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Provensi G, Costa A, Rani B, Becagli MV, Vaiano F, Passani MB, Tanini D, Capperucci A, Carradori S, Petzer JP, Petzer A, Vullo D, Costantino G, Blandina P, Angeli A, Supuran CT. New β-arylchalcogeno amines with procognitive properties targeting Carbonic Anhydrases and Monoamine Oxidases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Unveiling the Hidden Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine, a Molecule with a Multimodal Mechanism of Action: A Position Paper. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103303. [PMID: 35630780 PMCID: PMC9143376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a naturally occurring endogenous dipeptide and an over-the-counter food supplement with a well-demonstrated multimodal mechanism of action that includes the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, the down-regulation of the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, the inhibition of aberrant protein formation, and the modulation of cells in the peripheral (macrophages) and brain (microglia) immune systems. Since its discovery more than 100 years ago, a plethora of in vivo preclinical studies have been carried out; however, there is still substantial heterogeneity regarding the route of administration, the dosage, the duration of the treatment, and the animal model selected, underlining the urgent need for "coordinated/aligned" preclinical studies laying the foundations for well-defined future clinical trials. The main aim of the present position paper is to critically and concisely consider these key points and open a discussion on the possible "alignment" for future studies, with the goal of validating the full therapeutic potential of this intriguing molecule.
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Regazzoni L, Fumagalli L, Artasensi A, Gervasoni S, Gilardoni E, Mazzolari A, Aldini G, Vistoli G. Cyclo(His-Pro) Exerts Protective Carbonyl Quenching Effects through Its Open Histidine Containing Dipeptides. Nutrients 2022; 14:1775. [PMID: 35565743 PMCID: PMC9103439 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP) is a cyclic dipeptide which is endowed with favorable pharmacokinetic properties combined with a variety of biological activities. CHP is found in a number of protein-rich foods and dietary supplements. While being stable at physiological pH, CHP can open yielding two symmetric dipeptides (His-Pro, Pro-His), the formation of which might be particularly relevant from dietary CHP due to the gastric acidic environment. The antioxidant and protective CHP properties were repeatedly reported although the non-enzymatic mechanisms were scantly investigated. The CHP detoxifying activity towards α,β unsaturated carbonyls was never investigated in detail, although its open dipeptides might be effective as already observed for histidine containing dipeptides. Hence, this study investigated the scavenging properties of TRH, CHP and its open derivatives towards 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The obtained results revealed that Pro-His possesses a marked activity and is more reactive than l-carnosine. As investigated by DFT calculations, the enhanced reactivity can be ascribed to the greater electrophilicity of the involved iminium intermediate. These findings emphasize that the primary amine (as seen in l-carnosine) can be replaced by secondary amines with beneficial effects on the quenching mechanisms. Serum stability of the tested peptides was also evaluated, showing that Pro-His is characterized by a greater stability than l-carnosine. Docking simulations suggested that its hydrolysis can be catalyzed by serum carnosinase. Altogether, the reported results evidence that the antioxidant CHP properties can be also due to the detoxifying activity of its open dipeptides, which might be thus responsible for the beneficial effects induced by CHP containing food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Regazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Angelica Artasensi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
- Department of Physics, Università di Cagliari, Citt. Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Angelica Mazzolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
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Poggetti V, Salerno S, Baglini E, Barresi E, Da Settimo F, Taliani S. Carbonic Anhydrase Activators for Neurodegeneration: An Overview. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082544. [PMID: 35458743 PMCID: PMC9031706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of ubiquitous metal enzymes catalyzing the reversible conversion of CO2 and H2O to HCO3− with the release of a proton. They play an important role in pH regulation and in the balance of body fluids and are involved in several functions such as homeostasis regulation and cellular respiration. For these reasons, they have been studied as targets for the development of agents for treating several pathologies. CA inhibitors have been used in therapy for a long time, especially as diuretics and for the treatment of glaucoma, and are being investigated for application in other pathologies including obesity, cancer, and epilepsy. On the contrary, CAs activators are still poorly studied. They are proposed to act as additional (other than histidine) proton shuttles in the rate-limiting step of the CA catalytic cycle, which is the generation of the active hydroxylated enzyme. Recent studies highlight the involvement of CAs activation in brain processes essential for the transmission of neuronal signals, suggesting CAs activation might represent a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions characterized by memory impairment and cognitive problems. Actually, some compounds able to activate CAs have been identified and proposed to potentially resolve problems related to neurodegeneration. This review reports on the primary literature regarding the potential of CA activators for treating neurodegeneration-related diseases.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has not been resolved in detail. Esophageal epithelial cells provide resistance to acidic reflux via several mechanisms, many of which involve buffering acid with bicarbonate and transporting protons. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are enzymes that control the acid-base balance by catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to produce bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. AIMS We aimed to determine the immunohistochemical expression patterns of CAII, CAIX, and CAXII in the normal esophageal squamous epithelium and in patients with GERD. METHODS We evaluated 82 biopsy samples, including 26 with a histologically normal esophagus, 26 with histologically mild esophagitis, and 30 with severe esophagitis. Expression patterns of CAII, CAIX, and CAXII in the esophageal squamous epithelium were determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Cytoplasmic CAII expression was predominantly detected in the upper luminal part of the squamous epithelium and was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in GERD. Expression of CAIX was essentially membranous. The isozyme was constantly present in the peripapillary cells. In the interpapillary areas, clustered expression was observed to emerge and increase significantly (p < 0.01) in esophagitis. CAXII expression was the most abundant of the isozymes and was mainly membranous. In the normal squamous epithelium, CAXII expression was confined to the basal layer; in severe esophagitis, CAXII expression increased significantly in both basal (p < 0.05) and superficial (p < 0.01) halves of the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate upregulated expression of CAII, CAIX, and CAXII in GERD. The increase in expression likely contributes to esophageal epithelial resistance to acidic reflux.
