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Martins-Silva C, Anderson CL, Boyce AKJ, Andrade TES, Tizziani T, Lopes KHS, Micke GA, Cregan SP, Dos Santos ARS, Thompson RJ. The Ethanolic Extract of Polygala paniculata L. Blocks Panx1 Channels and Reduces Ischemic Brain Infarct in a Dose- and Sex-Dependent Way. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04453-5. [PMID: 39271622 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Polygala paniculata L. is a native plant from tropical America. The therapeutic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. paniculata (HEPp) has been scientifically explored due to folk medicine reports on its action against several afflictions. HEPp contains several bioactive molecules with neuroprotective activities, making it a promising candidate for stroke treatment. This study used electrophysiological, biochemical, and in vivo experiments to evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying HEPp as a neuroprotective therapy for stroke targeting Pannexin-1 (Panx1). Panx1 is a non-selective channel that opens during ischemia and contributes to neuronal death. HEPp was not toxic to cortical neurons and pre-treatment with the extract reduced neuronal death promoted by oxygen and glucose deprivation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, HEPp blocked Panx1 currents in a dose-dependent manner and the effect, which was shown to be partially due to rutin. Animals submitted to photothrombosis and post-treated with HEPp had reduced infarct volume, and the effective dose was lower in males (1 mg/kg) than in females (10 mg/kg). On the other hand, in Panx1 KD mice (50% Panx1 levels), the acute treatment reduced the infarct volume only in males. Upon chronic treatment with HEPp, a reduction in Panx1 protein levels was observed. The current study provides reliable evidence of the neuroprotective properties of HEPp in both in vitro and in vivo models of stroke. The underlying mechanism involves, at least in part, the inhibition of Panx1 channel function and possibly downregulation of protein levels, suppressing the secondary events that lead to apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martins-Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour (LabNeC), Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, 29043910, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Connor L Anderson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew K J Boyce
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tassiane E S Andrade
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 100 Perth Dr, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Tiago Tizziani
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Kheytiany H S Lopes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Micke
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Sean P Cregan
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 100 Perth Dr, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Adair Roberto Soares Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Roger J Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Dalkara T, Kaya Z, Erdener ŞE. Unraveling the interplay of neuroinflammatory signaling between parenchymal and meningeal cells in migraine headache. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:124. [PMID: 39080518 PMCID: PMC11290240 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initiation of migraine headaches and the involvement of neuroinflammatory signaling between parenchymal and meningeal cells remain unclear. Experimental evidence suggests that a cascade of inflammatory signaling originating from neurons may extend to the meninges, thereby inducing neurogenic inflammation and headache. This review explores the role of parenchymal inflammatory signaling in migraine headaches, drawing upon recent advancements. BODY: Studies in rodents have demonstrated that sterile meningeal inflammation can stimulate and sensitize meningeal nociceptors, culminating in headaches. The efficacy of relatively blood-brain barrier-impermeable anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies and triptans in treating migraine attacks, both with and without aura, supports the concept of migraine pain originating in meninges. Additionally, PET studies utilizing inflammation markers have revealed meningeal inflammatory activity in patients experiencing migraine with aura, particularly over the occipital cortex generating visual auras. The parenchymal neuroinflammatory signaling involving neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, which eventually extends to the meninges, can link non-homeostatic perturbations in the insensate brain to pain-sensitive meninges. Recent experimental research has brought deeper insight into parenchymal signaling mechanisms: Neuronal pannexin-1 channels act as stress sensors, initiating the inflammatory signaling by inflammasome formation and high-mobility group box-1 release in response to transient perturbations such as cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) or synaptic metabolic insufficiency caused by transcriptional changes induced by migraine triggers like sleep deprivation and stress. After a single CSD, astrocytes respond by upregulating the transcription of proinflammatory enzymes and mediators, while microglia are involved in restoring neuronal structural integrity; however, repeated CSDs may prompt microglia to adopt a pro-inflammatory state. Transcriptional changes from pro- to anti-inflammatory within 24 h may serve to dampen the inflammatory signaling. The extensive coverage of brain surface and perivascular areas by astrocyte endfeet suggests their role as an interface for transporting inflammatory mediators to the cerebrospinal fluid to contribute to meningeal nociception. CONCLUSION We propose that neuronal stress induced by CSD or synaptic activity-energy mismatch may initiate a parenchymal inflammatory signaling cascade, transmitted to the meninges, thereby triggering lasting headaches characteristic of migraine, with or without aura. This neuroinflammatory interplay between parenchymal and meningeal cells points to the potential for novel targets for migraine treatment and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Dalkara
