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Nair G, Jain V. An intramolecular cross-talk in D29 mycobacteriophage endolysin governs the lytic cycle and phage-host population dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh9812. [PMID: 38335296 PMCID: PMC10857449 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
D29 mycobacteriophage encodes LysA endolysin, which mediates mycobacterial host cell lysis by targeting its peptidoglycan layer, thus projecting itself as a potential therapeutic. However, the regulatory mechanism of LysA during the phage lytic cycle remains ill defined. Here, we show that during D29 lytic cycle, structural and functional regulation of LysA not only orchestrates host cell lysis but also is critical for maintaining phage-host population dynamics by governing various phases of lytic cycle. We report that LysA exists in two conformations, of which only one is active, and the protein undergoes a host peptidoglycan-dependent conformational switch to become active for carrying out endogenous host cell lysis. D29 maintains a pool of inactive LysA, allowing complete assembly of phage progeny, thus helping avoid premature host lysis. In addition, we show that the switch reverses after lysis, thus preventing exogenous targeting of bystanders, which otherwise negatively affects phage propagation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Nair
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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2
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Patni D, Jha SK. Thermodynamic modulation of folding and aggregation energy landscape by DNA binding of functional domains of TDP-43. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140916. [PMID: 37061152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
TDP-43 is a vital nucleic acid binding protein which forms stress-induced aberrant aggregates in around 97% cases of ALS, a fatal neurodegenerative disease. The functional tandem RRM domain of the protein (TDP-43tRRM) has been shown to undergo amyloid-like aggregation under stress in a pH-dependent fashion. However, the underlying thermodynamic and molecular basis of aggregation and how the energy landscape of folding, stability, and aggregation are coupled and modulated by nucleic acid binding is poorly understood. Here, we show that the pH stress thermodynamically destabilizes the native protein and systematically populates the unfolded-like aggregation-prone molecules which leads to amyloid-like aggregation. We observed that specific DNA binding inhibits aggregation and populates native-like compact monomeric state even under low-pH stress as measured by circular dichroism, ANS binding, size exclusion chromatography, and transmission electron microscopy. We show that DNA-binding thermodynamically stabilizes and populates the native state even under stress and reduces the population of unfolded-like aggregation-prone molecules which leads to systematic aggregation inhibition. Our results suggest that thermodynamic modulation of the folding and aggregation energy landscape by nucleic-acid-like molecules could be a promising approach for effective therapeutic intervention in TDP-43-associated proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Patni
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Jha
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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3
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Herrera MG, Amundarain MJ, Santos J. Biophysical evaluation of the oligomerization and conformational properties of the N-terminal domain of TDP-43. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 737:109533. [PMID: 36740035 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
TDP-43 is an RNA-binding protein that presents four domains comprising an N-terminal region, two RNA recognition motifs and a C-terminal region. The N-terminal domain (NTD) has a relevant role in the oligomerization and splicing activity of TDP-43. In this work, we have expressed, purified and biophysically characterized the region that includes residues 1 to 102 that contains the nuclear localization signal (residues 80-102, NLS). Furthermore, we have evaluated the oligomerization equilibrium for this protein fragment. Also, we have determined changes in the tertiary structure and its stability in a broad range of pH values by means of different spectroscopic methods. Additionally, we compared this fragment with the one that lacks the NLS employing experimental and computational methods. Finally, we evaluated the motion of dimeric forms to get insights into the conformational flexibility of this TDP-43 module in an oligomeric state. Our results suggest that this domain has a conformational plasticity in the vicinity of the single tryptophan of this domain (Trp68), which is enhanced by the presence of the nuclear localization signal. All these results help to understand the molecular features of the NTD of TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgina Herrera
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Gebäude MA 2/143, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Maria Julia Amundarain
- Faculty of Chemistry, OCIII, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Javier Santos
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), University of Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Doll SG, Cingolani G. Importin α/β and the tug of war to keep TDP-43 in solution: quo vadis? Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200181. [PMID: 36253101 PMCID: PMC9969346 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The transactivation response-DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is an aggregation-prone nucleic acid-binding protein linked to the etiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). These conditions feature the accumulation of insoluble TDP-43 aggregates in the neuronal cytoplasm that lead to cell death. The dynamics between cytoplasmic and nuclear TDP-43 are altered in the disease state where TDP-43 mislocalizes to the cytoplasm, disrupting Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs), and ultimately forming large fibrils stabilized by the C-terminal prion-like domain. Here, we review three emerging and poorly understood aspects of TDP-43 biology linked to its aggregation. First, how post-translational modifications in the proximity of TDP-43 N-terminal domain (NTD) promote aggregation. Second, how TDP-43 engages FG-nucleoporins in the NPC, disrupting the pore permeability and function. Third, how the importin α/β heterodimer prevents TDP-43 aggregation, serving both as a nuclear import transporter and a cytoplasmic chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Doll
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA,Corresponding author: Gino Cingolani,
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5
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Altered TDP-43 Structure and Function: Key Insights into Aberrant RNA, Mitochondrial, and Cellular and Systemic Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080709. [PMID: 36005581 PMCID: PMC9415507 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neuromuscular disorder with no cure available and limited treatment options. ALS is a highly heterogeneous disease, whereby patients present with vastly different phenotypes. Despite this heterogeneity, over 97% of patients will exhibit pathological TAR-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) cytoplasmic inclusions. TDP-43 is a ubiquitously expressed RNA binding protein with the capacity to bind over 6000 RNA and DNA targets—particularly those involved in RNA, mitochondrial, and lipid metabolism. Here, we review the unique structure and function of TDP-43 and its role in affecting the aforementioned metabolic processes in ALS. Considering evidence published specifically in TDP-43-relevant in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models we posit that TDP-43 acts in a positive feedback loop with mRNA transcription/translation, stress granules, cytoplasmic aggregates, and mitochondrial proteins causing a relentless cycle of disease-like pathology eventuating in neuronal toxicity. Given its undeniable presence in ALS pathology, TDP-43 presents as a promising target for mechanistic disease modelling and future therapeutic investigations.