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Amine- and Amino Acid-Based Compounds as Carbonic Anhydrase Activators. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237331. [PMID: 34885917 PMCID: PMC8659172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After being rather neglected as a research field in the past, carbonic anhydrase activators (CAAs) were undoubtedly demonstrated to be useful in diverse pharmaceutical and industrial applications. They also improved the knowledge of the requirements to selectively interact with a CA isoform over the others and confirmed the catalytic mechanism of this class of compounds. Amino acid and amine derivatives were the most explored in in vitro, in vivo and crystallographic studies as CAAs. Most of them were able to activate human or non-human CA isoforms in the nanomolar range, being proposed as therapeutic and industrial tools. Some isoforms are better activated by amino acids than amines derivatives and the stereochemistry may exert a role. Finally, non-human CAs have been very recently tested for activation studies, paving the way to innovative industrial and environmental applications.
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Dimeric Histidine as a Novel Free Radical Scavenger Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Liver Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101529. [PMID: 34679664 PMCID: PMC8532998 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic liver injury (NLI) is a common disease worldwide. Since free radical damage in the liver is a crucial initiator leading to diseases, scavenging excess free radicals has become an essential therapeutic strategy. To enhance the antioxidant capacity of histidine, we synthesized a protonated dimeric histidine, H-bihistidine, and investigated its anti-free radical potential in several free-radical-induced NLI. Results showed that H-bihistidine could strongly scavenge free radicals caused by H2O2, fatty acid, and CCl4, respectively, and recover cell viability in cultured hepatocytes. In the animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver injury caused by high-fat diet, H-bihistidine reduced the contents of transaminases and lipids in serum, eliminated the liver’s fat accumulation, and decreased the oxidative damage. Moreover, H-bihistidine could rescue CCl4-induced liver injury and recover energy supply through scavenging free radicals. Moreover, liver fibrosis prepared by high-fat diet and CCl4 administration was significantly alleviated after H-bihistidine treatment. This study suggests a novel nonenzymatic free radical scavenger against NLI and, potentially, other free-radical-induced diseases.
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Iacovelli NA, Ingargiola R, Facchinetti N, Franceschini M, Romanello DA, Bossi P, Bergamini C, Alfieri S, Cavalieri S, Baron G, Aldini G, Locati L, Orlandi E. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Aqualief TM Mucoadhesive Tablets in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Who Developed Radiation-Induced Xerostomia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143456. [PMID: 34298670 PMCID: PMC8303446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia, the subjective complaint of dry mouth, is caused by therapeutic interventions or diseases. Nowadays, radiotherapy (RT) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) stands out as one of the most important causes of xerostomia. Currently available therapies for the treatment of xerostomia are still less than optimal and xerostomia still represents an unmet clinical need. In this article, we present the results of a prospective clinical study with a new product, AqualiefTM, in patients treated with curative RT with or without chemotherapy for HNC. AqualiefTM is based on two main ingredients, carnosine and karkadé, which have acid buffering and antioxidant properties. The study was performed on 30 patients, with 4 of the patients being lost during the study period. Each patient received randomly one of the two treatments, AqualiefTM or placebo, for 8 days. After a 10-day wash-out period, each patient received the other treatment for a further 8 days. The results show that AqualiefTM stimulated salivation in these patients and reduced the pH drop that was observed in an equivalent placebo-treated population of patients. Moreover, no serious, treatment-related adverse events were observed. AqualiefTM has shown positive results, although with limitations due to unsuccessful trial accrual. Therefore, it may be further investigated as a tool for the treatment of RT-related xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alessandro Iacovelli
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossana Ingargiola
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Nadia Facchinetti
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Marzia Franceschini
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Domenico Attilio Romanello
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Cristiana Bergamini
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Salvatore Alfieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Laura Locati
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (P.B.); (C.B.); (S.A.); (S.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Ester Orlandi
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.I.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (D.A.R.); (E.O.)
