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Krysztopa-Grzybowska K, Lach J, Polak M, Strapagiel D, Dziadek J, Olszewski M, Zasada AA, Darlińska A, Lutyńska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E. The whole genome sequence of Polish vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0425923. [PMID: 38757975 PMCID: PMC11237378 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04259-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, tuberculosis immunoprophylaxis is based solely on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, and some of the new potential tuberculosis vaccines are based on the BCG genome. Therefore, it is reasonable to analyze the genomes of individual BCG substrains. The aim of this study was the genetic characterization of the BCG-Moreau Polish (PL) strain used for the production of the BCG vaccine in Poland since 1955. Sequencing of different BCG lots showed that the strain was stable over a period of 59 years. As a result of comparison, BCG-Moreau PL with BCG-Moreau Rio de Janeiro (RDJ) 143 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 32 insertion/deletion mutations (INDELs) were identified. However, the verification of these mutations showed that the most significant were accumulated in the BCG-Moreau RDJ genome. The mutations unique to the Polish strain genome are 1 SNP and 2 INDEL. The strategy of combining short-read sequencing with long-read sequencing is currently the most optimal approach for sequencing bacterial genomes. With this approach, the only available genomic sequence of BCG-Moreau PL was obtained. This sequence will primarily be a reference point in the genetic control of the stability of the vaccine strain in the future. The results enrich knowledge about the microevolution and attenuation of the BCG vaccine substrains. IMPORTANCE The whole genome sequence obtained is the only genomic sequence of the strain that has been used for vaccine production in Poland since 1955. Sequencing of different BCG lots showed that the strain was stable over a period of 59 years. The comprehensive genomic analysis performed not only enriches knowledge about the microevolution and attenuation of the BCG vaccine substrains but also enables the utilization of identified markers as a reference point in the genetic control and identity tests of the stability of the vaccine strain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Krysztopa-Grzybowska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Lach
- Biobank Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Polak
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- Biobank Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Mycobacterium Genetics and Physiology Unit, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszewski
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra A. Zasada
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aniela Darlińska
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lutyńska
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Li W, Yan ZF, Teng TS, Xiang XH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1043c regulates the inflammatory response by inhibiting the phosphorylation of TAK1. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:743-752. [PMID: 37676442 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can manipulate the host immunity through its effectors to ensure intracellular survival and colonization. Rv1043c has been identified as an effector potentially involved in M. tuberculosis pathogenicity. To explore the function of M. tuberculosis Rv1043c during infection, we overexpressed this protein in M. smegmatis, a non-pathogenic surrogate model in tuberculosis research. Here, we reported that Rv1043c enhanced mycobacterial survival and down-regulated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and mice. In addition, Rv1043c inhibited the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling by preventing the phosphorylation of TAK1 indirectly. In conclusion, these data suggest that Rv1043c regulates the immune response and enhances the survival of recombinant M. smegmatis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan, 641100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Fei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan, 641100, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie-Shan Teng
- School of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China.
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Rani N, Surolia A. Targeted suppression of MEP pathway genes DXS, IspD and IspF to explore the mycobacterial metabolism and survival. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132727. [PMID: 38823743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to the uniqueness and essentiality of MEP pathway for the synthesis of crucial metabolites- isoprenoids, hopanoids, menaquinone etc. in mycobacterium, enzymes of this pathway are considered promising anti-tubercular drug targets. In the present study we seek to understand the consequences of downregulation of three of the essential genes- DXS, IspD, and IspF of MEP pathway using CRISPRi approach combined with transcriptomics in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Conditional knock down of either DXS or IspD or IspF gene showed strong bactericidal effect and a profound change in colony morphology. Impaired MEP pathway due to downregulation of these genes increased the susceptibility to frontline anti-tubercular drugs. Further, reduced EtBr accumulation in all the knock down strains in the presence and absence of efflux inhibitor indicated altered cell wall topology. Subsequently, transcriptional analysis validated by qRT-PCR of +154DXS, +128IspD, +104IspF strains showed that modifying the expression of these MEP pathway enzymes affects the regulation of mycobacterial core components. Among the DEGs, expression of small and large ribosomal binding proteins (rpsL, rpsJ, rplN, rplX, rplM, rplS, etc), essential protein translocases (secE, secY and infA, infC), transcriptional regulator (CarD and SigB) and metabolic enzymes (acpP, hydA, ald and fabD) were significantly depleted causing the bactericidal effect. However, mycobacteria survived under these damaging conditions by upregulating mostly the genes needed for the repair of DNA damage (DNA polymerase IV, dinB), synthesis of essential metabolites (serB, LeuA, atpD) and those strengthening the cell wall integrity (otsA, murA, D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptidase etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Rani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Dr.Reddy's Institute of Life Science, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Xu JC, Chen ZY, Huang XJ, Wu J, Huang H, Niu LF, Wang HL, Li JH, Lowrie DB, Hu Z, Lu SH, Fan XY. Multi-omics analysis reveals that linoleic acid metabolism is associated with variations of trained immunity induced by distinct BCG strains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8093. [PMID: 38578989 PMCID: PMC10997199 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Trained immunity is one of the mechanisms by which BCG vaccination confers persistent nonspecific protection against diverse diseases. Genomic differences between the different BCG vaccine strains that are in global use could result in variable protection against tuberculosis and therapeutic effects on bladder cancer. In this study, we found that four representative BCG strains (BCG-Russia, BCG-Sweden, BCG-China, and BCG-Pasteur) covering all four genetic clusters differed in their ability to induce trained immunity and nonspecific protection. The trained immunity induced by BCG was associated with the Akt-mTOR-HIF1α axis, glycolysis, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Multi-omics analysis (epigenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics) showed that linoleic acid metabolism was correlated with the trained immunity-inducing capacity of different BCG strains. Linoleic acid participated in the induction of trained immunity and could act as adjuvants to enhance BCG-induced trained immunity, revealing a trained immunity-inducing signaling pathway that could be used in the adjuvant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chuan Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang-Fei Niu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shui-hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Passos BBS, Araújo-Pereira M, Vinhaes CL, Amaral EP, Andrade BB. The role of ESAT-6 in tuberculosis immunopathology. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383098. [PMID: 38633252 PMCID: PMC11021698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite major global efforts to eliminate tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), this disease remains as a major plague of humanity. Several factors associated with the host and Mtb interaction favor the infection establishment and/or determine disease progression. The Early Secreted Antigenic Target 6 kDa (ESAT-6) is one of the most important and well-studied mycobacterial virulence factors. This molecule has been described to play an important role in the development of tuberculosis-associated pathology by subverting crucial components of the host immune responses. This review highlights the main effector mechanisms by which ESAT-6 modulates the immune system, directly impacting cell fate and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz B. S. Passos
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo-Pereira
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Caian L. Vinhaes
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde Humana, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Infectologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Faculdade Zarns, Clariens Educação, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde Humana, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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Bundhoo E, Ghoorah AW, Jaufeerally-Fakim Y. Large-scale Pan Genomic Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reveals Key Insights Into Molecular Evolutionary Rate of Specific Processes and Functions. Evol Bioinform Online 2024; 20:11769343241239463. [PMID: 38532808 PMCID: PMC10964447 DOI: 10.1177/11769343241239463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease that is a major killer worldwide. Due to selection pressure caused by the use of antibacterial drugs, Mtb is characterised by mutational events that have given rise to multi drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) phenotypes. The rate at which mutations occur is an important factor in the study of molecular evolution, and it helps understand gene evolution. Within the same species, different protein-coding genes evolve at different rates. To estimate the rates of molecular evolution of protein-coding genes, a commonly used parameter is the ratio dN/dS, where dN is the rate of non-synonymous substitutions and dS is the rate of synonymous substitutions. Here, we determined the estimated rates of molecular evolution of select biological processes and molecular functions across 264 strains of Mtb. We also investigated the molecular evolutionary rates of core genes of Mtb by computing the dN/dS values, and estimated the pan genome of the 264 strains of Mtb. Our results show that the cellular amino acid metabolic process and the kinase activity function evolve at a significantly higher rate, while the carbohydrate metabolic process evolves at a significantly lower rate for M. tuberculosis. These high rates of evolution correlate well with Mtb physiology and pathogenicity. We further propose that the core genome of M. tuberculosis likely experiences varying rates of molecular evolution which may drive an interplay between core genome and accessory genome during M. tuberculosis evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan Bundhoo
- Department of Agricultural & Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Anisah W Ghoorah
- Department of Digital Technologies, Faculty of Information, Communication & Digital Technologies, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Yasmina Jaufeerally-Fakim
- Department of Agricultural & Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
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Yari S, Afrough P, Yari F, Ghazanfari Jajin M, Fateh A, Hadizadeh Tasbiti A. A potent subset of Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycoproteins as relevant candidates for vaccine and therapeutic target. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22194. [PMID: 38092899 PMCID: PMC10719292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most afflictive bacterial infections globally. In high burden TB countries, surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of drug resistant TB (RR and X/MDRTB) display a crucial public health challenge. Therefore, we need new TB vaccines; diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to briskly prevent disease promotion; reduce drug-resistant TB and protect everyone from disease. The study identified various potent membrane and cell wall M. tuberculosis glycolipoproteins that are relevant for diagnostics, drug and vaccine discovery. A M. tuberculosis Proskauer and Beck broth culture was extracted for total proteins by ammonium sulfate method. After ConA-Affinity Chromatography reputed glycoproteins were collected followed by 2DE gel electrophoresis and LC Mass spectrometry. A total of 293 glycoproteins were identified using GlycoPP and IEDB database. Probable conserved trans-membrane protein (Rv0954), LpqN (Rv0583), PPE68 (Rv3873), Phosphate-binding protein (Rv0932c), PPE61 (Rv3532) and LprA (Rv1270c), had the highest glycosylation percentage value with 13.86%, 11.84%, 11.68%, 11.1%, 10.59% and10.2%, respectively. Our study discloses several dominant glycoproteins that play roles in M. tuberculosis survival, and immunogenicity. These include glycoproteins involved in antigenicity, transport and biosynthesis of M. tuberculosis cell envelope, pathogen-host interaction and drug efflux pumps, which are considered as a feasible drug targets or TB new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsi Yari
- TB Protein Chemistry Lab, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, 13164, Iran
| | - Parviz Afrough
- Hepatitis Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Aligoudarz School of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Science, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yari
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghazanfari Jajin
- TB Protein Chemistry Lab, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, 13164, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- TB Protein Chemistry Lab, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, 13164, Iran
| | - Alireza Hadizadeh Tasbiti
- TB Protein Chemistry Lab, Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave, Tehran, 13164, Iran.
