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Aktaş Ş, Aminzai MT, Tegin İ, Yabalak E, Acar O. Determination of pesticide residues in varieties of pepper sold at different periods and provinces in Turkey and investigation of their adverse effects on human health and the environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2491-2503. [PMID: 37668001 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2254720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are dangerous chemicals that can harm to people and the environment when applied inappropriately or in excess. In this research, various pesticide residues were investigated in 48 pepper samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All samples were collected randomly in two periods of time (September and December) from markets and greengrocers in four provinces (Siirt, Mardin, Diyarbakir, and Batman). Considering the means of the first and second periods, diclofop-methyl had the highest concentration of 29.4 ± 7.7 µg kg-1, and diazinon had the lowest of 21.1 ± 4.6 µg kg-1. Based on the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides specified in the Turkish Food Codex, pyrimethanil, bupirimate, and diclofop-methyl were found to be below the maximum acceptable residue limit, while pyridaphention, dinoseb, diazinon, and pirimiphos-methyl were found to be above the limit. Thus, the current study demonstrated the potential of LC-MS/MS as a crucial technique for accurate measurements and confirmations of pesticides in different pepper varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şerafettin Aktaş
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Tahir Aminzai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - İbrahim Tegin
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Erdal Yabalak
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Orhan Acar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Cheng X, Wan M, Song Y, Liu Q, Hu X, Chen X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wu R, Lu Q, Huang Y, Lv J, Cai W, Guan D, Yang S, He S. CaSTH2 disables CaWRKY40 from activating pepper thermotolerance and immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum via physical interaction. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae066. [PMID: 38725461 PMCID: PMC11079491 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
CaWRKY40 coordinately activates pepper immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum infection (RSI) and high temperature stress (HTS), forms positive feedback loops with other positive regulators and is promoted by CaWRKY27b/CaWRKY28 through physical interactions; however, whether and how it is regulated by negative regulators to function appropriately remain unclear. Herein, we provide evidence that CaWRKY40 is repressed by a SALT TOLERANCE HOMOLOG2 in pepper (CaSTH2). Our data from gene silencing and transient overexpression in pepper and epoptic overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed that CaSTH2 acted as negative regulator in immunity against RSI and thermotolerance. Our data from BiFC, CoIP, pull down, and MST indicate that CaSTH2 interacted with CaWRKY40, by which CaWRKY40 was prevented from activating immunity or thermotolerance-related genes. It was also found that CaSTH2 repressed CaWRKY40 at least partially through blocking interaction of CaWRKY40 with CaWRKY27b/CaWRKY28, but not through directly repressing binding of CaWRKY40 to its target genes. The results of study provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the coordination of pepper immunity and thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingge Cheng
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Meiyun Wan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuqiu Song
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiufang Chen
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xujing Zhang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ruijie Wu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qiaoling Lu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yu Huang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jingang Lv
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - WeiWei Cai
- College of of Horticultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 350002, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Rodríguez VM, Velasco P, Cartea ME, Poveda J. Systemic biochemical changes in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) against Rhizoctonia solani by kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) green manure application. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:515. [PMID: 37880578 PMCID: PMC10601221 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for new alternatives to avoid the problems associated with the use of synthetic chemical fungicides in agriculture, the use of green manure (GrM) could help combat fungal diseases of crops, such as those produced by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. In the case of the use of Brassica tissues as GrM, it could have an elicitor capacity for systemic plant resistance. RESULTS We used kale leaves as a GrM and applied it to pepper plants infected with R. solani. The application of freeze-dried kale tissues to the roots of pepper plants produced a systemic activation of foliar defences via the salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) pathways, significantly reducing pathogen damage. In addition, this systemic response led to the accumulation of secondary defence metabolites, such as pipecolic acid, hydroxycoumarin and gluconic acid, in leaves. Remarkably, pepper plants treated with lyophilised kale GrM accumulated glucosinolates when infected with R. solani. We also confirmed that autoclaving removed part of the glucobrassicin (85%) and sinigrin (19%) content of the kale tissues. CONCLUSIONS GrM kale tissues can activate systemic defences in bell pepper against foliar pathogens through SA/ET hormonal pathways, accumulating secondary defence metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain.
| | - María Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain
| | - Jorge Poveda
- Recognized Research Group AGROBIOTECH, Consolidated Research Unit 370 (JCyL), Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, Palencia, 34004, Spain.
