|
1
|
Regazzoni L, Fumagalli L, Artasensi A, Gervasoni S, Gilardoni E, Mazzolari A, Aldini G, Vistoli G. Cyclo(His-Pro) Exerts Protective Carbonyl Quenching Effects through Its Open Histidine Containing Dipeptides. Nutrients 2022; 14:1775. [PMID: 35565743 PMCID: PMC9103439 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP) is a cyclic dipeptide which is endowed with favorable pharmacokinetic properties combined with a variety of biological activities. CHP is found in a number of protein-rich foods and dietary supplements. While being stable at physiological pH, CHP can open yielding two symmetric dipeptides (His-Pro, Pro-His), the formation of which might be particularly relevant from dietary CHP due to the gastric acidic environment. The antioxidant and protective CHP properties were repeatedly reported although the non-enzymatic mechanisms were scantly investigated. The CHP detoxifying activity towards α,β unsaturated carbonyls was never investigated in detail, although its open dipeptides might be effective as already observed for histidine containing dipeptides. Hence, this study investigated the scavenging properties of TRH, CHP and its open derivatives towards 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. The obtained results revealed that Pro-His possesses a marked activity and is more reactive than l-carnosine. As investigated by DFT calculations, the enhanced reactivity can be ascribed to the greater electrophilicity of the involved iminium intermediate. These findings emphasize that the primary amine (as seen in l-carnosine) can be replaced by secondary amines with beneficial effects on the quenching mechanisms. Serum stability of the tested peptides was also evaluated, showing that Pro-His is characterized by a greater stability than l-carnosine. Docking simulations suggested that its hydrolysis can be catalyzed by serum carnosinase. Altogether, the reported results evidence that the antioxidant CHP properties can be also due to the detoxifying activity of its open dipeptides, which might be thus responsible for the beneficial effects induced by CHP containing food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Regazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Angelica Artasensi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
- Department of Physics, Università di Cagliari, Citt. Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ettore Gilardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Angelica Mazzolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (L.F.); (A.A.); (S.G.); (E.G.); (A.M.); (G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Song MK, Bischoff DS, Song AM, Uyemura K, Yamaguchi DT. Metabolic relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease affected by Cyclo(His-Pro) plus zinc treatment. BBA Clin 2017. [PMID: 28070499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.003s2214-6474(16)30039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has been well established. Cyclo(His-Pro) plus zinc (Cyclo-Z) treatment ameliorated diabetes in rats and similar improvements have been seen in human patients. Treatment of amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice with Cyclo-Z exhibited memory improvements and significantly reduced Aβ-40 and Aβ-42 protein levels in the brain tissues of the mice. SCOPE OF REVIEW Metabolic relationship between AD and T2D will be described with particular attention to insulin sensitivity and Aβ degradation in brain and plasma tissues. Mechanistic effect of insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) in decreasing blood glucose and brain Aβ levels will be elucidated. Cyclo-Z effects on these biochemical parameters will be discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSION Stimulation of IDE synthesis is effective for the clinical treatment of metabolic diseases including AD and T2D. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cyclo-Z might be the effective treatment of AD and T2D by stimulating IDE synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moon K Song
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343; UCLA School of Medicine, 1O833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David S Bischoff
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343; UCLA School of Medicine, 1O833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Albert M Song
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, 13651 Willard Street, Panorama City, CA 91402
| | - Koichi Uyemura
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343
| | - Dean T Yamaguchi
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343; UCLA School of Medicine, 1O833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Song MK, Bischoff DS, Song AM, Uyemura K, Yamaguchi DT. Metabolic relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease affected by Cyclo(His-Pro) plus zinc treatment. BBA Clin 2017; 7:41-54. [PMID: 28070499 PMCID: PMC5219633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has been well established. Cyclo(His-Pro) plus zinc (Cyclo-Z) treatment ameliorated diabetes in rats and similar improvements have been seen in human patients. Treatment of amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice with Cyclo-Z exhibited memory improvements and significantly reduced Aβ-40 and Aβ-42 protein levels in the brain tissues of the mice. SCOPE OF REVIEW Metabolic relationship between AD and T2D will be described with particular attention to insulin sensitivity and Aβ degradation in brain and plasma tissues. Mechanistic effect of insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) in decreasing blood glucose and brain Aβ levels will be elucidated. Cyclo-Z effects on these biochemical parameters will be discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSION Stimulation of IDE synthesis is effective for the clinical treatment of metabolic diseases including AD and T2D. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cyclo-Z might be the effective treatment of AD and T2D by stimulating IDE synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moon K. Song
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343
- UCLA School of Medicine, 1O833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David S. Bischoff
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343
- UCLA School of Medicine, 1O833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Albert M. Song
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, 13651 Willard Street, Panorama City, CA 91402
| | - Koichi Uyemura
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343
| | - Dean T. Yamaguchi
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 16111, Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343
- UCLA School of Medicine, 1O833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Deblieux P, Mizuma H, Prasad C, Hilton CW. The Neuropeptide Cyclo(His-Pro) Levels are Increased in Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Fall with Treatment in Parallel with Levels of Glucagon. Nutr Neurosci 1998; 1:161-4. [PMID: 27406021 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1998.11747225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of insulin deficiency and glucagon excess is recognized as critical in the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The finding of elevated levels of another gut peptide in DKA with potential relevant physiological effects might renew discussion of the pathogenesis of this disorder. Cyclo(His-Pro) is a gut-brain peptide found in gut of rat and man. In pancreas it is localized to alpha cells. A stereospecific hepatic bonding site has been found. We have shown that cyclo(His-Pro) augments the insulin response to oral glucose in rat by decreasing hepatic insulin clearance. In view of cyclo(His-Pro)'s location in alpha cells, the hepatic binding site and action described, we wondered if levels of cyclo(His-Pro) might be elevated in a hyperglucagonemic state such as DKA and whether these levels might correlate with those of glucagon and other commonly followed parameters in DKA. Plasma was collected from 7 nondiabetic controls and 9 patients in DKA before and after 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of therapy and assayed for glucose, HCO3, anion gap, glucagon and cyclo(His-Pro). Cyclo(His-Pro) levels were higher in DKA patients before therapy than controls (15.6 ± 3.2 vs. 8.0 ± 0.2 pmol/ml; p =0.023) as were glucagon levels (201 ± 4 vs. 56 ± 5ng/L; p = 0.006). Cyclo(His-Pro) levels fell significantly with treatment (15.6 ± 3.2 vs 8.1 ± 1.1; p = 0.024) and in parallel with those of glucagon. We conclude that cyclo(His-Pro) levels are increased in patients with DKA before therapy and fall in parallel with those of glucagon. This represents the first report of altered levels of this peptide in a disease state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Deblieux
- a Obesity Research Program, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, LSU Medical Center , 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans , LA 70112 , USA
| | - H Mizuma
- a Obesity Research Program, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, LSU Medical Center , 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans , LA 70112 , USA
| | - C Prasad
- a Obesity Research Program, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, LSU Medical Center , 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans , LA 70112 , USA
| | - C W Hilton
- a Obesity Research Program, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, LSU Medical Center , 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans , LA 70112 , USA
| |
Collapse
|