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Zhong M, Xu QQ, Hu Z, Yang W, Lin ZX, Xian YF. Tianma-Gouteng pair ameliorates the cognitive deficits on two transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118113. [PMID: 38548119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Tianma-Gouteng Pair (TGP), commonly prescribed as a pair-herbs, can be found in many Chinese medicine formulae to treat brain diseases. However, the neuroprotective effects and molecular mechanisms of TGP remained unexplored. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the difference between the TgCRND8 and 5 × FAD transgenic mice, the anti-AD effects of TGP, and underlying molecular mechanisms of TGP against AD through the two mouse models. METHODS Briefly, three-month-old TgCRND8 and 5 × FAD mice were orally administered with TGP for 4 and 6 months, respectively. Behavioral tests were carried out to determine the neuropsychological functions. Moreover, immunofluorescence and western blotting assays were undertaken to reveal the molecular mechanisms of TGP. RESULTS Although TgCRND8 and 5 × FAD mice had different beta-amyloid (Aβ) burdens, neuroinflammation status, and cognition impairments, TGP exerted neuroprotective effects against AD in the two models. In detail, behavioral tests revealed that TGP treatment markedly ameliorated the anxiety-like behavior, attenuated the recognition memory deficits, and increased the spatial learning ability as well as the reference memory of TgCRND8 and 5 × FAD mice. Moreover, TGP treatment could regulate the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing by inhibiting the Aβ production enzymes such as β- and γ-secretases and activating Aβ degrading enzyme to reduce Aβ accumulation. In addition, TGP reduced the Aβ42 level, the ratio of Aβ42/Αβ40, Aβ accumulation, and tau hyperphosphorylation in both the 5 × FAD and TgCRND8 mouse models. Furthermore, TGP ameliorated neuroinflammation by decreasing the densities of activated microglia and astrocytes, and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. TGP upregulated the SIRT1 and AMPK, and downregulated sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) in the brain of TgCRND8 mice and deactivation of the EPhA4 and c-Abl in the brain tissues of 5 × FAD mice. CONCLUSION Our experiments for the first time revealed the neuroprotective effects and molecular mechanism of TGP on 5 × FAD and TgCRND8 transgenic mouse models of different AD stages. TGP decreased the level of Aβ aggregates, improved the tauopathy, and reduced the neuroinflammation by regulation of the SIRT1/AMPK/SREBP2 axis and deactivation of EPhA4/c-Abl signaling pathway in the brains of TgCRND8 and 5 × FAD mice, respectively. All these findings unequivocally confirmed that the TGP would be promising in developing into an anti-AD therapeutic pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Qing-Qing Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Lee J, Pak DTS. Amyloid precursor protein combinatorial phosphorylation code regulates AMPA receptor removal during distinct forms of synaptic plasticity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 709:149803. [PMID: 38552556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is essential for memory encoding and stabilization of neural network activity. Plasticity is impaired in neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer disease (AD). A central factor in AD is amyloid precursor protein (APP). Previous studies have suggested APP involvement in synaptic plasticity, but physiological roles of APP are not well understood. Here, we identified combinatorial phosphorylation sites within APP that regulate AMPA receptor trafficking during different forms of synaptic plasticity. Dual phosphorylation sites at threonine-668/serine-675 of APP promoted endocytosis of the GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors during homeostatic synaptic plasticity. APP was also required for GluA2 internalization during NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression, albeit via a distinct pair of phosphoresidues at serine-655/threonine-686. These data implicate APP as a central gate for AMPA receptor internalization during distinct forms of plasticity, unlocked by specific combinations of phosphoresidues, and suggest that APP may serve broad functions in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Daniel T S Pak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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Warren HT, Saeger HN, Tombari RJ, Chytil M, Rasmussen K, Olson DE. Psychoplastogenic DYRK1A Inhibitors with Therapeutic Effects Relevant to Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6922-6937. [PMID: 38648167 PMCID: PMC11152242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Tauopathy, neuronal atrophy, and psychological impairments are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, that currently lack efficacious clinical treatments capable of rectifying these issues. To address these unmet needs, we used rational drug design to combine the pharmacophores of DYRK1A inhibitors and isoDMTs to develop psychoplastogenic DYRK1A inhibitors. Using this approach, we discovered a nonhallucinogenic compound capable of promoting cortical neuron growth and suppressing tau hyperphosphorylation while also having the potential to mitigate the biological and psychological symptoms of dementia. Together, our results suggest that hybridization of the DYRK1A and psychoplastogen pharmacophores represents a promising strategy for identifying compounds that might address the cognitive as well as the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter T. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hannah N. Saeger
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert J. Tombari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Milan Chytil
- Delix Therapeutics, Inc., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | | | - David. E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Singh R, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Keshri PK, Gupta NK, Prakash SAS, Zahra W, Singh S, Singh SP. HAT and HDAC: Enzyme with Contradictory Action in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6. [PMID: 38587698 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In view of the increasing risk of neurodegenerative diseases, epigenetics plays a fundamental role in the field of neuroscience. Several modifications have been studied including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation, etc. Histone acetylation and deacetylation regulate gene expression, and the regular activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) provides regulatory stages for gene expression and cell cycle. Imbalanced homeostasis in these enzymes causes a detrimental effect on neurophysiological function. Intriguingly, epigenetic remodelling via histone acetylation in certain brain areas has been found to play a key role in the neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. It has been demonstrated that a number of HATs have a role in crucial brain processes such regulating neuronal plasticity and memory formation. The most recent therapeutic methods involve the use of small molecules known as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that antagonize HDAC activity thereby increase acetylation levels in order to prevent the loss of HAT function in neurodegenerative disorders. The target specificity of the HDAC inhibitors now in use raises concerns about their applicability, despite the fact that this strategy has demonstrated promising therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the cross-linking between histone modification and its regulation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Furthermore, these findings also support the notion of new pharmacotherapies that target particular areas of the brain using histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Singh Ankit Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Shekhar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India.
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Deng Q, Zhang J, Liu J, Liu Y, Dai Z, Zou X, Li Z. Identifying Protein Phosphorylation Site-Disease Associations Based on Multi-Similarity Fusion and Negative Sample Selection by Convolutional Neural Network. Interdiscip Sci 2024:10.1007/s12539-024-00615-0. [PMID: 38457108 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-024-00615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTMs), protein phosphorylation plays a key role in a variety of biological processes. Many studies have shown that protein phosphorylation is associated with various human diseases. Therefore, identifying protein phosphorylation site-disease associations can help to elucidate the pathogenesis of disease and discover new drug targets. Networks of sequence similarity and Gaussian interaction profile kernel similarity were constructed for phosphorylation sites, as well as networks of disease semantic similarity, disease symptom similarity and Gaussian interaction profile kernel similarity were constructed for diseases. To effectively combine different phosphorylation sites and disease similarity information, random walk with restart algorithm was used to obtain the topology information of the network. Then, the diffusion component analysis method was utilized to obtain the comprehensive phosphorylation site similarity and disease similarity. Meanwhile, the reliable negative samples were screened based on the Euclidean distance method. Finally, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was constructed to identify potential associations between phosphorylation sites and diseases. Based on tenfold cross-validation, the evaluation indicators were obtained including accuracy of 93.48%, specificity of 96.82%, sensitivity of 90.15%, precision of 96.62%, Matthew's correlation coefficient of 0.8719, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9786 and area under the precision-recall curve of 0.9836. Additionally, most of the top 20 predicted disease-related phosphorylation sites (19/20 for Alzheimer's disease; 20/16 for neuroblastoma) were verified by literatures and databases. These results show that the proposed method has an outstanding prediction performance and a high practical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zong Dai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Zhanchao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Soares Martins T, Pelech S, Ferreira M, Pinho B, Leandro K, de Almeida LP, Breitling B, Hansen N, Esselmann H, Wiltfang J, da Cruz e Silva OAB, Henriques AG. Phosphoproteome Microarray Analysis of Extracellular Particles as a Tool to Explore Novel Biomarker Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1584. [PMID: 38338863 PMCID: PMC10855802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, impacting distinct processes such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide production and tau phosphorylation. Impaired phosphorylation events contribute to senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles' formation, two major histopathological hallmarks of AD. Blood-derived extracellular particles (bdEP) can represent a disease-related source of phosphobiomarker candidates, and hence, in this pilot study, bdEP of Control and AD cases were analyzed by a targeted phosphoproteomics approach using a high-density microarray that featured at least 1145 pan-specific and 913 phosphosite-specific antibodies. This approach, innovatively applied to bdEP, allowed the identification of 150 proteins whose expression levels and/or phosphorylation patterns were significantly altered across AD cases. Gene Ontology enrichment and Reactome pathway analysis unraveled potentially relevant molecular targets and disease-associated pathways, and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed to highlight key targets. The discriminatory value of both the total proteome and the phosphoproteome was evaluated by univariate and multivariate approaches. This pilot experiment supports that bdEP are enriched in phosphotargets relevant in an AD context, holding value as peripheral biomarker candidates for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.)
| | - Steven Pelech
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T3, Canada
| | - Maria Ferreira
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.)
| | - Beatriz Pinho
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.)
| | - Kevin Leandro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector–Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- ViraVector–Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Benedict Breitling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Esselmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Odete A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.)
