1
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Sharallah OA, Poddar NK, Alwadan OA. Delineation of the role of G6PD in Alzheimer's disease and potential enhancement through microfluidic and nanoparticle approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102394. [PMID: 38950868 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathologic entity characterized by the abnormal presence of tau and macromolecular Aβ deposition that leads to the degeneration or death of neurons. In addition to that, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) has a multifaceted role in the process of AD development, where it can be used as both a marker and a target. G6PD activity is dysregulated due to its contribution to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. In this context, the current review presents a vivid depiction of recent findings on the relationship between AD progression and changes in the expression or activity of G6PD. The efficacy of the proposed G6PD-based therapeutics has been demonstrated in multiple studies using AD mouse models as representative animal model systems for cognitive decline and neurodegeneration associated with this disease. Innovative therapeutic insights are made for the boosting of G6PD activity via novel innovative nanotechnology and microfluidics tools in drug administration technology. Such approaches provide innovative methods of surpassing the blood-brain barrier, targeting step-by-step specific neural pathways, and overcoming biochemical disturbances that accompany AD. Using different nanoparticles loaded with G6DP to target specific organs, e.g., G6DP-loaded liposomes, enhances BBB penetration and brain distribution of G6DP. Many nanoparticles, which are used for different purposes, are briefly discussed in the paper. Such methods to mimic BBB on organs on-chip offer precise disease modeling and drug testing using microfluidic chips, requiring lower sample amounts and producing faster findings compared to conventional techniques. There are other contributions to microfluid in AD that are discussed briefly. However, there are some limitations accompanying microfluidics that need to be worked on to be used for AD. This study aims to bridge the gap in understanding AD with the synergistic use of promising technologies; microfluid and nanotechnology for future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnya A Sharallah
- PharmD Program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (EJUST), New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur-Ajmer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India.
| | - Omnia A Alwadan
- PharmD Program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (EJUST), New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
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2
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Lindley S, Lu Y, Shukla D. The Experimentalist's Guide to Machine Learning for Small Molecule Design. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:657-684. [PMID: 37535819 PMCID: PMC10880109 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Initially part of the field of artificial intelligence, machine learning (ML) has become a booming research area since branching out into its own field in the 1990s. After three decades of refinement, ML algorithms have accelerated scientific developments across a variety of research topics. The field of small molecule design is no exception, and an increasing number of researchers are applying ML techniques in their pursuit of discovering, generating, and optimizing small molecule compounds. The goal of this review is to provide simple, yet descriptive, explanations of some of the most commonly utilized ML algorithms in the field of small molecule design along with those that are highly applicable to an experimentally focused audience. The algorithms discussed here span across three ML paradigms: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and ensemble methods. Examples from the published literature will be provided for each algorithm. Some common pitfalls of applying ML to biological and chemical data sets will also be explained, alongside a brief summary of a few more advanced paradigms, including reinforcement learning and semi-supervised learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
E. Lindley
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yiyang Lu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center
for Biophysics & Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana−Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
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3
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Zgheib O, Chamchoy K, Nouspikel T, Blouin JL, Cimasoni L, Quteineh L, Boonyuen U. Substitution of arginine 219 by glycine compromises stability, dimerization, and catalytic activity in a G6PD mutant. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1245. [PMID: 38066190 PMCID: PMC10709299 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the most common enzymopathies in humans, present in approximately half a billion people worldwide. More than 230 clinically relevant G6PD mutations of different classes have been reported to date. We hereby describe a patient with chronic hemolysis who presents a substitution of arginine by glycine at position 219 in G6PD protein. The variant was never described in an original publication or characterized on a molecular level. In the present study, we provide structural and biochemical evidence for the molecular basis of its pathogenicity. When compared to the wild-type enzyme, the Arg219Gly mutation markedly reduces the catalytic activity by 50-fold while having a negligible effect on substrate binding affinity. The mutation preserves secondary protein structure, but greatly decreases stability at higher temperatures and to trypsin digestion. Size exclusion chromatography elution profiles show monomeric and dimeric forms for the mutant, but only the latter for the wild-type form, suggesting a critical role of arginine 219 in G6PD dimer formation. Our findings have implications in the development of small molecule activators, with the goal of rescuing the phenotype observed in this and possibly other related mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Zgheib