- Departments of Neuroscience and, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Kaya
- Department of Neurology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şefik Evren Erdener
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Xing Q, Cibelli A, Yang GL, Dohare P, Li QH, Scemes E, Guan FX, Spray DC. Neuronal Panx1 drives peripheral sensitization in experimental plantar inflammatory pain. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:27. [PMID: 38685116 PMCID: PMC11057180 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The channel-forming protein Pannexin1 (Panx1) has been implicated in both human studies and animal models of chronic pain, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. METHODS Wild-type (WT, n = 24), global Panx1 KO (n = 24), neuron-specific Panx1 KO (n = 20), and glia-specific Panx1 KO (n = 20) mice were used in this study at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The von Frey test was used to quantify pain sensitivity in these mice following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection (7, 14, and 21 d). The qRT-PCR was employed to measure mRNA levels of Panx1, Panx2, Panx3, Cx43, Calhm1, and β-catenin. Laser scanning confocal microscopy imaging, Sholl analysis, and electrophysiology were utilized to evaluate the impact of Panx1 on neuronal excitability and morphology in Neuro2a and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) in which Panx1 expression or function was manipulated. Ethidium bromide (EtBr) dye uptake assay and calcium imaging were employed to investigate the role of Panx1 in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensitivity. β-galactosidase (β-gal) staining was applied to determine the relative cellular expression levels of Panx1 in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and DRG of transgenic mice. RESULTS Global or neuron-specific Panx1 deletion markedly decreased pain thresholds after CFA stimuli (7, 14, and 21 d; P < 0.01 vs. WT group), indicating that Panx1 was positively correlated with pain sensitivity. In Neuro2a, global Panx1 deletion dramatically reduced neurite extension and inward currents compared to the WT group (P < 0.05), revealing that Panx1 enhanced neurogenesis and excitability. Similarly, global Panx1 deletion significantly suppressed Wnt/β-catenin dependent DRG neurogenesis following 5 d of nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment (P < 0.01 vs. WT group). Moreover, Panx1 channels enhanced DRG neuron response to ATP after CFA injection (P < 0.01 vs. Panx1 KO group). Furthermore, ATP release increased Ca2+ responses in DRGNs and satellite glial cells surrounding them following 7 d of CFA treatment (P < 0.01 vs. Panx1 KO group), suggesting that Panx1 in glia also impacts exaggerated neuronal excitability. Interestingly, neuron-specific Panx1 deletion was found to markedly reduce differentiation in cultured DRGNs, as evidenced by stunted neurite outgrowth (P < 0.05 vs. Panx1 KO group; P < 0.01 vs. WT group or GFAP-Cre group), blunted activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling (P < 0.01 vs. WT, Panx1 KO and GFAP-Cre groups), and diminished cell excitability (P < 0.01 vs. GFAP-Cre group) and response to ATP stimulation (P < 0.01 vs. WT group). Analysis of β-gal staining showed that cellular expression levels of Panx1 in neurons are significantly higher (2.5-fold increase) in the DRG than in the TG. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that neuronal Panx1 is a prominent driver of peripheral sensitivity in the setting of inflammatory pain through cell-autonomous effects on neuronal excitability. This hyperexcitability dependence on neuronal Panx1 contrasts with inflammatory orofacial pain, where similar studies revealed a prominent role for glial Panx1. The apparent differences in Panx1 expression in neuronal and non-neuronal TG and DRG cells are likely responsible for the distinct impact of these cell types in the two pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Antonio Cibelli
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Greta Luyuan Yang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Preeti Dohare
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Qing-Hua Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Fang-Xia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - David C Spray
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Li H, Wang C, Gong Z, Nie L, Xu J, Wang M. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1-dependent Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 2 in the Cerebral Cortices Contributes to Cortical Spreading Depolarization. Neuroscience 2024; 543:90-100. [PMID: 38417540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are serine/threonine-selective proteins and ERK1/2 can be phosphorylated in peripheral and central brain regions after cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) and calcitonin gene-related peptide; However, it remains unclear about whether and how ERK activity modulates CSD that correlates to migraine aura. Here, we determined the role of ERK in regulating CSD and explored the underlying mechanism involving transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a stress-sensing cation channel. CSD was recorded using intrinsic optical imaging in mouse brain slices, and electrophysiology in rats. Phosphorylated ERK (pERK1/2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) protein levels were detected using Western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. IL-1β mRNA level was detected using qPCR. The results showed that an ERK inhibitor, SCH77298, markedly prolonged CSD latency and reduced propagation rate in mouse brain slices. Corresponding to this, CSD induction increased levels of cytosolic pERK1/2 in ipsilateral cerebral cortices of rats, the elevation of which correlated to the level of IL-1β mRNA. Mechanistic analysis showed that pre-treatment of an anti-TRPA1 antibody reduced the cytosolic pERK2 level but not pERK1 following CSD in cerebral cortices of rats and this level of pERK2 correlated with that of cerebral cortical IL-1β protein. Furthermore, an ERK activator, AES16-2M, but not its scrambled control, reversed the prolonged CSD latency by a TRPA1 inhibitor, HC-030031, in mouse brain slices. These data revealed a crucial role of ERK activity in regulating CSD, and elevation of pERK and IL-1β production induced by CSD is predominantly TRPA1 channel-dependent, thereby contributing to migraine pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