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.S.M.)
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Kim EH, Lee WS, Lee JH, Kwon DR. Microcurrent therapy as the nonpharmacological new protocol against Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1344072. [PMID: 38304741 PMCID: PMC10833500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1344072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses an increasing global health challenge and is marked by gradual cognitive deterioration, memory impairment, and neuroinflammation. Innovative therapeutic approaches as non-pharmacological protocol are urgently needed with side effect risk of drugs. Microcurrent therapy, a non-invasive modality involving low-level electrical currents, has emerged as a potential solution to address AD's complex pathogenesis. This study investigates the optimal application of microcurrent therapy as a clinical protocol for AD, utilizing a comprehensive approach that integrates behavioral assessments and neuroinflammation evaluation in a mouse model of dementia. Methods and results The results reveal that microcurrent therapy holds promise in ameliorating memory impairment and reducing neuroinflammation in AD. Behavioral assessments, including the Novel Object Recognition Test (NOR) and Radial Arm Maze Test (RAM), demonstrated improved cognitive function following microcurrent therapy. Furthermore, microcurrent therapy inhibited expression of neuroinflammatory proteins, including ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in current-treated group. Mechanistic insights suggest that microcurrent therapy may modulate neuroinflammation through the regulation of MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusion This study emphasizes the prospect of microcurrent therapy as a safe and efficacious non-pharmacological strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD), providing optimism to the countless individuals impacted by this debilitating ailment. These results contribute to the developments of an innovative clinical protocol for AD and recovery from neurological injury, underscoring the significance of investigating unconventional therapeutic approaches for addressing this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Rak Kwon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Zhang T, Kim BM, Lee TH. Death-associated protein kinase 1 as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:4. [PMID: 38195518 PMCID: PMC10775678 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly and represents a major clinical challenge in the ageing society. Neuropathological hallmarks of AD include neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, senile plaques derived from the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, brain atrophy induced by neuronal loss, and synaptic dysfunctions. Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system. Dysregulation of DAPK1 has been shown to contribute to various neurological diseases including AD, ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease (PD). We have established an upstream effect of DAPK1 on Aβ and tau pathologies and neuronal apoptosis through kinase-mediated protein phosphorylation, supporting a causal role of DAPK1 in the pathophysiology of AD. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about how DAPK1 is involved in various AD pathological changes including tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ deposition, neuronal cell death and synaptic degeneration. The underlying molecular mechanisms of DAPK1 dysregulation in AD are discussed. We also review the recent progress regarding the development of novel DAPK1 modulators and their potential applications in AD intervention. These findings substantiate DAPK1 as a novel therapeutic target for the development of multifunctional disease-modifying treatments for AD and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xuefu North Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Byeong Mo Kim
- Research Center for New Drug Development, AgingTarget Inc., 10F Ace Cheonggye Tower, 53, Seonggogae-Ro, Uiwang-Si, 16006, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xuefu North Road, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
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Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Haut F, Argyrousi EK, Arancio O. Re-Arranging the Puzzle between the Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathology: An APP-Centric Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:259. [PMID: 38203429 PMCID: PMC10779219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
After several years of research in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is still unclear how amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau, two key hallmarks of the disease, mediate the neuropathogenic events that lead to AD. Current data challenge the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" that has prevailed in the field of AD, stating that Aβ precedes and triggers Tau pathology that will eventually become the toxic entity in the progression of the disease. This perspective also led the field of therapeutic approaches towards the development of strategies that target Aβ or Tau. In the present review, we discuss recent literature regarding the neurotoxic role of both Aβ and Tau in AD, as well as their physiological function in the healthy brain. Consequently, we present studies suggesting that Aβ and Tau act independently of each other in mediating neurotoxicity in AD, thereafter, re-evaluating the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" that places Tau pathology downstream of Aβ. More recent studies have confirmed that both Aβ and Tau could propagate the disease and induce synaptic and memory impairments via the amyloid precursor protein (APP). This finding is not only interesting from a mechanistic point of view since it provides better insights into the AD pathogenesis but also from a therapeutic point of view since it renders APP a common downstream effector for both Aβ and Tau. Subsequently, therapeutic strategies that act on APP might provide a more viable and physiologically relevant approach for targeting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Haut
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 West 168th Street, P&S, New York, NY 10032, USA; (F.H.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Elentina K. Argyrousi
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 West 168th Street, P&S, New York, NY 10032, USA; (F.H.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, 630 West 168th Street, P&S, New York, NY 10032, USA; (F.H.); (E.K.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Zhang Q, Yan Y. The role of natural flavonoids on neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2582-2591. [PMID: 37449593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects a large proportion of older adult people and is characterized by memory loss, progressive cognitive impairment, and various behavioral disturbances. Although the pathological mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease are complex and remain unclear, previous research has identified two widely accepted pathological characteristics: extracellular neuritic plaques containing amyloid beta peptide, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing tau. Furthermore, research has revealed the significant role played by neuroinflammation over recent years. The inflammatory microenvironment mainly consists of microglia, astrocytes, the complement system, chemokines, cytokines, and reactive oxygen intermediates; collectively, these factors can promote the pathological process and aggravate the severity of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the development of new drugs that can target neuroinflammation will be a significant step forward for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Flavonoids are plant-derived secondary metabolites that possess various bioactivities. Previous research found that multiple natural flavonoids could exert satisfactory treatment effects on the neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we describe the pathogenesis and neuroinflammatory processes of Alzheimer's disease, and summarize the effects and mechanisms of 13 natural flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, morin, kaempferol, fisetin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, rutin, icariin, mangiferin, and anthocyanin) derived from plants or medicinal herbs on neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. As an important resource for the development of novel compounds for the treatment of critical diseases, it is essential that we focus on the exploitation of natural products. In particular, it is vital that we investigate the effects of flavonoids on the neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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12
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Wang L, Shui X, Diao Y, Chen D, Zhou Y, Lee TH. Potential Implications of miRNAs in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16259. [PMID: 38003448 PMCID: PMC10671222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disorder that poses a substantial burden on patients, caregivers, and society. Considering the increased aging population and life expectancy, the incidence of AD will continue to rise in the following decades. However, the molecular pathogenesis of AD remains controversial, superior blood-based biomarker candidates for early diagnosis are still lacking, and effective therapeutics to halt or slow disease progression are urgently needed. As powerful genetic regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) are receiving increasing attention due to their implications in the initiation, development, and theranostics of various diseases, including AD. In this review, we summarize miRNAs that directly target microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) transcripts and regulate the alternative splicing of tau and APP. We also discuss related kinases, such as glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), and death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), as well as apolipoprotein E, that are directly targeted by miRNAs to control tau phosphorylation and amyloidogenic APP processing leading to Aβ pathologies. Moreover, there is evidence of miRNA-mediated modulation of inflammation. Furthermore, circulating miRNAs in the serum or plasma of AD patients as noninvasive biomarkers with diagnostic potential are reviewed. In addition, miRNA-based therapeutics optimized with nanocarriers or exosomes as potential options for AD treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ying Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (L.W.)
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (L.W.)
