Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Mothers with a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Based on Postpartal Expression Profile of MicroRNAs Associated with Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases

The role of microRNAs in pathophysiology and diagnostics of metabolic complications in obstructive sleep apnea patients

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most common sleep disorders, which is characterized by recurrent apneas and/or hypopneas occurring during sleep due to upper airway obstruction. Among a variety of health consequences, OSA patients are particularly susceptible to developing metabolic complications, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as epigenetic modulators are promising particles in both understanding the pathophysiology of OSA and the prediction of OSA complications. This review describes the role of miRNAs in the development of OSA-associated metabolic complications. Moreover, it summarizes the usefulness of miRNAs as biomarkers in predicting the aforementioned OSA complications.

Genetics and Epigenetics: Implications for the Life Course of Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, affecting as many as one in six pregnancies. It is associated with both short- and long-term adverse outcomes for the mother and fetus and has important implications for the life course of affected women. Advances in genetics and epigenetics have not only provided new insight into the pathophysiology of GDM but have also provided new approaches to identify women at high risk for progression to postpartum cardiometabolic disease. GDM and type 2 diabetes share similarities in their pathophysiology, suggesting that they also share similarities in their genetic architecture. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility genes that are shared between GDM and type 2 diabetes. Despite these similarities, a much greater effect size for MTNR1B in GDM compared to type 2 diabetes and association of HKDC1, which encodes a hexokinase, with GDM but not type 2 diabetes suggest some differences in the genetic architecture of GDM. Genetic risk scores have shown some efficacy in identifying women with a history of GDM who will progress to type 2 diabetes. The association of epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and circulating microRNAs, with GDM has also been examined. Targeted and epigenome-wide approaches have been used to identify DNA methylation in circulating blood cells collected during early, mid-, and late pregnancy that is associated with GDM. DNA methylation in early pregnancy had some ability to identify women who progressed to GDM, while DNA methylation in blood collected at 26-30 weeks gestation improved upon the ability of clinical factors alone to identify women at risk for progression to abnormal glucose tolerance post-partum. Finally, circulating microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs that are present in early or mid-pregnancy and associated with GDM have been identified. MicroRNAs have also proven efficacious in predicting both the development of GDM as well as its long-term cardiometabolic complications. Studies performed to date have demonstrated the potential for genetic and epigenetic technologies to impact clinical care, although much remains to be done.

miR-24-3p and Body Mass Index as Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors in Spanish Women 15 Years after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy. The objective of this study is to know the glucose tolerance status after 15 years of pregnancy in patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes and to assess the long-term effect of GDM on the circulating miRNA profile of these women. To answer these, 30 randomly selected women diagnosed with GDM during 2005-2006 were included in the study, and glucose tolerance was measured using the National Diabetes Data Group criteria. Additionally, four miRNAs (hsa-miR-1-3p, hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-329-3p, hsa-miR-543) were selected for their analysis in the plasma of women 15 years after the diagnosis of GDM. In our study we discovered that, fifteen years after the diagnosis of GDM, 50% of women have some degree of glucose intolerance directly related to body weight and body mass index during pregnancy. Dysglycemic women also showed a significantly increased level of circulating hsa-miR-24-3p. Thus, we can conclude that initial weight and BMI, together with circulating expression levels of hsa-miR-24-3p, could be good predictors of the future development of dysglycemia in women with a previous diagnosis of GDM.

Alternative Polyadenylation Results in mRNA Transcript Instability in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE

To study the characteristics of selective polyadenylation (APA) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by poly(A) site sequencing and to explore the role of APA process in the pathogenesis of GDM.

METHODS

Three pregnant women diagnosed as GDM in our hospital were randomly selected as the GDM group, and three healthy pregnant women at the same time as the control group. The placental tissues of two groups of pregnant women after delivery were collected for high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and poly(A) site sequencing (PAS-seq) to screen differentially expressed genes and variable 3'UTR genes in GDM. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and pathway analysis were used to analyze the functional classification and pathway of differential genes, and preliminarily explore the susceptible genes in GDM.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, there were 202 TTS loci in the GDM group, including 103 genes with shortened TTS loci and 99 genes with delayed TTS loci. There were 57 genes with significant difference in TTS (P<0.05). Subsequently, we found that VCPIP1 and LGR4 were differentially expressed in RNA-seq. The genes in advance of TTS locus were enriched in biological processes such as cell development, protein transport and phosphorylation, signal transduction, etc. Delayed TTS genes are enriched in biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, cell migration and cycle, DNA repair and damage.

CONCLUSION

The abnormality of APA process may be involved in the occurrence and development of GDM. The genes with significantly different changes in TTS locus may become biomarkers or predictors for GDM to assess the incidence, disease progression and disease severity, and may also become potential targets for GDM treatment.

Circulating miR-143 and miR-145 as promising biomarkers for evaluating severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies have provided evidence that miR-143 and miR-145 play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we aim to investigate the expression of plasma miR-143 and miR-145 in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and their association with the severity of coronary artery stenosis.

METHODS

The study enrolled 279 patients with ACS, including 201 patients with unstable angina (UA) and 78 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and 65 matched subjects as the control group. The plasma levels of miR-143 and miR-145 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Gensini score was applied to evaluate the severity of coronary artery stenosis.

RESULTS

Plasma levels of miR-143 and miR-145 in patients with ACS were both decreased compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Plasma levels of miR-143 and miR-145 were negatively correlated with Gensini score (miR-143: r = -0.246, p < 0.001; miR-145: r = -0.222, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that miR-143 and miR-145 were protective factors for the onset of ACS, UA, or AMI separately. MiR-143 (AUC: 0.786, p < 0.001) and miR-145 (AUC: 0.793, p < 0.001) were able to predict the degree of coronary artery stenosis greater than 50 %.

CONCLUSION

The plasma levels of miR-143 and miR-145 were significantly decreased in ACS patients and were negatively correlated with coronary stenosis. In conclusion, plasma miR-143 and miR-145 levels can be used as noninvasive biomarkers for evaluating coronary artery stenosis.

