1
|
Xu M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Ji N, Wang Q, Zhao T, Zhou C, Jia C. Profiling of the Proteins Interacting with Amyloid Beta Peptides in Clinical Samples by PACTS-TPP. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1310-1319. [PMID: 38780475 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ1-42) results in neurotoxicity and is strongly related to neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. Therefore, there is an urgent need for researchers to discover the proteins that interact with Aβ1-42 to determine the molecular basis. Previously, we developed peptide-ligand-induced changes in the abundance of proTeinS (PACTS)-assisted thermal proteome profiling (TPP) to identify proteins that interact with peptide ligands. In the present study, we applied this technique to analyze clinical samples to identify Aβ1-42-interacting proteins. We detected 115 proteins that interact with Aβ1-42 in human frontal lobe tissue. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were involved mainly in neurodegenerative diseases. Further orthogonal validation revealed that Aβ1-42 interacted with the AD-associated protein mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), and knockdown of the Aβ1-42 amyloid precursor protein (APP) inhibited the MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting potential functional roles for Aβ1-42 in interacting with MAPK3. Overall, this study demonstrated the application of the PACTS-TPP in clinical samples and provided a valuable data source for research on neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Nan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Congli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhao S, Zhang Y. A retrospective analysis of the clinicopathological features and prognostic value of MAPK12 protein expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03515-3. [PMID: 38773060 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 (MAPK12), also known as p38γ, is a member of the p38 MAPK family and plays a crucial role in tumor occurrence and invasion. However, there is still uncertainty regarding MAPK12 involvement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS Our study investigated the expression of MAPK12 mRNA in various types of cancer using bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect the expression of MAPK12 in patients with DLBCL and compared clinical indicators and survival rates. RESULTS We found that the high expression rate of MAPK12 was 43.1% in DLBCL patients. Several clinical indicators, including IPI scores, Hans classifications, LDH levels, and Ki-67 expression were closely associated with MAPK12 expression. Survival analysis revealed that higher expression of MAPK12 was significantly correlated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in DLBCL patients. In addition, both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed IPI score, MAPK12 expression, and rituximab use as the independent OS risk factors (P < 0.05). To explore the functional role of MAPK12 in DLBCL, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene ontology (GO) were used to confirm the involvement of MAPK12 in the regulation of type II interferon production, positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation, and other related biological processes. CONCLUSION DLBCL patients have poor prognoses when MAPK12 levels are high, which is expected to be a therapeutic target and prognostic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Velasquez C, Gutierrez O, Carcelen M, Fernandez-Luna JL. The Invasion Factor ODZ1 Is Upregulated through an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Induced Pathway in Primary Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2024; 13:766. [PMID: 38727302 PMCID: PMC11083495 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the transmembrane protein ODZ1 promotes cytoskeletal remodeling of glioblastoma (GBM) cells and invasion of the surrounding parenchyma through the activation of a RhoA-ROCK pathway. We also described that GBM cells can control the expression of ODZ1 through transcriptional mechanisms triggered by the binding of IL-6 to its receptor and a hypoxic environment. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a key role in the invasive capacity of GBM. However, the molecular mechanisms that enable tumor cells to acquire the morphological changes to migrate out from the tumor core have not been fully characterized. Here, we show that EGF is able to induce the expression of ODZ1 in primary GBM cells. We analyzed the levels of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in 20 GBM primary cell lines and found expression in 19 of them by flow cytometry. We selected two cell lines that do or do not express the EGFR and found that EGFR-expressing cells responded to the EGF ligand by increasing ODZ1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, blockade of EGF-EGFR binding by Cetuximab, inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway, or Additionally, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of MAPK11 (p38β MAPK) reduced the induction of ODZ1 in response to EGF. Overall, we show that EGF may activate an EGFR-mediated signaling pathway through p38β MAPK, to upregulate the invasion factor ODZ1, which may initiate morphological changes for tumor cells to invade the surrounding parenchyma. These data identify a new candidate of the EGF-EGFR pathway for novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Velasquez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Olga Gutierrez
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Carcelen
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Jose L. Fernandez-Luna
- Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain; (O.G.); (M.C.)