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13
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Li N, Bai N, Zhao X, Cheng R, Wu X, Jiang B, Li X, Xue M, Xu H, Guo Q, Guo W, Ma M, Cao S, Feng Y, Song X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zou Y, Wang D, Liu H, Cao L. Cooperative effects of SIRT1 and SIRT2 on APP acetylation. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13967. [PMID: 37602729 PMCID: PMC10577574 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. Although the NAD+ -dependent deacetylases SIRT1 and SIRT2 play pivotal roles in age-related diseases, their cooperative effects in AD have not yet been elucidated. Here, we report that the SIRT2:SIRT1 ratio is elevated in the brains of aging mice and in the AD mouse models. In HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells, Aβ challenge correlates with decreased SIRT1 expression, while SIRT2 expression is increased. Overexpression of SIRT1 prevents Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. We find that SIRT1 impedes SIRT2-mediated APP deacetylation by inhibiting the binding of SIRT2 to APP. Deletion of SIRT1 reduces APP recycling back to the cell surface and promotes APP transiting toward the endosome, thus contributing to the amyloidogenic processing of APP. Our findings define a mechanism for neuroprotection by SIRT1 through suppression of SIRT2 deacetylation, and provide a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ning Bai
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiong Zhao
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Rong Cheng
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xuan Wu
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Bo Jiang
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaoman Li
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Mingli Xue
- Department of Ophthalmologythe First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Hongde Xu
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Wendong Guo
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Mengtao Ma
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Sunrun Cao
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yanling Feng
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, The College of Basic Medical ScienceChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Difei Wang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing HospitalChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Hua Liu
- Innovation Center of Aging‐Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
| | - Liu Cao
- The College of Basic Medical Science, Health Sciences InstituteChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
- Innovation Center of Aging‐Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and PreventionJinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhouChina
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14
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Jia YR, Guo ZQ, Guo Q, Wang XC. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β, NLRP3 Inflammasome, and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:847-854. [PMID: 37721665 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia worldwide. Because of the progressive neurodegeneration, individual cognitive and behavioral functions are impaired, affecting the quality of life of millions of people. Although the exact pathogenesis of AD has not been fully elucidated, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and sustaining neuroinflammation dominate its characteristics. As one of the major tau kinases leading to hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been drawing great attention in various AD studies. Another research focus of AD in recent years is the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex acting as a regulator in immunological reactions to exogenous and endogenous danger signals, of which the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been studied mostly in AD and proven to play a significant role in AD development by its activation and downstream effects such as caspase-1 maturation and interleukin (IL)-1β release. Studies have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in a GSK-3β-dependent way and that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome downregulates GSK-3β, suggesting that these two important proteins are closely related. This article reviews the respective roles of GSK-3β and the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD as well as their relationship and interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ran Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zi-Qing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry/Hubei Province of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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15
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Sokol DK, Lahiri DK. Neurodevelopmental disorders and microcephaly: how apoptosis, the cell cycle, tau and amyloid-β precursor protein APPly. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1201723. [PMID: 37808474 PMCID: PMC10556256 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1201723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies promote new interest in the intersectionality between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's Disease. We have reported high levels of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein (APP) and secreted APP-alpha (sAPPa ) and low levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides 1-40 and 1-42 (Aβ40, Aβ42) in plasma and brain tissue from children with ASD. A higher incidence of microcephaly (head circumference less than the 3rd percentile) associates with ASD compared to head size in individuals with typical development. The role of Aβ peptides as contributors to acquired microcephaly in ASD is proposed. Aβ may lead to microcephaly via disruption of neurogenesis, elongation of the G1/S cell cycle, and arrested cell cycle promoting apoptosis. As the APP gene exists on Chromosome 21, excess Aβ peptides occur in Trisomy 21-T21 (Down's Syndrome). Microcephaly and some forms of ASD associate with T21, and therefore potential mechanisms underlying these associations will be examined in this review. Aβ peptides' role in other neurodevelopmental disorders that feature ASD and acquired microcephaly are reviewed, including dup 15q11.2-q13, Angelman and Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Sokol
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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16
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Ribeiro J, Lopes I, Gomes AC. A New Perspective for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Exosome-like Liposomes to Deliver Natural Compounds and RNA Therapies. Molecules 2023; 28:6015. [PMID: 37630268 PMCID: PMC10458935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increment of the aging population in recent years, neurodegenerative diseases exert a major global disease burden, essentially as a result of the lack of treatments that stop the disease progression. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an example of a neurodegenerative disease that affects millions of people globally, with no effective treatment. Natural compounds have emerged as a viable therapy to fill a huge gap in AD management, and in recent years, mostly fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, RNA-based therapeutics have become a hot topic in the treatment of several diseases. Treatments of AD face significant limitations due to the complex and interconnected pathways that lead to their hallmarks and also due to the necessity to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanotechnology has contributed to surpassing this bottleneck in the treatment of AD by promoting safe and enhanced drug delivery to the brain. In particular, exosome-like nanoparticles, a hybrid delivery system combining exosomes and liposomes' advantageous features, are demonstrating great potential in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.); (I.L.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability (IB-S), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ivo Lopes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.); (I.L.)
| | - Andreia Castro Gomes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA)/Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (J.R.); (I.L.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability (IB-S), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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17
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Valverde-Salazar V, Ruiz-Gabarre D, García-Escudero V. Alzheimer's Disease and Green Tea: Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate as a Modulator of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1460. [PMID: 37507998 PMCID: PMC10376369 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, characterised by a marked decline of both memory and cognition, along with pathophysiological hallmarks including amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuronal loss and inflammation in the brain. Additionally, oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants is considered one of the main risk factors for AD, since it can result in protein, lipid and nucleic acid damage and exacerbate Aβ and tau pathology. To date, there is a lack of successful pharmacological approaches to cure or even ameliorate the terrible impact of this disease. Due to this, dietary compounds with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties acquire special relevance as potential therapeutic agents. In this context, green tea, and its main bioactive compound, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have been targeted as a plausible option for the modulation of AD. Specifically, EGCG acts as an antioxidant by regulating inflammatory processes involved in neurodegeneration such as ferroptosis and microglia-induced cytotoxicity and by inducing signalling pathways related to neuronal survival. Furthermore, it reduces tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation and promotes the non-amyloidogenic route of APP processing, thus preventing the formation of Aβ and its subsequent accumulation. Taken together, these results suggest that EGCG may be a suitable candidate in the search for potential therapeutic compounds for neurodegenerative disorders involving inflammation and oxidative stress, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Valverde-Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Gabarre
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vega García-Escudero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Molecular Biology-IUBM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Hajdú I, Végh BM, Szilágyi A, Závodszky P. Beta-Secretase 1 Recruits Amyloid-Beta Precursor Protein to ROCK2 Kinase, Resulting in Erroneous Phosphorylation and Beta-Amyloid Plaque Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10416. [PMID: 37445593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloidogenic processing of APP depends on two events: its phosphorylation by ROCK2 (at Thr654) and the phosphorylation of the APP-cleaving enzyme BACE1 (at Ser498). However, the mechanisms and structural details of APP-ROCK2 and BACE1-ROCK2 binding are unknown. Using direct physical methods in combination with an in silico approach, we found that BACE1 binds into the substrate-binding groove of ROCK2 with a low affinity (Kd = 18 µM), while no binding of APP to ROCK2 alone could be detected. On the other hand, a strong association (Kd = 3.5 nM) of APP to the weak ROCK2-BACE1 complex was observed, although no stable ternary complex was detected, i.e., BACE1 was displaced by APP. We constructed a sequential functional model: (1) BACE1 weakly binds to ROCK2 and induces an allosteric conformational change in ROCK2; (2) APP strongly binds to the ROCK2-BACE1 complex, and BACE1 is released; and (3) ROCK2 phosphorylates APP at Thr654 (leading to a longer stay in the early endosome during APP processing). Direct fluorescence titration experiments showed that the APP646-664 or APP665-695 fragments did not bind separately to the ROCK2-BACE1 complex. Based on these observations, we conclude that two binding sites are involved in the ROCK2-APP interaction: (1) the substrate-binding groove, where the APP646-664 sequence containing Thr654 sits and (2) the allosteric binding site, where the APP665-695 sequence binds. These results open the way to attack the allosteric site to prevent APP phosphorylation at Thr654 by ROCK2 without inhibiting the activity of ROCK2 towards its other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Hajdú