| | - Chenyi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
| | - Ziyang Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
| | - Lingdi Nie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China.
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Cresta E, Bellotti A, Rinaldi G, Corbelli I, Sarchielli P. Effect of anti-CGRP-targeted therapy on migraine aura: Results of an observational case series study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14595. [PMID: 38332541 PMCID: PMC10853579 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited clinical evidence is available regarding the potential effectiveness of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies for the preventive treatment of migraine with aura. AIM OF THE STUDY This observational study involved a series of migraine patients affected by either migraine with or without aura, who were investigated for any changes in their frequencies and their migraine aura attack characteristics observed during treatment with anti-CGRP Mabs over a 1-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twelve migraine patients were included, seven of whom were treated with erenumab, 2 with fremanezumab, and 3 with galcanezumab. Clinical data were collected at baseline, which were defined as 3 months prior to the initiation of treatment, and thereafter at each trimester, over the 1-year treatment period. The parameters included the number of headache and migraine days/month, the frequency of aura episodes, the number of days with acute drug intakes/month, and the scores from the migraine disability status scale (MIDAS), and the Headache Impact Test 6 (HIT-6). RESULTS Anti-CGRP Mbs antibodies induced significant decreases in mean headache and migraine without aura days per month, the number of days with medication intake, as well as MIDAS and HIT-6 scores (p < 0.0001). In contrast, the anti-CGRP Mab treatment did not appear to impact the frequency of migraine with aura attacks but seemed to reduce both the intensity and the duration of headache phases of migraine aura. Furthermore, some migraine patients referred to having aura attacks without headache over the course of the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above findings, we hypothesize that anti-CGRP Mabs did not influence neuronal and vascular events related to cortical spreading depression (CSD) which is considered the pathophysiological substrate of aura. Conversely, these antibodies are able to counteract, via their peripheral mechanisms of action, the sensitization of the trigemino-vascular pathway which is triggered by CSD. This aforementioned might explain why in our patients, migraine aura attacks remained unchanged in their frequencies, but the headache phases were either reduced or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cresta
- Neurologic ClinicUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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Bu F, Li Y, Lan S, Yang T, He B, Dong P, Shen F, Cai H, Lu Y, Fei Y, Xu L, Qin X. Blocking Pannexin-1 Channels Alleviates Thalamic Hemorrhage-Induced Pain and Inflammatory Depolarization of Microglia in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37377340 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is a neuropathic pain syndrome that frequently occurs following cerebral stroke. The pathogenesis of CPSP is mainly due to thalamic injury caused by ischemia and hemorrhage. However, its underlying mechanism is far from clear. In the present study, a thalamic hemorrhage (TH) model was established in young male mice by microinjection of 0.075 U of type IV collagenase into the unilateral ventral posterior lateral nucleus and ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus. We found that TH led to microglial pannexin (Panx)-1, a large-pore ion channel, opening within the thalamus accompanied with thalamic tissue injury, pain sensitivities, and neurological deficit, which were significantly prevented by either intraperitoneal injection of the Panx1 blocker carbenoxolone or intracerebroventricular perfusion of the inhibitory mimetic peptide 10Panx. However, inhibition of Panx1 has no additive effect on pain sensitivities upon pharmacological depletion of microglia. Mechanistically, we found that carbenoxolone alleviated TH-induced proinflammatory factors transcription, neuronal apoptosis, and neurite disassembly within the thalamus. In summary, we conclude that blocking of microglial Panx1 channels alleviates CPSP and neurological deficit through, at least in part, reducing neural damage mediated by the inflammatory response of thalamic microglia after TH. Targeting Panx1 might be a potential strategy in the treatment of CPSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Bu
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Yuerong Li
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Shiming Lan
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Taiqin Yang
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Baokun He
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Fengyan Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Haobin Cai
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Yunwei Lu
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Yong Fei
