Targeting Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway for Developing Therapies for Hair Loss

Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide promotes angiogenesis as well as follicle regeneration and hair growth through activation of the WNT signaling pathway

Introduction

Hair loss is one of the common clinical conditions in modern society. Although it is not a serious disease that threatens human life, it brings great mental stress and psychological burden to patients. This study investigated the role of dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP) in hair follicle regeneration and hair growth and its related mechanisms.

Methods

After in vitro culture of mouse antennal hair follicles and mouse dermal papilla cells (DPCs), and mouse vascular endothelial cells (MVECs), the effects of DOP upon hair follicles and cells were evaluated using multiple methods. DOP effects were evaluated by measuring tentacle growth, HE staining, immunofluorescence, Western blot, CCK-8, ALP staining, tube formation, scratch test, and Transwell. LDH levels, WNT signaling proteins, and therapeutic mechanisms were also analyzed.

Results

DOP promoted tentacle hair follicle and DPCs growth in mice and the angiogenic, migratory and invasive capacities of MVECs. Meanwhile, DOP was also capable of enhancing angiogenesis and proliferation-related protein expression. Mechanistically, DOP activated the WNT signaling and promoted the expression level of β-catenin, a pivotal protein of the pathway, and the pathway target proteins Cyclin D1, C-Myc, and LDH activity. The promotional effects of DOP on the biological functions of DPCs and MVECs could be effectively reversed by the WNT signaling pathway inhibitor IWR-1.

Conclusion

DOP advances hair follicle and hair growth via the activation of the WNT signaling. This finding provides a mechanistic reference and theoretical basis for the clinical use of DOP in treating hair loss.

Open clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a novel eyelash growth enhancer with peptides and glycosaminoglycans

BACKGROUND

Eyelashes play a crucial role in self-image and ocular protection. Enhancements to their structure are of both cosmetic and clinical interest.

AIMS

To assess the efficacy of a peptide and glycosaminoglycan-based eyelash enhancer serum in improving eyelash structure.

PATIENTS/METHODS

This open-label clinical trial involved 30 females aged 25-65. Eyelashes were assessed at baseline (D0), 4 weeks (D28), and 12 weeks (D84) using specialized software and high-resolution imagery. Measurements included lash number, width, length, volume, arc, and angle.

RESULTS

At 12 weeks, significant increases were observed in lash length (+8.3%), number (+5%), width (+10.1%), volume (+14.1%), arc (+13.4%), and angle (+28.3%) compared to baseline. Global Eyelash Assessment (GEA) scores significantly improved, and patient treatment satisfaction increased from 73.34% at D28 to 84.33% at D84. No adverse effects were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

The eyelash growth enhancer serum demonstrated significant efficacy in improving eyelash structure by Week 12, with early signs of improvement evident by Week 4. The high patient satisfaction levels underscore the perceived effectiveness of the product.

Hair growth-promoting effects of Enz_MoriL on human dermal papilla cells through modulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin and JAK-STAT signaling pathways

Enz_MoriL is a naturally occurring substance extracted from the leaves of Morus alba L. through enzymatic conversion. Historically, M. alba L. has been recognized for its potential to promote hair regrowth. However, the precise mechanism by which Enz_MoriL affects human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of Enz_MoriL's effect on hair growth in hDPCs. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was used to examine the effects of Enz_MoriL on hDPCs during the anagen and catagen phases, as well as under conditions mimicking alopecia areata (AA). Enz_MoriL demonstrated the ability to promote cell proliferation in both anagen and catagen stages. It increased the levels of active β-catenin in the catagen stage induced by IFN-γ, leading to its nuclear translocation. This effect was achieved by increasing the phosphorylation of GSK3β and decreasing the expression of DKK-1. This stimulation induced proliferation in hDPCs and upregulated the expression of the Wnt family members 3a, 5a, and 7a at the transcript level. Additionally, Enz_MoriL suppressed JAK1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, contrasting with IFN-γ, which induced them in the catagen stage. In conclusion, Enz_MoriL directly induced signals for anagen re-entry into hDPCs by affecting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and enhancing the production of growth factors. Furthermore, Enz_MoriL attenuated and reversed the interferon-induced AA-like environment by blocking the JAK-STAT pathway in hDPCs.

Efficacy of probiotics in hair growth and dandruff control: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Probiotics are intellectually rewarding for the discovery of their potential as a source of functional food. Investigating the economic and beauty sector dynamics, this study conducted a comprehensive review of scholarly articles to evaluate the capacity of probiotics to promote hair growth and manage dandruff.

Methods

We used the PRISMA 2020 with Embase, Pubmed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Scopus, and ICTRP databases to investigate studies till May 2023. Meta-analyses utilizing the random effects model were used with odds ratios (OR) and standardized mean differences (SMD).

Result

Meta-analysis comprised eight randomized clinical trials and preclinical studies. Hair growth analysis found a non-significant improvement in hair count (SMD = 0.32, 95 % CI -0.10 to 0.75) and a significant effect on thickness (SMD = 0.92, 95 % CI 0.47 to 1.36). In preclinical studies, probiotics significantly induced hair follicle count (SMD = 3.24, 95 % CI 0.65 to 5.82) and skin thickness (SMD = 2.32, 95 % CI 0.47 to 4.17). VEGF levels increased significantly (SMD = 2.97, 95 % CI 0.80 to 5.13), while IGF-1 showed a non-significant inducement (SMD = 0.53, 95 % CI -4.40 to 5.45). For dandruff control, two studies demonstrated non-significant improvement in adherent dandruff (OR = 1.31, 95 % CI 0.13-13.65) and a significant increase in free dandruff (OR = 5.39, 95 % CI 1.50-19.43). Hair follicle count, VEGF, IGF-1, and adherent dandruff parameters were recorded with high heterogeneity. For the systematic review, probiotics have shown potential in improving hair growth and controlling dandruff through modulation of the immune pathway and gut-hair axis. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, IGF-1 pathway, and VEGF are key molecular pathways in regulating hair follicle growth and maintenance.

Conclusions

This review found significant aspects exemplified by the properties of probiotics related to promoting hair growth and anti-dandruff effect, which serve as a roadmap for further in-depth studies to make it into pilot scales.

Bioelectric medicine: unveiling the therapeutic potential of micro-current stimulation

Bioelectric medicine (BEM) refers to the use of electrical signals to modulate the electrical activity of cells and tissues in the body for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we particularly focused on the microcurrent stimulation (MCS), because, this can take place at the cellular level with sub-sensory application unlike other stimuli. These extremely low-level currents mimic the body's natural electrical activity and are believed to promote various physiological processes. To date, MCS has limited use in the field of BEM with applications in several therapeutic purposes. However, recent studies provide hopeful signs that MCS is more scalable and widely applicable than what has been used so far. Therefore, this review delves into the landscape of MCS, shedding light on the multifaceted applications and untapped potential of MCS in the realm of healthcare. Particularly, we summarized the hierarchical mediation from cell to whole body responses by MCS including its physiological applications. Our final objective of this review is to contribute to the growing body of literature that unveils the captivating potential of BEM, with MCS poised at the intersection of technological innovation and the intricacies of the human body.