MicroRNA‑143‑3p levels are reduced in the peripheral blood of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and influences pancreatic β‑cell function and viability

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction has been demonstrated to mediate key roles in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Accumulating evidence has supported the functional involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in various types of diabetes, including GDM. However, the detailed biological effect of miRNAs in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction remains poorly understood. In the present study, microarray data of miRNAs in the blood plasma of patients with GDM were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset under the accession number GSE98043. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to measure the expression levels of miR-143-3p in the blood plasma isolated from 30 female patients with GDM women and 30 healthy female individuals. Subsequently, murine pancreatic β-cell line, MIN6 cells were treated with high glucose (HG) to construct in vitro cell models of GDM. miR-143-3p in HG-treated MIN6 cells was overexpressed or knocked down using miR-143-3p mimics and miR-143-3p inhibitor. Cell viability, insulin secretion and proinflammatory cytokine production were examined using CCK-8 and ELISA, respectively Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry assay. The protein expression levels of proteins involved in the TAK1/NF-κB pathway were also assessed using western blot. The levels of miR-143-3p were found to be markedly lower in samples from patients with GDM, which were in turn negatively correlated with blood glucose levels. Overexpression of miR-143-3p in MIN6 cells significantly reversed HG-induced cell apoptosis and impairments in cell viability and insulin secretion. In addition, miR-143-3p overexpression attenuated HG-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by MIN6 cells. Subsequently, TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), an upstream regulator of the NF-κB pathway, was found to be a direct target of miR-143-3p in pancreatic β cells through luciferase assays and western blot. Overexpression of TAK1 was revealed to abolish the curative effects of miR-143-3p on insulin secretion, cell viability and inflammatory response in HG-treated MIN6 cells. In addition, miR-143-3p could inactivate the NF-κB pathway by inhibiting TAK1 expression. Collectively, these results suggest that miR-143-3p levels are downregulated in the peripheral blood of patients with GDM. Therefore, miR-143-3p overexpression may serve as a method for preventing pancreatic β cell dysfunction by inhibiting the TAK1/NF-κB pathway.

Transcriptomic Profiling of Rectus Abdominis Muscle in Women with Gestational Diabetes-Induced Myopathy: Characterization of Pathophysiology and Potential Muscle Biomarkers of Pregnancy-Specific Urinary Incontinence

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is recognized as a "window of opportunity" for the future prediction of such complications as type 2 diabetes mellitus and pelvic floor muscle disorders, including urinary incontinence and genitourinary dysfunction. Translational studies have reported that pelvic floor muscle disorders are due to a GDM-induced-myopathy (GDiM) of the pelvic floor muscle and rectus abdominis muscle (RAM). We now describe the transcriptome profiling of the RAM obtained by Cesarean section from GDM and non-GDM women with and without pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence (PSUI). We identified 650 genes in total, and the differentially expressed genes were defined by comparing three control groups to the GDM with PSUI group (GDiM). Enrichment analysis showed that GDM with PSUI was associated with decreased gene expression related to muscle structure and muscle protein synthesis, the reduced ability of muscle fibers to ameliorate muscle damage, and the altered the maintenance and generation of energy through glycogenesis. Potential genetic muscle biomarkers were validated by RT-PCR, and their relationship to the pathophysiology of the disease was verified. These findings help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of GDiM and will promote the development of innovative interventions to prevent and treat complications such as post-GDM urinary incontinence.

Novel First-Trimester Prediction Model for Any Type of Preterm Birth Occurring before 37 Gestational Weeks in the Absence of Other Pregnancy-Related Complications Based on Cardiovascular Disease-Associated MicroRNAs and Basic Maternal Clinical Characteristics

The goal of the study was to establish an efficient first-trimester predictive model for any type of preterm birth before 37 gestational weeks (spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) or preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM)) in the absence of other pregnancy-related complications, such as gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, or small for gestational age. The retrospective study was performed in the period from 11/2012 to 3/2020. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 6440 Caucasian individuals involving 41 PTB and 65 PPROM singleton pregnancies. A control group with 80 singleton term pregnancies was selected on the basis of equal sample-storage time. A combination of only six microRNAs (miR-16-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-155-5p, and miR-210-3p; AUC 0.812, p < 0.001, 70.75% sensitivity, 78.75% specificity, cut-off > 0.652) could predict preterm delivery before 37 gestational weeks in early stages of gestation in 52.83% of pregnancies with a 10.0% FPR. This predictive model for preterm birth based on aberrant microRNA expression profile was further improved via implementation of maternal clinical characteristics (maternal age and BMI at early stages of gestation, infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technology, occurrence of preterm delivery before 37 gestational weeks in previous pregnancy(ies), and presence of any kind of autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus, or other autoimmune disease)). With this model, 69.81% of pregnancies destined to deliver before 37 gestational weeks were identified with a 10.0% FPR at early stages of gestation. When other clinical variables as well as those mentioned above—such as positive first-trimester screening for early preeclampsia with onset before 34 gestational weeks and/or fetal growth restriction with onset before 37 gestational weeks using the Fetal Medicine Foundation algorithm, as well as positive first-trimester screening for spontaneous preterm birth with onset before 34 gestational weeks using the Fetal Medicine Foundation algorithm—were added to the predictive model for preterm birth, the predictive power was even slightly increased to 71.70% with a 10.0% FPR. Nevertheless, we prefer to keep the first-trimester screening for any type of preterm birth occurring before 37 gestational weeks in the absence of other pregnancy-related complications as simple as possible.

Cardiovascular Disease-Associated MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers of First-Trimester Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Absence of Other Pregnancy-Related Complications

We assessed the diagnostic potential of cardiovascular disease-associated microRNAs for the early prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in singleton pregnancies of Caucasian descent in the absence of other pregnancy-related complications. Whole peripheral venous blood samples were collected within 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. This retrospective study involved all pregnancies diagnosed with only GDM (n = 121) and 80 normal term pregnancies selected with regard to equality of sample storage time. Gene expression of 29 microRNAs was assessed using real-time RT-PCR. Upregulation of 11 microRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-20b-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-100-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-499a-5p, and miR-574-3p) was observed in pregnancies destinated to develop GDM. Combined screening of all 11 dysregulated microRNAs showed the highest accuracy for the early identification of pregnancies destinated to develop GDM. This screening identified 47.93% of GDM pregnancies at a 10.0% false positive rate (FPR). The predictive model for GDM based on aberrant microRNA expression profile was further improved via the implementation of clinical characteristics (maternal age and BMI at early stages of gestation and an infertility treatment by assisted reproductive technology). Following this, 69.17% of GDM pregnancies were identified at a 10.0% FPR. The effective prediction model specifically for severe GDM requiring administration of therapy involved using a combination of these three clinical characteristics and three microRNA biomarkers (miR-20a-5p, miR-20b-5p, and miR-195-5p). This model identified 78.95% of cases at a 10.0% FPR. The effective prediction model for GDM managed by diet only required the involvement of these three clinical characteristics and eight microRNA biomarkers (miR-1-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-20b-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-499a-5p, and miR-574-3p). With this, the model identified 50.50% of GDM pregnancies managed by diet only at a 10.0% FPR. When other clinical variables such as history of miscarriage, the presence of trombophilic gene mutations, positive first-trimester screening for preeclampsia and/or fetal growth restriction by the Fetal Medicine Foundation algorithm, and family history of diabetes mellitus in first-degree relatives were included in the GDM prediction model, the predictive power was further increased at a 10.0% FPR (72.50% GDM in total, 89.47% GDM requiring therapy, and 56.44% GDM managed by diet only). Cardiovascular disease-associated microRNAs represent promising early biomarkers to be implemented into routine first-trimester screening programs with a very good predictive potential for GDM.