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Kamonwan Chamchoy
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thierry Nouspikel
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Blouin
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Cimasoni
- Division of Pediatric Haematology, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lina Quteineh
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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4
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Dow LF, Case AM, Paustian MP, Pinkerton BR, Simeon P, Trippier PC. The evolution of small molecule enzyme activators. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2206-2230. [PMID: 37974956 PMCID: PMC10650962 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a myriad of enzymes within the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by providing the means to convert substrates to products as and when required. Physiological enzymes are tightly controlled by many signaling pathways and their products subsequently control other pathways. Traditionally, most drug discovery efforts focus on identifying enzyme inhibitors, due to upregulation being prevalent in many diseases and the existence of endogenous substrates that can be modified to afford inhibitor compounds. As enzyme downregulation and reduction of endogenous activators are observed in multiple diseases, the identification of small molecules with the ability to activate enzymes has recently entered the medicinal chemistry toolbox to afford chemical probes and potential therapeutics as an alternative means to intervene in diseases. In this review we highlight the progress made in the identification and advancement of non-kinase enzyme activators and their potential in treating various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise F Dow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Alfie M Case
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Megan P Paustian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Braeden R Pinkerton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Princess Simeon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
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5
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Yang R, Xia Y, Xian J, Yu H, Yan B, Cheng B. Identification of Potential Dual Farnesol X Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor α Agonists Based on Machine Learning Models, ADMET Prediction and Molecular Docking. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo‐qi Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Yu Xia
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Jin Xian
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Hui‐juan Yu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Bin Yan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
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6
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Next generation sequencing for diagnosis of hereditary anemia: Experience in a Spanish reference center. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:112-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Idres YA, Tousch D, Cazals G, Lebrun A, Naceri S, Bidel LPR, Poucheret P. A Novel Sesquiterpene Lactone Xanthatin-13-(pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) Isolated from Burdock Leaf Up-Regulates Cells' Oxidative Stress Defense Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101617. [PMID: 34679753 PMCID: PMC8533074 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify novel molecules able to induce an adaptative response against oxidative stress during the first stages of metabolic syndrome. A cellular survival in vitro test against H2O2-based test was applied after pretreatment with various natural bitter Asteraceae extracts. This screening revealed potent protection from burdock leaf extract. Using chromatography and LC-MS—RMN, we then isolated and identified an original sesquiterpene lactone bioactive molecule: the Xanthatin-13-(pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) (XPc). A real-time RT-qPCR experiment was carried out on three essential genes involved in oxidative stress protection: GPx, SOD, and G6PD. In presence of XPc, an over-expression of the G6PD gene was recorded, whereas no modification of the two others genes could be observed. A biochemical docking approach demonstrated that XPc had a high probability to directly interact with G6PD at different positions. One of the most probable docking sites corresponds precisely to the binding site of AG1, known to stabilize the G6PD dimeric form and enhance its activity. In conclusion, this novel sesquiterpene lactone XPc might be a promising prophylactic bioactive agent against oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis A. Idres
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.I.); (D.T.); Tel.: +33-658587547 (Y.A.I.); +33-673466032 (D.T.)
| | - Didier Tousch
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.I.); (D.T.); Tel.: +33-658587547 (Y.A.I.); +33-673466032 (D.T.)