Phloroglucinol Enhances Anagen Signaling and Alleviates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

Phloroglucinol (PG) is one of the abundant isomeric benzenetriols in brown algae. Due to its polyphenolic structure, PG exhibits various biological activities. However, the impact of PG on anagen signaling and oxidative stress in human dermal papilla cells (HDPCs) is unknown. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of PG for improving hair loss. A non-cytotoxic concentration of PG increased anagen-inductive genes and transcriptional activities of β-Catenin. Since several anagen-inductive genes are regulated by β-Catenin, further experiments were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PG upregulates anagen signaling. Various biochemical analyses revealed that PG upregulated β-Catenin signaling without affecting the expression of Wnt. In particular, PG elevated the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), leading to an increase in the inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) at serine 9. Treatment with the selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT inhibitor, LY294002, restored the increased AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling and anagen-inductive proteins induced by PG. Moreover, conditioned medium from PG-treated HDPCs promoted the proliferation and migration of human epidermal keratinocytes via the AKT signaling pathway. Subsequently, we assessed the antioxidant activities of PG. PG ameliorated the elevated oxidative stress markers and improved the decreased anagen signaling in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced HDPCs. The senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining assay also demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of PG effectively mitigated H2O2-induced senescence. Overall, these results indicate that PG potentially enhances anagen signaling and improves oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in HDPCs. Therefore, PG can be employed as a novel therapeutic component to ameliorate hair loss symptoms.

Microneedle Delivery Platform Integrated with Codelivery Nanoliposomes for Effective and Safe Androgenetic Alopecia Treatment

Although topical application of minoxidil is a widely used, FDA-approved therapy for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) treatment, it suffers from low bioavailability, the requirement for frequent long-term use, and side effects. With a similar structure as minoxidil, kopexil and kopyrrol are less toxic and have been commercialized, but show an inferior hair regeneration effect compared to minoxidil. Herein, we developed a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based dissolvable microneedles (MNs) delivery platform integrated with kopexil and kopyrrol coencapsulated nanoliposomes (KK-NLPs) to effectively and safely treat AGA. Facilitated by nanoliposomes and MNs, the encapsulated KK-NLPs performed efficient skin penetration and enhanced cellular internalization into human dermal papilla cells. Furthermore, within the target cells, the codelivered kopexil and kopyrrol show synergistic effects by orchestrating an upregulation in the expression of Ki67, β-catenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CD31. These molecular responses collectively foster cell proliferation, migration, and antioxidative effects, thereby facilitating the expedited progression of hair follicles (HFs) into the anagen phase and promoting peripheral angiogenesis. Notably, the KK-NLPs-integrated MNs treatment group exhibits noteworthy enhanced hair regeneration in vivo, with identical or superior therapeutic effects at a much lower dosage than that of minoxidil. These results suggest the great potential of this kopexil and kopyrrol codelivery nanoliposomes-integrated MNs platform for AGA treatment in a safe and efficient way.

Prioritizing susceptibility genes for the prognosis of male-pattern baldness with transcriptome-wide association study

BACKGROUND

Male-pattern baldness (MPB) is the most common cause of hair loss in men. It can be categorized into three types: type 2 (T2), type 3 (T3), and type 4 (T4), with type 1 (T1) being considered normal. Although various MPB-associated genetic variants have been suggested, a comprehensive study for linking these variants to gene expression regulation has not been performed to the best of our knowledge.

RESULTS

In this study, we prioritized MPB-related tissue panels using tissue-specific enrichment analysis and utilized single-tissue panels from genotype-tissue expression version 8, as well as cross-tissue panels from context-specific genetics. Through a transcriptome-wide association study and colocalization analysis, we identified 52, 75, and 144 MPB associations for T2, T3, and T4, respectively. To assess the causality of MPB genes, we performed a conditional and joint analysis, which revealed 10, 11, and 54 putative causality genes for T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Finally, we conducted drug repositioning and identified potential drug candidates that are connected to MPB-associated genes.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, through an integrative analysis of gene expression and genotype data, we have identified robust MPB susceptibility genes that may help uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms and the novel drug candidates that may alleviate MPB.

miR-140-y targets TCF4 to regulate the Wnt signaling pathway and promote embryonic feather follicle development in Hungarian white goose

Goose down feather has become one of the most important economical products in the goose breeding industry and it provides several essential physiological roles in birds. Therefore, understanding and regulating the development of skin and feather follicles during embryogenesis is critical for avian biology and the poultry industry. MicroRNAs are known to play an important role in controlling gene expression during skin and feather follicle development. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to select miR-140-y as a potential miRNA involved in skin and feather follicle development and to predict TCF4 as its target gene. This gene was expressed at significant levels during embryonic feather follicle development, as identified by qPCR and Western blot. The targeting relationship was confirmed by a dual-luciferase assay in 293T cells. Then, the miR-140-y/TCF4 function in dermal fibroblast cells was explored. The results showed that miR-140-y could suppress the proliferation of goose embryonic dermal fibroblast cells (GEDFs) by suppressing the activity of some Wingless-types (Wnt) pathway related genes and proliferation marker genes, while miR-140-y inhibition led to the opposite effect. Similarly, the inhibition of the TCF4 gene results in blocking the proliferation of GEDFs by reducing the activity of some Wnt pathway-related genes. Finally, the co-transfection of miR-140-y inhibitor and siRNA-TCF4 results in a rescue of the TCF4 function and an increase of the Wnt signaling pathway and GEDFs proliferation. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the miR-140-y-TCF4 axis influences the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway and works as a dynamic regulator during skin and feather follicle development.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum Hydrodistillate and Its Major Component Damulin B Promote Hair Growth-Inducing Properties In Vivo and In Vitro via the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Dermal Papilla Cells

Alopecia, a prevalent yet challenging condition with limited FDA-approved treatments which is accompanied by notable side effects, necessitates the exploration of natural alternatives. This study elucidated the hair growth properties of Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf hydrodistillate (GPHD) both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, damulin B, a major component of GPHD, demonstrated hair growth-promoting properties in vitro. Beyond its established anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory attributes, GPHD exhibited hair growth induction in mice parallel to minoxidil. Moreover, it upregulated the expression of autocrine factors associated with hair growth, including VEGF, IGF-1, KGF, and HGF. Biochemical assays revealed that minoxidil, GPHD, and damulin B induced hair growth via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through AKT signaling, aligning with in vivo experiments demonstrating improved expression of growth factors. These findings suggest that GPHD and damulin B contribute to the hair growth-inducing properties of dermal papilla cells through the AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Optimization of hair follicle spheroids for hair-on-a-chip

Currently, most models for hair follicle research have the limitation of not replicating some key features of the hair follicle microenvironment. To complement this, we transfected various factors for hair growth into dermal papilla cells (DPCs) by electroporation and cultured the spheroids with keratinocytes (KCs). We optimized the cell number and culture period for applying spheroids to hair-on-a-chip. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of hair growth factors in spheroids depending on the presence or absence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and transfection. In spheroids in which DPCs, KCs, and HUVECs were co-cultured for 21 days, the expression of lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1), T-cell factor 1 (TCF1), and keratin 25 (K25) in the center of the spheroid, the expression of keratin 17 (K17) on the outer surface of the spheroid, and the shape of hair extending outward from the spheroid surface were observed. From these results, it is expected that a hair-on-a-chip experiment in which short-term cultured TKH spheroids are injected into the dermis and co-cultured with KC will enable the production of full-thickness skin equivalents containing hair in vitro without transplantation into animals.

In vitro hair growth-promoting effect of Lgr5-binding octapeptide in human primary hair cells

BACKGROUND

Hair loss occurs due to various biological and environmental causes, which can have psychosocial consequences. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is well-known for its role in hair growth and regeneration, as it induces the proliferation and differentiation of hair cells. When the leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) interacts with the R-spondins, the frizzled receptor (FZD), a Wnt receptor, becomes stabilized, resulting in an increased β-catenin activity.

AIM

We investigated whether the octapeptide that binds to Lgr5 enhances proliferation and differentiation of human primary hair cells through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

METHODS

The binding affinity of the octapeptide to Lgr5 was evaluated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We confirmed changes in proliferation and related factors like β-catenin activation and growth factors (GFs) expression in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HHFDPCs). Additionally, we observed the proliferation and the expression of differentiation markers in human hair follicle outer root sheath cells (HHFORSCs), human hair follicle germinal matrix cells (HHFGMCs), and human hair follicle stem cells (HHFSCs). We used three-dimensional HHFDPC spheroid culture treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to create in vitro conditions that mimic androgenetic alopecia, and we studied the effects of octapeptide on Wnt expression and HHFSC differentiation.