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Longsheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Xiude Qin
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
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Cheataini F, Ballout N, Al Sagheer T. The effect of neuroinflammation on the cerebral metabolism at baseline and after neural stimulation in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurosci Res 2023. [PMID: 37186320 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a reaction of nervous tissue to an attack caused by an infection, a toxin, or a neurodegenerative disease. It involves brain metabolism adaptation in order to meet the increased energy needs of glial cell activation, but the nature of these adaptations is still unknown. Increasing interest concerning neuroinflammation leads to the identification of its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Few reports studied the effect of metabolic alteration on neuroinflammation. Metabolic damage initiates a pro-inflammatory response by microglial activation. Moreover, the exact neuroinflammation effect on cerebral cell metabolism remains unknown. In this study, we reviewed systematically the neuroinflammation effect in animal models' brains. All articles showing the relationship of neuroinflammation with brain metabolism, or with neuronal stimulation in neurodegenerative diseases were considered. Moreover, this review examines also the mitochondrial damage effect in neurodegeneration diseases. Then, different biosensors are classified regarding their importance in the determination of metabolite change. Finally, some therapeutic drugs inhibiting neuroinflammation are cited. Neuroinflammation increases lymphocyte infiltration and cytokines' overproduction, altering cellular energy homeostasis. This review demonstrates the importance of neuroinflammation as a mediator of disease progression. Further, the spread of depolarization effects pro-inflammatory genes expression and microglial activation, which contribute to the degeneration of neurons, paving the road to better management and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cheataini
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nissrine Ballout
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tareq Al Sagheer
- Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Faculty of Medical Science, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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Salahi M, Parsa S, Nourmohammadi D, Razmkhah Z, Salimi O, Rahmani M, Zivary S, Askarzadeh M, Tapak MA, Vaezi A, Sadeghsalehi H, Yaghoobpoor S, Mottahedi M, Garousi S, Deravi N. Immunologic aspects of migraine: A review of literature. Front Neurol 2022; 13:944791. [PMID: 36247795 PMCID: PMC9554313 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.944791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine headaches are highly prevalent, affecting 15% of the population. However, despite many studies to determine this disease's mechanism and efficient management, its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. There are suggested hypotheses about the possible mediating role of mast cells, immunoglobulin E, histamine, and cytokines in this disease. A higher incidence of this disease in allergic and asthma patients, reported by several studies, indicates the possible role of brain mast cells located around the brain vessels in this disease. The mast cells are more specifically within the dura and can affect the trigeminal nerve and cervical or sphenopalatine ganglion, triggering the secretion of substances that cause migraine. Neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurokinin-A, neurotensin (NT), pituitary adenylate-cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and substance P (SP) trigger mast cells, and in response, they secrete pro-inflammatory and vasodilatory molecules such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a selective result of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion. This stress hormone contributes to migraine or intensifies it. Blocking these pathways using immunologic agents such as CGRP antibody, anti-CGRP receptor antibody, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)/interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) axis-related agents may be promising as potential prophylactic migraine treatments. This review is going to summarize the immunological aspects of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Salahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sina Parsa
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Delaram Nourmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Razmkhah
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Salimi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Zivary
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Monireh Askarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tapak
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Vaezi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Sadeghsalehi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Mottahedi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Setareh Garousi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Eren-Koçak E, Dalkara T. Ion Channel Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in Migraine and Depression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:777607. [PMID: 34858192 PMCID: PMC8631474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.777607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine and major depression are debilitating disorders with high lifetime prevalence rates. Interestingly these disorders are highly comorbid and show significant heritability, suggesting shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Non-homeostatic function of ion channels and neuroinflammation may be common mechanisms underlying both disorders: The excitation-inhibition balance of microcircuits and their modulation by monoaminergic systems, which depend on the expression and function of membrane located K+, Na+, and Ca+2 channels, have been reported to be disturbed in both depression and migraine. Ion channels and energy supply to synapses not only change excitability of neurons but can also mediate the induction and maintenance of inflammatory signaling implicated in the pathophysiology of both disorders. In this respect, Pannexin-1 and P2X7 large-pore ion channel receptors can induce inflammasome formation that triggers release of pro-inflammatory mediators from the cell. Here, the role of ion channels involved in the regulation of excitation-inhibition balance, synaptic energy homeostasis as well as inflammatory signaling in migraine and depression will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Eren-Koçak