- Radiation Oncology Unit 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Nocentini A, Cuffaro D, Ciccone L, Orlandini E, Nencetti S, Nuti E, Rossello A, Supuran CT. Activation of carbonic anhydrases from human brain by amino alcohol oxime ethers: towards human carbonic anhydrase VII selective activators. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:48-57. [PMID: 33103482 PMCID: PMC7594847 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1838501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) activating effects of a series of oxime ether-based amino alcohols towards four human (h) CA isoforms expressed in human brain, hCA I, II, IV and VII, are described. Most investigated amino alcohol derivatives induced a consistent activation of the tested CAs, with KAs spanning from a low micromolar to a medium nanomolar range. Specifically, hCA II and VII, putative main CA targets when central nervous system (CNS) diseases are concerned, were most efficiently activated by these oxime ether derivatives. Furthermore, a multitude of selective hCA VII activators were identified. As hCA VII is one of the key isoforms involved in brain metabolism and other brain functions, the identified potent and selective hCA VII activators may be considered of interest for investigations of various therapeutic applications or as lead compounds in search of even more potent and selective CA activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (Neurofarba), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (Neurofarba), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Abstract
Coumarins constitute a relatively new class of inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), possessing a unique inhibition mechanism, acting as "prodrug inhibitors." They undergo the hydrolysis of the lactone ring mediated by the esterase activity of CA. The formed 2-hydroxy-cinnamic acids thereafter bind within a very particular part of the enzyme active site, at its entrance, where a high variability of amino acid residues among the different mammalian CA isoforms is present, and where other inhibitors classes were not seen bound earlier. This explains why coumarins are among the most isoform-selective CA inhibitors known to date among the many chemotypes endowed with such biological activity. As coumarins are widespread secondary metabolites in some bacteria, plants, fungi, and ascidians, many such compounds from various natural sources have been investigated for their CA inhibitory properties and for possible biomedical applications, mainly as anticancer agents targeting hypoxic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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Chiaramonte N, Maach S, Biliotti C, Angeli A, Bartolucci G, Braconi L, Dei S, Teodori E, Supuran CT, Romanelli MN. Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase activating properties of a series of 2-amino-imidazolines structurally related to clonidine 1. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1003-1010. [PMID: 32336172 PMCID: PMC7241460 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1749602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Carbonic Anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) activating properties of histamine have been known for a long time. This compound has been extensively modified but only in few instances the imidazole ring has been replaced with other heterocycles. It was envisaged that the imidazoline ring could be a bioisoster of the imidazole moiety. Indeed, we report that clonidine, a 2-aminoimidazoline derivative, was found able to activate several human CA isoforms (hCA I, IV, VA, VII, IX, XII and XIII), with potency in the micromolar range, while it was inactive on hCA II. A series of 2-aminoimidazoline, structurally related to clonidine, was then synthesised and tested on selected hCA isoforms. The compounds were inactive on hCA II while displayed activating properties on hCA I, VA, VII and XIII, with KA values in the micromolar range. Two compounds (10 and 11) showed some preference for the hCA VA or VII isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Chiaramonte
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Soumia Maach
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Caterina Biliotti
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Braconi
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Aldini G, de Courten B, Regazzoni L, Gilardoni E, Ferrario G, Baron G, Altomare A, D’Amato A, Vistoli G, Carini M. Understanding the antioxidant and carbonyl sequestering activity of carnosine: direct and indirect mechanisms. Free Radic Res 2020; 55:321-330. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1856830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luca Regazzoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrario
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alfonsina D’Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Supuran CT. Exploring the multiple binding modes of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:671-686. [PMID: 32208982 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1743676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The spacious active site cavity of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) shows a great versatility for a variety of binding modes for modulators of activity, inhibitors, and activators, some of which are clinically used drugs. AREAS COVERED There are at least four well-documented CA inhibition mechanisms and the same number of binding modes for CA inhibitors (CAIs), one of which superposes with the binding of activators (CAAs). They include (i) coordination to the catalytic metal ion; (ii) anchoring to the water molecule coordinated to the metal ion; (iii) occlusion of the active site entrance; and (iv) binding outside the active site. A large number of chemical classes of CAIs show these binding modes explored in detail by kinetic, crystallographic, and other techniques. The tail approach was applied to all of them and allowed many classes of highly isoform-selective inhibitors. This is the subject of our review. EXPERT OPINION All active site regions of CAs accommodate inhibitors to bind, which is reflected in very different inhibition profiles for such compounds and the possibility to design drugs with effective action and new applications, such as for the management of hypoxic tumors, neuropathic pain, cerebral ischemia, arthritis, and degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
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