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Ouaked N, Demoitié MA, Godfroid F, Mortier MC, Vanloubbeeck Y, Temmerman ST. Non-clinical evaluation of local and systemic immunity induced by different vaccination strategies of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine M72/AS01. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 143:102425. [PMID: 38180028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A new efficacious tuberculosis vaccine targeting adolescents/adults represents an urgent medical need. The M72/AS01E vaccine candidate protected half of the latently-infected adults against progression to pulmonary tuberculosis in a Phase IIb trial (NCT01755598). We report that three immunizations of mice, two weeks apart, with AS01-adjuvanted M72 induced polyfunctional, Th1-cytokine-expressing M72-specific CD4+/CD8+ T cells in blood and lungs, with the highest frequencies in lungs. Antigen-dose reductions across the three vaccinations skewed pulmonary CD4+ T-cell profiles towards IL-17 expression. In blood, reducing antigen and adjuvant doses of only the third injection (to 1/5th or 1/25th of those of the first injections) did not significantly alter CD4+ T-cell/antibody responses; applying a 10-week delay for the fractional third dose enhanced antibody titers. Delaying a full-dose booster enhanced systemic CD4+ T-cell and antibody responses. Cross-reactivity with PPE and non-PPE proteins was assessed, as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence factors and evasion mechanisms are often associated with PE/PPE proteins, to which Mtb39a (contained in M72) belongs. In silico/in vivo analyses revealed that M72/AS01 induced cross-reactive systemic CD4+ T-cell responses to epitopes in a non-vaccine antigen (putative latency-associated Mtb protein PPE24/Rv1753c). These preclinical data describing novel mechanisms of M72/AS01-induced immunity could guide future clinical development of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ouaked
- GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330, Rixensart, Belgium
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Liu W, Cen H, Wu Z, Zhou H, Chen S, Yang X, Zhao G, Zhang G. Mycobacteriaceae Phenome Atlas (MPA): A Standardized Atlas for the Mycobacteriaceae Phenome Based on Heterogeneous Sources. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:439-456. [PMID: 37881319 PMCID: PMC10593683 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial family Mycobacteriaceae includes pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria, and systematic research on their genome and phenome can give comprehensive perspectives for exploring their disease mechanism. In this study, the phenotypes of Mycobacteriaceae were inferred from available phenomic data, and 82 microbial phenotypic traits were recruited as data elements of the microbial phenome. This Mycobacteriaceae phenome contains five categories and 20 subcategories of polyphasic phenotypes, and three categories and eight subcategories of functional phenotypes, all of which are complementary to the existing data standards of microbial phenotypes. The phenomic data of Mycobacteriaceae strains were compiled by literature mining, third-party database integration, and bioinformatics annotation. The phenotypes were searchable and comparable from the website of the Mycobacteriaceae Phenome Atlas (MPA, https://www.biosino.org/mpa/). A topological data analysis of MPA revealed the co-evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and virulence factors, and uncovered potential pathogenicity-associated phenotypes. Two hundred and sixty potential pathogen-enriched pathways were found by Fisher's exact test. The application of MPA may provide novel insights into the pathogenicity mechanism and antimicrobial targets of Mycobacteriaceae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-023-00101-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liu
- National Genomics Data Center & Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hui Cen
- National Genomics Data Center & Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Zhile Wu
- National Genomics Data Center & Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- Shanghai Southgene Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Haokui Zhou
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xilan Yang
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- National Genomics Data Center & Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- National Genomics Data Center & Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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10
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Zarembaitė G, Žiūkaitė G, Chmieliauskas S, Vasiljevaitė D, Laima S, Stasiūnienė J. Tuberculosis and Sudden Death in Lithuania. Acta Med Litu 2023; 30:152-162. [PMID: 38516517 PMCID: PMC10952429 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2023.30.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. 10.6 million people fell ill in 2021 and 1.6 million died from the disease. Lithuania has the third-highest tuberculosis incidence rate per 100,000 and the second-highest mortality rate per 100,000 in EU/EEA countries. During 2015-2021 years, there were 799 deaths of pulmonary tuberculosis in Lithuania. However, the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis is often unknown before death and is only revealed during autopsy. The aim of the study is to review current literature on this topic and present statistical analysis on evaluated socioeconomical, epidemiological indicators, as well as autopsy findings that may suggest pulmonary tuberculosis infection. Materials and methods This research was designed as a retrospective study focusing on full forensic pathology autopsies between 2015 and 2021. Of these, 100 cases were randomly selected where the cause of death was tuberculosis diagnosed during post-mortem examination and compared to a control group consisting of 415 cases of sudden death. Results The study revealed that out of 100 pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 90% were male with the mean age of 53.48 ± 11.12 years old. In the case of sudden death where tuberculosis was found, a significant portion of the sample (91%) was not followed up at any medical institution. Regarding