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Dalkara
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Erdener ŞE, Kaya Z, Dalkara T. Parenchymal neuroinflammatory signaling and dural neurogenic inflammation in migraine. J Headache Pain 2021; 22:138. [PMID: 34794382 PMCID: PMC8600694 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pain is generally concomitant with an inflammatory reaction at the site where the nociceptive fibers are activated. Rodent studies suggest that a sterile meningeal inflammatory signaling cascade may play a role in migraine headache as well. Experimental studies also suggest that a parenchymal inflammatory signaling cascade may report the non-homeostatic conditions in brain to the meninges to induce headache. However, how these signaling mechanisms function in patients is unclear and debated. Our aim is to discuss the role of inflammatory signaling in migraine pathophysiology in light of recent developments. Body Rodent studies suggest that a sterile meningeal inflammatory reaction can be initiated by release of peptides from active trigeminocervical C-fibers and stimulation of resident macrophages and dendritic/mast cells. This inflammatory reaction might be needed for sustained stimulation and sensitization of meningeal nociceptors after initial activation along with ganglionic and central mechanisms. Most migraines likely have cerebral origin as suggested by prodromal neurologic symptoms. Based on rodent studies, a parenchymal inflammatory signaling cascade has been proposed as a potential mechanism linking cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) to meningeal nociception. A recent PET/MRI study using a sensitive inflammation marker showed the presence of meningeal inflammatory activity in migraine with aura patients over the occipital cortex generating the visual aura. These studies also suggest the presence of a parenchymal inflammatory activity, supporting the experimental findings. In rodents, parenchymal inflammatory signaling has also been shown to be activated by migraine triggers such as sleep deprivation without requiring a CSD because of the resultant transcriptional changes, predisposing to inadequate synaptic energy supply during intense excitatory transmission. Thus, it may be hypothesized that neuronal stress created by either CSD or synaptic activity-energy mismatch could both initiate a parenchymal inflammatory signaling cascade, propagating to the meninges, where it is converted to a lasting headache with or without aura. Conclusion Experimental studies in animals and emerging imaging findings from patients warrant further research to gain deeper insight to the complex role of inflammatory signaling in headache generation in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şefik Evren Erdener
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kaya
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Dalkara
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, and Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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11
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Nie L, Jiang L, Quinn JP, Grubb BD, Wang M. TRPA1-Mediated Src Family Kinases Activity Facilitates Cortical Spreading Depression Susceptibility and Trigeminovascular System Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12273. [PMID: 34830154 PMCID: PMC8620265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) plays a role in migraine and is proposed as a promising target for migraine therapy. However, TRPA1-induced signaling in migraine pathogenesis is poorly understood. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that Src family kinases (SFKs) transmit TRPA1 signaling in regulating cortical spreading depression (CSD), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release and neuroinflammation. CSD was monitored in mouse brain slices via intrinsic optical imaging, and in rats using electrophysiology. CGRP level and IL-1β gene expression in mouse trigeminal ganglia (TG) was detected using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction respectively. The results showed a SFKs activator, pYEEI (EPQY(PO3H2)EEEIPIYL), reversed the reduced cortical susceptibility to CSD by an anti-TRPA1 antibody in mouse brain slices. Additionally, the increased cytosolic phosphorylated SFKs at Y416 induced by CSD in rat ipsilateral cerebral cortices was attenuated by pretreatment of the anti-TRPA1 antibody perfused into contralateral ventricles. In mouse TG, a SFKs inhibitor, saracatinib, restored the CGRP release and IL-1β mRNA level increased by a TRPA1 activator, umbellulone. Moreover, umbellulone promoted SFKs phosphorylation, which was reduced by a PKA inhibitor, PKI (14-22) Amide. These data reveal a novel mechanism of migraine pathogenesis by which TRPA1 transmits signaling to SFKs via PKA facilitating CSD susceptibility and trigeminovascular system sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Nie
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Blair D. Grubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Minyan Wang
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou 215123, China; (L.N.); (L.J.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (J.P.Q.); (B.D.G.)