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara M Végh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Szilágyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Závodszky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Song R, Guo Y, Fu Y, Ren H, Wang H, Yan H, Ge Y. Trends of mitochondrial changes in AD: a bibliometric study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1136400. [PMID: 37261264 PMCID: PMC10227516 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1136400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive progress and memory loss, which eventually develops into dementia. It can cause personality disorders and decreased quality of life of patients. Currently, AD patients account for 60-70% of global dementia patients and the incidence rate of AD is increasing annually. AD not only causes pain to patients but also brings a heavy burden to the entire family. Studies have found that there is a connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and other biochemical changes in AD like classical neuropathological hallmarks (β-amyloid and tau protein), inflammation pathways, oxidative stress, and so on. Evidence shows that early treatment targeted directly to mitochondria could extend the lifespan of model mice and decrease the relevant neuropathological markers. Therefore, research on the mitochondrial dysfunction of AD can be of potential significance for clinical treatment. To date, few bibliometric analysis articles related to mitochondrial dysfunction of AD have been published. Bibliometric analysis refers to quantitatively analyzing certain aspects of articles like publishers, authors, and countries by using statistical and mathematical methods. Combined with statistical software, a large number of papers can be converted to visualization figures and tables, which provide vital information such as keyword hotspots and the names of contributing authors. Through the bibliometric analysis method, our study aimed to provide study trends and keyword hotpots for researchers to conduct further relevant research in this field. Methods We used the Web of Science core collection database as a literature retrieval tool to obtain data related to mitochondrial changes in Alzheimer's disease during the last 20 years. The retrieval type was [TS = (Alzheimer's disease)] ND [TS = (mitochondrion)], ranging from January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2022. VOSviewer v1.6.18, Arcgis 10.8, and HistCite pro 2.1 were used to conduct data visualization analysis. VOSviewer v1.6.18 made relevant network visualization maps of the cooperative relationship between relevant countries, institutions, and authors (co-authorship), the frequency of different keywords appearing together (co-occurrence), and the frequency of different articles cited together (co-cited). Arcgis 10.8 created the world map of publications distribution in this field and Histcite pro 2.1 was used to count the local citation score (LCS) of references. In addition, Journal Citation Reports were used to consult the latest journal import factor and JCI quartile. Results As of June 30, 2022, from the Web of Science core collection, we selected 2,474 original articles in English, excluding the document types of the news items, meeting abstracts, and some articles that had little relevance to our theme. The United States acted as the leader and enjoyed a high reputation in this field. The University of California System was the institution that made the greatest contribution (3.64% with 90 papers). Most articles were published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (8.21%, with 203 papers). The most frequently co-cited journal in Q1 was the Journal of Biological Chemistry (8,666 citations, TLS: 1039591). Russel H. Swerdlow (55 publications) was the most productive author and PH Reddy was the most co-cited author with 1,264 citations (TLS: 62971). The hotpots of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD were as follows: "oxidative stress," "amyloid-beta-protein," "tau," "apoptosis," "inflammation," "autophagy," "precursor protein," "endoplasmic-reticulum," "dynamics" and "mitochondrial unfolded protein response." Conclusion This bibliometric analysis research will help readers rapidly identify current hotpots and milestone studies related to directions of interest in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyao Song
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yunchu Guo
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Fu
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongling Ren
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hongting Yan
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yusong Ge
- The Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- The Department of Discipline Construction and Scientific Research Management, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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20
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Wei ZH, Koya J, Acharekar N, Trejos J, Dong XD, Schanne FA, Ashby CR, Reznik SE. N,N-dimethylacetamide targets neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease in in-vitro and ex-vivo models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7077. [PMID: 37127686 PMCID: PMC10151369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic degenerative brain disorder with no clear pathogenesis or effective cure, accounting for 60-80% of cases of dementia. In recent years, the importance of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders has come into focus. Previously, we made the serendipitous discovery that the widely used drug excipient N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) attenuates endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in vivo. In the current work, we investigate the effect of DMA on neuroinflammation and its mechanism of action in in-vitro and ex-vivo models of AD. We show that DMA significantly suppresses the production of inflammatory mediators, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokines and chemokines, as well as amyloid-β (Aβ), in cultured microglia and organotypic hippocampal slices induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also demonstrate that DMA inhibits Aβ-induced inflammation. Finally, we show that the mechanism of DMA's effect on neuroinflammation is inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and we show how DMA dismantles the positive feedback loop between NF-κB and Aβ synthesis. Taken together, our findings suggest that DMA, a generally regarded as safe compound that crosses the blood brain barrier, should be further investigated as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Hui Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Jagadish Koya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Nikita Acharekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Jesus Trejos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Xing-Duo Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Francis A Schanne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
- Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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21
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Kostes WW, Brafman DA. The Multifaceted Role of WNT Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Onset and Age-Related Progression. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081204. [PMID: 37190113 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary conserved WNT signaling pathway orchestrates numerous complex biological processes during development and is critical to the maintenance of tissue integrity and homeostasis in the adult. As it relates to the central nervous system, WNT signaling plays several roles as it relates to neurogenesis, synaptic formation, memory, and learning. Thus, dysfunction of this pathway is associated with multiple diseases and disorders, including several neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by several pathologies, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. In this review, we will discuss the various epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies that demonstrate a precise link between aberrant WNT signaling and AD-associated pathologies. In turn, we will discuss the manner in which WNT signaling influences multiple molecular, biochemical, and cellular pathways upstream of these end-point pathologies. Finally, we will discuss how merging tools and technologies can be used to generate next generation cellular models to dissect the relationship between WNT signaling and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Kostes
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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22
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Brandimarti R, Irollo E, Meucci O. The US9-Derived Protein gPTB9TM Modulates APP Processing Without Targeting Secretase Activities. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1811-1825. [PMID: 36576708 PMCID: PMC9984340 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of neuronal protein processing is often associated with neurological disorders and is highly dependent on cellular protein trafficking. A prime example is the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in intracellular vesicles, which plays a key role in age-related cognitive impairment. Most approaches to correct this altered processing aim to limit enzymatic activities that lead to toxic products, such as protein cleavage by β-secretase and the resulting amyloid β production. A viable alternative is to direct APP to cellular compartments where non-amyloidogenic mechanisms are favored. To this end, we exploited the molecular properties of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) transport protein US9 to guide APP interaction with preferred endogenous targets. Specifically, we generated a US9 chimeric construct that facilitates APP processing through the non-amyloidogenic pathway and tested it in primary cortical neurons. In addition to reducing amyloid β production, our approach controls other APP-dependent biochemical steps that lead to neuronal deficits, including phosphorylation of APP and tau proteins. Notably, it also promotes the release of neuroprotective soluble αAPP. In contrast to other neuroprotective strategies, these US9-driven effects rely on the activity of endogenous neuronal proteins, which lends itself well to the study of fundamental mechanisms of APP processing/trafficking. Overall, this work introduces a new method to limit APP misprocessing and its cellular consequences without directly targeting secretase activity, offering a novel tool to reduce cognitive decline in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Brandimarti
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo,14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Irollo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N.15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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23
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Rajah Kumaran K, Yunusa S, Perimal E, Wahab H, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Insights into the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Targets: A Current Perspective. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:507-530. [PMID: 36502321 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aging population increases steadily because of a healthy lifestyle and medical advancements in healthcare. However, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is becoming more common and problematic among older adults. AD-related cases show an increasing trend annually, and the younger age population may also be at risk of developing this disorder. AD constitutes a primary form of dementia, an irreversible and progressive brain disorder that steadily damages cognitive functions and the ability to perform daily tasks. Later in life, AD leads to death as a result of the degeneration of specific brain areas. Currently, the cause of AD is poorly understood, and there is no safe and effective therapeutic agent to cure or slow down its progression. The condition is entirely preventable, and no study has yet demonstrated encouraging findings in terms of treatment. Identifying this disease's pathophysiology can help researchers develop safe and efficient therapeutic strategies to treat this ailment. This review outlines and discusses the pathophysiology that resulted in the development of AD including amyloid-β plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, glutamate excitotoxicity, and changes in neurotrophins level may sound better based on the literature search from Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Potential therapeutic strategies are discussed to provide more insights into AD mechanisms by developing some possible pharmacological agents for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesevan Rajah Kumaran
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Halaman Bukit Gambir, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Suleiman Yunusa
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology, Bauchi State University Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Enoch Perimal
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christian P Müller
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Wang L, Shui X, Zhang M, Mei Y, Xia Y, Lan G, Hu L, Gan CL, Tian Y, Li R, Gu X, Zhang T, Chen D, Lee TH. MiR-191-5p Attenuates Tau Phosphorylation, Aβ Generation, and Neuronal Cell Death by Regulating Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3554-3566. [PMID: 36454178 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs has been implicated in diverse diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). MiR-191-5p in plasma/serum has been identified as a novel and promising noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for AD. However, whether miR-191-5p is involved in AD pathogenesis is largely unknown, and its levels in human AD brains are undetermined. Herein, we demonstrated that miR-191-5p downregulated tau phosphorylation at multiple AD-related sites and promoted neurite outgrowth using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and neurite outgrowth assays. Moreover, immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicated that miR-191-5p decreased amyloid precursor protein phosphorylation levels and beta-amyloid (Aβ) generation. Furthermore, miR-191-5p reduced ceramide-induced neuronal cell death analyzed by trypan blue staining, the in situ cell death detection kit, and Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry. Next, we verified that death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) was a direct target of miR-191-5p through the dual luciferase reporter assay and confirmed that the effects of miR-191-5p were antagonized by restoration of DAPK1 expression. Finally, the hippocampal miR-191-5p level was found to be decreased in humans with AD compared with controls and was inversely correlated with the DAPK1 expression level. Collectively, these findings suggest that miR-191-5p might exert inhibitory effects on tau phosphorylation, Aβ secretion, and neuronal cell death by directly targeting DAPK1, providing an attractive therapeutic option for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Xindong Shui
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Yingxue Mei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Yongfang Xia
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Guihua Lan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Li Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Chen-Ling Gan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Ruomeng Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Xi Gu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian350122, China
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25