RESULTS

The binding of the octapeptide to Lgr5 was confirmed using SPR analysis. In HHFDPCs, treatment with octapeptide resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in proliferation. We also observed increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin and increased expression of its downstream targets. HHFDPCs treated with octapeptide exhibited increased expression of growth factors and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK. In addition, we confirmed that octapeptide increased proliferation and induced differentiation in HHFORSCs, HHFGMCs, and HHFSCs. Under the HHFDPC spheroid culture conditions, we found that octapeptide restored the inhibition of Wnt-5a and Wnt-10b expressions by DHT. In HHFSCs treated with HHFDPC spheroid culture media, we observed that octapeptide recovered the inhibition of differentiation by DHT.

CONCLUSION

We found that octapeptides activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induced the proliferation and differentiation of human primary hair cells by acting as an exogenous ligand for Lgr5. In addition, octapeptides recovered inhibited hair regeneration characters by DHT in androgenetic alopecia-mimic in vitro model. These findings suggest that octapeptides may be a promising therapeutic option for treating hair loss.

SRPK1 Promotes Glioma Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion through Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin and JAK-2/STAT-3 Signaling Pathways

Currently, the treatment of gliomas still relies primarily on surgery and radiochemotherapy. Although there are various drugs available, including temozolomide, the overall therapeutic effect is unsatisfactory, and the prognosis remains poor. Therefore, the in-depth study of the mechanism of glioma development and a search for new therapeutic targets are the keys to improving the therapeutic treatment of gliomas and improving the prognosis of patients. Immunohistochemistry is used to detect the expression of relevant molecules in tissues, qPCR and Western blot are used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of relevant molecules, CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8) is used to assess cell viability and proliferation capacity, Transwell is used to evaluate cell migration and invasion ability, and RNA transcriptome sequencing is used to identify the most influential pathways. SRPK1 (SRSF protein kinase 1) is highly expressed in gliomas but is not expressed in normal tissues. Its expression is positively correlated with the grades of gliomas and negatively correlated with prognosis. SRPK1 significantly promotes the occurrence and development of gliomas. Knocking down SRPK1 leads to a significant decrease in the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of gliomas. Loss of SRPK1 expression induces G2/M phase arrest and mitotic catastrophe, leading to apoptosis in cells. Overexpression of SRPK1 activates the Wnt/β-catenin (wingless-int1/β-catenin) and JAK-2/STAT-3 (Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling pathways, promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gliomas. Overexpression of SRPK1 rescues the reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities caused by the silencing of β-catenin or JAK-2. A stable shRNA-LN229 cell line was constructed, and using a nude mouse model, it was found that stable knockout of SRPK1 significantly reduced the tumorigenic ability of glioma cells, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the subcutaneous tumor volume and weight in nude mice. We have demonstrated that SRPK1 is highly expressed in gliomas. Overexpression of SRPK1 activates the Wnt/β-catenin and JAK-2/STAT-3 signaling pathways, promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gliomas. Silencing SRPK1-related signaling pathways may provide potential therapeutic options for glioma patients.

Efficacy and safety of low-dose oral minoxidil in the management of androgenetic alopecia

INTRODUCTION

Treating alopecia can be challenging. The available treatments are topical minoxidil, low-dose oral minoxidil (LDOM), and 5-α reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride. Only topical minoxidil and finasteride 1 mg daily are FDA-approved, while the rest are used off-label. Recent research has suggested that oral minoxidil may be a safe and effective treatment for both female androgenetic alopecia (female AGA) and male androgenetic alopecia (male AGA).

AREAS COVERED

In this review, we explore the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, safety, and efficacy of oral minoxidil. Additionally, we discuss its effectiveness compared to other treatments available for female AGA and male AGA.

EXPERT OPINION

LDOM has demonstrated a favorable efficacy and safety profile in several trials. Subsequently, its use for the treatment of male AGA and female AGA is increasing. However, its use remains off-label, and through increased usage, we will get a better idea of the best dosage and monitoring guidelines. LDOM has also been used with some effectiveness in other forms of hair loss.

Topical sodium valproate-loaded nanospanlastics versus conventional topical steroid therapy in alopecia areata: a randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND

A myriad of therapeutic modalities for alopecia areata are available; however, none is of high level of evidence, creating an immense need for the evaluation of other treatment modalities, of which topical sodium valproate is of potential role via proposed decrease in beta-catenin breakdown, despite its well-known side effect of hair fall as an oral therapy.

OBJECTIVE

Evaluating the efficacy and the safety of sodium valproate (SV)-loaded nanospanlastics, in comparison to topical corticosteroids, this is the currently available gold standard topical treatment for patchy AA.

METHODOLOGY

A total of 66 patients with patchy AA were randomly assigned to receive either topical mometasone furoate lotion or topical SV applied twice daily to all patches except a control patch, which was left untreated. Clinical, trichoscopic and biochemical assessments of beta-catenin tissue levels and Axin-2 gene expression were carried out at baseline and after 3 months.

RESULTS

Both therapeutic modalities were comparable. Potential efficacy was highlighted by significant improvement in the representative patch, the largest treated patch, to the control patch, the smallest untreated patch in both steroid and valproate groups (p = 0.027, 0.003 respectively). Both beta-catenin levels and Axin-2 gene expression were reduced after treatment, pointing to the inhibitory effect of dominating uncontrolled inflammatory milieu. Baseline beta-catenin was found to significantly negatively correlate with improvement in the representative patch in patients with baseline level above 0.42 ng/ml (p = - 0.042).

CONCLUSION

Both topical SV and steroids are of comparable modest efficacy. Thus, further evaluation of SV is due in combination with intralesional steroids and other anti-inflammatory treatment modalities, together with developing individualized approaches based on baseline beta-catenin level.

CLINICALTRIALS

GOV IDENTIFIER

NCT05017454, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05017454 .

Neurotensin counteracts hair growth inhibition induced by chronic restraint stress

Stress has been considered as a potential trigger for hair loss through the neuroendocrine-hair follicle (HF) axis. Neurotensin (NTS), a neuropeptide, is known to be dysregulated in the inflammatory-associated skin diseases. However, the precise role of NTS in stress-induced hair loss is unclear. To investigate the function and potential mechanisms of NTS in stress-induced hair growth inhibition, we initially detected the expression of neurotensin receptor (Ntsr) and NTS in the skin tissues of stressed mice by RNA-sequencing and ELISA. We found chronic restraint stress (CRS) significantly decreased the expression of both NTS and Ntsr in the skin tissues of mice. Intracutaneous injection of NTS effectively counteracted CRS-induced inhibition of hair growth in mice. Furthermore, NTS regulated a total of 1093 genes expression in human dermal papilla cells (HDPC), with 591 genes being up-regulated and 502 genes being down-regulated. GO analysis showed DNA replication, cell cycle, integral component of plasma membrane and angiogenesis-associated genes were significantly regulated by NTS. KEGG enrichment demonstrated that NTS also regulated genes related to the Hippo signalling pathway, axon guidance, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and Wnt signalling pathway in HDPC. Our results not only uncovered the potential effects of NTS on stress-induced hair growth inhibition but also provided an understanding of the mechanisms at the gene transcriptional level.

The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Hair Regeneration and Hair Cycle

The health of hair is directly related to people's health and appearance. Hair has key physiological functions, including skin protection and temperature regulation. Hair follicle (HF) is a vital mini-organ that directly impacts hair growth. Besides, various signaling pathways and molecules regulate the growth cycle transition of HFs. Hair and its regeneration studies have attracted much interest in recent years with the increasing rate of alopecia. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as pluripotent stem cells, can differentiate into fat, bone, and cartilage and stimulate regeneration and immunological regulation. MSCs have been widely employed to treat various clinical diseases, such as bone and cartilage injury, nerve injury, and lung injury. Besides, MSCs can be used for treatment of hair diseases due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory abilities. This review aimed to assess MSCs' treatment for alopecia, pertinent signaling pathways, and new material for hair regeneration in the last 5 years.

Stem cell-derived conditioned medium for alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Alopecia is a common and distressing medical condition that has been related to psychiatric disorders. Stem cell-derived conditioned medium (CM), a novel therapy for hair regeneration, has shown effectiveness in several trials.

METHODS

This meta-analysis aims to explore the effectiveness of stem cell-derived CM in improving hair growth for patients of alopecia. We prospectively registered this systematic review and meta-analysis in PROSPERO (CRD42023410249). Clinical trials that the enrolled participants suffering from alopecia applied stem cell-derived CM were included. We calculated the mean and standard deviation for the hair density and thickness.

RESULTS

Ten clinical trials were included in our analysis. On the basis of eight clinical trials (n = 221), our pooled results indicate that stem cell-derived CM is effective in increasing hair density (mean difference [MD]: 14.93, confidence interval [95% CI]: 10.20-19.67, p < 0.0001) and thickness (MD: 18.67, 95% CI: 2.75-34.59, p < 0.0001) (μm) in patients with alopecia. Moreover, our findings suggest that longer treatment duration is associated with significantly greater improvement than shorter treatment duration (p = 0.02). Three of the included studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and when we specifically analyzed these RCTs; statistical significance could also be observed in terms of hair density (MD: 9.23, 95% CI: 1.79-16.68, p < 0.00001).

KEY MESSAGES

Stem cell-derived conditioned medium can effectively increase hair density and thickness for alopecia, and there is no difference between each method (topical application, microneedling, or injection).

Evaluation of noninvasive biospecimens for transcriptome studies

Transcriptome studies disentangle functional mechanisms of gene expression regulation and may elucidate the underlying biology of disease processes. However, the types of tissues currently collected typically assay a single post-mortem timepoint or are limited to investigating cell types found in blood. Noninvasive tissues may improve disease-relevant discovery by enabling more complex longitudinal study designs, by capturing different and potentially more applicable cell types, and by increasing sample sizes due to reduced collection costs and possible higher enrollment from vulnerable populations. Here, we develop methods for sampling noninvasive biospecimens, investigate their performance across commercial and in-house library preparations, characterize their biology, and assess the feasibility of using noninvasive tissues in a multitude of transcriptomic applications. We collected buccal swabs, hair follicles, saliva, and urine cell pellets from 19 individuals over three to four timepoints, for a total of 300 unique biological samples, which we then prepared with replicates across three library preparations, for a final tally of 472 transcriptomes. Of the four tissues we studied, we found hair follicles and urine cell pellets to be most promising due to the consistency of sample quality, the cell types and expression profiles we observed, and their performance in disease-relevant applications. This is the first study to thoroughly delineate biological and technical features of noninvasive samples and demonstrate their use in a wide array of transcriptomic and clinical analyses. We anticipate future use of these biospecimens will facilitate discovery and development of clinical applications.

Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil for Alopecia: A Comprehensive Review

Low-dose oral minoxidil (LDOM) has demonstrated a promising safety and efficacy profile in the treatment of various hair disorders, including male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and female-pattern hair loss (FPHL); however, it lacks FDA approval. The usual LDOM starting dose for male AGA is 1-5 mg/day, depending on physician preference and the patient's condition. For FPHL, it is 0.5-1 mg/day. The maximum dose is generally 5 mg/day. If patients respond well without major side effects, the dose may be gradually increased since the LDOM's efficacy appears to be dose-dependent. Patients may use LDOM long term if the treatment outcome is satisfactory. The common side effects of LDOM are hypertrichosis and cardiovascular symptoms. Females are more prone to hypertrichosis than males. The side effects of LDOM can be categorized as (a) dose-dependent type A side effects (hypertrichosis and cardiovascular symptoms) and (b) idiosyncratic type B side effects (pericardial effusion). Minoxidil acts via multiple pathways. Although minoxidil has a relatively short half-life of around 4 h, its hypotensive effect may last approximately 72 h. Effective treatments for alopecia are limited. Therefore, LDOM could be an important addition to the available therapies for managing some hair disorders, including AGA.

The In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Fruit Extract on Testosterone-Induced Hair Loss

Due to the continuous increase in patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety, the demand for hair loss treatment and effective hair growth materials has increased. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (TBE) reportedly exerts anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects, among others, but its effects on testosterone (TS)-inhibited hair growth remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TBE on TS-induced hair growth regression in human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and C57BL/6 mice. Oral administration of TBE increased TS-induced hair growth retardation. Interestingly, effects were greater when compared with finasteride, a commercial hair loss treatment product. Histological analyses revealed that oral TBE administration increased hair follicles in the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, western blotting and immunofluorescence showed that oral TBE administration recovered the TS-induced inhibition of cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki67 expression in vivo. Using in vitro proliferation assays, TBE promoted HFDPC growth, which was suppressed by TS treatment. Thus, TBE may be a promising nutraceutical for hair health as it promoted hair growth in AGA-like in vitro and in vivo models.

Signaling pathways in hair aging

Hair follicle (HF) homeostasis is regulated by various signaling pathways. Disruption of such homeostasis leads to HF disorders, such as alopecia, pigment loss, and hair aging, which is causing severe health problems and aesthetic concerns. Among these disorders, hair aging is characterized by hair graying, hair loss, hair follicle miniaturization (HFM), and structural changes to the hair shaft. Hair aging occurs under physiological conditions, while premature hair aging is often associated with certain pathological conditions. Numerous investigations have been made to determine the mechanisms and explore treatments to prevent hair aging. The most well-known hypotheses about hair aging include oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, inflammation, as well as DNA damage and repair defects. Ultimately, these factors pose threats to HF cells, especially stem cells such as hair follicle stem cells, melanocyte stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, which hamper hair regeneration and pigmentation. Here, we summarize previous studies investigating the above mechanisms and the existing therapeutic methods for hair aging. We also provide insights into hair aging research and discuss the limitations and outlook.

Hair Growth Promotion and Anti-Hair Loss Effects of By-Products Arabica Coffee Pulp Extracts Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Coffee has been a common ingredient in many traditional hair loss remedies, but limited scientific evidence supports its use, particularly in coffee pulp. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is caused by androgens, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In the present study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used under various conditions to obtain six coffee pulp extracts. The SFE-4 extract, using 50% (v/v) ethanol as a co-solvent at conditions of 100 °C and 500 bars for 30 min, exhibited the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and caffeine contents. Additionally, the SFE-4 extract increased the migration and cell proliferation of HFDPCs (human hair follicle dermal papilla cells), which control hair cycle regulation, and had scavenging effects on ABTS and DPPH radicals. Additionally, the SFE-4 extract showed potassium ion channel opener activity in HFDPCs, as well as a stimulation effect on the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) (28.53 ± 1.08% of control), which may be related to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene upregulation. In human prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and HFDPC cells, the SFE-4 extract significantly decreased the expression of SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3, an essential pathway involved in AGA. Hair growth factor genes in the Wnt/-catenin (CTNNB1) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH, SMO, and GLI1) pathways could be significantly activated by the SFE-4 extract. These results imply that employing SFE in coffee pulp extraction could help AGA treatment by preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth pathways. This would help small coffee producers gain economic empowerment and ensure the long-term sustainability of agricultural waste utilization.

Nanodrug Delivery Strategies to Signaling Pathways in Alopecia

Over 50% of the global population suffers from hair loss. The mixed results in the treatment of hair loss reveal the limitations of conventional commercial topical drugs. One the one hand, the definite pathogenesis of hair loss is still an enigma. On the other hand, targeted drug carriers ensure the drug therapeutic effect and low side effects. This review highlights the organization and overview of nine crucial signaling pathways associated with hair loss, as well as the development of nanobased topical delivery systems loading the clinical drugs, which will fuel emerging hair loss treatment strategies.

Repurposing DPP4 Inhibition to Improve Hair Follicle Activation and Regeneration

Skin injury and several diseases elicit fibrosis and induce hair follicle (HF) growth arrest and loss. The resulting alopecia and disfiguration represent a severe burden for patients, both physically and psychologically. Reduction of profibrotic factors such as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) might be a strategy to tackle this issue. We show DPP4 overrepresentation in settings with HF growth arrest (telogen), HF loss, and nonregenerative wound areas in mouse skin and human scalp. Topical DPP4 inhibition with Food and Drug Administration/European Medicines Agency-approved sitagliptin on preclinical models of murine HF activation/regeneration results in accelerated anagen progress, whereas treatment of wounds with sitagliptin results in reduced expression of fibrosis markers, increased induction of anagen around wounds, and HF regeneration in the wound center. These effects are associated with higher expression of Wnt target Lef1, known to be required for HF anagen/HF-activation and regeneration. Sitagliptin treatment decreases profibrotic signaling in the skin, induces a differentiation trajectory of HF cells, and activates Wnt targets related to HF activation/growth but not those supporting fibrosis. Taken together, our study shows a role for DPP4 in HF biology and shows how DPP4 inhibition, currently used as oral medication to treat diabetes, could be repurposed into a topical treatment agent to potentially reverse HF loss in alopecia and after injury.

Activation of Wnt signaling in Axin2+ cells leads to osteodentin formation and cementum overgrowth

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we used the mouse incisor model to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on Axin2+ cells in tooth development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Axin2lacZ/+ reporter mice were used to define the expression pattern of Axin2 in mouse incisors. We traced the fate of Axin2+ cells from postnatal Day 21 (P21) to P56 using Axin2CreERT2/+ and R26RtdTomato/+ reporter mice. For constitutive activation of Wnt signaling, Axin2CreERT2/+ , β-cateninflox(Ex3)/+ , and R26RtdTomato/+ (CA-β-cat) mice were generated to investigate the gain of function (GOF) of β-catenin in mouse incisor growth.

RESULTS

The X-gal staining of Axin2lacZ/+ reporter mice and lineage tracing showed that Axin2 was widely expressed in dental mesenchyme of mouse incisors, and Axin2+ cells were essential cell sources for odontoblasts, pulp cells, and periodontal ligament cells. The constitutive activation of Wnt signaling in Axin2+ cells resulted in the formation of osteodentin featured with increased DMP1 and dispersed DSP expression and overgrowth of cementum.

CONCLUSION

Wnt signaling plays a key role in the differentiation and maturation of Axin2+ cells in mouse incisors.

Astragalus membranaceus and Cinnamomum cassia Stimulate the Hair Follicle Differentiation-Related Growth Factor by the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Astragalus membranaceus and Cinnamomum cassia are used as spices and flavorful ingredients, or medicinal herbs with pharmacological effects. In this study, the hair-growth-promoting effects of the YH complex, a newly developed formula consisting of membranaceus and C. cassia, are investigated with the prediction of its molecular mechanism. The target gene of the YH complex was about 74.8% overlapped with the gene set of 'Hair growth' on the GO Biological Process database. The oral administration of the YH complex promoted hair regrowth and increased hair-shaft thickness in depilated hair loss mice. In addition, the anagen/telogen hair follicle ratio was significantly increased by the YH complex. The growth factors affecting the growth of hair follicles were dose-dependently increased by treatment with the YH complex. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway expressions in skin tissues were apparently increased by the administration of the YH complex. In conclusion, the YH complex consisting of A. membranaceus and C. cassia induced hair follicle differentiation and preserved the growing-anagen phase by increasing growth factors and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, leading to the restoration of hair loss. The YH complex can be a remedy for hair loss diseases, such as alopecia areata, androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium, and chemotherapy-induced alopecia.

Recent Trends in Macromolecule-Based Approaches for Hair Loss Treatment

Macromolecules are large, complex molecules composed of smaller subunits known as monomers. The four primary categories of macromolecules found in living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; they also encompass a broad range of natural and synthetic polymers. Recent studies have shown that biologically active macromolecules can help regenerate hair, providing a potential solution for current hair regeneration therapies. This review examines the latest developments in the use of macromolecules for the treatment of hair loss. The fundamental principles of hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis, hair shaft (HS) development, hair cycle regulation, and alopecia have been introduced. Microneedle (MN) and nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems are innovative treatments for hair loss. Additionally, the application of macromolecule-based tissue-engineered scaffolds for the in vitro and in vivo neogenesis of HFs is discussed. Furthermore, a new research direction is explored wherein artificial skin platforms are adopted as a promising screening method for hair loss treatment drugs. Through these multifaceted approaches, promising aspects of macromolecules for future hair loss treatments are identified.

Effects of photobiomodulation at various irradiances on normal and dihydrotestosterone-treated human hair dermal papilla cells in vitro

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss caused by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding to androgen receptors in dermal papilla cells (DPCs). Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a promising treatment for AGA but suffers from inconsistent outcomes and inconsistent effective light parameters. This study investigated the impact of red light at various irradiances on normal and DHT-treated DPCs. Our results suggested that red light at 8 mW/cm2 was most effective in promoting DPCs growth. Furthermore, a range of irradiances from 2 to 64 mW/cm2 modulated key signaling pathways, including Wnt, FGF, and TGF, in normal and DHT-treated DPCs. Interestingly, 8 mW/cm2 had a greater impact on these pathways in DHT-treated DPCs and altered the Shh pathway, suggesting that the effect of PBM varies with the cellular environment. This study highlights specific factors that influence PBM effectiveness and provides insight into the need for personalized PBM treatment approaches.

Study of Drug Target Identification and Associated Molecular Mechanisms for the Therapeutic Activity and Hair Follicle Induction of Two Ashwagandha Extracts Having Differential Withanolide Constitutions

Background

Ashwagandha extracts play a significant role in traditional Indian medicine to help treat a wide range of disorders from amnesia, erectile dysfunction, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stress, anxiety, and many more. Ashwagandha root is enriched with bioactive plant metabolites of which withanolides are the most important ones. The concentration and constitution of withanolides primarily determine ashwagandha's potency and pharmacology. Various factors modulate the withanolide constitution in the plant-derived extracts, rendering inconsistent therapeutic efficacy. Standardisation of the extraction protocol and a better understanding of the pharmacology mechanism of different extracts with varied withanolide constitutions is therefore critical for developing reliable, repeatable, and effective ashwagandha-based treatment.

Objectives

Here, we work toward defining indication mechanisms for two varieties of ashwagandha extract-ASHWITH (ASH-Ext1) and Regenolide (ASH-Ext2)-with different proprietary withanolide proportions.

Methods

ASH-Ext1 was studied for antioxidant signaling modulation using HEK293, HeLa, and A549 cells, and ASH-Ext2 was studied for subcellular drug targets associated with the reactivation and longevity of human hair follicles, using primary human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs).

Results

Study findings support the antioxidant activity and Nrf2 signaling modulation by ASH-Ext1 in various cell models. Of note, ASH-Ext2 was found to increase β-catenin and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein expression levels in HFDPCs.

Conclusion

The results of drug target modulation show us that the withanolide constitution associated with different extraction protocols influences the pharmacological potential of the extract significantly and points to the value of standardisation not only of total withanolide content but also of internal withanolide proportions.