Molecular biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum diabetes

ABSTRACT

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a growing public health problem worldwide that threatens both maternal and fetal health. Identifying individuals at high risk for GDM and diabetes after GDM is particularly useful for early intervention and prevention of disease progression. In the last decades, a number of studies have used metabolomics, genomics, and proteomic approaches to investigate associations between biomolecules and GDM progression. These studies clearly demonstrate that various biomarkers reflect pathological changes in GDM. The established markers have potential use as screening and diagnostic tools in GDM and in postpartum diabetes research. In the present review, we summarize recent studies of metabolites, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, microRNAs, and proteins associated with GDM and its transition to postpartum diabetes, with a focus on their predictive value in screening and diagnosis.

Human placenta mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome shuttling microRNA-130b-3p from gestational diabetes mellitus patients targets ICAM-1 and perturbs human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of miR-130b-3p and ICAM-1 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their potential association.

METHODS

Human placenta mesenchymal stem cells (PlaMSCs) were isolated from GDM patients, and the effects of the PlaMSCs from GDM patients (GDM-MSCs) and the exosomes secreted by GDM-MSCs on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis were detected. Next, GDM-MSCs were transfected with miR-130b-3p antagomir to modify miR-130b-3p expression in GDM-MSCs-derived exosomes, and the exosomes with modified miR-130b-3p expression were cultured with HUVECs to evaluate exosomal miR-130b-3p on HUVEC function. Furthermore, a target gene of miR-130b-3p was predicted and assessed. The miR-130b-3p-modified exosomes were cultured with HUVECs transfected with ICAM-1 shRNA to determine the effect of miR-130b-3p-ICAM-1 crosstalk on HUVEC function. Additionally, a GDM mouse model was conducted to further study the effect of miR-130b-3p in GDM in vivo.

RESULTS

GDM-MSCs inhibited HUVEC proliferation and angiogenesis. The elevated expression of miR-130b-3p was found in GDM-MSCs-derived exosomes. GDM-MSCs-derived exosomes repressed the proliferation and angiogenesis of HUVECs and miR-130b-3p inhibition could restrain the inhibition of the exosomes on HUVEC function. Mechanistically, miR-130b-3p downregulated ICAM-1 expression in a targeted manner, and thereby enhanced HUVEC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis and increased the expression of angiogenesis-related factors. Moreover, miR-130b-3p inhibition promoted placental angiogenesis in GDM mice and upregulated ICAM-1 expression.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, GDM-MSCs-derived exosomes shuttling miR-130b-3p repressed proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs by regulating ICAM-1 expression.

MiR-574-3p inhibits glucose toxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction by suppressing PRMT1

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) plays an important role in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. However, the detailed mechanisms remain largely unknown.

METHODS

RT-qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays were used to evaluate PRMT1 and miR-574-3p levels. Cell Counting Kit-8, Advanced Dlycation End products (AGEs), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were assayed, and flow cytometry and RT-qPCR were performed to detect the role of PRMT1 and miR-574-3p in MIN6 cells. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the interactions between PRMT1 and miR-574-3p.

RESULTS

High-glucose treatment resulted in the high expression of PRMT1. PRMT1 silencing could alleviate the reduced proliferation, insulin secretion, and GLUT1 level, in addition to suppressing the induced apoptosis, and AGEs and ROS levels, under high glucose conditions. MiR-574-3p was established as an upstream regulator of PRMT1 using luciferase reporter assays. More importantly, miR-574-3p reversed the effect of PRMT1 silencing in MIN6 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-574-3p suppresses glucose toxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction by targeting PRMT1.

Association Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Risks of Type-Specific Cardiovascular Diseases

Objective

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been linked to subsequent overall cardiovascular diseases. However, evidence on the associations of GDM with type-specific cardiovascular diseases is lacking, and findings on the potential impact of type 2 diabetes on the associations are not consistent. This study aimed to explore the associations between GDM and the risks of type-specific cardiovascular diseases.

Methods

Data were from 12,025 women (≥20 years) who had delivered at least one live birth in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2018. GDM history and type-specific cardiovascular diseases including coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure and stroke were defined by self-report. We also combined our results with those from previously related publications on the associations between GDM and risks of type-specific cardiovascular diseases with a random-effect model.

Results

Compared with women without GDM, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.82 (1.21–2.72) for CHD, 1.43 (0.80–2.53) for heart failure, and 1.19 (0.76–1.86) for stroke among women with a history of GDM. Type 2 diabetes was associated with 43.90, 67.44, and 63.16% of the excess odds of CHD, heart failure and stroke associated with GDM, respectively. Combining results from this study with those from previously related studies yielded odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.81 (1.60–2.05) for CHD (12 studies, 7,615,322 participants, I²= 72.6%), 1.66 (1.25–2.21) for heart failure (5 studies, 4,491,665 participants, I²= 88.6%), and 1.25 (1.07–1.46) for cerebrovascular disease (9 studies, 6,090,848 participants, I²= 77.8%).

Conclusions

GDM showed stronger associations with coronary heart diseases and heart failure than cerebrovascular disease, and the excess risks are attributable, in part, to type 2 diabetes.