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Hernández Flores JL, Martínez YJ, Ramos López MÁ, Saldaña Gutierrez C, Reyes AA, Armendariz Rosales MM, Cortés Pérez MJ, Mendoza MF, Ramírez Ramírez J, Zavala GR, Tovar Becerra PL, Valdez Santoyo L, Villasana Rodríguez K, Rodríguez Morales JA, Campos Guillén J. Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Kosakonia cowanii Cp1 Isolated from the Seeds of Capsicum pubescens R & P Possess Antifungal Activity. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2491. [PMID: 37894149 PMCID: PMC10609226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kosakonia cowanii Cp1 strain was isolated from seeds of Capsicum pubescens R. & P. cultivated in Michoacan, Mexico. Genetic and ecological role analyses were conducted for better characterization. The results show that genome has a length of 4.7 Mbp with 56.22% G + C and an IncF plasmid of 128 Kbp with 52.51% G + C. Furthermore, pathogenicity test revealed nonpathogenic traits confirmed by the absence of specific virulence-related genes. Interestingly, when fungal inhibitory essays were carried out, the bacterial synthesis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antifungal activity showed that Sclerotinia sp. and Rhizoctonia solani were inhibited by 87.45% and 77.24%, respectively. Meanwhile, Sclerotium rolfsii, Alternaria alternata, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides demonstrated a mean radial growth inhibition of 52.79%, 40.82%, and 55.40%, respectively. The lowest inhibition was by Fusarium oxysporum, with 10.64%. The VOCs' characterization by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) revealed 65 potential compounds. Some of the compounds identified with high relative abundance were ketones (22.47%), represented by 2-butanone, 3-hydroxy (13.52%), and alcohols (23.5%), represented by ethanol (5.56%) and 1-butanol-3-methyl (4.83%). Our findings revealed, for the first time, that K. cowanii Cp1 associated with C. pubescens seeds possesses potential traits indicating that it could serve as an effective biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yomaiko Javier Martínez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Ramos López
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Carlos Saldaña Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Querétaro 76220, Mexico;
| | - Aldo Amaro Reyes
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Mariem Monserrat Armendariz Rosales
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Maraly Jazmin Cortés Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Mayela Fosado Mendoza
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Joanna Ramírez Ramírez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Grecia Ramírez Zavala
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Paola Lizeth Tovar Becerra
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Laila Valdez Santoyo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | - Karen Villasana Rodríguez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
| | | | - Juan Campos Guillén
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (Y.J.M.); (M.Á.R.L.); (A.A.R.); (M.M.A.R.); (M.J.C.P.); (M.F.M.); (J.R.R.); (G.R.Z.); (P.L.T.B.); (L.V.S.); (K.V.R.)
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Bongiorno G, Di Noia A, Ciancaleoni S, Marconi G, Cassibba V, Albertini E. Development and Application of a Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence Marker ( Phyto) Linked to the Pc5.1 Locus Conferring Resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2757. [PMID: 37570909 PMCID: PMC10421461 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici causes destructive disease in several crop species, including pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Resistance in this species is physiologically and genetically complex due to many P. capsici virulence phenotypes and different QTLs and R genes among the identified resistance sources. Several primer pairs were designed to follow an SNP (G/A) within the CA_011264 locus linked to the Pc5.1 locus. All primer pairs were designed on DNA sequences derived from CaDMR1, a homoserine kinase (HSK), which is a gene candidate responsible for the major QTL on chromosome P5 for resistance to P. capsici. A panel of 69 pepper genotypes from the Southern Seed germplasm collection was used to screen the primer pairs designed. Of these, two primers (Phyto_for_2 and Phyto_rev_2) surrounding the SNP proved successful in discriminating susceptible and resistant genotypes when combined with a restriction enzyme (BtgI). This new marker (called Phyto) worked as expected in all genotypes tested, proving to be an excellent candidate for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs aimed at introgressing the resistant locus into pure lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bongiorno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.N.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Annamaria Di Noia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.N.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (V.C.)