Rare Cutaneous Side Effects of Imiquimod: A Review on Its Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management

As an immune-response modifier, imiquimod can bind to Toll-like receptors on immune cells and enhance innate and adaptive immune responses, exerting potential antitumor and antiviral effects, which led to its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of actinic keratosis, superficial basal cell carcinomas, and anogenital warts, and to its off-label use in treating many other benign and malignant dermatoses. Although topical administration of imiquimod has been considered well tolerated, an increasing number of cutaneous and noncutaneous side effects are being reported as its clinical applications expand. This review primarily focuses on rare cutaneous side effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article to summarize the mechanism, diagnosis, and management of rare cutaneous side effects of imiquimod, which may help to heighten awareness among physicians, especially dermatologists, about potential imiquimod-induced cutaneous side effects.

Dissolving microneedles for alopecia treatment

Alopecia is a treatable benign disease, however, approximately 15-30% of women and 50% of men suffer from alopecia, which greatly affects patient's self-esteem and quality of life. Currently, commercial products for alopecia treatment include topical minoxidil solution, oral finasteride tablets and oral baricitinib tablets. However, the barrier of stratum corneum, systemic adverse effects and poor cure rate limit the application of commercial products. Therefore, researchers investigated the mechanism of alopecia, and developed new drugs that could target lactate dehydrogenase-related pathways, remove excessive reactive oxygen in hair follicles, and reduce the escape of hair follicle stem cells, thus injecting new strength into the treatment of alopecia. Moreover, starting from improving drug stratum corneum penetration and reducing side effects, researchers have developed hair loss treatment strategies based on dissolved microneedles (MNs), such as drug powders/microparticles, nanoparticles, biomimetic cell membranes, phototherapy and magnetically responsive soluble microneedles, which show exciting alopecia treatment effects. However, there are still some challenges in the practical application of the current alopecia treatment strategy with soluble microneedles, and further studies are needed to accelerate its clinical translation.

The characteristics and medical applications of antler stem cells

Antlers are the only fully regenerable mammalian appendages whose annual renewal is initiated by antler stem cells (ASCs), defined as a specialized type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with embryonic stem cell properties. ASCs possess the same biological features as MSCs, including the capacity for self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, immunomodulatory functions, and the maintenance of stem cell characteristics after multiple passages. Several preclinical studies have shown that ASCs exhibit promising potential in wound healing, bone repair, osteoarthritis, anti-tissue fibrosis, anti-aging, and hair regeneration. Medical applications based on ASCs and ASC-derived molecules provide a new source of stem cells and therapeutic modalities for regenerative medicine. This review begins with a brief description of antler regeneration and the role of ASCs. Then, the properties and advantages of ASCs are described. Finally, medical research advances regarding ASCs are summarized, and the prospects and challenges of ASCs are highlighted.

DKK1-targeting cholesterol-modified siRNA implication in hair growth regulation

Despite advancements in medical research, androgenetic alopecia (AGA) remains a humankind problem that still needs to be overcome. To date, clinical practice lacks an ideal treatment for AGA. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is evidenced to play a key role in hair regrowth, hence, modulating this signaling pathway for AGA therapy appears to be rational. One of the major inhibitors of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). In this report, we have selected a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting DKK1 in vitro via qPCR and then tested its efficacy in vivo on the depilated dorsal skin of the mice. The changes in hair growth in different groups were observed over time. Moreover, the visual observation of the hair growth and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed that DKK1-targeting siRNA reveals non-inferior results compared with the mice treated with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, commercially available minoxidil (5%) topical solution that was used as a positive control. Both- positive control and DKK1-targeting siRNA groups demonstrated significantly superior results compared with the control group that received negative control siRNA. Consequently, siRNAs targeting DKK1 may promote hair growth regulation in the AGA population via potentially activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

BFNB Enhances Hair Growth in C57BL/6 Mice through the Induction of EGF and FGF7 Factors and the PI3K-AKT-β-Catenin Pathway

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effects of a formulation derived from the bioactive fraction of nanostructured Bacopa procumbens (BFNB) on the promotion of hair growth in C57BL/6 mice. The characterization of the follicular phases and histomorphological analysis showed that the topical application of the formulation for 15 days significantly increased pigmentation and hair growth on the dorsum and head of the mice. Additionally, an acceleration of the follicular cycle phases was observed, along with an increase in the number of follicles, hair length, and diameter, compared to mice treated with minoxidil. In silico analysis and molecular characterization demonstrated that BFNB enhances the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), activating the PI3K-AKT-β-catenin signaling pathway, as well as the expression of PCNA, KI-67, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E, regulating the cell cycle and cell proliferation, crucial events for hair regeneration. Our results strongly suggest the utility of BFNB as a therapeutic alternative to stimulate hair growth and promote hair health.

Potential Natural Products Regulation of Molecular Signaling Pathway in Dermal Papilla Stem Cells

Stem cells have demonstrated significant potential for tissue engineering and repair, anti-aging, and rejuvenation. Hair follicle stem cells can be found in the dermal papilla at the base of the follicle and the bulge region, and they have garnered increased attention because of their potential to regenerate hair as well as their application for tissue repair. In recent years, these cells have been shown to affect hair restoration and prevent hair loss. These stem cells are endowed with mesenchymal characteristics and exhibit self-renewal and can differentiate into diverse cell types. As research in this field continues, it is probable that insights regarding stem cell maintenance, as well as their self-renewal and differentiation abilities, will benefit the application of these cells. In addition, an in-depth discussion is required regarding the molecular basis of cellular signaling and the influence of nature-derived compounds in stimulating the stemness properties of dermal papilla stem cells. This review summarizes (i) the potential of the mesenchymal cells component of the hair follicle as a target for drug action; (ii) the molecular mechanism of dermal papilla stem cells for maintenance of their stem cell function; and (iii) the positive effects of the natural product compounds in stimulating stemness in dermal papilla stem cells. Together, these insights may help facilitate the development of novel effective hair loss prevention and treatment.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Shi-Bi-Man regulates lactic acid metabolism and drives hair follicle stem cell activation to promote hair regeneration

BACKGROUND

As a supplement for promoting hair health, Shi-Bi-Man (SBM) is a prescription comprising various traditional Chinese medicines. Though SBM has been reported to promote hair regeneration, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are non-human primates with a gene expression profile similar to that of humans. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of SBM on promoting hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys and to reveal the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The effect of SBM on hair regeneration was observed by skin administration on 6 cynomolgus monkeys with artificial back shaving. The molecular mechanism of SBM was studied using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in combination with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection for gene transcription level, and immunofluorescence staining verification for protein level.

RESULTS

SBM significantly induced hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys, increased hair follicle number and facilitated hair follicle development. ScRNA-seq revealed an increase in the number of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) with a higher activation state, as evidenced by the higher expression of activation marker LDHA related to metabolism and the proliferation marker MKI67. Immunofluorescence analysis at the protein level and qPCR at the mRNA level confirmed the sequencing data. Cellchat analysis revealed an enrichment of ligand-receptor pairs involved in intercellular communication in Laminin-related pathways.

CONCLUSION

SBM significantly promotes hair regeneration in cynomolgus monkeys. Mechanically, SBM can up-regulate LDHA-mediated lactic acid metabolism and drive HFSC activation, which in turn promotes the proliferation and differentiation of HFSCs.

Escin Activates Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway by Facilitating the Proteasomal Degradation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells

Abnormal inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in skin diseases like androgenetic alopecia, vitiligo and canities, but small-molecule activators are rarely described. In this study, we investigated the stimulatory effects of escin on the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cultured human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). Escin stimulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, resulting in increased β-catenin and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), the accumulation of nuclear β-catenin and the enhanced expression of Wnt target genes in cultured hDPCs. Escin drastically reduced the protein level of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, a key regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, while the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 fully restored the GSK-3β protein level. The treatment of secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) 1 and 2 attenuated the activity of escin in Wnt reporter assays. Our data demonstrate that escin is a natural agonist of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and downregulates GSK-3β protein expression by facilitating the proteasomal degradation of GSK-3β in cultured hDPCs. Our data suggest that escin likely stimulates Wnt signaling through direct interactions with frizzled receptors. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of escin for Wnt-related diseases such as androgenetic alopecia, vitiligo and canities.