Circulating extracellular vesicles exhibit a differential miRNA profile in gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies

We undertook a prospective temporal study collecting blood samples from consenting pregnant women, to test the hypothesis that circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying specific non-coding microRNA signatures can underlie gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). To test this hypothesis, miRNA cargo of isolated and characterized EVs revealed contributions from the placenta and differential expression at all three trimesters and at delivery between pregnant and non-pregnant states. Many miRNAs originate from the placental-specific chromosome 19 microRNA cluster (19MC) and chromosome 14 microRNA cluster (14MC). Further a positive correlation emerged between third trimester and at delivery EVs containing miRNAs and those expressed by the corresponding post-parturient placentas (R value = 0.63 to 0.69, p value = 2.2X10-16), in normal and GDM. In addition, distinct differences at all trimesters emerged between women who subsequently developed GDM. Analysis by logistic regression with leave-one-out-cross validation revealed the optimal combination of miRNAs using all the circulating miRNAs (miR-92a-3p, miR-192-5p, miR-451a, miR-122-5p), or using only the differentially expressed miRNAs (has-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-92b-3p, hsa-miR-100-5p and hsa-miR-125a-3p) in GDM during the first trimester. As an initial step, both sets of miRNAs demonstrated a predictive probability with an area under the curve of 0.95 to 0.96. These miRNAs targeted genes involved in cell metabolism, proliferation and immune tolerance. In particular genes of the P-I-3-Kinase, FOXO, insulin signaling and glucogenic pathways were targeted, suggestive of placental connectivity with various maternal organs/cells, altering physiology along with pathogenic mechanisms underlying the subsequent development of GDM. We conclude that circulating EVs originating from the placenta with their miRNA cargo communicate and regulate signaling pathways in maternal organs, thereby predetermining development of GDM.

CircZNF532 knockdown protects retinal pigment epithelial cells against high glucose-induced apoptosis and pyroptosis by regulating the miR-20b-5p/STAT3 axis

INTRODUCTION

The loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is associated with the etiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study investigated the effects of circular RNA ZNF532 (circZNF532) on apoptosis and pyroptosis of RPE cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood samples were collected from patients with DR and healthy volunteers. A human RPE cell line ARPE-19 was induced by high glucose (HG) and assayed for cell viability, apoptosis, and pyroptosis. The binding of miR-20b-5p with circZNF532 and STAT3 was confirmed by a luciferase activity assay. A mouse model of diabetic retinopathy was established.

RESULTS

CircZNF532 and STAT3 were upregulated but miR-20b-5p was downregulated in the serum samples of patients with DR and HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. Elevated miR-20b-5p or CircZNF532 knockdown enhanced proliferation but reduced apoptosis and pyroptosis of ARPE-19 cells. CircZNF532 sponged miR-20b-5p and inhibited its expression. STAT3 was verified as a target of miR-20b-5p. MiR-20b-5p modulated ARPE-19 cell viability, apoptosis, and pyroptosis by targeting STAT3. Mice with STZ-induced diabetes showed elevated expressions of circZNF532 and STAT3 but decreased the level of miR-20b-5p compared with the controls. Knockdown of circZNF532 inhibited apoptosis and pyroptosis in mouse retinal tissues.

CONCLUSION

CircZNF532 knockdown rescued human RPE cells from HG-induced apoptosis and pyroptosis by regulating STAT3 via miR-20b-5p.

Multigenomic modifications in human circulating immune cells in response to consumption of polyphenol rich extract of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) are suggestive of cardiometabolic protective effects

Mate is a traditional drink obtained from the leaves of yerba mate and rich in a diversity of plant bioactive compounds including polyphenols, particularly chlorogenic acids. Studies, even though limited, suggest that consumption of mate is associated with health effects, including prevention of cardiometabolic disorders. Molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health properties are still largely unknown, especially in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate nutrigenomic effects of mate consumption and identify regulatory networks potentially mediating cardiometabolic health benefits. Healthy middle-aged men at risk for cardiovascular disease consumed a standardized mate extract or placebo for 4 weeks. Global gene expression, including protein coding and non-coding RNAs profiles were determined using microarrays. Biological function analyses were performed using integrated bioinformatic tools. Comparison of global gene expression profiles showed significant change following mate consumption with 2635 significantly differentially expressed genes, among which 6 are miRNAs and 244 are lncRNAs. Functional analyses showed that these genes are involved in regulation of cell interactions and motility, inflammation or cell signaling. Transcription factors, such as MEF2A, MYB or HNF1A, could have their activity modulated by mate consumption either by direct interaction with polyphenol metabolites or by interactions of metabolites with cell signaling proteins, like p38 or ERK1/2, that could modulate transcription factor activity and regulate expression of genes observed. Correlation analysis suggests that expression profile is inversely associated with gene expression profiles of patients with cardiometabolic disorders. Therefore, mate consumption may exert cardiometabolic protective effects by modulating gene expression towards a protective profile.

First-Trimester Screening for Fetal Growth Restriction and Small-for-Gestational-Age Pregnancies without Preeclampsia Using Cardiovascular Disease-Associated MicroRNA Biomarkers

The goal of the study was to determine the early diagnostical potential of cardiovascular disease-associated microRNAs for prediction of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) without preeclampsia (PE). The whole peripheral venous blood samples were collected within 10 to 13 weeks of gestation from singleton Caucasian pregnancies within the period November 2012 to March 2020. The case-control retrospective study, nested in a cohort, involved all pregnancies diagnosed with SGA (n = 37) or FGR (n = 82) without PE and 80 appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) pregnancies selected with regard to equality of sample storage time. Gene expression of 29 cardiovascular disease-associated microRNAs was assessed using real-time RT-PCR. Upregulation of miR-16-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-181a-5p, and miR-195-5p was observed in SGA or FGR pregnancies at 10.0% false positive rate (FPR). Upregulation of miR-1-3p, miR-20b-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-130b-3p, and miR-499a-5p was observed in SGA pregnancies only at 10.0% FPR. Upregulation of miR-145-5p, miR-342-3p, and miR-574-3p was detected in FGR pregnancies at 10.0% FPR. The combination of four microRNA biomarkers (miR-1-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-181a-5p) was able to identify 75.68% SGA pregnancies at 10.0% FPR in early stages of gestation. The detection rate of SGA pregnancies without PE increased 4.67-fold (75.68% vs. 16.22%) when compared with the routine first-trimester screening for PE and/or FGR based on the criteria of the Fetal Medicine Foundation. The combination of seven microRNA biomarkers (miR-16-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-342-3p, and miR-574-3p) was able to identify 42.68% FGR pregnancies at 10.0% FPR in early stages of gestation. The detection rate of FGR pregnancies without PE increased 1.52-fold (42.68% vs. 28.05%) when compared with the routine first-trimester screening for PE and/or FGR based on the criteria of the Fetal Medicine Foundation. Cardiovascular disease-associated microRNAs represent promising early biomarkers with very suitable predictive potential for SGA or FGR without PE to be implemented into the routine screening programs.

Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-Related Complications 1.0 and 2.0

These Special Issue IJMS were dedicated to the major complications responsible for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, such as gestational hypertension (GH), preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preterm birth, and chronic venous disease [...]

MiR-125b-5p ameliorates hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced endothelial cell dysfunction and attenuates reduced uterine perfusion pressure-induced hypertension in pregnant rats via targeting BMF

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

MicroRNA-125b-5p (miR-125b-5p) is downregulated in patients with gestational hypertension signs. However, the role of miR-125b-5p in pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) remains unknown.

METHODS

The human placental microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) have undergone hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) treatment to establish PIH cellular model. Rats were performed with reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) operation to establish PIH animal model.

RESULTS

MiR-125b-5p promoted viability while inhibited the apoptosis of H/R-treated HPMECs by downregulating BMF. MiR-125b-5p alleviated hypertensive symptoms and improved pregnancy outcomes in RUPP rats.

CONCLUSION

MiR-125b-5p ameliorates H/R-induced HPMEC dysfunction and attenuates RUPP-induced hypertension in pregnant rats by downregulating BMF.

Extracellular Vesicles—New Players in Cell-To-Cell Communication in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Research in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has contributed to a better understanding of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Biologically active cargo, such as miRNAs and proteins, is critical in many different biological processes. In this context, pregnancy is one of the most complex physiological states, which needs a highly regulated system to ensure the correct nourishment and development of the baby. However, pre-existent maternal conditions and habits can modify the EV-cargo and dysregulate the system leading to pregnancy complications, with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) being one of the most reported and influential. Calcification and aging of muscle cells, protein modification in vascular control or variations in the levels of specific miRNAs are some of the changes observed or led by EV populations as adaptation to GDM. Interestingly, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance changes are not fully understood to date. Nevertheless, the increasing evidence generated has opened new possibilities in the biomarker discovery field but also in the understanding of cellular mechanisms modified and involved in GDM. This brief review aims to discuss some of the findings in GDM and models used for that purpose and their potential roles in the metabolic alterations during pregnancy, with a focus on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.

MicroRNA-195-5p facilitates endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A in gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common disorder during pregnancy associated with endothelial dysfunction in the placental vasculature. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are short noncoding RNAs that modulate post-transcriptional gene expression, affect GDM progression. MiR-195-5p was reported to be a putative biomarker for GDM diagnosis, whose expression was markedly elevated in serum of GDM patients. Therefore, our study intended to explore whether miR-195-5p regulates endothelial cell dysfunction in GDM. Human placental microvascular endothelial cells (hPMECs) were treated with high concentration of glucose to establish an in vitro GDM model. The apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis of hPMECs were detected by flow cytometry analysis, CCK-8 assay and tube formation assay. The binding between vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and miR-195-5p was verified by luciferase reporter assay. GDM mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin. Cell apoptosis and the pathological changes in GDM mouse placenta tissues were evaluated by TUNEL staining and HE staining. Gene expression was detected by RT-qPCR. Protein levels were evaluated by western blotting. In this study, miR-195-5p knockdown promoted the proliferation and angiogenesis as well as inhibited the apoptosis of HG-treated hPMECs. MiR-195-5p targeted VEGFA, whose expression was downregulated in HG-treated hPMECs. VEGFA silencing antagonized the influence of miR-195-5p knockdown on the phenotypes of HG-treated hPMECs. Additionally, miR-195-5p inhibition decelerated cell apoptosis and improved pathological changes in GDM mouse placenta tissues. MiR-195-5p level was negatively correlated to VEGFA level in GDM mouse placenta tissues. Overall, miR-195-5p facilitates the endothelial cell dysfunction by inhibiting VEGFA in GDM.

miRNAs as Predictive Factors in Early Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION

Circulating miRNAs are important mediators in epigenetic changes. These non-coding molecules regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by binding to mRNA. As a result, they influence the development of many diseases, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Therefore, this study investigates the changes in the miRNA profile in GDM patients before hyperglycemia appears.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study group consisted of 24 patients with GDM, and the control group was 24 normoglycemic pregnant women who were matched for body mass index (BMI), age, and gestational age. GDM was diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test between the 24th and 26th weeks of pregnancy. The study had a prospective design, and serum for analysis was obtained in the first trimester of pregnancy. Circulating miRNAs were measured using the NanoString quantitative assay platform. Validation with real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on the same group of patients. Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman correlation were done to assess the significance of the results.

RESULTS

Among the 800 miRNAs, 221 miRNAs were not detected, and 439 were close to background noise. The remaining miRNAs were carefully investigated for their average counts, fold changes, p-values, and false discovery rate (FDR) scores. We selected four miRNAs for further validation: miR-16-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-144-3p, and miR-320e, which showed the most prominent changes between the studied groups. The validation showed up-regulation of miR-16-5p (p<0.0001), miR-142-3p (p=0.001), and miR-144-3p (p=0.003).

CONCLUSION

We present changes in miRNA profile in the serum of GDM women, which may indicate significance in the pathophysiology of GDM. These findings emphasize the role of miRNAs as a predictive factor that could potentially be useful in early diagnosis.

miR-199a Is Upregulated in GDM Targeting the MeCP2-Trpc3 Pathway

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the most common medical pregnancy complication, has become a growing problem. More and more studies have shown that microRNAs are closely related to metabolic processes. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of up-regulation of miR-199a-5p expression in GDM. We found that miR-199a-5p was significantly up-regulated in the placenta of GDM patients compared with normal pregnant women, and expressed in placental villi. miR-199a-5p can regulate the glucose pathway by inhibiting the expression of methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and down-regulating canonical transient receptor potential 3 (Trpc3). This suggests that miR-199a-5p may regulate the glucose pathway by regulating methylation levels, leading to the occurrence of GDM.