- Progene Seed s.s.a., 97019 Vittoria, Italy
| | - Simona Ciancaleoni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.N.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Gianpiero Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.N.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Cassibba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.N.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (V.C.)
- Southern Seed s.r.l., 97019 Vittoria, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.D.N.); (S.C.); (G.M.); (V.C.)
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Kim H, Lee Y, Hwang YJ, Lee MH, Balaraju K, Jeon Y. Identification and characterization of Brevibacillus halotolerans B-4359: a potential antagonistic bacterium against red pepper anthracnose in Korea. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200023. [PMID: 37405162 PMCID: PMC10315534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to identify potential biocontrol agents (BCAs) against major phytopathogens under in vitro conditions by screening the Freshwater Bioresources Culture Collection (FBCC), Korea. Of the identified 856 strains, only 65 exhibited antagonistic activity, among which only one representative isolation, Brevibacillus halotolerans B-4359 was selected based on its in vitro antagonistic activity and enzyme production. Cell-free culture filtrate (CF) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of B-4359 were shown to be effective against the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum acutatum. Notably, B-4359 was found to promote spore germination in C. acutatum instead of exhibiting a suppressive effect when the bacterial suspension was mixed with the spore suspension of C. acutatum. However, B-4359 showed an excellent biological control effect on the anthracnose of red pepper fruits. Compared to other treatments and untreated control, B-4359 played a more effective role in controlling anthracnose disease under field conditions. The strain was identified as B. halotolerans using BIOLOG and 16S rDNA sequencing analyses. The genetic mechanism underlying the biocontrol traits of B-4359 was characterized using the whole-genome sequence of B-4359, which was closely compared with related strains. The whole-genome sequence of B-4359 consisted of 5,761,776 bp with a GC content of 41.0%, including 5,118 coding sequences, 117 tRNA, and 36 rRNA genes. The genomic analysis identified 23 putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Our results provide a deep understanding of B-4359 as an effective biocontrol agent against red pepper anthracnose for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Younmi Lee
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Hwang
- Microbiology Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Lee
- Microbiology Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kotnala Balaraju
- Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Jeon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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Soliman SA, Abdelhameed RE, Metwally RA. In vivo and In vitro evaluation of the antifungal activity of the PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 (MZ945930) against Alternaria alternata with growth promotion influences on Capsicum annuum L. plants. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:70. [PMID: 37055827 PMCID: PMC10103514 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata that threatens pepper production and causes major economic harm is responsible for the leaf spot/blight disease. Chemical fungicides have been widely employed; unfortunately, fungicidal resistance is a current concern. Therefore, finding new environmentally friendly biocontrol agents is a future challenge. One of these friendly solutions is the use of bacterial endophytes that have been identified as a source of bioactive compounds. The current study investigates the in vivo and in vitro fungicidal potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 (MZ945930) against pathogenic A. alternata. In vitro, the results revealed that RaSh1 exhibited strong antagonistic activity against A. alternata. In addition to this, we inoculated pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants with B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 and infected them with A. alternata. As a result of A. alternata infection, which generated the highest leaf spot disease incidence (DI), the plant's growth indices and physio-biochemical characteristics significantly decreased, according to our findings. Our results also showed the abnormal and deformed cell structure using light and electron microscopy of A. alternata-infected leaves compared with other treatments. However, DI was greatly reduced with B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 application (40%) compared to pepper plants infected with A. alternata (80%), and this led to the largest increases in all identified physio-biochemical parameters, including the activity of the defense-related enzymes. Moreover, inoculation of pepper plants with B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 decreased electrolyte leakage by 19.53% and MDA content by 38.60% as compared to A. alternata infected ones. Our results show that the endophyte B. amyloliquefaciens RaSh1 has excellent potential as a biocontrol agent and positively affects pepper plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen A Soliman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Reda E Abdelhameed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Rabab A Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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8
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Pepper Mild Mottle Virus: An Infectious Pathogen in Pepper Production and a Potential Indicator of Domestic Water Quality. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020282. [PMID: 36851496 PMCID: PMC9962380 DOI: 10.3390/v15020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum spp.; Family: Solanaceae; 2n = 24) is an important crop cultivated worldwide for the consumption of its fresh and dried processed fruits. Pepper fruits are used as raw materials in a wide variety of industrial processes. As a multipurpose vegetable crop, there is a need to increase the yield. However, yield productivity of pepper is severely constrained by infectious plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. The pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is currently one of the most damaging pathogens associated with yield losses in pepper production worldwide. In addition to impacts on pepper productivity, PMMoV has been detected in domestic and aquatic water resources, as well as in the excreta of animals, including humans. Therefore, PMMoV has been suggested as a potential indicator of domestic water quality. These findings present additional concerns and trigger the need to control the infectious pathogen in crop production. This review provides an overview of the distribution, economic impacts, management, and genome sequence variation of some isolates of PMMoV. We also describe genetic resources available for crop breeding against PMMoV.
