits. Differences in morphology and particle size distribution were observed for struvite sourced from digestate (rod shaped; transparent; 82 mass% < 1 mm), dewatering liquor (spherical; opaque; 65 mass% 1-2 mm) and effluent from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor processing potato wastewater (spherical; opaque; 51 mass% < 1 mm and 34 mass% > 2 mm). A uniform soil-plant P-availability pattern of 3.5-6.5 mg P/L soil/d over a 28 days sampling period was observed. No differences for plant biomass yield were observed. In conclusion, the results highlight the suitability of most struvite to enter the EU fertilizer market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Muys
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Rishav Phukan
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Günter Brader
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Abdul Samad
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michele Moretti
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Barbara Haiden
- Timac AGRO Düngemittelproduktions- und Handels Gmbh, Industriegelände Pischelsdorf, 3435 Zwentendorf, Austria
| | - Sylvain Pluchon
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier - Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, 18 avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 35400 Saint-Malo, France
| | - Kees Roest
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Marc Spiller
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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8
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Tan X, Yu R, Yang G, Wei F, Long L, Shen F, Wu J, Zhang Y. Phosphate recovery and simultaneous nitrogen removal from urine by electrochemically induced struvite precipitation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:5625-5636. [PMID: 32974825 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The direct discharge of urine into water bodies leads to environmental pollution, and an increase in the water treatment cost, whereas recycling of the nutrients in urine is of significant economic value. A single-compartment reactor was investigated for the recycling of phosphate and simultaneous removal of nitrogen from urine wastewater by electrochemical magnesium induction, and electrochemical oxidation for the removal of residual nitrogen from the supernatant. The results demonstrated that phosphate recovery capacity was greater than 11 mg P cm-2 h-1 at a current density of 15 m A cm-2 and anodizing time of 20 min; the removal rates of ammonium and total nitrogen in the synchronous electrochemical oxidation were 80% and 75%, respectively, at a current density of 45 m A cm-2 and anodizing time of 60 min. The anodizing time and initial pH were determined to be critical control factors in the electrochemical struvite induction and nitrogen electrochemical oxidation. The on-site electrochemical nitrogen oxidation could rapidly utilize the alkaline supernatant following phosphate recovery. Thus, the integration of the single-compartment reactor, electrochemical magnesium dosage, and simultaneous nitrogen electrochemical oxidation demonstrates potential for application to decentralized reactors to treat source-separated urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rongtai Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Institution, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute, Jingdezhen, 333403, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lulu Long
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fei Shen
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yanzong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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9
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Yin Z, Chen Q, Zhao C, Fu Y, Li J, Feng Y, Li L. A new approach to removing and recovering phosphorus from livestock wastewater using dolomite. Chemosphere 2020; 255:127005. [PMID: 32416395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recovering phosphorus from livestock wastewater could partly mitigate the global phosphorus resource crisis. Crystallization is a promising method for removing phosphorus from wastewater, but the costs of calcium- and magnesium-containing reagents are increasing. Cheap, available, efficient materials are required to replace conventional calcium and magnesium reagents. Here, we describe a new approach to removing and recovering phosphorus from livestock wastewater of a large pig farm, containing a high phosphorus concentration. The effects of the pH, stirring speed, stirring time, and extract dose (containing calcium and magnesium) on phosphorus removal from livestock wastewater were investigated. The product was characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Under optimized conditions (pH 9.0, stirring speed 200 r/m, stirring time 600 s, Ca 207.62 mg/L, Mg 122.86 mg/L), 92% of the phosphorus was removed from livestock wastewater. The product was mainly the hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) precursor amorphous calcium phosphate but also contained 1.65% (by mass) magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) crystals. The cost of dolomite to treat 1 m3 of high-phosphorus wastewater was 0.20 yuan (45.9%, 25.9%, and 75.9% lower than for pure MgCl2, MgSO4, and CaCl2, respectively) in 2019. Using dolomite to provide calcium and magnesium effectively decreases the crystallization process cost and should encourage the use of crystallization to remove phosphorus from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yin
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Ying Fu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinye Li
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - You Feng
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lei Li
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250014, China
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Sasaki K, Hayashi Y, Nakamura T, Guo B, Tian Q. Stabilization of borate by hot isostatic pressing after co-precipitation with hydroxyapatite using MAP. Chemosphere 2020; 254:126860. [PMID: 32957280 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Boric acid is one of the most mobile inorganic contaminant species in nature due to its pKa of 9.23. Co-precipitation of borate with hydroxyapatite (HAp: Ca5(PO4)3OH) facilitates the simultaneous removal of borate with co-existing oxoanions in natural waters. The cost of phosphate is an impediment to industrialize the co-precipitation of borate with HAp for treatment of geothermal waters. In the present work, an inexpensive industrial by-product of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) derived from sewage sludge, was examined as a phosphate source. MAP includes 89% pure magnesium ammonium phosphate, resulting in better performance than the pure chemical form of NH4H2PO4, because Mg2+ and Al3+ (trace elements in MAP product) play roles in enhancing the removal rate of borate and lowering the equilibrium borate concentration. These ions have a good affinity with phosphate to nucleate crystal seeds independently of powdery Ca sources. To reduce the bulky volume of solid residues, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was applied. There is structural water in HAp; therefore, the greatest volume reduction was achieved with 78.3 ± 2.0% (n = 3). Additionally, a synergic effect to suppress the released borate, greater than the sequential combination of calcination and cold isostatic pressing was accomplished in the toxicity contents leaching procedure (TCLP) test. This is not due to larger crystal sizes alone, but it is derived from boron stabilization in HAp at an atomic level by the synergic effect of heating and pressing simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sasaki
- Department of Earth Resource Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Hayashi