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Nasser S, Abdallah DM, Ahmed KA, Abdel-Mottaleb Y, El-Abhar HS. The novel anti-colitic effect of β-adrenergic receptors via modulation of PS1/BACE-1/Aβ axis and NOTCH signaling in an ulcerative colitis model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1008085. [PMID: 36386153 PMCID: PMC9641009 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dysautonomia was documented in inflammatory bowel disease, with activation of the stress-related sympathetic system, the role of agonists/antagonists of the adrenergic receptors is not conclusive. Moreover, ulcerative colitis was recently linked to dementia, but the potential role of the presenilin 1(PS1)/BACE-1/beta-amyloid (Aβ) axis has not been evaluated. Hence, we investigated the impact of mirabegron (β3-agonist) and/or carvedilol (β1/β2 antagonist) on iodoacetamide-induced ulcerative colitis with emphasis on the novel pathomechanism of the PS1/BACE-1/Aβ axis in ulcerative colitis, and its relation to the inflammatory cascade, fibrotic processes, and the gut barrier dysfunction. Ulcerated rats were either left untreated or treated for 8 days with mirabegron and/or carvedilol. Besides minimizing colon edema and weight loss, and improving colon structure, mirabegron and/or carvedilol abated colonic PS1/BACE-1/Aβ axis and the NOTCH1/NICD/HES1 hub besides the inflammatory cascade GSK3-β/NF-κΒ/TNF-α, and the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde. The anti-fibrotic effect was verified by boosting SMAD-7 and inhibiting TGF-β1, α-SMA immunoexpression, and MTC staining. Moreover, the drugs improved the gut barrier function, attested by the increased goblet cells and expression of E-cadherin, and the inhibited expression of p (Y654)-β-catenin to preserve the E-cadherin/β-catenin adherens junction (AJ). These signaling pathways may be orchestrated by the replenished PPAR-γ, a transcription factor known for its anti-colitic effect. Conclusion: Besides maintaining the gut barrier, mirabegron and/or carvedilol mediated their anti-colitic effect by their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic capacities. The therapeutic effect of these drugs depends partly on suppressing the harmful signaling pathways PS1/BACE-1/Aβ, NOTCH1/NICD/HES1, GSK3-β/NF-κΒ/TNF-α, and TGF-1β/α-SMA while enhancing PPAR-γ, SMAD-7, mucus, and AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Nasser
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt (FUE), New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalaal M. Abdallah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A. Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yousra Abdel-Mottaleb
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt (FUE), New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. El-Abhar
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt (FUE), New Cairo, Egypt
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26
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Hodges SL, Bouza AA, Isom LL. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis Mechanisms of Voltage-Gated Ion Channel Subunits and Cell Adhesion Molecules. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1028-1048. [PMID: 36113879 PMCID: PMC9553118 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several integral membrane proteins undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), a tightly controlled process through which cells transmit information across and between intracellular compartments. RIP generates biologically active peptides by a series of proteolytic cleavage events carried out by two primary groups of enzymes: sheddases and intramembrane-cleaving proteases (iCLiPs). Following RIP, fragments of both pore-forming and non-pore-forming ion channel subunits, as well as immunoglobulin super family (IgSF) members, have been shown to translocate to the nucleus to function in transcriptional regulation. As an example, the voltage-gated sodium channel β1 subunit, which is also an IgSF-cell adhesion molecule (CAM), is a substrate for RIP. β1 RIP results in generation of a soluble intracellular domain, which can regulate gene expression in the nucleus. In this review, we discuss the proposed RIP mechanisms of voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channel subunits as well as the roles of their generated proteolytic products in the nucleus. We also discuss other RIP substrates that are cleaved by similar sheddases and iCLiPs, such as IgSF macromolecules, including CAMs, whose proteolytically generated fragments function in the nucleus. Importantly, dysfunctional RIP mechanisms are linked to human disease. Thus, we will also review how understanding RIP events and subsequent signaling processes involving ion channel subunits and IgSF proteins may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Several ion channel subunits and immunoglobulin superfamily molecules have been identified as substrates of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). This signal transduction mechanism, which generates polypeptide fragments that translocate to the nucleus, is an important regulator of gene transcription. RIP may impact diseases of excitability, including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death syndromes. A thorough understanding of the role of RIP in gene regulation is critical as it may reveal novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of previously intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Hodges
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.L.H., A.A.B., L.L.I.), Neurology (L.L.I.), and Molecular & Integrative Physiology (L.L.I.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alexandra A Bouza
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.L.H., A.A.B., L.L.I.), Neurology (L.L.I.), and Molecular & Integrative Physiology (L.L.I.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lori L Isom
- Departments of Pharmacology (S.L.H., A.A.B., L.L.I.), Neurology (L.L.I.), and Molecular & Integrative Physiology (L.L.I.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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27
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Zhai Y, Chan WWR, Li W, Lau KF. ARNO is recruited by the neuronal adaptor FE65 to potentiate ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth. Open Biol 2022; 12:220071. [PMID: 36168805 PMCID: PMC9516341 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a small GTPase that has a variety of neuronal functions including stimulating neurite outgrowth, a crucial process for the establishment and maintenance of neural connectivity. As impaired and atrophic neurites are often observed in various brain injuries and neurological diseases, understanding the intrinsic pathways that stimulate neurite outgrowth may provide insights into developing strategies to trigger the reconnection of injured neurons. The neuronal adaptor FE65 has been shown to interact with ARF6 and potentiate ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth. However, the precise mechanism that FE65 activates ARF6 remains unclear, as FE65 does not possess a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain/function. Here, we show that FE65 interacts with the ARF6 GEF, namely the ARF nucleotide-binding site opener (ARNO). Moreover, a complex consisting of ARNO, ARF6 and FE65 is detected. Notably, FE65 potentiates the stimulatory effect of ARNO on ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth, and the effect of FE65 is abrogated by an FE65 mutation that disrupts FE65–ARNO interaction. Additionally, the intramolecular interaction for mediating the autoinhibited conformation of ARNO is attenuated by FE65. Moreover, FE65 potentiates the effects of wild-type ARNO, but not the monomeric mutant, suggesting an association between FE65 and ARNO dimerization. Collectively, we demonstrate that FE65 binds to and activates ARNO and, consequently, potentiates ARF6-mediated neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Wa Ray Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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28
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Tsumagari K, Sato Y, Shimozawa A, Aoyagi H, Okano H, Kuromitsu J. Co-expression network analysis of human tau-transgenic mice reveals protein modules associated with tau-induced pathologies. iScience 2022; 25:104832. [PMID: 35992067 PMCID: PMC9382322 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormally accumulated tau protein aggregates are one of the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In order to investigate proteomic alteration driven by tau aggregates, we implemented quantitative proteomics to analyze disease model mice expressing human MAPTP301S transgene (hTau-Tg) and quantified more than 9,000 proteins in total. We applied the weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA) algorithm to the datasets and explored protein co-expression modules that were associated with the accumulation of tau aggregates and were preserved in proteomes of AD brains. This led us to identify four modules with functions related to neuroinflammatory responses, mitochondrial energy production processes (including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation), cholesterol biosynthesis, and postsynaptic density. Furthermore, a phosphoproteomics study uncovered phosphorylation sites that were highly correlated with these modules. Our datasets represent resources for understanding the molecular basis of tau-induced neurodegeneration, including AD. Large-scale proteome datasets of tauopathy model mice Protein co-expression network constructed Four co-expression modules associated with tau-induced pathologies Identification of phosphorylation sites correlated with the modules
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29
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Zhang Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Ge L, Wang J, Sun X, Wu B, Wang J. Vav2 is a novel APP-interacting protein that regulates APP protein level. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12752. [PMID: 35882892 PMCID: PMC9325707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein that plays critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is also involved in many types of cancers. Increasing evidence has shown that the tyrosine phosphorylation site Y682 in the intracellular tail of APP is crucial for APP function. Here, we report that Vav2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho family GTPase, is a novel interaction partner of APP. We found that Vav2-SH2 domain was able to bind directly to the Y682-phosphorylated intracellular tail of APP through isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR titrating experiments. The crystal structure of Vav2-SH2 in complex with an APP-derived phosphopeptide was determined to understand the structural basis of this recognition specificity. The interaction of APP and Vav2 in a full-length manner was further confirmed in cells by GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining experiments. In addition, we found overexpression of Vav2 could inhibit APP degradation and markedly increase the protein levels of APP and its cleavage productions in 20E2 cells, and this function of Vav2 required a functional SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongrui Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Ge
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiarong Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Wang L, Shui X, Mei Y, Xia Y, Lan G, Hu L, Zhang M, Gan CL, Li R, Tian Y, Wang Q, Gu X, Chen D, Zhang T, Lee TH. miR-143-3p Inhibits Aberrant Tau Phosphorylation and Amyloidogenic Processing of APP by Directly Targeting DAPK1 in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147992. [PMID: 35887339 PMCID: PMC9317260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau and extracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ). Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), as a novel therapeutic target, shows promise for the treatment of human AD, but the regulatory mechanisms of DAPK1 expression in AD remain unclear. In this study, we identified miR-143-3p as a promising candidate for targeting DAPK1. miR-143-3p directly bound to the 3′ untranslated region of human DAPK1 mRNA and inhibited its translation. miR-143-3p decreased tau phosphorylation and promoted neurite outgrowth and microtubule assembly. Moreover, miR-143-3p attenuated amyloid precursor protein (APP) phosphorylation and reduced the generation of Aβ40 and Aβ42. Furthermore, restoring DAPK1 expression with miR-143-3p antagonized the effects of miR-143-3p in attenuating tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ production. In addition, the miR-143-3p levels were downregulated and correlated inversely with the expression of DAPK1 in the hippocampus of AD patients. Our results suggest that miR-143-3p might play critical roles in regulating both aberrant tau phosphorylation and amyloidogenic processing of APP by targeting DAPK1 and thus offer a potential novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tae Ho Lee
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-591-2286-2498
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31
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Bai N, Li N, Cheng R, Guan Y, Zhao X, Song Z, Xu H, Yi F, Jiang B, Li X, Wu X, Jiang C, Zhou T, Guo Q, Guo W, Feng Y, Wang Z, Ma M, Yu Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang C, Zhao W, Liu S, Song X, Liu H, Cao L. Inhibition of SIRT2 promotes APP acetylation and ameliorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111062. [PMID: 35830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). SIRT2, an NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent deacetylase, accumulates in the aging brain. Here, we report that, in the amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD, genetic deletion of SIRT2 or pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 ameliorates cognitive impairment. We find that suppression of SIRT2 enhances acetylation of APP, which promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of APP at the cell surface, leading to increased soluble APP-α (sAPPα). We discover that lysines 132 and 134 of the major pathogenic protein β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor are acetylated and that these residues are deacetylated by SIRT2. Strikingly, exogenous expression of wild-type or an acetylation-mimic APP mutant protects cultured primary neurons from Aβ42 challenge. Our study identifies SIRT2-mediated deacetylation of APP on K132 and K134 as a regulated post-translational modification (PTM) and suggests inhibition of SIRT2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bai
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Rong Cheng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yi Guan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiong Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhijie Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Fei Yi
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Cui Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Wendong Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Mengtao Ma
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shihui Liu
- Aging Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Innovation Center of Aging-Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China.