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng B, Li Y, Xiong G. Establishment and analysis of artificial neural network diagnosis model for coagulation-related molecular subgroups in coronary artery disease. Front Genet 2024; 15:1351774. [PMID: 38495669 PMCID: PMC10941628 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1351774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of cardiovascular disease and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Abnormal coagulation cascade is one of the high-risk factors in CAD patients, but the molecular mechanism of coagulation in CAD is still limited. Methods: We clustered and categorized 352 CAD paitents based on the expression patterns of coagulation-related genes (CRGs), and then we explored the molecular and immunological variations across the subgroups to reveal the underlying biological characteristics of CAD patients. The feature genes between CRG-subgroups were further identified using a random forest model (RF) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and an artificial neural network prediction model was constructed. Results: CAD patients could be divided into the C1 and C2 CRG-subgroups, with the C1 subgroup highly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways. The differential expressed genes between the two CRG-subgroups (DE-CRGs) were primarily enriched in signaling pathways connected to signal transduction and energy metabolism. Subsequently, 10 feature DE-CRGs were identified by RF and LASSO. We constructed a novel artificial neural network model using these 10 genes and evaluated and validated its diagnostic performance on a public dataset. Conclusion: Diverse molecular subgroups of CAD patients may each have a unique gene expression pattern. We may identify subgroups using a few feature genes, providing a theoretical basis for the precise treatment of CAD patients with different molecular subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biwei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongguan Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Yujing Li
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital (Longgang), Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoliang Xiong
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Fan X, Yang H, Liu Y, Ma T. Function and inhibition of P38 MAP kinase signaling: Targeting multiple inflammation diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115973. [PMID: 38103797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural host defense mechanism that protects the body from pathogenic microorganisms. A growing body of research suggests that inflammation is a key factor in triggering other diseases (lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.). However, there is no consensus on the complex mechanism of inflammatory response, which may include enzyme activation, mediator release, and tissue repair. In recent years, p38 MAPK, a member of the MAPKs family, has attracted much attention as a central target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, many p38 MAPK inhibitors attempting to obtain marketing approval have failed at the clinical trial stage due to selectivity and/or toxicity issues. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of p38 MAPK in regulating inflammatory response and its key role in major inflammatory diseases and summarize the synthetic or natural products targeting p38 MAPK to improve the inflammatory response in the last five years, which will provide ideas for the development of novel clinical anti-inflammatory drugs based on p38 MAPK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yushi Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Cen Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hongliu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ng GYQ, Loh ZWL, Fann DY, Mallilankaraman K, Arumugam TV, Hande MP. Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Pathways in Metabolic Diseases. Genome Integr 2024; 15:e20230003. [PMID: 38770527 PMCID: PMC11102075 DOI: 10.14293/genint.14.1.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes that govern the normal functioning of mammalian cells are regulated by a myriad of signalling pathways. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases constitute one of the major signalling arms and have been broadly classified into four groups that include extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK5. Each signalling cascade is governed by a wide array of external and cellular stimuli, which play a critical part in mammalian cells in the regulation of various key responses, such as mitogenic growth, differentiation, stress responses, as well as inflammation. This evolutionarily conserved MAP kinase signalling arm is also important for metabolic maintenance, which is tightly coordinated via complicated mechanisms that include the intricate interaction of scaffold proteins, recognition through cognate motifs, action of phosphatases, distinct subcellular localisation, and even post-translational modifications. Aberration in the signalling pathway itself or their regulation has been implicated in the disruption of metabolic homeostasis, which provides a pathophysiological foundation in the development of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an umbrella term that usually includes a group of closely associated metabolic diseases such as hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. These risk factors exacerbate the development of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and hepatic diseases, which have accounted for an increase in the worldwide morbidity and mortality rate. This review aims to summarise recent findings that have implicated MAP kinase signalling in the development of metabolic diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic targets of this pathway to be investigated further for the attenuation of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zachary Wai-Loon Loh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y. Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Melamed Kadosh D, Beenstock J, Engelberg D, Admon A. Differential Modulation of the Phosphoproteome by the MAP Kinases Isoforms p38α and p38β. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12442. [PMID: 37569817 PMCID: PMC10419006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The p38 members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family mediate various cellular responses to stress conditions, inflammatory signals, and differentiation factors. They are constitutively active in chronic inflammatory diseases and some cancers. The differences between their transient effects in response to signals and the chronic effect in diseases are not known. The family is composed of four isoforms, of which p38α seems to be abnormally activated in diseases. p38α and p38β are almost identical in sequence, structure, and biochemical and pharmacological properties, and the specific unique effects of each of them, if any, have not yet been revealed. This study aimed to reveal the specific effects induced by p38α and p38β, both when transiently activated in response to stress and when chronically active. This was achieved via large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses using stable isotope labeling of two experimental systems: one, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in each of these p38 kinases and harboring either an empty vector or vectors expressing p38αWT, p38βWT, or intrinsically active variants of these MAPKs; second, induction of transient stress by exposure of MEFs, p38α-/-, and p38β-/- MEFs to anisomycin. Significant differences in the repertoire of the proteome and phosphoproteome between cells expressing active p38α and p38β suggest distinct roles for each kinase. Interestingly, in both cases, the constitutive activation induced adaptations of the cells to the chronic activity so that known substrates of p38 were downregulated. Within the dramatic effect of p38s on the proteome and phosphoproteome, some interesting affected phosphorylation sites were those found in cancer-associated p53 and Hspb1 (HSP27) proteins and in cytoskeleton-associated proteins. Among these, was the stronger direct phosphorylation by p38α of p53-Ser309, which was validated on the Ser315 in human p53. In summary, this study sheds new light on the differences between chronic and transient p38α and p38β signaling and on the specific targets of these two kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonah Beenstock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - David Engelberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise, Mechanisms of Liver Inflammatory Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Arie Admon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fernández-Aroca D, García-Flores N, Frost S, Jiménez-Suárez J, Rodríguez-González A, Fernández-Aroca P, Sabater S, Andrés I, Garnés-García C, Belandia B, Cimas F, Villar D, Ruiz-Hidalgo M, Sánchez-Prieto R. MAPK11 (p38β) is a major determinant of cellular radiosensitivity by controlling ionizing radiation-associated senescence: An in vitro study. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2023; 41:100649. [PMID: 37346275 PMCID: PMC10279794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose MAPKs are among the most relevant signalling pathways involved in coordinating cell responses to different stimuli. This group includes p38MAPKs, constituted by 4 different proteins with a high sequence homology: MAPK14 (p38α), MAPK11 (p38β), MAPK12 (p38γ) and MAPK13 (p38δ). Despite their high similarity, each member shows unique expression patterns and even exclusive functions. Thus, analysing protein-specific functions of MAPK members is necessary to unequivocally uncover the roles of this signalling pathway. Here, we investigate the possible role of MAPK11 in the cell response to ionizing radiation (IR). Materials and methods We developed MAPK11/14 knockdown through shRNA and CRISPR interference gene perturbation approaches and analysed the downstream effects on cell responses to ionizing radiation in A549, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Specifically, we assessed IR toxicity by clonogenic assays; DNA damage response activity by immunocytochemistry; apoptosis and cell cycle by flow cytometry (Annexin V and propidium iodide, respectively); DNA repair by comet assay; and senescence induction by both X-Gal staining and gene expression of senescence-associated genes by RT-qPCR. Results Our findings demonstrate a critical role of MAPK11 in the cellular response to IR by controlling the associated senescent phenotype, and without observable effects on DNA damage response, apoptosis, cell cycle or DNA damage repair. Conclusion Our results highlight MAPK11 as a novel mediator of the cellular response to ionizing radiation through the control exerted onto IR-associated senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D.M. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - N. García-Flores
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - S. Frost
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Jiménez-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - A. Rodríguez-González
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - S. Sabater
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - I. Andrés
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - C. Garnés-García
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - B. Belandia
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM). Madrid, España. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, España
| | - F.J. Cimas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, España
| | - D. Villar
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M.J. Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, España
| | - R. Sánchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM). Madrid, España. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, España
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lai YW, Wang SW, Lin CL, Chen SS, Lin KH, Lee YT, Chen WC, Hsieh YH. Asiatic acid exhibits antimetastatic activity in human prostate cancer cells by modulating the MZF-1/Elk-1/Snail signaling axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175770. [PMID: 37209940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer metastasis is associated with poor prognosis and is difficult to treat clinically. Numerous studies have shown that Asiatic Acid (AA) has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the effect of AA on prostate cancer metastasis is still unclear. This purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of AA on prostate cancer metastasis and to better understand its molecular mechanisms of action. Our results indicate that AA ≤ 30 μM did not influence cell viability and cell cycle distribution in PC3, 22Rv1 and DU145 cells. AA inhibited the migratory and invasive capabilities of three prostate cancer cells to be due to its effects on Snail, but did not have activity on Slug. We observed that AA inhibited the Myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and ETS Like-1 (Elk-1) protein interaction and affected the complex's binding capacity to the Snail promoter region, ultimately blocking Snail transcription activity. Kinase cascade analysis revealed that phosphorylation of MEK3/6 and p38MAPK was inhibited by AA treatment. Moreover, knockdown of p38MAPK enhanced AA-suppressed protein levels of MZF-1, Elk-1, and Snail, suggesting that p38MAPK influences prostate cancer cell metastasis. These results provide promise for AA as a future candidate in the development of drug therapies to prevent or treat prostate cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Lai
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Sheng Chen
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tung Lee
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Sports Medicine & Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
García-Flores N, Jiménez-Suárez J, Garnés-García C, Fernández-Aroca DM, Sabater S, Andrés I, Fernández-Aramburo A, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, Belandia B, Sanchez-Prieto R, Cimas FJ. P38 MAPK and Radiotherapy: Foes or Friends? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030861. [PMID: 36765819 PMCID: PMC9913882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the study of the cellular response to ionizing radiation (IR) has increased exponentially. Among the various signaling pathways affected by IR, p38 MAPK has been shown to be activated both in vitro and in vivo, with involvement in key processes triggered by IR-mediated genotoxic insult, such as the cell cycle, apoptosis or senescence. However, we do not yet have a definitive clue about the role of p38 MAPK in terms of radioresistance/sensitivity and its potential use to improve current radiotherapy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on this family of MAPKs in response to IR as well as in different aspects related to radiotherapy, such as their role in the control of REDOX, fibrosis, and in the radiosensitizing effect of several compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia García-Flores
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jaime Jiménez-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Cristina Garnés-García
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego M. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Sebastia Sabater
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ignacio Andrés
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Aramburo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Borja Belandia
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sanchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.S.-P.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Francisco J. Cimas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.S.-P.); (F.J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grave N, Scheffel TB, Cruz FF, Rockenbach L, Goettert MI, Laufer S, Morrone FB. The functional role of p38 MAPK pathway in malignant brain tumors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:975197. [PMID: 36299892 PMCID: PMC9589890 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.975197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are extremely debilitating malignant brain tumors with very limited response to therapies. The initiation and progression of gliomas can be attributed to several molecular abnormalities, such as mutations in important regulatory networks. In this regard, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) arise as key signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. MAPK pathway has been altered in most glial tumors. In glioma cells, the activation of p38 MAPK contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis and is positively correlated with tumor grade, being considered a potential oncogenic factor contributing to brain tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance. Hence, a better understanding of glioma pathogenesis is essential to the advancement of therapies that provide extended life expectancy for glioma patients. This review aims to explore the role of the p38 MAPK pathway in the genesis and progression of malignant brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Grave
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Becker Scheffel
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Cruz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Liliana Rockenbach