socioeconomic factors, a moderate negative correlation between Lithuania's gross domestic product and tuberculosis distribution was observed, as well as a weak negative correlation between alcohol consumption (l per capita) in the general population and tuberculosis distribution. The lung weight of the pulmonary tuberculosis group was statistically significantly higher than that of the control group. Conclusions Tuberculosis remains a major problem in Lithuania and the combination of socioeconomic indicators determines the prevalence of tuberculosis in the country. In cases of sudden death, autopsy helps to identify tuberculosis cases that have not been clinically detected and ensures tuberculosis monitoring. Therefore, the person who performs autopsy remains at high risk of contracting tuberculosis. Furthermore, extreme caution is advised if higher lung weight or hardenings are seen during autopsy because of the possibility of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sigitas Chmieliauskas
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Diana Vasiljevaitė
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Laima
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Stasiūnienė
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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11
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Kognou ALM, Chio C, Khatiwada JR, Shrestha S, Chen X, Zhu Y, Ngono Ngane RA, Agbor Agbor G, Jiang ZH, Xu CC, Qin W. Characterization of Potential Virulence, Resistance to Antibiotics and Heavy Metals, and Biofilm-Forming Capabilities of Soil Lignocellulolytic Bacteria. Microb Physiol 2023; 33:36-48. [PMID: 36944321 DOI: 10.1159/000530228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil bacteria participate in self-immobilization processes for survival, persistence, and production of virulence factors in some niches or hosts through their capacities for autoaggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. This study investigated potential virulence, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, solvent adhesion, and biofilm-forming capabilities of six cellulolytic bacteria isolated from soil samples: Paenarthrobacter sp. MKAL1, Hymenobacter sp. MKAL2, Mycobacterium sp. MKAL3, Stenotrophomonas sp. MKAL4, Chryseobacterium sp. MKAL5, and Bacillus sp. MKAL6. Strains were subjected to phenotypic methods, including heavy metal and antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors (protease, lipase, capsule production, autoaggregation, hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation). The effect of ciprofloxacin was also investigated on bacterial susceptibility over time, cell membrane, and biofilm formation. Strains MKAL2, MKAL5, and MKAL6 exhibited protease and lipase activities, while only MKAL6 produced capsules. All strains were capable of aggregating, forming biofilm, and adhering to solvents. Strains tolerated high amounts of chromium, lead, zinc, nickel, and manganese and were resistant to lincomycin. Ciprofloxacin exhibited bactericidal activity against these strains. Although the phenotypic evaluation of virulence factors of bacteria can indicate their pathogenic nature, an in-depth genetic study of virulence, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chonlong Chio
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sarita Shrestha
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xuantong Chen
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuen Zhu
- School of Environment and Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Gabriel Agbor Agbor
- Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zi-Hua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chunbao Charles Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Krishnan SR, Bung N, Padhi S, Bulusu G, Misra P, Pal M, Oruganti S, Srinivasan R, Roy A. De novo design of anti-tuberculosis agents using a structure-based deep learning method. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108361. [PMID: 36257148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogen of major concern due to its ability to withstand both first- and second-line antibiotics, leading to drug resistance. Thus, there is a critical need for identification of novel anti-tuberculosis agents targeting Mtb-specific proteins. The ceaseless search for novel antimicrobial agents to combat drug-resistant bacteria can be accelerated by the development of advanced deep learning methods, to explore both existing and uncharted regions of the chemical space. The adaptation of deep learning methods to under-explored pathogens such as Mtb is a challenging aspect, as most of the existing methods rely on the availability of sufficient target-specific ligand data to design novel small molecules with optimized bioactivity. In this work, we report the design of novel anti-tuberculosis agents targeting the Mtb chorismate mutase protein using a structure-based drug design algorithm. The structure-based deep learning method relies on the knowledge of the target protein's binding site structure alone for conditional generation of novel small molecules. The method eliminates the need for curation of a high-quality target-specific small molecule dataset, which remains a challenge even for many druggable targets, including Mtb chorismate mutase. Novel molecules are proposed, that show high complementarity to the target binding site. The graph attention model could identify the probable key binding site residues, which influenced the conditional molecule generator to design new molecules with pharmacophoric features similar to the known inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navneet Bung
- TCS Research (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - Siladitya Padhi
- TCS Research (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Bulusu
- TCS Research (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, 500081, India; Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Parimal Misra
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Manojit Pal
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rajgopal Srinivasan
- TCS Research (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - Arijit Roy
- TCS Research (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Limited, Hyderabad, 500081, India.