Fast Independent Component Analysis Algorithm-Based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Changes in Brain Functional Areas of Cerebral Infarction

The aim of this study was to analyze the application value of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) optimized by the fast independent component correlation algorithm (ICA algorithm) in the diagnosis of brain functional areas in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). An optimized fast ICA algorithm was established based on the ICA algorithm. 50 patients with cerebral infarction were selected as the research objects, and 30 healthy people were selected as the control group. The 50 patients from the observation group were examined by fMRI based on Fast ICA algorithm, while the control group was tested by fMRI based on the routine ICA algorithm. The performances of the two algorithms, the analysis results of the two groups of brain functional areas, cerebral blood flow (CBF), resting state functional connectivity (rsFC), behavioral data, and image data correlation of patients were compared. The results showed that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of Fast ICA algorithm were 97.83%, 89.52%, and 96.27%, respectively, which in the experimental group were greatly better than the control group (88.73%, 72.19%, and 89.72%), showing statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The maximum Dice coefficient of FAST ICA algorithm was 0.967, and FAST ICA algorithm was better obviously than the traditional ICA algorithm (P < 0.05). The cerebral blood flow of the healthy superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and healthy superior marginal gyrus (SMG) of the observation group with good motor function recovery were 1.02 ± 0.22 and 1.53 ± 0.61, respectively; both indicators showed an increasing trend, and those in the experimental group were much higher in contrast to the control group, showing statistically obvious differences (P < 0.05). Besides, the detection results of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the healthy SFG and healthy SMG were negatively correlated with the results of connection test B. In summary, the fMRI based on the Fast ICA algorithm showed a good diagnostic effect in the changes of brain functional areas in patients with cerebral infarction. The experimental results showed that the cerebral blood flow in the brain area was related to motor or cognitive function. The results of this study provided a reliable reference for the examination and diagnosis of brain functional areas in patients with cerebral infarction.

MicroRNAs Regulating Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Sympathetic Nervous System and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Systemic Arterial Hypertension

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene and protein expression. MicroRNAs also regulate several cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, among others. In this context, they play important roles in the human body and in the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity and hypertension. In hypertension, microRNAs act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system and left ventricular hypertrophy, however the signaling pathways that interact in these processes and are regulated by microRNAs inducing hypertension and the worsening of the disease still need to be elucidated. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyze the pattern of expression of microRNAs in these processes and the possible associated signaling pathways.

Circular RNA FOXP1 relieves trophoblastic cell dysfunction in recurrent pregnancy loss via the miR-143-3p/S100A11 cascade

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is closely associated with insufficient functions of trophoblastic cells. Circular RNA forkhead box P1 (circFOXP1) can regulate cell activities in different types of diseases. However, its effects on trophoblastic cells and its role in RPL development remain unknown. In this study, gene expressions were detected by RT-qPCR. Protein levels were detected by Western blotting. Trophoblastic cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were respectively analyzed via CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays. The association between miR–143–3p and circFOXP1 or S100A11 (S100 calcium binding protein A11) was explored and confirmed by bioinformatics prediction and luciferase reporter assay. Herein, miR–143–3p was upregulated in RPL. Furthermore, miR–143–3p upregulation induced apoptosis and suppressed proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and metastatic capabilities of trophoblastic cells; whereas, miR–143–3p inhibition exert opposite effects. MiR–143–3p targeted S100A11 and was adversely regulated by circFOXP1 expression. S100A11 inhibition partially offset the effect of miR–143–3p knockdown on trophoblastic cell viability, apoptosis, EMT, invasion, and migration. In addition, circFOXP1 competitively combined with miR–143–3p, thus regulating S100A11 expression. Moreover, circFOXP1 regulated trophoblastic cell functions through the miR–143–3p/S100A11 cascade. To sum up, our study, for the first time, demonstrated that circFOXP1 could improve dysfunction of trophoblastic cells through the miR–143–3p/S100A11 axis, providing novel biomarkers and diagnostic targets for RPL.

Influence of miR-221/222 on cardiomyocyte calcium handling and function

Background

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac electrical remodeling including altered ion channel expression and imbalance of calcium homeostasis can have detrimental effects on cardiac function. While it has been extensively reported that miR-221/222 are involved in structural remodeling, their role in electrical remodeling still has to be evaluated. We previously reported that subunits of the L-type Ca²⁺ channel (LTCC) are direct targets of miR-221/222. Furthermore, HL-1 cells transfected with miR-221 or -222 mimics showed a reduction in LTCC current density while the voltage-dependence of activation was not altered. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of miR-221/222 on cardiomyocyte calcium handling and function.

Results

Transient transfection of HL-1 cells with miR-221/222 mimics led to slower depolarization-dependent Ca²⁺ entry and increased proportion of non-responding cells. Angiotensin II-induced Ca²⁺ release from the SR was not affected by miR-221/222. In miR-222-transfected neonatal cardiomyocytes the isoprenaline-induced positive inotropic effect on the intracellular Ca²⁺ transient was lost and the positive chronotropic effect on spontaneous beating activity was strongly reduced. This could have severe consequences for cardiomyocytes and could lead to a reduced contractility and systolic dysfunction of the whole heart.

Conclusions

This study adds a new role of miR-221/222 in cardiomyocytes by showing the impact on β-adrenergic regulation of LTCC function, calcium handling and beating frequency. Together with the previous report that miR-221/222 reduce GIRK1/4 function and LTCC current density, it expands our knowledge about the role of these miRs on cardiac ion channel regulation.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00676-4.

MiR-17-5p downregulation alleviates apoptosis and fibrosis in high glucose-induced human mesangial cells through inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by targeting KIF23

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the major cause of end-stage renal disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to perform biological functions in many diseases. This investigation elucidated the biological role of miR-17-5p in DN. In this study, high glucose-cultured human mesangial cells (HMCs) were used as a cell model of DN. The miR-17-5p and KIF23 expression was measured by RT-qPCR. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The protein levels of apoptosis markers, fibrosis markers, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling-related genes were assessed using western blotting. The interaction of miR-17-5p with KIF23 was tested by a luciferase reporter assay. We found that miR-17-5p was upregulated in both DN patients and high glucose-treated HMCs. Silencing miR-17-5p attenuated the apoptosis and fibrosis in high glucose-treated HMCs. MiR-17-5p binds to KIF23 3'UTR and negatively regulates KIF23 expression. KIF23 knockdown could suppress the role of miR-17-5p inhibition in high glucose-treated HMCs. Additionally, inhibition of miR-17-5p activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HMCs through upregulating KIF23 expression. Suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling antagonized the effect of miR-17-5p in HMCs. In conclusion, miR-17-5p inhibition alleviates the apoptosis and fibrosis in high glucose-treated HMCs by targeting KIF23 activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Clinical characteristics, gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Pregnant women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at high risk of GDM. It is unclear whether this population has pregnancy characteristics different from the general population. Whether these features affect the perinatal outcome has not yet been elucidated.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted, including baseline characteristics, laboratory data, gestational weight gain (GWG), and pregnancy outcomes of 441 pregnant women with prior GDM. Besides, 1637 women without a history of GDM treated in the same period were randomly selected as the control group. The above indicators of the two groups were compared. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate how GWG was associated with perinatal outcomes for previous GDM women.