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Innovation Center of Aging-Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, China.
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Iyaswamy A, Wang X, Krishnamoorthi S, Kaliamoorthy V, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Kumar Durairajan SS, Song JX, Tong BCK, Zhu Z, Su CF, Liu J, Cheung KH, Lu JH, Tan JQ, Li HW, Wong MS, Li M. Theranostic F-SLOH mitigates Alzheimer's disease pathology involving TFEB and ameliorates cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease models. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102280. [PMID: 35286997 PMCID: PMC8921490 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and phosphorylated Tau aggregates are crucial pathological events or factors that cause progressive neuronal loss, and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current medications for AD have failed to halt, much less reverse this neurodegenerative disorder; therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe drugs for AD therapy. In the present study, the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of an Aβ-oligomer-targeted fluorescent probe, F-SLOH, was extensively investigated in 5XFAD and 3XTg-AD mouse models. We have shown that F-SLOH exhibits an efficient inhibitory activity against Aβ aggregation in vivo, and acts as an effective theranostic agent for the treatment of multiple neuropathological changes in AD mouse models. F-SLOH has been found to significantly reduce not only the levels of Aβ oligomers, Tau aggregates and plaques but also the levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its metabolites via autophagy lysosomal degradation pathway (ALP) in the brains of 5XFAD and 3XTg-AD mice. It also reduces astrocyte activation and microgliosis ultimately alleviating neuro-inflammation. Furthermore, F-SLOH mitigates hyperphosphorylated Tau aggregates, synaptic deficits and ameliorates synaptic memory function, and cognitive impairment in AD mouse models. The mechanistic studies have shown that F-SLOH promotes the clearance of C-terminal fragment 15 (CTF15) of APP and Paired helical filaments of Tau (PHF1) in stable cell models via the activation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). Moreover, F-SLOH promotes ALP and lysosomal biogenesis for the clearance of soluble, insoluble Aβ, and phospho Tau. Our results unambiguously reveal effective etiological capabilities of theranostic F-SLOH to target and intervene multiple neuropathological changes in AD mouse models. Therefore, F-SLOH demonstrates tremendous therapeutic potential for treating AD in its early stage.
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Li Q, Wu Y, Chen J, Xuan A, Wang X. Microglia and immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 145:273-278. [PMID: 34779509 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are a type of glial cells that play a key role in the repair of damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In the pathological condition of Alzheimer's disease (AD), β-amyloid peptide and a variety of pro-inflammatory factors can activate microglia, resulting in the secretion of a variety of inflammatory factors and neurotoxins. This leads to neuronal damage and even apoptosis, thus triggering AD. In contrast, microglia can protect the CNS by phagocytizing Aβ to slow down AD development. In this review, the roles of microglia in AD neuroinflammation and the scope of immunotherapy for AD are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260 China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260 China
| | - Jichun Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260 China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260 China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260 China
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A Transfer-Learning-Based Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Leukemia-Related Phosphorylation Sites from Protein Primary Sequences. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031741. [PMID: 35163663 PMCID: PMC8915183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTMs), phosphorylation refers to the binding of a phosphate group with amino acid residues like Ser (S), Thr (T) and Tyr (Y) thus resulting in diverse functions at the molecular level. Abnormal phosphorylation has been proved to be closely related with human diseases. To our knowledge, no research has been reported describing specific disease-associated phosphorylation sites prediction which is of great significance for comprehensive understanding of disease mechanism. In this work, focusing on three types of leukemia, we aim to develop a reliable leukemia-related phosphorylation site prediction models by combing deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer-learning. CNN could automatically discover complex representations of phosphorylation patterns from the raw sequences, and hence it provides a powerful tool for improvement of leukemia-related phosphorylation site prediction. With the largest dataset of myelogenous leukemia, the optimal models for S/T/Y phosphorylation sites give the AUC values of 0.8784, 0.8328 and 0.7716 respectively. When transferred learning on the small size datasets, the models for T-cell and lymphoid leukemia also give the promising performance by common sharing the optimal parameters. Compared with other five machine-learning methods, our CNN models reveal the superior performance. Finally, the leukemia-related pathogenesis analysis and distribution analysis on phosphorylated proteins along with K-means clustering analysis and position-specific conversation profiles on the phosphorylation site all indicate the strong practical feasibility of our easy-to-use CNN models.
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35
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Vitória JJM, Trigo D, da Cruz E Silva OAB. Revisiting APP secretases: an overview on the holistic effects of retinoic acid receptor stimulation in APP processing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:101. [PMID: 35089425 PMCID: PMC11073327 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide and is characterized by the accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain, along with profound alterations in phosphorylation-related events and regulatory pathways. The production of the neurotoxic Aβ peptide via amyloid precursor protein (APP) proteolysis is a crucial step in AD development. APP is highly expressed in the brain and is complexly metabolized by a series of sequential secretases, commonly denoted the α-, β-, and γ-cleavages. The toxicity of resulting fragments is a direct consequence of the first cleaving event. β-secretase (BACE1) induces amyloidogenic cleavages, while α-secretases (ADAM10 and ADAM17) result in less pathological peptides. Hence this first cleavage event is a prime therapeutic target for preventing or reverting initial biochemical events involved in AD. The subsequent cleavage by γ-secretase has a reduced impact on Aβ formation but affects the peptides' aggregating capacity. An array of therapeutic strategies are being explored, among them targeting Retinoic Acid (RA) signalling, which has long been associated with neuronal health. Additionally, several studies have described altered RA levels in AD patients, reinforcing RA Receptor (RAR) signalling as a promising therapeutic strategy. In this review we provide a holistic approach focussing on the effects of isoform-specific RAR modulation with respect to APP secretases and discuss its advantages and drawbacks in subcellular AD related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J M Vitória
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo Trigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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36
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Shen S, Liao Q, Wong YK, Chen X, Yang C, Xu C, Sun J, Wang J. The role of melatonin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:983-994. [PMID: 35173531 PMCID: PMC8771831 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its related disorders like obesity, the abnormal protein processing, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines will drive the activation of inflammatory pathways, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) in the periphery and impaired neuronal insulin signaling in the brain. Studies have shown that such inflammation and impaired insulin signaling contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed for the treatment of T2DM and T2DM-linked AD. Melatonin is primarily known for its circadian role which conveys message of darkness and induces night-state physiological functions. Besides rhythm-related effects, melatonin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Melatonin levels are downregulated in metabolic disorders with IR, and activation of melatonin signaling delays disease progression. The aim of this Review is to highlight the therapeutic potentials of melatonin in preventing the acceleration of AD in T2DM individuals through its therapeutic mechanisms, including antioxidative effects, anti-inflammatory effects, restoring mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Shen
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medcal Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Qiwen Liao
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chuanbin Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Mental Health Centre, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Soto-Ospina A, Araque Marín P, Bedoya GDJ, Villegas Lanau A. Structural Predictive Model of Presenilin-2 Protein and Analysis of Structural Effects of Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations. Biochem Res Int 2021; 2021:9542038. [PMID: 34881055 PMCID: PMC8648483 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9542038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease manifests itself in brain tissue by neuronal death, due to aggregation of β-amyloid, produced by senile plaques, and hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein, which produces neurofibrillary tangles. One of the genetic markers of the disease is the gene that translates the presenilin-2 protein, which has mutations that favor the appearance of the disease and has no reported crystallographic structure. In view of this, protein modeling is performed using prediction and structural refinement tools followed by an energetic and stereochemical characterization for its validation. For the simulation, four reported mutations are chosen, which are Met239Ile, Met239Val, Ser130Leu, and Thr122Arg, all associated with various functional responses. From a theoretical analysis, a preliminary bioinformatic study is made to find the phosphorylation patterns in the protein and the hydropathic index according to the polarity and chemical environment. Molecular visualization was carried out with the Chimera 1.14 software, and the theoretical calculation with the hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics system from the semi-empirical method, with Spartan18 software and an AustinModel1 basis. These relationships allow for studying the system from a structural approach with the determination of small distance changes, potential surfaces, electrostatic maps, and angle changes, which favor the comparison between wild-type and mutant systems. With the results obtained, it is expected to complement experimental data reported in the literature from models that would allow us to understand the effects of the selected mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Soto-Ospina
- University of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Group Molecular Genetics, Medellín, Colombia
- University of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Group Neuroscience of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Pedronel Araque Marín
- EIA University, School of Life Sciences, Research and Innovation in Chemistry Formulations Group, Envigado, Colombia
| | | | - Andrés Villegas Lanau
- University of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Group Molecular Genetics, Medellín, Colombia