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9
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Ziv C, Lers A, Fallik E, Paran I. Genetic and biotechnological tools to identify breeding targets for improving postharvest quality and extending shelf life of peppers. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102794. [PMID: 36095994 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improved postharvest storage is a major target for pepper-crop production. The three main components of postharvest improvement of pepper fruit are reducing water-loss rate, reducing chilling susceptibility, and increasing resistance to pathogens. To date, a small number of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) studies have been reported for reduced water loss and enhanced tolerance to chilling and anthracnose. More effort is needed to screen germplasm collections for accessions with improved postharvest traits. Molecular studies have enabled the identification of candidate genes conferring reduced susceptibility to chilling injury and pathogen infection in pepper fruit, and in related crops such as tomato - which may be implemented in pepper. Manipulation of the activity of these genes by genome editing can improve postharvest pepper quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amnon Lers
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Elazar Fallik
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ilan Paran
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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10
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Incorporation of engineered nanoparticles of biochar and fly ash against bacterial leaf spot of pepper. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8561. [PMID: 35595743 PMCID: PMC9123008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In agriculture, the search for higher net profit is the main challenge in the economy of the producers and nano biochar attracts increasing interest in recent years due to its unique environmental behavior and increasing the productivity of plants by inducing resistance against phytopathogens. The effect of rice straw biochar and fly ash nanoparticles (RSBNPs and FNPs, respectively) in combination with compost soil on bacterial leaf spot of pepper caused by Xanthomonascampestris pv. vesicatoria was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The application of nanoparticles as soil amendment significantly improved the chili pepper plant growth. However, RSBNPs were more effective in enhancing the above and belowground plant biomass production. Moreover, both RSBNPs and FNPs, significantly reduced (30.5 and 22.5%, respectively), while RSBNPs had shown in vitro growth inhibition of X.campestris pv. vesicatoria by more than 50%. The X-ray diffractometry of RSBNPs and FNPs highlighted the unique composition of nano forms which possibly contributed in enhancing the plant defence against invading X.campestris pv. vesicatoria. Based on our findings, it is suggested that biochar and fly ash nanoparticles can be used for reclaiming the problem soil and enhance crop productivity depending upon the nature of the soil and the pathosystem under investigation.
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11
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Tomato zonate spot virus induced hypersensitive resistance via an auxin-related pathway in pepper. Gene 2022; 823:146320. [PMID: 35218893 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tomato zonate spotvirus (TZSV) often incurs significant losses in many food and ornamental crops in Yunnan province, China, and the surrounding areas. The pepper (Capsicum chinensePI152225)can develop hypersensitive resistance following infection with TZSV, through an as yet unknown mechanism. The transcriptome dataset showed a total of 45.81 GB of clean data were obtained from six libraries, and the average percentage of the reads mapped to the pepper genome was over 90.00 %. A total of 1403 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained after TZSV infection, including 825significantly up-regulated genes and 578 down-regulated genes. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses indicated that most up-regulated DEGs were involved in basal defenses. RT-qPCR, and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) were used preliminarily to identifyBBC_22506 and BBC_18917, among total of 71 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), that play a key role in mediating the auxin-induced signaling pathway that might take part in hypersensitive response (HR) conferred resistance to viral infection in pepper (PI152225) byTZSV. This is the first study on the mechanism of auxin resistance, involved in defense responses of pepper against viral diseases, which lay the foundation for further study on the pathogenic mechanism of TZSV, as well as the mechanism of resistance to TZSV, in peppers.