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13
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Campos PC, Cunha DT, Souza-Costa LP, Shiloh MU, Franco LH. Bag it, tag it: ubiquitin ligases and host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:973-985. [PMID: 35491351 PMCID: PMC9474620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a significant global epidemic. Host resistance to Mtb depends on both adaptive and innate immunity mechanisms, including development of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, production of inflammatory cytokines, bacterial phagocytosis and destruction within phagolysosomes, host cell apoptosis, and autophagy. A key regulatory mechanism in innate immunity is the attachment of the small protein ubiquitin to protein and lipid targets by the enzymatic activity of ubiquitin ligases. Here, we summarize the latest advances on the role of ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligases in host immunity against Mtb, with a focus on innate immunity signaling, inflammation, and antimicrobial autophagy. Understanding how ubiquitin ligases mediate immunity to Mtb, and the specific substrates of distinct ubiquitin ligases in the context of Mtb infection, could facilitate development of new host-directed antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila C Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA
| | - Danielle T Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz P Souza-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA.
| | - Luis H Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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14
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Li W, Deng W, Zhang N, Peng H, Xu Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2387 Facilitates Mycobacterial Survival by Silencing TLR2/p38/JNK Signaling. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090981. [PMID: 36145413 PMCID: PMC9504853 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can evade antimicrobial immunity and persist within macrophages by interfering with multiple host cellular functions through its virulence factors, causing latent tuberculosis. The Rv2387 protein has been identified as a putative effector that potentially participates in Mtb pathogenicity. To explore the role of the Rv2387 protein in host–mycobacteria interactions, we established recombinant M. smegmatis strains and RAW264.7 cell lines that stably express the Rv2387 protein. We found that this protein suppresses mycobacteria infection-induced macrophage apoptosis by inactivating caspase-3/-8, thus facilitating the intracellular survival of mycobacteria. In addition, Rv2387 inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages by specifically suppressing TLR2-dependent stimulation of p38 and JNK MAPK pathways. Moreover, we further determined that the Rv2387 protein conferred a growth advantage over recombinant M. smegmatis and suppressed the inflammatory response in a mouse infection model. Overall, these data suggested that Rv2387 facilitates mycobacteria to escape host immunity and might be an essential virulence factor in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Wanyan Deng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
| | - Huijuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.X.)