RESULTS

Among women with GDM history, triglycerides (TG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in the 1st trimester were higher than those without GDM history. GWG was lower in women with prior GDM relative to the control group at various pregnancy stages. However, women with GDM history had a higher risk of developing GDM (OR 3.25, 95% CI 2.26-4.68) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.05-2.45). In women with previous GDM, excessive GWG before OGTT exhibited a positive correlation with pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.05-3.32), while inadequate GWG was not a protective factor for GDM and pregnancy-induced hypertension.

CONCLUSION

Women with prior GDM have glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the 1st trimester. Limited reduction of GWG before oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was insufficient to offset the adverse effects of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in women with previous GDM. Relevant interventions may be required at early stage or even before pregnancy.

Postnatal Expression Profile of MicroRNAs Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases in 3- to 11-Year-Old Preterm-Born Children

(1) Background: Preterm-born children have an increased cardiovascular risk with the first clinical manifestation during childhood and/or adolescence. (2) Methods: The occurrence of overweight/obesity, prehypertension/hypertension, valve problems or heart defects, and postnatal microRNA expression profiles were examined in preterm-born children at the age of 3 to 11 years descending from preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) pregnancies. The whole peripheral blood gene expression of 29 selected microRNAs associated with cardiovascular diseases was the subject of our interest. (3) Results: Nearly one-third of preterm-born children (32.43%) had valve problems and/or heart defects. The occurrence of systolic and diastolic prehypertension/hypertension was also inconsiderable in a group of preterm-born children (27.03% and 18.92%). The vast majority of children descending from either PPROM (85.45%) or PTB pregnancies (85.71%) had also significantly altered microRNA expression profiles at 90.0% specificity. (4) Conclusions: Postnatal microRNA expression profiles were significantly influenced by antenatal and early postnatal factors (gestational age at delivery, birth weight of newborns, and condition of newborns at the moment of birth). These findings may contribute to the explanation of increased cardiovascular risk in preterm-born children. These findings strongly support the belief that preterm-born children should be dispensarized for a long time to have access to specialized medical care.

A History of Preterm Delivery Is Associated with Aberrant Postpartal MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Mothers with an Absence of Other Pregnancy-Related Complications

This prospective cross-sectional case-control study investigated the postpartal gene expression of microRNAs associated with diabetes/cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases in the peripheral white blood cells of women with anamnesis of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (n = 58), spontaneous preterm birth (n = 55), and term delivery (n = 89) by a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. After pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes or spontaneous preterm birth, mothers showed diverse expression profiles for 25 out of 29 tested microRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-20b-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-100-5p, miR-103a-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-499a-5p, and miR-574-3p). The earliest gestational ages at delivery and the lowest birth weights of newborns were associated with the highest postpartal levels of the previously mentioned microRNAs in maternal peripheral white blood cells. Administration of tocolytic drugs in order to prolong pregnancy, used in order to administer and complete a full course of antenatal corticosteroids, was associated with alterations in postpartal microRNA expression profiles to a lesser extent than in women with imminent delivery, where there was insufficient time for administration of tocolytics and antenatal corticosteroids. Overall, mothers who did not receive tocolytic therapy (miR-24-3p and miR-146a-5p) and mothers who did not receive corticosteroid therapy (miR-1-3p, miR-100-5p, and miR-143-3p) had increased or showed a trend toward increased postpartal microRNA expression when compared with mothers given tocolytic and corticosteroid therapy. In addition, mothers with serum C-reactive protein levels above 20 mg/L, who experienced preterm labour, showed a trend toward increased postpartal expression profiles of miR-143-3p and miR-199a-5p when compared with mothers with normal serum C-reactive protein levels. On the other hand, the occurrence of maternal leukocytosis, the presence of intra-amniotic inflammation (higher levels of interleukin 6 in the amniotic fluid), and the administration of antibiotics at the time of preterm delivery had no impact on postpartal microRNA expression profiles in mothers with a history of preterm delivery. Likewise, the condition of the newborns at the moment of birth, determined by Apgar scores at 5 and 10 min and the pH of cord arterial blood, had no influence on the postpartal expression profiles of mothers with a history of preterm delivery. These findings may contribute to explaining the increased cardiovascular risk in mothers with anamnesis of preterm delivery, and the greater increase of maternal cardiovascular risk with the decrease of gestational age at delivery. Women with preterm delivery in their anamnesis represent a high-risk group with special needs on a long-term basis, with a need to apply preventive and therapeutic interventions as early as possible.

Protection against Glucolipotoxicity by High Density Lipoprotein in Human PANC-1 Hybrid 1.1B4 Pancreatic Beta Cells: The Role of microRNA

High-density lipoproteins provide protection against the damaging effects of glucolipotoxicity in beta cells, a factor which sustains insulin secretion and staves off onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study examines epigenetic changes in small non-coding microRNA sequences induced by high density lipoproteins in a human hybrid beta cell model, and tests the impact of delivery of a single sequence in protecting against glucolipotoxicity. Human PANC-1.1B4 cells were used to establish Bmax and Kd for [³H]cholesterol efflux to high density lipoprotein, and minimum concentrations required to protect cell viability and reduce apoptosis to 30mM glucose and 0.25 mM palmitic acid. Microchip array identified the microRNA signature associated with high density lipoprotein treatment, and one sequence, hsa-miR-21-5p, modulated via delivery of a mimic and inhibitor. The results confirm that low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein can protect against glucolipotoxicity, and report the global microRNA profile associated with this lipoprotein; delivery of miR-21-5p mimic altered gene targets, similar to high density lipoprotein, but could not provide sufficient protection against glucolipotoxicity. We conclude that the complex profile of microRNA changes due to HDL treatment may be difficult to replicate using a single microRNA, findings which may inform current drug strategies focused on this approach.