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6
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Conversion of the Native N-Terminal Domain of TDP-43 into a Monomeric Alternative Fold with Lower Aggregation Propensity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134309. [PMID: 35807552 PMCID: PMC9268139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) forms intraneuronal cytoplasmic inclusions associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Its N-terminal domain (NTD) can dimerise/oligomerise with the head-to-tail arrangement, which is essential for function but also favours liquid-liquid phase separation and inclusion formation of full-length TDP-43. Using various biophysical approaches, we identified an alternative conformational state of NTD in the presence of Sulfobetaine 3-10 (SB3-10), with higher content of α-helical structure and tryptophan solvent exposure. NMR shows a highly mobile structure, with partially folded regions and β-sheet content decrease, with a concomitant increase of α-helical structure. It is monomeric and reverts to native oligomeric NTD upon SB3-10 dilution. The equilibrium GdnHCl-induced denaturation shows a cooperative folding and a somewhat lower conformational stability. When the aggregation processes were compared with and without pre-incubation with SB3-10, but at the identical final SB3-10 concentration, a slower aggregation was found in the former case, despite the reversible attainment of the native conformation in both cases. This was attributed to protein monomerization and oligomeric seeds disruption by the conditions promoting the alternative conformation. Overall, the results show a high plasticity of TDP-43 NTD and identify strategies to monomerise TDP-43 NTD for methodological and biomedical applications.
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7
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Li R, Singh R, Kashav T, Yang C, Sharma RD, Lynn AM, Prasad R, Prakash A, Kumar V. Computational Insights of Unfolding of N-Terminal Domain of TDP-43 Reveal the Conformational Heterogeneity in the Unfolding Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:822863. [PMID: 35548668 PMCID: PMC9083116 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.822863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 proteinopathies is a disease hallmark that characterizes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The N-terminal domain of TDP-43 (NTD) is important to both TDP-43 physiology and TDP-43 proteinopathy. However, its folding and dimerization process is still poorly characterized. In the present study, we have investigated the folding/unfolding of NTD employing all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in 8 M dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at high temperatures. The MD results showed that the unfolding of the NTD at high temperature evolves through the formation of a number of conformational states differing in their stability and free energy. The presence of structurally heterogeneous population of intermediate ensembles was further characterized by the different extents of solvent exposure of Trp80 during unfolding. We suggest that these non-natives unfolded intermediate ensembles may facilitate NTD oligomerization and subsequently TDP-43 oligomerization, which might lead to the formation of irreversible pathological aggregates, characteristics of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Li
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruhar Singh
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tara Kashav
- Department of Life Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - ChunMin Yang
- School of Engineering, Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ravi Datta Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Andrew M. Lynn
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health (AIISH), Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
- *Correspondence: Vijay Kumar Amresh Prakash
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences (AINN), Amity University, Noida, India
- *Correspondence: Vijay Kumar Amresh Prakash
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8
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Jiang LL, Guan WL, Wang JY, Zhang SX, Hu HY. RNA-assisted sequestration of RNA-binding proteins by cytoplasmic inclusions of the C-terminal 35-kDa fragment of TDP-43. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274331. [PMID: 35142363 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43 is a nuclear splicing factor functioning in pre-mRNA processing. Its C-terminal 35-kDa fragment (TDP-35) forms inclusions or aggregates in cytoplasm, and sequesters full-length TDP-43 into the inclusions through binding with RNA. We extended the research to investigate whether TDP-35 inclusions sequester other RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and how RNA-binding specificity exerts the function in this sequestration process. We have characterized TIA1 (T-cell restricted intracellular antigen-1) and other RBPs that can be sequestered into the TDP-35 inclusions through specific RNA binding, and found that this sequestration leads to dysfunction of TIA1 in maturation of target pre-mRNA. Moreover, we directly visualized the dynamic sequestration of TDP-43 by the cytoplasmic TDP-35 inclusions by live-cell imaging. Our results demonstrate that TDP-35 sequesters some specific RBPs and this sequestration is assisted by binding with sequence-specific RNA. This study provides further evidence in supporting the hijacking hypothesis for RNA-assisted sequestration and will be beneficial to further understanding of the TDP-43 proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Liang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
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9