| | - Guillaume Cazals
- Laboratoire de Mesure Physique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Aurélien Lebrun
- Laboratoire de Mesure Physique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Sarah Naceri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8251, 35 rue Héléne Brion, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Luc P. R. Bidel
- INRA, UMR AGAP, CIRAD, SupAgro, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France;
| | - Patrick Poucheret
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
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8
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Garcia AA, Koperniku A, Ferreira JCB, Mochly-Rosen D. Treatment strategies for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: past and future perspectives. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:829-844. [PMID: 34389161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) maintains redox balance in a variety of cell types and is essential for erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress. G6PD deficiency, caused by mutations in the G6PD gene, is present in ~400 million people worldwide, and can cause acute hemolytic anemia. Currently, there are no therapeutics for G6PD deficiency. We discuss the role of G6PD in hemolytic and nonhemolytic disorders, treatment strategies attempted over the years, and potential reasons for their failure. We also discuss potential pharmacological pathways, including glutathione (GSH) metabolism, compensatory NADPH production routes, transcriptional upregulation of the G6PD gene, highlighting potential drug targets. The needs and opportunities described here may motivate the development of a therapeutic for hematological and other chronic diseases associated with G6PD deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ana Koperniku
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Saleem U, Shehzad A, Shah S, Raza Z, Shah MA, Bibi S, Chauhdary Z, Ahmad B. Antiparkinsonian activity of Cucurbita pepo seeds along with possible underlying mechanism. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1231-1251. [PMID: 33759084 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbita pepo is used as a vegetable in Pakistan and its seeds are also rich in tocopherol. Data showed the pivotal role of tocopherol in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The current study was designed to probe into the antiparkinson activity of methanolic extract of C. pepo (MECP) seeds in the haloperidol-induced Parkinson rat model. Behavioral studies showed improvement in motor functions. The increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels whereas the decreases in the malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were noted in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylcholine-esterase (AchE) activity was increased. Molecular docking results revealed significant binding interaction of selected phytoconstituents within an active site of target protein AchE (PDB ID: 4EY7). Furthermore, α-synuclein was up regulated with down regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β in the qRT-PCR study. Subsequently, ADMET results on the basis of structure to activity predictions in terms of pharmacokinetics and toxicity estimations show that selected phytochemicals exhibited moderately acceptable properties. These properties add knowledge towards the structural features which could improve the bioavailability of selected phytochemicals before moving towards the initial phase of the drug development. Our integrated drug discovery scheme concluded that C. pepo seeds could ameliorate symptoms of PD and may prove a lead remedy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Aisha Shehzad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresouces in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Zunera Chauhdary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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10
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RNA-Seq reveals placental growth factor regulates the human retinal endothelial cell barrier integrity by transforming growth factor (TGF-β) signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 475:93-106. [PMID: 32813141 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF or PGF) is a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) family. It plays a pathological role in inflammation, vascular permeability, and pathological angiogenesis. The molecular signaling by which PlGF mediates its effects in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains elusive. This study aims to characterize the transcriptome changes of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) with the presence and the absence of PlGF signaling. Primary HRECs were treated with the PlGF antibody (ab) to block its activity. The total RNA was isolated and subjected to deep sequencing to quantify the transcripts and their changes in both groups. We performed transcriptome-wide analysis, gene ontology, pathway enrichment, and gene-gene network analyses. The results showed that a total of 3760 genes were significantly differentially expressed and were categorized into cell adhesion molecules, cell junction proteins, chaperone, calcium-binding proteins, and membrane traffic proteins. Functional pathway analyses revealed that the TGF-β pathway, pentose phosphate pathway, and cell adhesion pathway play pivotal roles in the blood-retina barrier and antioxidant defense system. Collectively, the data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PlGF's biological functions in HRECs relevant to DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). The newly identified genes and pathways may act as disease markers and target molecules for therapeutic interventions for the patients with DR and DME refractory to the current anti-VEGF therapy.
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Matsuzaka Y, Hosaka T, Ogaito A, Yoshinari K, Uesawa Y. Prediction Model of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation by a Novel QSAR Approach, DeepSnap-Deep Learning. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061317. [PMID: 32183141 PMCID: PMC7144728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that senses environmental exogenous and endogenous ligands or xenobiotic chemicals. In particular, exposure of the liver to environmental metabolism-disrupting chemicals contributes to the development and propagation of steatosis and hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanisms for AhR-induced hepatotoxicity and tumor propagation in the liver remain to be revealed, due to the wide variety of AhR ligands. Recently, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis using deep neural network (DNN) has shown superior performance for the prediction of chemical compounds. Therefore, this study proposes a novel QSAR analysis using deep learning (DL), called the DeepSnap–DL method, to construct prediction models of chemical activation of AhR. Compared with conventional machine learning (ML) techniques, such as the random forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost, the proposed method achieves high-performance prediction of AhR activation. Thus, the DeepSnap–DL method may be considered a useful tool for achieving high-throughput in silico evaluation of AhR-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 204-8588 Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (T.H.); (A.O.); (K.Y.)
| | - Anna Ogaito
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (T.H.); (A.O.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (T.H.); (A.O.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yoshihiro Uesawa
- Department of Medical Molecular Informatics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 204-8588 Tokyo, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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