Association Analysis in Young and Middle-Aged Mothers-Relation between Expression of Cardiovascular Disease Associated MicroRNAs and Abnormal Clinical Findings

The principal goal of the study was to map common postpartal alterations in gene expression of microRNAs associated with diabetes/cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases induced by most frequently occurring pregnancy-related complications (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, or spontaneous preterm birth). In addition, the association analyses between individual abnormal clinical findings (overweight/obesity, central obesity, hypertension, on blood pressure treatment, history of infertility treatment, actual hormonal contraceptive use, the presence of trombophilic gene mutations, actual smoking status, increased serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol, LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein A, CRP (C-reactive protein), and uric acid, and increased plasma levels of homocysteine) and microRNA expression levels were performed in mothers with respect/regardless to previous course of gestation. The prior exposure to gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes, or spontaneous preterm birth caused that a significant proportion of mothers (52.42% at 90.0% specificity) had substantially altered microRNA expression profile, which might originate lifelong cardiovascular risk. 26 out of 29 tested microRNAs were up-regulated in mothers with a history of such complicated pregnancies. MicroRNA expression profiles were also able to differentiate between mothers with normal and abnormal clinical findings (BMI (body mass index), waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, on blood pressure treatment, history of infertility treatment, and the presence of trombophilic gene mutations) irrespective of previous course of gestation. The treatment of hypertension even intensified upregulation of some microRNAs (miR-24-3p, and miR-342-3p) already present in women after complicated pregnancies. Newly, the presence of overweight/obesity (miR-155-5p), systolic hypertension (miR-92a-3p, and miR-210-3p), treatment for infertility (miR-155-5p), and treatment for hypertension (miR-210-3p) induced upregulation of several microRNAs. In general, mothers after complicated pregnancies are at increased risk of development of cardiovascular complications. Especially those mothers indicated to have postpartally altered microRNA expression profiles might be considered as a highly risky group that would benefit from dispensarization and implementation of primary prevention strategies.

Non-Coding RNAs and Extracellular Vehicles: Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. GDM has a considerable impact on health outcomes of the mother and offspring during pregnancy, delivery, and beyond. Although the exact mechanism regarding GDM remains unclear, numerous studies have suggested that non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding (lnc)RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, were involved in the pathogenesis of GDM in which they played vital regulatory roles. Additionally, several studies have revealed that extracellular vehicles also participated in the pathogenesis of GDM, highlighting their important role in this disease. Considering the lack of effective biomarkers for the early identification of and specific treatment for GDM, non-coding RNAs and extracellular vehicles may be promising biomarkers and even targets for GDM therapies. This review provides an update on our understanding of the role of non-coding RNAs and extracellular vehicles in GDM. As our understanding of the function of lncRNAs and extracellular vehicles improves, the future appears promising for their use as potential biomarkers and treatment targets for GDM in clinical practice.

Compromised barrier integrity of human feto-placental vessels from gestational diabetic pregnancies is related to downregulation of occludin expression

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Reduced occupancy of junctional occludin is a feature of human placental vessels in the diabetic milieu. However, the functional consequence of this and whether this loss is due to differential expression of occludin splice variants is not known. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and its treatment, on endothelial junctional integrity, gene and protein expression of occludin splice variants, and potential regulation of expression by microRNAs (miRNAs).

METHODS

Term placentas were obtained from normal pregnancies (n = 21), and pregnancies complicated by GDM where glucose levels were controlled by diet (n = 11) or metformin (n = 6). Gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression were determined by quantitative real-time PCR; protein expression by immunoblotting; endothelial junctional occupancy by fluorescence microscopy and systematic sampling; and paracellular leakage by perfusion of placental microvascular beds with 76 M_r dextran. Transfection studies of miRNAs that target OCLN were performed in HUVECs, and the trans-endothelial electrical resistance and tracer permeability of the HUVECs were measured.

RESULTS

All three predicted OCLN gene splice variants and two occludin protein isoforms were found in human placental samples. In placental samples from diet-controlled GDM (d-GDM) pregnancies we found a lower percentage of conduit vessels showing occludin immunoreactivity (12%, p < 0.01), decreased levels of the fully functional occludin isoform-A protein (29%), and differential gene expression of OCLN variant 2 (33% decrease), variant 3 (3.3-fold increase). These changes were not seen in samples from the group with metformin-controlled GDM. In d-GDM placentas, increased numbers of conduit microvessels demonstrated extravasation of 76 M_r dextran (2.0-fold). In d-GDM expression of one of the five potential miRNAs targeting OCLN, miR-181a-5p, expression was 2.1-fold that in normal pregnancies. Experimental overexpression of miR-181a-5p in HUVECs from normal pregnancies resulted in a highly significant downregulation of OCLN variant 1 (69%) and variant 2 (46%) gene expression, with decreased trans-endothelial resistance (78%) and increase in tracer permeability (1.3-fold).

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

Downregulation of expression of OCLN variant 2 and the fully functional occludin isoform-A protein are a feature of placentas in d-GDM pregnancies. These may be behind the loss of junctional occludin and the increased extravasation of exogenous dextran observed. miR-181a-5p was in part responsible for the downregulation of occludin in placentas from d-GDM pregnancies. Induced overexpression of miR-181a-5p compromised the integrity of the endothelial barrier. Our data suggest that, despite good glucose control, the adoption of lifestyle changes alone during a GDM pregnancy may not be enough to prevent an alteration in the expression of occludin and the subsequent functional consequences in placentas and impaired vascular barrier function in offspring. Graphical abstract.

EGR1 Overexpression Inhibits the Occurrence of Preeclampsia by Binding to MicroRNA-574 Promoter and Upregulating GAB1

Early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) is potent in modulating placental trophoblast cell growth and shows a differential expression in preeclampsia (PE). We aimed to identify the downstream mechanism of EGR1 in PE. RT-qPCR showed EGR1 was significantly decreased in PE placenta. Overexpression of EGR1 facilitated the proliferation and invasion of HTR-8/Svneo cells, and reduced the concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in the supernatant. Bioinformatics prediction, ChIP, and luciferase reporter experiments revealed that EGR1 inhibited miR-574 expression by binding to miR-574 promoter and that miR-574 targeted GAB1. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-574 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HTR-8/Svneo cells. GAB1 was downregulated in placenta of PE patients, which was positively correlated with EGR1 and negatively correlated with miR-574. Inhibition of GAB1 attenuated the effect of EGR1 overexpression on the proliferation and invasion of HTR-8/Svneo cells. All in all, EGR1 upregulated GAB1 by inhibiting miR-574, thus contributing to trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion.