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Hori A, Inaba H, Hato T, Tanaka K, Sato S, Okamoto M, Horiuchi Y, Paran FJ, Tabe Y, Mori S, Rosales C, Akamatsu W, Murayama T, Kurebayashi N, Sakurai T, Ai T, Miida T. Carvedilol suppresses ryanodine receptor-dependent Ca2+ bursts in human neurons bearing PSEN1 variants found in early onset Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291887. [PMID: 39173065 PMCID: PMC11341060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Seizures are increasingly being recognized as the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuronal hyperactivity can be a consequence of neuronal damage caused by abnormal amyloid β (Aß) depositions. However, it can also be a cell-autonomous phenomenon causing AD by Aß-independent mechanisms. Various studies using animal models have shown that Ca2+ is released from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via type 1 inositol triphosphate receptors (InsP3R1s) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs). To investigate which is the main pathophysiological mechanism in human neurons, we measured Ca2+ signaling in neural cells derived from three early-onset AD patients harboring Presenilin-1 variants (PSEN1 p.A246E, p.L286V, and p.M146L). Of these, it has been reported that PSEN1 p.A246E and p.L286V did not produce a significant amount of abnormal Aß. We found all PSEN1-mutant neurons, but not wild-type, caused abnormal Ca2+-bursts in a manner dependent on the calcium channel, Ryanodine Receptor 2 (RyR2). Indeed, carvedilol, an RyR2 inhibitor, and VK-II-86, an analog of carvedilol without the β-blocking effects, sufficiently eliminated the abnormal Ca2+ bursts. In contrast, Dantrolene, an inhibitor of RyR1 and RyR3, and Xestospongin c, an IP3R inhibitor, did not attenuate the Ca2+-bursts. The Western blotting showed that RyR2 expression was not affected by PSEN1 p.A246E, suggesting that the variant may activate the RyR2. The RNA-Seq data revealed that ER-stress responsive genes were increased, and mitochondrial Ca2+-transporter genes were decreased in PSEN1A246E cells compared to the WT neurons. Thus, we propose that aberrant Ca2+ signaling is a key link between human pathogenic PSEN1 variants and cell-intrinsic hyperactivity prior to deposition of abnormal Aß, offering prospects for the development of targeted prevention strategies for at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hori
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruka Inaba
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hato
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kimie Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sato
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuna Horiuchi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Faith Jessica Paran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shusuke Mori
- Department of Acute Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Corina Rosales
- Center for Bioenergetics and the Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas, United States of America
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Murayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagomi Kurebayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Acute Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Lobos P, Vega-Vásquez I, Bruna B, Gleitze S, Toledo J, Härtel S, Hidalgo C, Paula-Lima A. Amyloid β-Oligomers Inhibit the Nuclear Ca 2+ Signals and the Neuroprotective Gene Expression Induced by Gabazine in Hippocampal Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1972. [PMID: 38001825 PMCID: PMC10669355 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neuronal activity generates dendritic and somatic Ca2+ signals, which, depending on stimulus intensity, rapidly propagate to the nucleus and induce the expression of transcription factors and genes with crucial roles in cognitive functions. Soluble amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), the main synaptotoxins engaged in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, generate aberrant Ca2+ signals in primary hippocampal neurons, increase their oxidative tone and disrupt structural plasticity. Here, we explored the effects of sub-lethal AβOs concentrations on activity-generated nuclear Ca2+ signals and on the Ca2+-dependent expression of neuroprotective genes. To induce neuronal activity, neuron-enriched primary hippocampal cultures were treated with the GABAA receptor blocker gabazine (GBZ), and nuclear Ca2+ signals were measured in AβOs-treated or control neurons transfected with a genetically encoded nuclear Ca2+ sensor. Incubation (6 h) with AβOs significantly reduced the nuclear Ca2+ signals and the enhanced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) induced by GBZ. Likewise, incubation (6 h) with AβOs significantly reduced the GBZ-induced increases in the mRNA levels of neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ryanodine receptor type-2 (RyR2), and the antioxidant enzyme NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1). Based on these findings we propose that AβOs, by inhibiting the generation of activity-induced nuclear Ca2+ signals, disrupt key neuroprotective gene expression pathways required for hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lobos
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Ignacio Vega-Vásquez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Advanced Scientific Equipment Network (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Barbara Bruna
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Silvia Gleitze
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (B.B.); (J.T.)
- Advanced Scientific Equipment Network (REDECA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis, Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Anatomy and Biology of Development Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (P.L.); (I.V.-V.); (S.G.); (S.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging (CIES), Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
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Webber EK, Fivaz M, Stutzmann GE, Griffioen G. Cytosolic calcium: Judge, jury and executioner of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and beyond. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3701-3717. [PMID: 37132525 PMCID: PMC10490830 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the driving principles that may underlie neurodegeneration in dementia, represented most dominantly by Alzheimer's disease (AD). While a myriad of different disease risk factors contribute to AD, these ultimately converge to a common disease outcome. Based on decades of research, a picture emerges where upstream risk factors combine in a feedforward pathophysiological cycle, culminating in a rise of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]c ) that triggers neurodegeneration. In this framework, positive AD risk factors entail conditions, characteristics, or lifestyles that initiate or accelerate self-reinforcing cycles of pathophysiology, whereas negative risk factors or therapeutic interventions, particularly those mitigating elevated [Ca2+ ]c , oppose these effects and therefore have neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K. Webber
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Marc Fivaz
- reMYND, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Grace E. Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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Hurley EM, Mozolewski P, Dobrowolski R, Hsieh J. Familial Alzheimer's disease-associated PSEN1 mutations affect neurodevelopment through increased Notch signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1516-1533. [PMID: 37352850 PMCID: PMC10362499 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, but its root cause may lie in neurodevelopment. PSEN1 mutations cause the majority of familial AD, potentially by disrupting proper Notch signaling, causing early unnoticed cellular changes that affect later AD progression. While rodent models are useful for modeling later stages of AD, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical spheroids (hCSs) allow access to studying the human cortex at the cellular level over the course of development. Here, we show that the PSEN1 L435F heterozygous mutation affects hCS development, increasing size, increasing progenitors, and decreasing post-mitotic neurons as a result of increased Notch target gene expression during early hCS development. We also show altered Aβ expression and neuronal activity at later hCS stages. These results contrast previous findings, showing how individual PSEN1 mutations may differentially affect neurodevelopment and may give insight into fAD progression to provide earlier time points for more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Hurley
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Pawel Mozolewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Radek Dobrowolski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Mustaly-Kalimi S, Gallegos W, Marr RA, Gilman-Sachs A, Peterson DA, Sekler I, Stutzmann GE. Protein mishandling and impaired lysosomal proteolysis generated through calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211999119. [PMID: 36442130 PMCID: PMC9894236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211999119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in neural lysosomal- and autophagic-mediated degradation of cellular debris contribute to neuritic dystrophy and synaptic loss. While these are well-characterized features of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), the upstream cellular processes driving deficits in pathogenic protein mishandling are less understood. Using a series of fluorescent biosensors and optical imaging in model cells, AD mouse models and human neurons derived from AD patients, we reveal a previously undescribed cellular signaling cascade underlying protein mishandling mediated by intracellular calcium dysregulation, an early component of AD pathogenesis. Increased Ca2+ release via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident ryanodine receptor (RyR) is associated with reduced expression of the lysosome proton pump vacuolar-ATPase (vATPase) subunits (V1B2 and V0a1), resulting in lysosome deacidification and disrupted proteolytic activity in AD mouse models and human-induced neurons (HiN). As a result of impaired lysosome digestive capacity, mature autophagosomes with hyperphosphorylated tau accumulated in AD murine neurons and AD HiN, exacerbating proteinopathy. Normalizing AD-associated aberrant RyR-Ca2+ signaling with the negative allosteric modulator, dantrolene (Ryanodex), restored vATPase levels, lysosomal acidification and proteolytic activity, and autophagic clearance of intracellular protein aggregates in AD neurons. These results highlight that prior to overt AD histopathology or cognitive deficits, aberrant upstream Ca2+ signaling disrupts lysosomal acidification and contributes to pathological accumulation of intracellular protein aggregates. Importantly, this is demonstrated in animal models of AD, and in human iPSC-derived neurons from AD patients. Furthermore, pharmacological suppression of RyR-Ca2+ release rescued proteolytic function, revealing a target for therapeutic intervention that has demonstrated effects in clinically-relevant assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mustaly-Kalimi
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL60064
| | - Wacey Gallegos
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL60064
| | - Robert A. Marr
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL60064
| | - Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Immunology, and Infection, North Chicago, IL60064
| | - Daniel A. Peterson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL60064
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Science and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva84105, Israel
| | - Grace E. Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL60064