- University of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Group Neuroscience of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Qin Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Yang Z, Kang Y. Aberrant miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with markers of insulin sensitivity and inflammation. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1405. [PMID: 34733957 PMCID: PMC8506717 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common multifactorial metabolic and endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Increasingly, evidence indicates that the microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA axis contributes to the development of PCOS. Methods To investigate the molecular mechanisms through which miRNA-mRNA expression affects hyperandrogenism, ovarian tissue samples from prenatally androgenized (PNA) mice were subjected to miRNA-seq and RNA-seq analysis. Analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In combination with our previous data obtained from clinical samples, we have performed an integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis of PNA mice and granulosa cells (GCs) from patients with PCOS. The changes in expression were validated by RT-qPCR in more mouse models and clinical samples. Results In total, 3,432 genes and 16 miRNAs were differentially expressed in PNA mice compared with the control mice. We investigated the regulation pattern of miRNAs-mRNAs and observed a total of 12 miRNA-mRNA pairs involved in negative regulation. Functional analysis concentrated on insulin resistance, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, and other inflammation-related pathways. Verification of these results by RT-qPCR showed that the expression of miR-106-5p and miR-155-5p in clinical GCs was consistent with that in PNA mice. After predicting the target genes of miR-106-5p and miR-155-5p and performing negative regulation analysis, six target genes were obtained in GCs. The integration analysis showed that the network of miR-106-5p/miR-155-5p targets was mostly concentrated in pathway related to insulin resistance and inflammation. In addition, the upregulation of the inflammatory genes Il18/IL18 and Socs3/SOCS3 was validated in the PNA mice and GCs from patients compared with the appropriate control sample. The in vitro experiments showed that the regulatory relationship observed may be related to the direct stimulation of DHT. Conclusions Our results showed that the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in PCOS was associated with markers of insulin sensitivity and inflammation. Our study provides a new genetic basis and novel insight regarding the pathogenesis of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Bio-ID Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Bio-ID Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Bio-ID Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxia Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Bio-ID Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yani Kang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Bio-ID Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Iarkov A, Mendoza C, Echeverria V. Cholinergic Receptor Modulation as a Target for Preventing Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665820. [PMID: 34616271 PMCID: PMC8488354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain resulting in progressive impairment in cognitive and motor abilities. The physiological and molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic neuronal loss are not entirely defined. PD occurrence is associated with various genetic and environmental factors causing inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain, leading to oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and reduced viability of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress affects the conformation and function of ions, proteins, and lipids, provoking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and dysfunction. The disruption of protein homeostasis induces the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and parkin and a deficit in proteasome degradation. Also, oxidative stress affects dopamine release by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The cholinergic system is essential in modulating the striatal cells regulating cognitive and motor functions. Several muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in the striatum. The nAChRs signaling reduces neuroinflammation and facilitates neuronal survival, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity. Since there is a deficit in the nAChRs in PD, inhibiting nAChRs loss in the striatum may help prevent dopaminergic neurons loss in the striatum and its pathological consequences. The nAChRs can also stimulate other brain cells supporting cognitive and motor functions. This review discusses the cholinergic system as a therapeutic target of cotinine to prevent cognitive symptoms and transition to dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iarkov
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristhian Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
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40
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Miranda A, Montiel E, Ulrich H, Paz C. Selective Secretase Targeting for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1-17. [PMID: 33749645 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with marked atrophy of the cerebral cortex and accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid plaques are formed by oligomers of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain, with a length of 42 and 40 amino acids. α-secretase cleaves amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) producing the membrane-bound fragment CTFα and the soluble fragment sAβPPα with neuroprotective activity; β-secretase produces membrane-bound fragment CTFβ and a soluble fragment sAβPPβ. After α-secretase cleavage of AβPP, γ-secretase cleaves CTFα to produce the cytoplasmic fragment AICD and P3 in the non-amyloidogenic pathway. CTFβ is cleaved by γ-secretase producing AICD as well as Aβ in amyloidogenic pathways. In the last years, the study of natural products and synthetic compounds, such as α-secretase activity enhancers, β-secretase inhibitors (BACE-1), and γ-secretase activity modulators, have been the focus of pharmaceuticals and researchers. Drugs were improved regarding solubility, blood-brain barrier penetration, selectivity, and potency decreasing Aβ42. In this regard, BACE-1 inhibitors, such as Atabecestat, NB-360, Umibecestat, PF-06751979 Verubecestat, LY2886721, Lanabecestat, LY2811376 and Elenbecestat, were submitted to phase I-III clinical trials. However, inhibition of Aβ production did not recover cognitive functions or reverse disease progress. Novel strategies are being developed, aiming at a partial reduction of Aβ production, such as the development of γ-secretase modulators or α-secretase activity enhancers. Such therapeutic tools shall focus on slowing down or minimizing the progression of neuronal damage. Here, we summarize structures and activities of the latest compounds designed for AD treatment, with remarkable in vitro, in vivo, and clinical phase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Enrique Montiel
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristian Paz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is exacerbated following traumatic brain injury. Neuroprotection by co-administration of nanowired mesenchymal stem cells and cerebrolysin with monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta peptide. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:1-97. [PMID: 34560919 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are prone to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is one of the risk factors in developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a later stage. TBI induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to serum proteins into the brain and leads to extravasation of plasma amyloid beta peptide (ΑβP) into the brain fluid compartments causing AD brain pathology. Thus, there is a need to expand our knowledge on the role of TBI in AD. In addition, exploration of the novel roles of nanomedicine in AD and TBI for neuroprotection is the need of the hour. Since stem cells and neurotrophic factors play important roles in TBI and in AD, it is likely that nanodelivery of these agents exert superior neuroprotection in TBI induced exacerbation of AD brain pathology. In this review, these aspects are examined in details based on our own investigations in the light of current scientific literature in the field. Our observations show that TBI exacerbates AD brain pathology and TiO2 nanowired delivery of mesenchymal stem cells together with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments, and monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta protein thwarted the development of neuropathology following TBI in AD, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wei Z, Koya J, Reznik SE. Insulin Resistance Exacerbates Alzheimer Disease via Multiple Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:687157. [PMID: 34349617 PMCID: PMC8326507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.687157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that accounts for 60–70% of dementia and is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. The pathogenesis of this debilitating disorder is still not completely understood. New insights into the pathogenesis of AD are needed in order to develop novel pharmacologic approaches. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that insulin resistance plays a significant role in the development of AD. Over 80% of patients with AD have type II diabetes (T2DM) or abnormal serum glucose, suggesting that the pathogenic mechanisms of insulin resistance and AD likely overlap. Insulin resistance increases neuroinflammation, which promotes both amyloid β-protein deposition and aberrant tau phosphorylation. By increasing production of reactive oxygen species, insulin resistance triggers amyloid β-protein accumulation. Oxidative stress associated with insulin resistance also dysregulates glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), which leads to increased tau phosphorylation. Both insulin and amyloid β-protein are metabolized by insulin degrading enzyme (IDE). Defects in this enzyme are the basis for a strong association between T2DM and AD. This review highlights multiple pathogenic mechanisms induced by insulin resistance that are implicated in AD. Several pharmacologic approaches to AD associated with insulin resistance are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jagadish Koya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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43
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CK1δ-Derived Peptides as Novel Tools Inhibiting the Interactions between CK1δ and APP695 to Modulate the Pathogenic Metabolism of APP. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126423. [PMID: 34203978 PMCID: PMC8232658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia, and affected individuals suffer from severe cognitive, mental, and functional impairment. Histologically, AD brains are basically characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Previous reports demonstrated that protein kinase CK1δ influences the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by inducing the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ), finally contributing to the formation of amyloid plaques and neuronal cell death. We therefore considered CK1δ as a promising therapeutic target and suggested an innovative strategy for the treatment of AD based on peptide therapeutics specifically modulating the interaction between CK1δ and APP. Initially, CK1δ-derived peptides manipulating the interactions between CK1δ and APP695 were identified by interaction and phosphorylation analysis in vitro. Selected peptides subsequently proved their potential to penetrate cells without inducing cytotoxic effects. Finally, for at least two of the tested CK1δ-derived peptides, a reduction in Aβ levels and amyloid plaque formation could be successfully demonstrated in a complex cell culture model for AD. Consequently, the presented results provide new insights into the interactions of CK1δ and APP695 while also serving as a promising starting point for further development of novel and highly innovative pharmacological tools for the treatment of AD.