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12
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Dehghani A, Phisonkunkasem T, Yilmaz Ozcan S, Dalkara T, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Tolner EA, Karatas H. Widespread brain parenchymal HMGB1 and NF-κB neuroinflammatory responses upon cortical spreading depolarization in familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105424. [PMID: 34118418 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory changes involving neuronal HMGB1 release and astrocytic NF-κB nuclear translocation occur following cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) in wildtype (WT) mice but it is unknown to what extent this occurs in the migraine brain. We therefore investigated in familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) knock-in mice, which express an intrinsic hyperexcitability phenotype, the extent of neuroinflammation without and after CSD. CSD was evoked in one hemisphere by pinprick (single CSD) or topical KCl application (multiple CSDs). Neuroinflammatory (HMGB1, NF-κB) and neuronal activation (pERK) markers were investigated by immunohistochemistry in the brains of WT and FHM1 mutant mice without and after CSD. Effects of NMDA receptor antagonism on basal and CSD-induced neuroinflammatory changes were examined by, respectively, systemically administered MK801 and ifenprodil or topical MK801 application. In FHM1 mutant mice, CSD caused enhanced neuronal HMGB1 release and astrocytic NF-κB nuclear translocation in the cortex and subcortical areas that were equally high in both hemispheres. In WT mice such effects were only pronounced in the hemisphere in which CSD was induced. Neuroinflammatory responses were associated with pERK expression indicating neuronal activation. Upon CSD, contralateral cortical and striatal HMGB1 release was reduced by topical application of MK801 in the hemisphere contralateral to the one in which CSD was induced. This study reveals that neuroinflammatory activation after CSD is widespread and extends to the contralateral hemisphere, particularly in brains of FHM1 mutant mice. Effective blockade of CSD-induced neuroinflammatory responses in the contralateral hemisphere in FHM1 mice by local NMDA receptor antagonism suggests that neuronal hyperexcitability-related neuroinflammation is relevant in migraine pathophysiology, but possibly also other neurological disorders in which spreading depolarization is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Dehghani
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Thas Phisonkunkasem
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sinem Yilmaz Ozcan
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Dalkara
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Else A Tolner
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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13
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Takizawa T, Ayata C, Chen SP. Therapeutic implications of cortical spreading depression models in migraine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 255:29-67. [PMID: 33008510 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is among the most common and disabling neurological diseases in the world. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a wave of near-complete depolarization of neurons and glial cells that slowly propagates along the cortex creating the perception of aura. Evidence suggests that CSD can trigger migraine headache. Experimental models of CSD have been considered highly translational as they recapitulate migraine-related phenomena and have been validated for screening migraine therapeutics. Here we outline the essential components of validated experimental models of CSD and provide a comprehensive review of potential modulators and targets against CSD. We further focus on novel interventions that have been recently shown to suppress CSD susceptibility that may lead to therapeutic targets in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Takizawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio Universrity School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States; Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Medical Research & Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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