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12
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Momo J, Kumar A, Islam K, Ahmad I, Rawoof A, Ramchiary N. A comprehensive update on Capsicum proteomics: Advances and future prospects. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Kwon HT, Lee Y, Kim J, Balaraju K, Kim HT, Jeon Y. Identification and Characterization of Bacillus tequilensis GYUN-300: An Antagonistic Bacterium Against Red Pepper Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Korea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826827. [PMID: 35308370 PMCID: PMC8924438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum species and has detrimental effects on many crops, including red pepper. This study used Bacillus tequilensis GYUN-300 (GYUN-300), which exhibit antagonistic activity against the fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum acutatum. This pathogen causes anthracnose that manifests primarily as a fruit rot in red pepper. There have been little efforts to identify antagonistic bacteria from mushrooms; this strain of bacteria was identified as B. tequilensis using BIOLOG and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The genetic mechanism underpinning the biocontrol traits of GYUN-300 was characterized using the complete genome sequence of GYUN-300, which was closely compared to related strains. GYUN-300 inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of C. acutatum under in vitro conditions. Important antagonistic traits, such as siderophore production, solubilization of insoluble phosphate, and production of lytic enzymes (cellulase, protease, and amylase), were observed in GYUN-300, These trains promoted growth in terms of seed germination and vigorous seedling growth compared to the non-treated control. When red pepper fruits were treated with GYUN-300, the preventive and curative effects were 66.6 and 38.3% effective, respectively, in wounded red pepper fruits; there was no difference between the preventive and curative effects in non-wounded red pepper fruits. Furthermore, GYUN-300 was resistant to several commercial fungicides, indicating that GYUN-300 bacterial cells may also be used synergistically with chemical fungicides to increase biocontrol efficiency. Based on in vitro results, GYUN-300 played a role to control anthracnose disease effectively in field conditions when compared to other treatments and non-treated controls. The results from this study provide a better understanding of the GYUN-300 strain as an effective biocontrol agent against red pepper anthracnose; this form of biocontrol provides an environment-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok-Tae Kwon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Younmi Lee
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
- Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Jungyeon Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Kotnala Balaraju
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
- Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Heung Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yongho Jeon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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14
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Effects of Different Solvents Extractions on Total Polyphenol Content, HPLC Analysis, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antimicrobial Properties of Peppers (Red, Yellow, and Green ( Capsicum annum L.)). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7372101. [PMID: 35096116 PMCID: PMC8791725 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7372101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants possessing various bioactive compounds and antioxidant components have gained enormous attention because of their efficacy in enhancing human health and nutrition. Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), because of their color, flavor, and nutritional value, are considered as one of the most popular vegetables around the world. In the present investigation, the effect of different solvents extractions (methanol, ethanol, and water) and oven drying on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties was studied of red, yellow, and green peppers. The green pepper water extract showed the highest total polyphenol content (30.15 mg GAE/g DW) followed by red pepper water extract (28.73 mg GAE/g DW) and yellow pepper water extract (27.68 mg GAE/g DW), respectively. The methanol extracts of all the pepper samples showed higher TPC as compared to the ethanol extract. A similar trend was observed with the total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant assays (DPPH scavenging and reducing power) echoed the findings of TPC and TFC. In both antioxidant assays, the highest antioxidant activity was shown by the water extract of green pepper, which was followed by the water extract of red pepper and yellow pepper. Furthermore, all extracts were assessed for their potential antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Aqueous extracts of all three pepper samples exhibited slightly higher inhibition zones as compared to their corresponding ethanolic and methanolic extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.5 to 8.0 mg/ml. The lowest MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/ml concentration were recorded for aqueous extracts of green pepper. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed tannic acid as the major phenolic compound in all three pepper samples. Thus, it is envisaged that the microwave drying/heating technique can improve the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the pepper.
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15
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Zhu Q, Gao S, Zhang W. Identification of Key Transcription Factors Related to Bacterial Spot Resistance in Pepper through Regulatory Network Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091351. [PMID: 34573336 PMCID: PMC8472308 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot (BS), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria (Xcv), severely affects the quality and yield of pepper. Thus, breeding new pepper cultivars with enhanced resistance to BS can improve economic benefits for pepper production. Identification of BS resistance genes is an essential step to achieve this goal. However, very few BS resistance genes have been well characterized in pepper so far. In this study, we reanalyzed public multiple time points related to RNA-seq data sets from two pepper cultivars, the Xcv-susceptible cultivar ECW and the Xcv-resistant cultivar VI037601, post Xcv infection. We identified a total of 3568 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two cultivars post Xcv infection, which were mainly involved in some biological processes, such as Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to defense response to bacterium, immune system process, and regulation of defense response, etc. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified 15 hub (Hub) transcription factor (TF) candidates in response to Xcv infection. We further selected 20 TFs from the gene regulatory network (GRN) potentially involved in Xcv resistance response. Finally, we predicted 4 TFs, C3H (p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase), ERF (ethylene-responsive element binding factor), TALE (three-amino-acid-loop-extension), and HSF (heat shock transcription factor), as key factors responsible for BS disease resistance in pepper. In conclusion, our study provides valuable resources for dissecting the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for Xcv resistance in pepper. Additionally, it also provides valuable references for mining transcriptomic data to identify key candidates for disease resistance in horticulture crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry (CIC-MCP), Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry (CIC-MCP), Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84396610; Fax: +86-25-84396302
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16
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Devendran R, Kumar M, Ghosh D, Yogindran S, Karim MJ, Chakraborty S. Capsicum-infecting begomoviruses as global pathogens: host-virus interplay, pathogenesis, and management. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:170-184. [PMID: 34215487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses are among the major threats to the cultivation of Capsicum spp. (Family: Solanaceae) worldwide. Capsicum-infecting begomoviruses (CIBs) have a broad host range and are commonly found in mixed infections, which, in turn, fuels the emergence of better-adapted species through intraspecies and interspecies recombination. Virus-encoded proteins hijack host factors to breach the well-coordinated antiviral response of plants. Epigenetic modifications of histones associated with viral minichromosomes play a critical role in this molecular arms race. Moreover, the association of DNA satellites further enhances the virulence of CIBs as the subviral agents aid the helper viruses to circumvent plant antiviral defense and facilitate expansion of their host range and disease development. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview on various aspects of CIBs such as their emergence, epidemiology, mechanism of pathogenesis, and the management protocols being employed for combating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunathan Devendran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Dibyendu Ghosh
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sneha Yogindran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mir Jishan Karim
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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17
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Kazerooni EA, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Al-Sadi AM, Kang SM, Yun BW, Lee IJ. Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Botrytis pelargonii and Alternaria alternata on Capsicum annuum. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060472. [PMID: 34200967 PMCID: PMC8230671 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the ability of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, to augment plant growth and suppress gray mold and leaf spot in pepper plants. Morphological modifications in fungal pathogen hyphae that expanded toward the PGPR colonies were detected via scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, preliminary screening showed that PGPR could produce various hydrolytic enzymes in its media. Treatments with B. amyloliquefaciens suppressed Botrytis gray mold and Alternaria leaf spot diseases on pepper caused by Botrytis pelargonii and Alternaria alternata, respectively. The PGPR strain modulated plant physio-biochemical processes. The inoculation of pepper with PGPR decreased protein, amino acid, antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and abscisic acid levels but increased salicylic acid and sugar levels compared to those of uninoculated plants, indicating a mitigation of the adverse effects of biotic stress. Moreover, gene expression studies confirmed physio-biochemical findings. PGPR inoculation led to increased expression of the CaXTH genes and decreased expression of CaAMP1, CaPR1, CaDEF1, CaWRKY2, CaBI-1, CaASRF1, CaSBP11, and CaBiP genes. Considering its beneficial effects, the inoculation of B. amyloliquefaciens can be proposed as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmed Kazerooni
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (B.-W.Y.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.K.); (I.-J.L.)
| | | | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman;
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (B.-W.Y.)
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (B.-W.Y.)
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-M.K.); (B.-W.Y.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.K.); (I.-J.L.)