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Svob Strac D, Konjevod M, Sagud M, Nikolac Perkovic M, Nedic Erjavec G, Vuic B, Simic G, Vukic V, Mimica N, Pivac N. Personalizing the Care and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:631-653. [PMID: 34093032 PMCID: PMC8169052 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s284615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, complex, and multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, still without effective and stable therapeutic strategies. Currently, available medications for AD are based on symptomatic therapy, which include acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Additionally, medications such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, sedative, and hypnotic agents, and mood stabilizers are used for the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Clinical research has been extensively investigated treatments focusing on the hallmark pathology of AD, including the amyloid deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and vascular changes; however, so far without success, as all new potential drugs failed to show significant clinical benefit. The underlying heterogeneous etiology and diverse symptoms of AD suggest that a precision medicine strategy is required, which would take into account the complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental landscape of each AD patient. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on AD, the current and potential therapy of both cognitive symptoms as well as BPSD, with a special focus on gut microbiota and epigenetic modifications as new emerging drug targets. Their specific patterns could represent the basis for novel individually tailored approaches aimed to optimize precision medicine strategies for AD prevention and treatment. However, the successful application of precision medicine to AD demands a further extensive research of underlying pathological processes, as well as clinical and biological complexity of this multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Svob Strac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Vuic
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Simic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vana Vukic
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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45
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Zhang X, Zhang CM, Prokopenko D, Liang Y, Zhen SY, Weigle IQ, Han W, Aryal M, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. An APP ectodomain mutation outside of the Aβ domain promotes Aβ production in vitro and deposition in vivo. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211936. [PMID: 33822840 PMCID: PMC8034382 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD)–linked mutations in the APP gene occur either within the Aβ-coding region or immediately proximal and are located in exons 16 and 17, which encode Aβ peptides. We have identified an extremely rare, partially penetrant, single nucleotide variant (SNV), rs145081708, in APP that corresponds to a Ser198Pro substitution in exon 5. We now report that in stably transfected cells, expression of APP harboring the S198P mutation (APPS198P) leads to elevated production of Aβ peptides by an unconventional mechanism in which the folding and exit of APPS198P from the endoplasmic reticulum is accelerated. More importantly, coexpression of APP S198P and the FAD-linked PS1ΔE9 variant in the brains of male and female transgenic mice leads to elevated steady-state Aβ peptide levels and acceleration of Aβ deposition compared with age- and gender-matched mice expressing APP and PS1ΔE9. This is the first AD-linked mutation in APP present outside of exons 16 and 17 that enhances Aβ production and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Can Martin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Yingxia Liang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Sherri Y Zhen
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Ian Q Weigle
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Weinong Han
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Manish Aryal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
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46
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Fazal SA, Pottoo FH, Haque SE. Nutraceuticals and their Derived Nano-formulations for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:23-50. [PMID: 33687906 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210309115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the common chronic neurological disorders and associated with cognitive dysfunction, depression and progressive dementia. Presence of β-amyloid or senile plaques, hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins, neurofibrillary tangle, oxidative-nitrative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroinflammation and derailed neurotransmitter status are the hallmark of AD. Currently, donepezil, memantine, rivastigmine and galantamine are approved by the FDA for symptomatic management. It is well-known that these approved drugs only exert symptomatic relief and possess poor patient-compliance. Additionally, various published evidence shows the neuroprotective potential of various nutraceuticals via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in the preclinical and clinical studies. These nutraceuticals possess a significant neuroprotective potential and hence, can be a future pharmacotherapeutic for the management and treatment of AD. However, nutraceutical suffers from certain major limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, fast hepatic-metabolism and larger particle size. These pharmacokinetic attributes restrict their entry into the brain via the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, to over such issues, various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals was developed, that allows their effective delivery into brain owning to reduced particle size, increased lipophilicity increased bioavailability and avoidance of fast hepatic metabolism. Thus, in this review, we have discussed the etiology of AD, focused on the pharmacotherapeutics of nutraceuticals with preclinical and clinical evidence, discussed pharmaceutical limitation and regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals to ensure safety and efficacy. We further explored the latitude of various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals as a novel approach to overcome the existing pharmaceutical limitation and for effective delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Syed Abul Fazal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal, University, P.O.BOX 1982, Damman, 31441. Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
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The Role of Butyrylcholinesterase and Iron in the Regulation of Cholinergic Network and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042033. [PMID: 33670778 PMCID: PMC7922581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in elderly individuals, is marked by progressive neuron loss. Despite more than 100 years of research on AD, there is still no treatment to cure or prevent the disease. High levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, based on postmortem analyses, up to 44% of individuals have been shown to have high Aβ deposits with no clinical signs, due to having a “cognitive reserve”. The biochemical mechanism explaining the prevention of cognitive impairment in the presence of Aβ plaques is still unknown. It seems that in addition to protein aggregation, neuroinflammatory changes associated with aging are present in AD brains that are correlated with a higher level of brain iron and oxidative stress. It has been shown that iron accumulates around amyloid plaques in AD mouse models and postmortem brain tissues of AD patients. Iron is required for essential brain functions, including oxidative metabolism, myelination, and neurotransmitter synthesis. However, an imbalance in brain iron homeostasis caused by aging underlies many neurodegenerative diseases. It has been proposed that high iron levels trigger an avalanche of events that push the progress of the disease, accelerating cognitive decline. Patients with increased amyloid plaques and iron are highly likely to develop dementia. Our observations indicate that the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) level seems to be iron-dependent, and reports show that BChE produced by reactive astrocytes can make cognitive functions worse by accelerating the decay of acetylcholine in aging brains. Why, even when there is a genetic risk, do symptoms of the disease appear after many years? Here, we discuss the relationship between genetic factors, age-dependent iron tissue accumulation, and inflammation, focusing on AD.
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48
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Li F, Hearn M, Bennett LE. The role of microbial infection in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and the opportunity for protection by anti-microbial peptides. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:240-253. [PMID: 33555958 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1876630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Its pathology is primarily characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β peptide and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Current rationales to explain the pathogenesis of AD include amyloid cascade, inflammation, infection defense and anti-microbial protection hypotheses. This review focuses on recent advances in the infection hypothesis, in particular on those pathogenic microbes that act systemically, via periodontal and gastro-intestinal infection routes. It is proposed that the evidence convincingly supports that pathogenic microbial infection is associated with, and is likely a causative trigger for, AD pathology. Microbes can drive AD pathology by two main pathways: either by directly infecting the brain and stimulating amyloid-mediated defence (causative trigger) or indirectly, by stimulating the pro-inflammatory effects of infection. In this context, it follows that anti-microbial/anti-infection therapies could be effective for regulating the pathology and symptoms of AD, depending on the stage of disease. As long-term administration of traditional antibiotic therapy is not recommended, alternative antibiotic agents such as anti-microbial peptides (AMPs), could be preferred for intervention and disease management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feijie Li
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milton Hearn
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise E Bennett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Taleski G, Schuhmacher D, Su H, Sontag JM, Sontag E. Disturbances in PP2A methylation and one-carbon metabolism compromise Fyn distribution, neuritogenesis, and APP regulation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100237. [PMID: 33380425 PMCID: PMC7948947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Fyn and protein Ser/Thr phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are major multifunctional signaling molecules. Deregulation of Fyn and altered PP2A methylation are implicated in cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the methylation state of PP2A catalytic subunit, which influences PP2A subunit composition and substrate specificity, can affect Fyn regulation and function. Using Neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cell models, we first show that methylated PP2A holoenzymes containing the Bα subunit coimmunoprecipitate and copurify with Fyn in membrane rafts. PP2A methylation status regulates Fyn distribution and Fyn-dependent neuritogenesis, likely in part by affecting actin dynamics. A methylation-incompetent PP2A mutant fails to interact with Fyn. It perturbs the normal partitioning of Fyn and amyloid precursor protein (APP) in membrane microdomains, which governs Fyn function and APP processing. This correlates with enhanced amyloidogenic cleavage of APP, a hallmark of AD pathogenesis. Conversely, enhanced PP2A methylation promotes the nonamyloidogenic cleavage of APP in a Fyn-dependent manner. Disturbances in one-carbon metabolic pathways that control cellular methylation are associated with AD and cancer. Notably, they induce a parallel loss of membrane-associated methylated PP2A and Fyn enzymes in N2a cells and acute mouse brain slices. One-carbon metabolism also modulates Fyn-dependent process outgrowth in N2a cells. Thus, our findings identify a novel methylation-dependent PP2A/Fyn signaling module. They highlight the underestimated importance of cross talks between essential metabolic pathways and signaling scaffolds that are involved in normal cell homeostasis and currently being targeted for cancer and AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goce Taleski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Schuhmacher
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry Su
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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50
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Shin EJ, Lee SH, Sharma N, Nguyen BT, Chung YH, Kang SW, Nah SY, Lee YJ, Nabeshima T, Jeong JH, Kim HC. An adenoviral vector encoded with the GPx-1 gene attenuates memory impairments induced by β-amyloid (1-42) in GPx-1 KO mice via activation of M1 mAChR-mediated signalling. Free Radic Res 2020; 55:11-25. [PMID: 33222572 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1854455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined whether glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), a major H2O2 scavenger in the brain, affects memory deficits induced by Aβ (1-42) in mice. Treatment with 400 pmol/5 μl Aβ (1-42) (i.c.v.) resulted in a reduction of GPx-1 expression in wild-type (WT) mice. An Aβ (1-42)-induced reduction in acetylcholine (ACh) level was observed in the hippocampus. Treatment with Aβ (1-42) consistently resulted in reduced expression and activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and in an increase in expression and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Upon examining each of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and nicotinic AChRs, we noted that Aβ (1-42) treatment selectively reduced the levels of M1 mAChR. In addition, Aβ (1-42) induced a significant reduction in phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. The cholinergic impairments induced by Aβ (1-42) were more pronounced in GPx-1 knockout mice than in WT mice. Importantly, an adenoviral vector encoded with the GPx-1 gene (Ad-GPx-1) significantly rescued Aβ (1-42)-induced cholinergic impairments in GPx-1 knockout mice. In addition, M1 mAChR antagonist dicyclomine significantly counteracted Ad-GPx-1-mediated increases in p-CREB and BDNF expression, as well as memory-enhancing effects in GPx-1 knockout mice, thus indicating that M1 mAChR might be a critical mediator for the rescue effects of Ad-GPx-1. Combined, our results suggest that GPx-1 gene protected against Aβ (1-42)-induced memory impairments via activation of M1 mAChR-dependent CREB/BDNF signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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