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Laboratorio de Cultura de Células, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernanda Bueno Morrone,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The p38 MAPK Components and Modulators as Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010370. [PMID: 35008796 PMCID: PMC8745478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is an important bridge in the transduction of extracellular and intracellular signals in different responses at the cellular level. Within this MAPK family, the p38 kinases can be found altered in various diseases, including cancer, where these kinases play a fundamental role, sometimes with antagonistic mechanisms of action, depending on several factors. In fact, this family has an immense number of functionalities, many of them yet to be discovered in terms of regulation and action in different types of cancer, being directly involved in the response to cancer therapies. To date, three main groups of MAPKs have been identified in mammals: the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and the different isoforms of p38 (α, β, γ, δ). In this review, we highlight the mechanism of action of these kinases, taking into account their extensive regulation at the cellular level through various modifications and modulations, including a wide variety of microRNAs. We also analyze the importance of the different isoforms expressed in the different tissues and their possible role as biomarkers and molecular targets. In addition, we include the latest preclinical and clinical trials with different p38-related drugs that are ongoing with hopeful expectations in the present/future of developing precision medicine in cancer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Terp MG, Gammelgaard OL, Vever H, Gjerstorff MF, Ditzel HJ. Sustained compensatory p38 MAPK signaling following treatment with MAPK inhibitors induces the immunosuppressive protein CD73 in cancer: combined targeting could improve outcomes. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3299-3316. [PMID: 34165921 PMCID: PMC8637576 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-MAPK signaling promotes immune evasion and cancer cell survival, and MAPK inhibitors (MAPKis) are frequently used as cancer therapies. Despite progress elucidating the direct effects of MAPKi on immune cells, their indirect effect on the tumor microenvironment (TME) through changes in tumor cells remains incompletely understood. Here, we present evidence of a rapid compensatory response to MAPKi that is driven by sustained p38 MAPK signaling and by which cancer cells can upregulate the immunosuppressive protein CD73 to reduce the antitumor immune response. This compensatory response also results in decreased sensitivity toward MAPKi, and, accordingly, combining anti-CD73 antibodies and MAPKi significantly enhances the antitumor effect compared to single-agent treatment in vivo. Combining MAPKi and anti-CD73 was accompanied by significant alterations in intratumor immune cell composition, supporting the effect of MAPKi-induced CD73 expression on the TME. We show that high CD73 expression significantly correlates with worse outcome in MAPKi-treated colorectal cancer patients, highlighting the potential clinical importance of increased CD73 expression following MAPKi treatment. Our findings may explain the diminished effect of MAPKi in cancer patients and provides further rationale for combined anti-CD73 and MAPKi treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel G. Terp
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Odd L. Gammelgaard
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Henriette Vever
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Morten F. Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of OncologyOdense University HospitalDenmark
- Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Academy of Geriatric Cancer Research (AgeCare)Odense University HospitalDenmark
| | - Henrik J. Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of OncologyOdense University HospitalDenmark
- Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Academy of Geriatric Cancer Research (AgeCare)Odense University HospitalDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Atypical p38 Signaling, Activation, and Implications for Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084183. [PMID: 33920735 PMCID: PMC8073329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 is an essential family of kinases, regulating responses to environmental stress and inflammation. There is an ever-increasing plethora of physiological and pathophysiological conditions attributed to p38 activity, ranging from cell division and embryonic development to the control of a multitude of diseases including retinal, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Despite the decades of intense investigation, a viable therapeutic approach to disrupt p38 signaling remains elusive. A growing body of evidence supports the pathological significance of an understudied atypical p38 signaling pathway. Atypical p38 signaling is driven by a direct interaction between the adaptor protein TAB1 and p38α, driving p38 autophosphorylation independent from the classical MKK3 and MKK6 pathways. Unlike the classical MKK3/6 signaling pathway, atypical signaling is selective for just p38α, and at present has only been characterized during pathophysiological stimulation. Recent studies have linked atypical signaling to dermal and vascular inflammation, myocardial ischemia, cancer metastasis, diabetes, complications during pregnancy, and bacterial and viral infections. Additional studies are required to fully understand how, when, where, and why atypical p38 signaling is induced. Furthermore, the development of selective TAB1-p38 inhibitors represents an exciting new opportunity to selectively inhibit pathological p38 signaling in a wide array of diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanz-Ezquerro JJ, Cuenda A. p38 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031003. [PMID: 33498296 PMCID: PMC7863928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Sanz-Ezquerro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Campus-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.S.-E.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-5855-395 (J.J.S.-E.); +34-91-5855-451 (A.C.)
| | - Ana Cuenda
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Campus-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.S.-E.); (A.C.); Tel.: +34-91-5855-395 (J.J.S.-E.); +34-91-5855-451 (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|