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15
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Zha BS, Desvignes L, Fergus TJ, Cornelius A, Cheng TY, Moody DB, Ernst JD. Bacterial Strain-Dependent Dissociation of Cell Recruitment and Cell-to-Cell Spread in Early M. tuberculosis Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0133222. [PMID: 35695454 PMCID: PMC9239178 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01332-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the initial stage of respiratory infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis traverses from alveolar macrophages to phenotypically diverse monocyte-derived phagocytes and neutrophils in the lung parenchyma. Here, we compare the in vivo kinetics of early bacterial growth and cell-to-cell spread of two strains of M. tuberculosis: a lineage 2 strain, 4334, and the widely studied lineage 4 strain H37Rv. Using flow cytometry, live cell sorting of phenotypic subsets, and quantitation of bacteria in cells of the distinct subsets, we found that 4334 induces less leukocyte influx into the lungs but demonstrates earlier population expansion and cell-to-cell spread. The earlier spread of 4334 to recruited cells, including monocyte-derived dendritic cells, is accompanied by earlier and greater magnitude of CD4+ T cell activation. The results provide evidence that strain-specific differences in interactions with lung leukocytes can shape adaptive immune responses in vivo. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis is a leading infectious disease killer worldwide and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After exposure to M. tuberculosis, outcomes range from apparent elimination to active disease. Early innate immune responses may contribute to differences in outcomes, yet it is not known how bacterial strains alter the early dynamics of innate immune and T cell responses. We infected mice with distinct strains of M. tuberculosis and discovered striking differences in innate cellular recruitment, cell-to-cell spread of bacteria in the lungs, and kinetics of initiation of antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses. We also found that M. tuberculosis can spread beyond alveolar macrophages even before a large influx of inflammatory cells. These results provide evidence that distinct strains of M. tuberculosis can exhibit differential kinetics in cell-to-cell spread which is not directly linked to early recruitment of phagocytes but is subsequently linked to adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Shoshana Zha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tawania J. Fergus
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Goosen WJ, Clarke C, Kleynhans L, Kerr TJ, Buss P, Miller MA. Culture-Independent PCR Detection and Differentiation of Mycobacteria spp. in Antemortem Respiratory Samples from African Elephants ( Loxodonta Africana) and Rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium Simum, Diceros Bicornis) in South Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:709. [PMID: 35745564 PMCID: PMC9230505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, such as M. bovis, are endemic in specific South African wildlife reserves and zoos, cases of clinically important nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in wildlife may be neglected. Additionally, due to the inability of tests to differentiate between the host responses to MTBC and NTM, the diagnosis of MTBC may be confounded by the presence of NTMs. This may hinder control efforts. These constraints highlight the need for enhanced rapid detection and differentiation methods for MTBC and NTM, especially in high MTBC burden areas. We evaluated the use of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra, the Hain CMdirect V1.0 line probe assay, and novel amplicon sequencing PCRs targeting the mycobacterial rpoB and ku gene targets, directly on antemortem African elephant (n = 26) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n = 22) and trunk washes (n = 21) and rhinoceros (n = 23) BALF (n = 23), with known MTBC culture-positive and NTM culture-positive results. Our findings suggest that the Ultra is the most sensitive diagnostic test for MTBC DNA detection directly in raw antemortem respiratory specimens and that the rpoB PCR is ideal for Mycobacterium genus DNA detection and species identification through amplicon sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand J. Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Charlene Clarke
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Tanya J. Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Peter Buss
- Veterinary Wildlife Services, Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Skukuza 1350, South Africa;
| | - Michele A. Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; (C.C.); (L.K.); (T.J.K.); (M.A.M.)
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17
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Dwivedi M, Bajpai K. The chamber of secretome in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a potential therapeutic target. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 39:1-44. [PMID: 35613080 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2076031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) causes one of the ancient diseases, Tuberculosis, affects people around the globe and its severity can be understood by its classification as a second infectious disease after COVID-19 and the 13th leading cause of death according to a WHO report. Despite having advanced diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies, unfortunately, TB is still spreading across the population due to the emergence of drug-resistance MTB and Latent TB infection (LTBI). We are seeking for effective approaches to overcome these hindrances and efficient treatment for this perilous disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop drugs based on operative targeting of the bacterial system that could result in both efficient treatment and lesser emergence of MDR-TB. One such promising target could be the secretory systems and especially the Type 7 secretory system (T7SS-ESX) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is crucial for the secretion of effector proteins as well as in establishing host-pathogen interactions of the tubercle bacilli. The five paralogous ESX systems (ESX-1 to EXS-5) have been observed by in silico genome analysis of MTB, among which ESX-1 and ESX-5 are substantial for virulence and mediating host cellular inflammasome. The bacterium growth and virulence can be modulated by targeting the T7SS. In the present review, we demonstrate the current status of therapeutics against MTB and focus on the function and cruciality of T7SS along with other secretory systems as a promising therapeutic target against Tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dwivedi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Kriti Bajpai
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
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18