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18
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Jo Y, Back CG, Kim KH, Chu H, Lee JH, Moh SH, Cho WK. Comparative Study of Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics to Reveal Microbiomes in Overwintering Pepper Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6202. [PMID: 34201359 PMCID: PMC8227054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L.), is one of the most important spice plants in Korea. Overwintering pepper fruits are a reservoir of various microbial pepper diseases. Here, we conducted metagenomics (DNA sequencing) and metatranscriptomics (RNA sequencing) using samples collected from three different fields. We compared two different library types and three different analytical methods for the identification of microbiomes in overwintering pepper fruits. Our results demonstrated that DNA sequencing might be useful for the identification of bacteria and DNA viruses such as bacteriophages, while mRNA sequencing might be beneficial for the identification of fungi and RNA viruses. Among three analytical methods, KRAKEN2 with raw data reads (KRAKEN2_R) might be superior for the identification of microbial species to other analytical methods. However, some microbial species with a low number of reads were wrongly assigned at the species level by KRAKEN2_R. Moreover, we found that the databases for bacteria and viruses were better established as compared to the fungal database with limited genome data. In summary, we carefully suggest that different library types and analytical methods with proper databases should be applied for the purpose of microbiome study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhwa Jo
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.); (K.-H.K.)
| | - Chang-Gi Back
- Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.); (K.-H.K.)
| | - Hyosub Chu
- R&D Division, BERTIS Inc., Seongnam-si 13605, Korea;
| | - Jeong Hun Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon 21990, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Anti-Aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co., Ltd., Incheon 21990, Korea; (J.H.L.); (S.H.M.)
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.J.); (K.-H.K.)
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19
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DNA methylation: from model plants to vegetable crops. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1479-1487. [PMID: 34060587 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a subgroup of horticultural crops, vegetable food is a kind of indispensable energy source for human beings, providing necessary nutritional components including vitamins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and active substances such as carotenoids and flavonoids. The developmental process of vegetable crops is not only regulated by environmental stimulations, but also manipulated by both genetic and epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic modifications are composed by several regulatory mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs. Among these modifications, DNA methylation functions in multiple biological pathways ranging from fundamental development to environmental stimulations by mediating transcriptomic alterations, resulting in the activation or silencing of target genes. In recent years, intensive studies have revealed that DNA methylation is essential to fruit development and ripening, indicating that the epigenome of fruit crops could be dynamically modified according to the specific requirements in the commercial production. Firstly, this review will present the mechanisms of DNA methylation, and update the understanding on active DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Secondly, this review will summarize the recent progress on the function of DNA methylation in regulating fruit ripening. Moreover, the possible functions of DNA methylation on controlling the expansion of edible organs, senescence of leafy vegetables, and anthocyanin pigmentation in several important vegetable crops will be discussed. Finally, this review will highlight the intractable issues that need to be resolved in the application of epigenome in vegetable crops, and provide perspectives for the potential challenges in the further studies.
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20
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Kim MS, Chae GY, Oh S, Kim J, Mang H, Kim S, Choi D. Comparative analysis of de novo genomes reveals dynamic intra-species divergence of NLRs in pepper. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:247. [PMID: 34059006 PMCID: PMC8166135 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) containing distinct capsaicinoids are the most widely cultivated spices in the world. However, extreme genomic diversity among species represents an obstacle to breeding pepper. RESULTS Here, we report de novo genome assemblies of Capsicum annuum 'Early Calwonder (non-pungent, ECW)' and 'Small Fruit (pungent, SF)' along with their annotations. In total, we assembled 2.9 Gb of ECW and SF genome sequences, representing over 91% of the estimated genome sizes. Structural and functional annotation of the two pepper genomes generated about 35,000 protein-coding genes each, of which 93% were assigned putative functions. Comparison between newly and publicly available pepper gene annotations revealed both shared and specific gene content. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes through whole-genome alignment identified five significant regions of NLR copy number variation (CNV). Detailed comparisons of those regions revealed that these CNVs were generated by intra-specific genomic variations that accelerated diversification of NLRs among peppers. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses unveil an evolutionary mechanism responsible for generating CNVs of NLRs among pepper accessions, and provide novel genomic resources for functional genomics and molecular breeding of disease resistance in Capsicum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Shin Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Geun Young Chae
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Soohyun Oh
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Seungill Kim
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea.
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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