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TDP-43 pathology: from noxious assembly to therapeutic removal. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 211:102229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Gagné M, Deshaies JE, Sidibé H, Benchaar Y, Arbour D, Dubinski A, Litt G, Peyrard S, Robitaille R, Sephton CF, Vande Velde C. hnRNP A1B, a Splice Variant of HNRNPA1, Is Spatially and Temporally Regulated. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:724307. [PMID: 34630013 PMCID: PMC8498194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.724307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play a key role in cellular growth, homoeostasis and survival and are tightly regulated. A deep understanding of their spatiotemporal regulation is needed to understand their contribution to physiology and pathology. Here, we have characterized the spatiotemporal expression pattern of hnRNP A1 and its splice variant hnRNP A1B in mice. We have found that hnRNP A1B expression is more restricted to the CNS compared to hnRNP A1, and that it can form an SDS-resistant dimer in the CNS. Also, hnRNP A1B expression becomes progressively restricted to motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, compared to hnRNP A1 which is more broadly expressed. We also demonstrate that hnRNP A1B is present in neuronal processes, while hnRNP A1 is absent. This finding supports a hypothesis that hnRNP A1B may have a cytosolic function in neurons that is not shared with hnRNP A1. Our results demonstrate that both isoforms are differentially expressed across tissues and have distinct localization profiles, suggesting that the two isoforms may have specific subcellular functions that can uniquely contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Gagné
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jade-Emmanuelle Deshaies
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hadjara Sidibé
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yousri Benchaar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Danielle Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alicia Dubinski
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gurleen Litt
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Peyrard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Robitaille
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chantelle F Sephton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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11
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S-nitrosylated TDP-43 triggers aggregation, cell-to-cell spread, and neurotoxicity in hiPSCs and in vivo models of ALS/FTD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021368118. [PMID: 33692125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021368118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare genetic mutations result in aggregation and spreading of cognate proteins in neurodegenerative disorders; however, in the absence of mutation (i.e., in the vast majority of "sporadic" cases), mechanisms for protein misfolding/aggregation remain largely unknown. Here, we show environmentally induced nitrosative stress triggers protein aggregation and cell-to-cell spread. In patient brains with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/frontotemporal dementia (FTD), aggregation of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 constitutes a major component of aberrant cytoplasmic inclusions. We identify a pathological signaling cascade whereby reactive nitrogen species cause S-nitrosylation of TDP-43 (forming SNO-TDP-43) to facilitate disulfide linkage and consequent TDP-43 aggregation. Similar pathological SNO-TDP-43 levels occur in postmortem human FTD/ALS brains and in cell-based models, including human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons. Aggregated TDP-43 triggers additional nitrosative stress, representing positive feed forward leading to further SNO-TDP-43 formation and disulfide-linked oligomerization/aggregation. Critically, we show that these redox reactions facilitate cell spreading in vivo and interfere with the TDP-43 RNA-binding activity, affecting SNMT1 and phospho-(p)CREB levels, thus contributing to neuronal damage in ALS/FTD disorders.
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12
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Nakamura T, Oh CK, Zhang X, Lipton SA. Protein S-nitrosylation and oxidation contribute to protein misfolding in neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:562-577. [PMID: 34224817 PMCID: PMC8579830 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are characterized by progressive degeneration of synapses and neurons. Accumulation of misfolded/aggregated proteins represents a pathological hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases, potentially contributing to synapse loss and neuronal damage. Emerging evidence suggests that misfolded proteins accumulate in the diseased brain at least in part as a consequence of excessively generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Mechanistically, not only disease-linked genetic mutations but also known risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, such as aging and exposure to environmental toxins, can accelerate production of ROS/RNS, which contribute to protein misfolding - in many cases mimicking the effect of rare genetic mutations known to be linked to the disease. This review will focus on the role of RNS-dependent post-translational modifications, such as S-nitrosylation and tyrosine nitration, in protein misfolding and aggregation. Specifically, we will discuss molecular mechanisms whereby RNS disrupt the activity of the cellular protein quality control machinery, including molecular chaperones, autophagy/lysosomal pathways, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Because chronic accumulation of misfolded proteins can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, and neuronal demise, further characterization of RNS-mediated protein misfolding may establish these molecular events as therapeutic targets for intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Chang-Ki Oh
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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