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Osei-Wusu S, Morgan P, Asare P, Adams G, Musah AB, Siam IM, Gillespie SH, Sabiiti W, Yeboah-Manu D. Bacterial Load Comparison of the Three Main Lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in West Africa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719531. [PMID: 34777274 PMCID: PMC8578714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown an association between bacterial load and virulence; however, not much is known about the diversity in this phenotypic characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). This study was therefore aimed to determine the differences in bacterial load of the three most prevalent MTBC genotypes (L4, L5, and L6) in West Africa at the time of diagnosis. A total of 170 paired fresh sputum samples were collected; one part in guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC) was used for RNA extraction and tuberculosis molecular bacterial load assay (TB-MBLA), and the other part without GTC was confirmed for TB positivity using GeneXpert MTB/RIF, smear microscopy grading, and culture on Löwenstein-Jensen media slants. The 170 sputum samples comprised 155 new cases, three follow-up cases, and 12 TB negative sputum samples. The time-to-culture positivity (TTP) and degree of culture positivity (DCP) were recorded. All 122 isolates obtained were spoligotyped for lineage (L) classification, but spoligotypes were obtained from 120 isolates. Of the typed isolates, 70.0, 10.8, 10.8, 4.2, 2.5, 0.8, and 0.8% were lineages 4, 5, 6, 2, 3, 1, and Mycobacterium bovis, respectively. Further analysis of the three most prevalent lineages showed significantly shorter TTP and higher DCP by L4 compared to L5 and L6, respectively: TTP 20.8, vs. 26.5, and 28.2 days; p-value = 0.005 and DCP 1.27, vs. 0.81 and 0.29, p < 0.001. The average TB-MBLA measured bacterial load of L4 was 3.82 Log10eCFU/ml which was not significantly different from 3.81 and 3.80 Log10eCFU/ml of L5 and L6, respectively, p = 0.84. Degrees of smear microscopy L4 = 1.20, L5 = 1.20, and L6 = 0.92 and GeneXpert Cq values L4 = 17.08, L5 = 18.37, and L6 = 17.59 showed no significant difference between the lineages, p = 0.72 and p = 0.48, respectively. Retrospective analysis of a larger sample confirmed the difference in TTP, p < 0.001. In conclusion, the observed shorter TTP and high DCP of L4 could signify high growth rate in culture that is independent of total bacterial load at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Osei-Wusu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Portia Morgan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince Asare
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfrey Adams
- Department of Chest Diseases, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul Basit Musah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ishaque Mintah Siam
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Henry Gillespie
- Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Wilber Sabiiti
- Division of Infection and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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19
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Repurposing diphenylbutylpiperidine-class antipsychotic drugs for host-directed therapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella enterica infections. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19634. [PMID: 34608194 PMCID: PMC8490354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistent increase of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections negatively impacts Tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Host-directed therapies (HDT) pose an complementing strategy, particularly since Mtb is highly successful in evading host-defense by manipulating host-signaling pathways. Here, we screened a library containing autophagy-modulating compounds for their ability to inhibit intracellular Mtb-bacteria. Several active compounds were identified, including two drugs of the diphenylbutylpiperidine-class, Fluspirilene and Pimozide, commonly used as antipsychotics. Both molecules inhibited intracellular Mtb in pro- as well as anti-inflammatory primary human macrophages in a host-directed manner and synergized with conventional anti-bacterials. Importantly, these inhibitory effects extended to MDR-Mtb strains and the unrelated intracellular pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Stm). Mechanistically Fluspirilene and Pimozide were shown to regulate autophagy and alter the lysosomal response, partly correlating with increased bacterial localization to autophago(lyso)somes. Pimozide's and Fluspirilene's efficacy was inhibited by antioxidants, suggesting involvement of the oxidative-stress response in Mtb growth control. Furthermore, Fluspirilene and especially Pimozide counteracted Mtb-induced STAT5 phosphorylation, thereby reducing Mtb phagosome-localized CISH that promotes phagosomal acidification. In conclusion, two approved antipsychotic drugs, Pimozide and Fluspirilene, constitute highly promising and rapidly translatable candidates for HDT against Mtb and Stm and act by modulating the autophagic/lysosomal response by multiple mechanisms.
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20
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Blanco FC, Gravisaco MJ, Bigi MM, García EA, Marquez C, McNeil M, Jackson M, Bigi F. Identifying Bacterial and Host Factors Involved in the Interaction of Mycobacterium bovis with the Bovine Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674643. [PMID: 34335572 PMCID: PMC8319915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important animal and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against pathogens and is also crucial for the development of an efficient adaptive immune response. In this study we used an in vitro co-culture model of antigen presenting cells (APC) and autologous lymphocytes derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to identify the cell populations and immune mediators that participate in the development of an efficient innate response capable of controlling the intracellular replication of M. bovis. After M. bovis infection, bovine immune cell cultures displayed upregulated levels of iNOS, IL-22 and IFN-γ and the induction of the innate immune response was dependent on the presence of differentiated APC. Among the analyzed M. bovis isolates, only a live virulent M. bovis isolate induced an efficient innate immune response, which was increased upon stimulation of cell co-cultures with the M. bovis culture supernatant. Moreover, we demonstrated that an allelic variation of the early secreted protein ESAT-6 (ESAT6 T63A) expressed in the virulent strain is involved in this increased innate immune response. These results highlight the relevance of the compounds secreted by live M. bovis as well as the variability among the assessed M. bovis strains to induce an efficient innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carlos Blanco