Overview of the Circadian Clock in the Hair Follicle Cycle

The circadian clock adapts to the light-dark cycle and autonomously generates physiological and metabolic rhythmicity. Its activity depends on the central suprachiasmatic pacemaker. However, it also has an independent function in peripheral tissues such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skin, which integrate environmental signals and energy homeostasis. Hair follicles (HFs) maintain homeostasis through the HF cycle, which depends heavily on HF stem cell self-renewal and the related metabolic reprogramming. Studies have shown that circadian clock dysregulation in HFs perturbs cell cycle progression. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that the circadian clock exerts a significant influence on glucose metabolism, feeding/fasting, stem cell differentiation, and senescence. This suggests that circadian metabolic crosstalk plays an essential role in regulating HF regeneration. An improved understanding of the role of the circadian clock in HFs may facilitate the discovery of new drug targets for hair loss. Therefore, the present review provides a discussion of the relationship between the circadian clock and HF regeneration, mainly from the perspective of HF metabolism, and summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms by which HFs function.

Urotensin II promotes the proliferation and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat dermal papilla cells by activating the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway

Introduction. Urotensin II (U II) is a kind of active peptide with a variety of biological effects, such as promoting cell proliferation and endocrine effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of urotensin II on the proliferation and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cultured rat dermal papilla cells (DPCs), and to explore its molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods. We used the DPCs isolated from the thoracic aortas of Wistar-Kyoto rats to run the CCK8 and ELISA assay, RC-PCR and Western blotting techniques to identify the effect of Urotensin II on the proliferation and secretion of VEGF in DPCs, data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA or t-test. Results. U II can increase the mRNA expression of proliferation markers Ki67 and PCNA. In addition, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated by U II, but Wnt inhibitor DKK1 reversed the effect of U II. Conclusions. U II promoted the proliferation and secretion of VEGF in rat DPCs through activation of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway.

The Potential Role of Exosomes in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: A Review of Current Literature

Despite an increasing surge of exosome use throughout the aesthetic arena, a paucity of published exosome-based literature exists. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles derived from various cell types, exerting effects via intercellular communication and regulation of several signaling pathways. The purpose of this review was to summarize published articles elucidating mechanisms and potential applications, report available products and clinical techniques, and prompt further investigation of this emerging treatment within the plastic surgery community.

Methods

A literature review was performed using PubMed with keywords exosomes, secretomes, extracellular vesicles, plastic surgery, skin rejuvenation, scar revision, hair growth, body contouring, and breast augmentation. Publications from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed for relevance and level of evidence. A Google search identified exosome distributors, where manufacturing/procurement details, price, efficacy, and clinical indications for use were obtained by direct contact and summarized in table format.

Results

Exosomes are currently derived from bone marrow, placental, adipose, and umbilical cord tissue. Laboratory-based exosome studies demonstrate enhanced outcomes in skin rejuvenation, scar revision, hair restoration, and fat graft survival on the macro and micro levels. Clinical studies are limited to anecdotal results. Prices vary considerably from $60 to nearly $5000 based on company, source tissue, and exosome concentration. No exosome-based products are currently Food and Drug Administration-approved.

Conclusions

Administered alone or as an adjunct, current reports show promise in several areas of aesthetic plastic surgery. However, ongoing investigation is warranted to further delineate concentration, application, safety profile, and overall outcome efficacy.

Effect of Marine-Derived Saccharides on Human Skin Fibroblasts and Dermal Papilla Cells

The skin is the largest organ of the human body, composed of a diverse range of cell types, non-cellular components, and an extracellular matrix. With aging, molecules that are part of the extracellular matrix undergo qualitative and quantitative changes and the effects, such as a loss of skin firmness or wrinkles, can be visible. The changes caused by the aging process do not only affect the surface of the skin, but also extend to skin appendages such as hair follicles. In the present study, the ability of marine-derived saccharides, L-fucose and chondroitin sulphate disaccharide, to support skin and hair health and minimize the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic aging was investigated. The potential of the tested samples to prevent adverse changes in the skin and hair through stimulation of natural processes, cellular proliferation, and production of extracellular matrix components collagen, elastin, or glycosaminoglycans was investigated. The tested compounds, L-fucose and chondroitin sulphate disaccharide, supported skin and hair health, especially in terms of anti-aging effects. The obtained results indicate that both ingredients support and promote the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and dermal papilla cells, provide cells with a supply of sulphated disaccharide GAG building blocks, increase ECM molecule production (collagen and elastin) by HDFa, and support the growth phase of the hair cycle (anagen).

Millet seed oil activates β-catenin signaling and promotes hair growth

Alopecia, regardless of gender, exacerbates psychological stress in those affected. The rising prevalence of alopecia has fueled a research interest in preventing hair loss. This study investigates the potential of millet seed oil (MSO) in promoting the proliferation of hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) and stimulating hair growth in animals with testosterone-dependent hair growth inhibition as part of a study on dietary treatments to improve hair growth. MSO-treated HFDPC significantly increased cell proliferation and phosphorylation of AKT, S6K1, and GSK3β proteins. This induces β-catenin, a downstream transcription factor, to translocate to the nucleus and increase the expression of factors related to cell growth. In a C57BL/6 mice model in which hair growth was inhibited by subcutaneous testosterone injection after shaving the dorsal skin, oral administration of MSO stimulated hair growth in the subject mice by increasing the size and number of hair follicles. These results suggest that MSO is a potent agent that may help prevent or treat androgenetic alopecia by promoting hair growth.

Effects of Allium hookeri Extracts on Hair-Inductive and Anti-Oxidative Properties in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

Oxidative stress and cellular senescence in dermal papilla cells (DPCs) are major etiological factors causing hair loss. In this study, the effect of the Allium hookeri extract (AHE) on hair-inductive and anti-oxidative properties was investigated in human DPCs. As a result, it was found that a non-cytotoxic concentration of the extracts increased the viability and size of the human DPC spheroid, which was associated with the increased expression of hair-growth-related genes in cells. To determine whether or not these effects could be attributed to intracellular anti-oxidative effects, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry alongside various biochemical analyses are conducted herein. An ingredient called alliin was identified as one of the main components. Furthermore, AHE treatment induced a significant decrease in H₂O₂-mediated cytotoxicities, cell death, and cellular senescence in human DPCs. Upon analyzing these results with a molecular mechanism approach, it was shown that AHE treatment increased β-Catenin and NRF2 translocation into the nucleus while inhibiting the translocation of NF-κB (p50) through p38 and PKA-mediated phosphorylations of GSK3β, an upstream regulator of those proteins. These results overall indicate the possibility that AHE can regulate GSK3β-mediated β-Catenin, NRF2, and NF-κB signaling to enhance hair-inductive properties and ultimately protect against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in human DPCs.