- Department of Earth Resource Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - Binglin Guo
- Department of Earth Resource Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Quanzhi Tian
- Department of Earth Resource Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Yu X, Jiang J. Mineralization and cementing properties of bio-carbonate cement, bio-phosphate cement, and bio-carbonate/phosphate cement: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:21483-21497. [PMID: 29948713 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to high pollution associated with traditional Portland cement and bio-carbonate cement, a new generation of cementitious material needs to be developed. Bio-barium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, and ferric phosphate are synthesized by bio-mineralization. Firstly, the substrate is hydrolyzed by alkaline phosphatase secreted via phosphate-mineralization microbes, obtaining phosphate ions. Micro- and nano-scale phosphate minerals are prepared by phosphate ions reacting with different types of metal cation. The setting time of bio-BaHPO4 has a greater effect on the strength of sand columns when a mixing precipitation process is innovatively adopted. The strength of the sand columns increases as bio-BaHPO4 content (10~50%) increases. The optimum content of bio-BaHPO4 is 60%. Porosity and permeability of the sand columns decrease as bio-BaHPO4 content (10~60%) increases. Ammonium and ammonia can effectively be synthesized to magnesium ammonium phosphate by adding K2HPO4·3H2O to Sporosarcina pasteurii liquid. Permeability, porosity, and compressive strength of the sand columns are close to CJ1, CJ1.5, and CJ2 cementation. However, the fixation ammonia ratio of CJ2 is bigger than CJ1 and CJ1.5 (The mixture solutions of Sporosarcina pasteurii and K2HPO4·3H2O (1, 1.5, and 2 mol/L) are named as CJ1, CJ1.5, and CJ2) cementation. The results show that the Sporosarcina pasteurii liquid containing K2HPO4·3H2O (2 mol/L) and the mixture solution of MgCl2 and urea (3 mol/L) cemented loose sand particles best. Two types of bio-cement are environmentally friendly and can partially or completely replace bio-carbonate cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoniu Yu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jianguo Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Qiu L, Shi L, Liu Z, Xie K, Wang J, Zhang S, Song Q, Lu L. Effect of power ultrasound on crystallization characteristics of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 36:123-128. [PMID: 28069191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization could be utilized for the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater. However, the effectiveness of the recovery is largely determined by the crystallization process, which is very hard to be directly observed. As a result, a specific ultrasonic device was designed to investigate the crystallization characteristics of MAP under various ultrasonic conditions. The results demonstrated that the metastable zone width (MZW) narrowed along with the rising of the ultrasonic power. Similarly, for the 6mM MAP solution, with the ultrasonic power gradually enhanced from 0W to 400W, the induction time was shortened from 340s to 38s. Meanwhile, the crystallization rate was accelerated till the power reached 350W, and then remained a constant value. It can be observed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the MAP crystal became bigger in size as well as the crystal size distribution (CSD) became broad and uneven, with the increase of ultrasonic power. The results indicate that the crystallization process enhanced by power ultrasound could be used as an effective method to eliminate and recover the phosphorus from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Liang Shi
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Kang Xie
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China; The College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, PR China
| | - Shoubin Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Qianqian Song
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Liquan Lu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
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13
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Song Y, Dai Y, Hu Q, Yu X, Qian F. Effects of three kinds of organic acids on phosphorus recovery by magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization from synthetic swine wastewater. Chemosphere 2014; 101:41-48. [PMID: 24296029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
P recovery from swine wastewater has become a great concern as a result of the high demand for P resources and its potential eutrophication effects on water ecosystems. The method of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization was used to recover P from simulated swine wastewater, and the effects of three organic acids (citric acid, succinic acid and acetic acid) on P removal efficiency and rate at different pH values were investigated. The results indicated that the P removal efficiency was worst affected by citric acid in the optimal pH range of 9.0-10.5, followed by succinic acid and acetic acid, and the influencing extent of organic acids decreased with the increasing pH value. Due to the complexation between organic acid and Mg(2+)/NH4(+), all of three organic acids could inhibit the P removal rate at the beginning of the reaction, which showed positive correlation between the inhibition effects and the concentration of organic acids. The high concentration of citric acid could completely suppress the MAP crystallization reaction. Moreover, citric acid and succinic acid brought obvious effects on the morphology of the crystallized products. The experimental results also demonstrated that MAP crystals could be obtained in the presence of different kinds and concentrations of organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China.
| | - Yunrong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China; School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044 Beijing, China
| | - Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
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Abstract
Background Crystalline‐matrix urethral plugs have not been previously reported in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives To report the composition of urethral plugs in dogs, describe clinical features of the disease, and identify overrepresented breeds. Methods Retrospective case series. A Minnesota Urolith Center (MUC) record search was performed for urethral plugs in dogs submitted during a 6‐year period. The composition of the plugs and signalment of affected dogs were recorded. Breed risk analysis was performed using a control group without plugs from the Veterinary Medical Center, University of Minnesota (VMC UMN). Breed risk was also calculated for a group of dogs with struvite (plugs and uroliths). Medical records for the subset of plug cases from the VMC UMN were reviewed and described. Results Between 2006 and 2011, 42 urethral plugs from dogs were submitted to the MUC. All came from male dogs, and the mineral component of the majority (83%) was struvite. Thirty (71%) samples were from Pugs. Pugs were overrepresented in plug submissions (OR 179; CI 88–389; P < .001), and for struvite in general (OR 14.3; CI 7.9–24.4; P < .001). Nine of the dogs were treated at VMC UMN; all were castrated male Pugs. None of these cases had bacteriuria or positive urine cultures, and no underlying cause of plug formation was identified. Conclusions and Clinical Importance When evaluating dogs with urethral obstruction, plugs need to be considered, especially in male Pugs. Further investigation into the underlying cause of plug formation in dogs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Stiller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN
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