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Intracellular Injection of Brain Extracts from Alzheimer's Disease Patients Triggers Unregulated Ca 2+ Release from Intracellular Stores That Hinders Cellular Bioenergetics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223630. [PMID: 36429057 PMCID: PMC9688564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence indicates that amyloid beta (Aβ) inflicts its toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by promoting uncontrolled elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ in neurons. We have previously shown that synthetic Aβ42 oligomers stimulate abnormal intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum stores, suggesting that a similar mechanism of Ca2+ toxicity may be common to the endogenous Aβs oligomers. Here, we use human postmortem brain extracts from AD-affected patients and test their ability to trigger Ca2+ fluxes when injected intracellularly into Xenopus oocytes. Immunological characterization of the samples revealed the elevated content of soluble Aβ oligomers only in samples from AD patients. Intracellular injection of brain extracts from control patients failed to trigger detectable changes in intracellular Ca2+. Conversely, brain extracts from AD patients triggered Ca2+ events consisting of local and global Ca2+ fluorescent transients. Pre-incubation with either the conformation-specific OC antiserum or caffeine completely suppressed the brain extract's ability to trigger cytosolic Ca2+ events. Computational modeling suggests that these Ca2+ fluxes may impair cells bioenergetic by affecting ATP and ROS production. These results support the hypothesis that Aβ oligomers contained in neurons of AD-affected brains may represent the toxic agents responsible for neuronal malfunctioning and death associated with the disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Cheng X, Wei Y, Qian Z, Han L. Autophagy Balances Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 43:1537-1549. [PMID: 35960407 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly evolutionary conserved process that degrades cytosolic macromolecules or damaged organelles (e.g., mitochondria), as well as intracellular pathogens for energy and survival. Dysfunction of autophagy has been associated with the pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Recently, the presence of sustained immune response in the brain has been considered a new core pathology in AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy activation may suppress inflammation response through degrading inflammasomes or pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving immune system function in both clinical trials and preclinical studies. This review provides an overview of updated information on autophagy and inflammation and their potential mediators in AD. In summary, we believe that understanding the relationship between autophagy and inflammation will provide insightful knowledge for future therapeutic implications in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Cheng
- Department of TCM Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wei
- GeneScience Pharmaceuticals CoLtd., Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijun Qian
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Department of TCM Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Chami M. Calcium Signalling in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathophysiological Regulation to Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010140. [PMID: 33445705 PMCID: PMC7828109 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Ca 2+ Dyshomeostasis Disrupts Neuronal and Synaptic Function in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122655. [PMID: 33321866 PMCID: PMC7763805 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ homeostasis is essential for multiple neuronal functions and thus, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis can lead to widespread impairment of cellular and synaptic signaling, subsequently contributing to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). While numerous studies implicate Ca2+ mishandling in AD, the cellular basis for loss of cognitive function remains under investigation. The process of synaptic degradation and degeneration in AD is slow, and constitutes a series of maladaptive processes each contributing to a further destabilization of the Ca2+ homeostatic machinery. Ca2+ homeostasis involves precise maintenance of cytosolic Ca2+ levels, despite extracellular influx via multiple synaptic Ca2+ channels, and intracellular release via organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via ryanodine receptor (RyRs) and IP3R, lysosomes via transient receptor potential mucolipin channel (TRPML) and two pore channel (TPC), and mitochondria via the permeability transition pore (PTP). Furthermore, functioning of these organelles relies upon regulated inter-organelle Ca2+ handling, with aberrant signaling resulting in synaptic dysfunction, protein mishandling, oxidative stress and defective bioenergetics, among other consequences consistent with AD. With few effective treatments currently available to mitigate AD, the past few years have seen a significant increase in the study of synaptic and cellular mechanisms as drivers of AD, including Ca2+ dyshomeostasis. Here, we detail some key findings and discuss implications for future AD treatments.
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Abou MB, Sun L, Wei H. Approaches to Optimizing Dantrolene Neuroprotection for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:324-328. [PMID: 32442084 PMCID: PMC7705762 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200522204722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder with high incidence and mortality, is leading its way to the top of the list of the deadliest diseases without an effective disease-modifying drug. Ca2+ dysregulation, specifically abnormal release of Ca2+ via over activated ryanodine receptor (RyR), has been increasingly considered as an alternative upstream mechanism in AD pathology. Consequently, dantrolene, a RyR antagonist and FDA approved drug to treat malignant hyperthermia and chronic muscle spasms, has been shown to ameliorate memory loss in AD transgenic mice. However, the inefficiency of dantrolene to pass the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and penetrate the Central Nervous System needs to be resolved, considering its dose-dependent neuroprotection in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this mini-review, we will discuss the current status of dantrolene neuroprotection in AD treatment and a strategy to maximize its beneficial effects, such as intranasal administration of dantrolene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan B. Abou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Huafeng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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