The effects of GPR40 agonists on hair growth are mediated by ANGPTL4

GPR40 is found primarily in pancreatic β cells, and is well known to regulate insulin secretion. Despite numerous studies on GPR40, the role and functions of GPR40 related to hair growth are not yet known. The current study investigated hair growth promoting effect of the GPR40 agonists and its mechanism of action using various bio-informatics tools, in vitro and animal experiments. GPR40 may affect the hair cycle, according to clustering and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Hair growth effect of GPR40 was validated by telogen-to-anagen transition and vibrissae organ culture in the mouse. GPR40 was predominantly expressed in the outer root sheath (ORS) in anagen stage, suggesting that ORS cell is the target of GPR40 agonists. To investigate the mechanism of action for GPR40 agonists' hair growth effect, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed and it revealed that GPR40 agonists were associated with angiogenesis. ANGPTL4, known for promoting angiogenesis, was highly up-regulated after GPR40 agonists treatment in the hORS cells, and also increased the proliferation and migration. Furthermore, GPR40 agonists promoted hair growth by inducing angiogenesis via ANGPTL4 in the animal experiment. GPR40 agonists activated MAPK and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ) pathway in hORS cells, while the inhibition of MAPK pathway attenuated ANGPTL4 expression. Finally, GPR40 agonists increased hair growth via autocrine effects in the ORS cells, and induced angiogenesis through paracrine effects by upregulating ANGPTL4 via p38 and PPARγ pathways. As a result, GPR40 agonists have potential as a therapeutic drug for hair loss treatment.

Effect of DNA aptamer through blocking of negative regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human hair follicle dermal papilla cells

BACKGROUND

When Wnt binds to the N-terminal of Frizzled, a conformational change occurs in the C-terminal of Frizzled, which binds to Dishevelled1 (Dvl1), a Wnt signaling component protein. When Dvl1 binds to the C-terminal of Frizzled, the concentration of β-catenin increases and it enters the nucleus to transmit cell proliferation signals. CXXC-type zinc finger protein 5 (CXXC5) binds to the Frizzled binding site of Dvl1 and interferes with Dvl1-Frizzled binding. Therefore, blocking CXXC5-Dvl1 binding may induce Wnt signal transduction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used WD-aptamer, a DNA aptamer that specifically binds to Dvl1 and interferes with CXXC5-Dvl1 interaction. We confirmed the penetration of WD-aptamer into human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and measured β-catenin expression following treatment with WD-aptamer in HFDPCs, wherein Wnt signaling was activated by Wnt3a. In addition, MTT assay was performed to investigate the effect of WD-aptamer on cell proliferation.

RESULTS

WD-aptamer penetrated the cell, affected Wnt signaling, and increased β-catenin expression, which plays an important role in signaling. Additionally, WD-aptamer induced HFDPC proliferation.

CONCLUSION

CXXC5-associated negative feedback of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be regulated by interfering with CXXC5-Dvl1 interaction.

Effects of Cudrania tricuspidata and Sargassum fusiforme extracts on hair growth in C57BL/6 mice

BACKGROUND

Cudrania tricuspidata is a perennial plant, and Sargassum fusiforme is a brown seaweed with numerous potential benefits, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, the efficacies of C. tricuspidata and S. fusiforme on hair growth have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of C. tricuspidata and S. fusiforme extracts on hair growth in C57BL/6 mice.

RESULTS

ImageJ demonstrated that drinking and skin application of C. tricuspidata and/or S. fusiforme extracts significantly increased the hair growth rate in the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice compared to the control group. Histological analysis confirmed that drinking and skin application of C. tricuspidata and/or S. fusiforme extracts for 21 days significantly increased the length of hair follicles on the dorsal skin of treated C57BL/6 mice compared to that in the control mice. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that hair growth cycle-related factors (anagen factors) such as Catenin Beta 1 (Ctnnb1) and platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgf) were upregulated (> twofold) only by C. tricuspidate extracts, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) and Wnts were upregulated by both C. tricuspidata or S. fusiforme applications in treated mice (compared to the control mice). In addition, oncostatin M (Osm, a catagen-telogen factor) was downregulated (< 0.5 fold) by C. tricuspidata when administered via both skin and drinking mode in treated mice compared to that in control mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that C. tricuspidata and/or S. fusiforme extracts show potential hair growth efficacy by upregulating anagen factor genes, including β-catenin, Pdgf, Vegf, and Wnts, and downregulating catagen-telogen factor genes, including Osm, in C57BL/6 mice. The findings suggest that C. tricuspidata and/or S. fusiforme extracts are potential drug candidates to treat alopecia.

Dermal PapillaCell-Derived Exosomes Regulate Hair Follicle Stem Cell Proliferation via LEF1

Hair follicle (HF) growth and development are controlled by various cell types, including hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and dermal papilla cells (DPCs). Exosomes are nanostructures that participate in many biological processes. Accumulating evidence indicates that DPC-derived exosomes (DPC-Exos) mediate HFSC proliferation and differentiation during the cyclical growth of hair follicles. In this study, we found that DPC-Exos increase ki67 expression and CCK8 cell viability readouts in HFSCs but reduce annexin staining of apoptotic cells. RNA sequencing of DPC-Exos-treated HFSCs identified 3702 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including BMP4, LEF1, IGF1R, TGFβ3, TGFα, and KRT17. These DEGs were enriched in HF growth- and development-related pathways. We further verified the function of LEF1 and showed that overexpression of LEF1 increased the expression of HF development-related genes and proteins, enhanced HFSC proliferation, and reduced HFSC apoptosis, while knockdown of LEF1 reversed these effects. DPC-Exos could also rescue the siRNA-LEF1 effect in HFSCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that DPC-Exos mediated cell-to-cell communication can regulate HFSCs proliferation by stimulating LEF1 and provide novel insights into HF growth and development regulatory mechanisms.

CXXC5 Mediates DHT-Induced Androgenetic Alopecia via PGD2

The number of people suffering from hair loss is increasing, and hair loss occurs not only in older men but also in women and young people. Prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) is a well-known alopecia inducer. However, the mechanism by which PGD₂ induces alopecia is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized CXXC5, a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, as a mediator for hair loss by PGD₂. The hair loss by PGD₂ was restored by Cxxc5 knock-out or treatment of protein transduction domain-Dishevelled binding motif (PTD-DBM), a peptide activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via interference with the Dishevelled (Dvl) binding function of CXXC5. In addition, suppression of neogenic hair growth by PGD₂ was also overcome by PTD-DBM treatment or Cxxc5 knock-out as shown by the wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) model. Moreover, we found that CXXC5 also mediates DHT-induced hair loss via PGD₂. DHT-induced hair loss was alleviated by inhibition of both GSK-3β and CXXC5 functions. Overall, CXXC5 mediates the hair loss by the DHT-PGD₂ axis through suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Regulatory Effects of Thai Rice By-Product Extracts from Oryza sativa L. cv. Bue Bang 3 CMU and Bue Bang 4 CMU on Melanin Production, Nitric Oxide Secretion, and Steroid 5α-Reductase Inhibition

Alopecia and gray hair are common hair abnormalities affecting physical appearance and causing psychological problems. Chemical treatments partially restore hair disorders but have distressing side effects. Bioactive plant compounds constitute promising sources of potential medicinal substances instead of chemical agents, producing high side effects. In this study, we focused on the waste of local rice cultivars: Bue Bang 3 CMU (BB3CMU) and Bue Bang 4 CMU (BB4CMU) from the north of Thailand. The rice bran oil (RBO), defatted rice bran extract (DFRB), and rice husk (H) were determined for in vitro hair revitalization in melanin production, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, and steroid 5α-reductase inhibition. The results indicated that BB4CMU-RBO with high contents of iron, zinc, and free fatty acids showed a comparable induction of melanin production on melanocytes (130.18 ± 9.13% of control) to the standard drug theophylline with no significant difference (p > 0.05). This promising melanin induction could be related to activating the NO secretion pathway, with the NO secretion level at 1.43 ± 0.05 µM. In addition, BB4CMU-RBO illustrated a significant inhibitory effect on both steroid 5α-reductase genes (SRD5A) type 1 and type 2, which relates to its primary source of tocopherols. Hence, rice bran oil from the Thai rice variety BB4CMU could be applied as a promising hair revitalizing candidate, from natural resources, to help promote hair growth and re-pigmentation effects.