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas) National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Gravisaco
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Bigi
- (Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires) School of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Andrea García
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Marquez
- High Technology Analytical Centre, Laboratory, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mike McNeil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Fabiana Bigi
- (Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria) Institute of Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas) National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Morgado SM, Vicente ACP. Comprehensive in silico survey of the Mycolicibacterium mobilome reveals an as yet underexplored diversity. Microb Genom 2021; 7:mgen000533. [PMID: 33620305 PMCID: PMC8190616 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mobilome plays a crucial role in bacterial adaptation and is therefore a starting point to understand and establish the gene flow occurring in the process of bacterial evolution. This is even more so if we consider that the mobilome of environmental bacteria can be the reservoir of genes that may later appear in the clinic. Recently, new genera have been proposed in the family Mycobacteriaceae, including the genus Mycolicibacterium, which encompasses dozens of species of agricultural, biotechnological, clinical and ecological importance, being ubiquitous in several environments. The current scenario in the Mycobacteriaceae mobilome has some bias because most of the characterized mycobacteriophages were isolated using a single host strain, and the few plasmids reported mainly relate to the genus Mycobacterium. To fill in the gaps in these issues, we performed a systematic in silico study of these mobile elements based on 242 available genomes of the genus Mycolicibacterium. The analyses identified 156 putative plasmids (19 conjugative, 45 mobilizable and 92 non-mobilizable) and 566 prophages in 86 and 229 genomes, respectively. Moreover, a contig was characterized by resembling an actinomycete integrative and conjugative element (AICE). Within this diversity of mobile genetic elements, there is a pool of genes associated with several canonical functions, in addition to adaptive traits, such as virulence and resistance to antibiotics and metals (mercury and arsenic). The type-VII secretion system was a common feature in the predicted plasmids, being associated with genes encoding virulent proteins (EsxA, EsxB, PE and PPE). In addition to the characterization of plasmids and prophages of the family Mycobacteriaceae, this study showed an abundance of these genetic elements in a dozen species of the genus Mycolicibacterium.
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22
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Gutiérrez-Ortega A, Moreno DA, Ferrari SA, Espinosa-Andrews H, Ortíz EP, Milián-Suazo F, Alvarez AH. High-yield production of major T-cell ESAT6-CFP10 fusion antigen of M. tuberculosis complex employing codon-optimized synthetic gene. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:82-88. [PMID: 33418045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Translation engineering and bioinformatics have accelerated the rate at which gene sequences can be improved to generate multi-epitope proteins. Strong antigenic proteins for tuberculosis diagnosis include individual ESAT6 and CFP10 proteins or derived peptides. Obtention of heterologous multi-component antigens in E. coli without forming inclusion bodies remain a biotechnological challenge. The gene sequence for ESAT6-CFP10 fusion antigen was optimized by codon bias adjust for high-level expression as a soluble protein. The obtained fusion protein of 23.7 kDa was observed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis after Ni-affinity chromatography and the yield of expressed soluble protein reached a concentration of approximately 67 mg/L in shake flask culture after IPTG induction. Antigenicity was evaluated at 4 μg/mL in whole blood cultures from bovines, and protein stimuli were assessed using a specific in vitro IFN-γ release assay. The hybrid protein was able to stimulate T-cell specific responses of bovine TB suspects. The results indicate that improved E. coli codon usage is a good and cost-effective strategy to potentialize large scale production of multi-epitope proteins with sustained antigenic properties for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gutiérrez-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - D A Moreno
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - S A Ferrari
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - H Espinosa-Andrews
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - E P Ortíz
- Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 7.5 Carretera a Yahualica, CP 47600 Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
| | - F Milián-Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n Juriquilla, Delegación Santa Rosa Jáuregui, C.P. 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - A H Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Mexico.
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23
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Roy S, Ghatak D, Das P, BoseDasgupta S. ESX secretion system: The gatekeepers of mycobacterial survivability and pathogenesis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:202-209. [PMID: 33174865 PMCID: PMC7753977 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of Tuberculosis has plagued humankind for ages and has surfaced stronger than ever with the advent of drug resistance. Mycobacteria are adept at evading the host immune system and establishing infection by engaging host factors and secreting several virulence factors. Hence these secretion systems play a key role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. The type VII secretion system or ESX (early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) secretion) system is one such crucial system that comprises five different pathways having distinct roles in mycobacterial proliferation, pathogenesis, cytosolic escape within macrophages, regulation of macrophage apoptosis, metal ion homeostasis, etc. ESX 1–5 systems are implicated in the secretion of a plethora of proteins, of which only a few are functionally characterized. Here we summarize the current knowledge of ESX secretion systems of mycobacteria with a special focus on ESX-1 and ESX-5 systems that subvert macrophage defenses and help mycobacteria to establish their niche within the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Debika Ghatak
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Payel Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Somdeb BoseDasgupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Immunology and Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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