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Lv W, Zhu L, Tan L, Gu L, Wang H, Du X, Zhu B, Zeng T, Wang C. Genome-Wide Identification Analysis of GST Gene Family in Wild Blueberry Vaccinium duclouxii and Their Impact on Anthocyanin Accumulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1497. [PMID: 38891305 PMCID: PMC11174658 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Vaccinium duclouxii, a wild blueberry species native to the mountainous regions of southwestern China, is notable for its exceptionally high anthocyanin content, surpassing that of many cultivated varieties and offering significant research potential. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are versatile enzymes crucial for anthocyanin transport in plants. Yet, the GST gene family had not been previously identified in V. duclouxii. This study utilized a genome-wide approach to identify and characterize the GST gene family in V. duclouxii, revealing 88 GST genes grouped into seven distinct subfamilies. This number is significantly higher than that found in closely related species, with these genes distributed across 12 chromosomes and exhibiting gene clustering. A total of 46 members are classified as tandem duplicates. The gene structure of VdGST is relatively conserved among related species, showing closer phylogenetic relations to V. bracteatum and evidence of purifying selection. Transcriptomic analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that VdGSTU22 and VdGSTU38 were highly expressed in flowers, VdGSTU29 in leaves, and VdGSTF11 showed significant expression in ripe and fully mature fruits, paralleling trends seen with anthocyanin accumulation. Subcellular localization identified VdGSTF11 primarily in the plasma membrane, suggesting a potential role in anthocyanin accumulation in V. duclouxii fruits. This study provides a foundational basis for further molecular-level functional analysis of the transport and accumulation of anthocyanins in V. duclouxii, enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin metabolism in this valuable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Liyong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Lifa Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Tuo Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.L.); (L.T.); (L.G.); (H.W.); (X.D.); (B.Z.)
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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Wang X, Dong J, Hu Y, Huang Q, Lu X, Huang Y, Sheng M, Cao L, Xu B, Li Y, Zong Y, Guo W. Identification and Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum) and Their Potential Roles in Anthocyanin Intracellular Transportation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1316. [PMID: 38794388 PMCID: PMC11125127 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) constitute a versatile enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant stress responses and detoxification processes. Recent discoveries attributed the additional function of facilitating anthocyanin intracellular transportation in plants to GSTs. Our study identified 178 VcGST genes from 12 distinct subfamilies in the blueberry genome. An uneven distribution was observed among these genes across blueberry's chromosomes. Members within the same subfamily displayed homogeneity in gene structure and conserved protein motifs, whereas marked divergence was noted among subfamilies. Functional annotations revealed that VcGSTs were significantly enriched in several gene ontology and KEGG pathway categories. Promoter regions of VcGST genes predominantly contain light-responsive, MYB-binding, and stress-responsive elements. The majority of VcGST genes are subject to purifying selection, with whole-genome duplication or segmental duplication serving as key processes that drive the expansion of the VcGST gene family. Notably, during the ripening of the blueberry fruit, 100 VcGST genes were highly expressed, and the expression patterns of 24 of these genes demonstrated a strong correlation with the dynamic content of fruit anthocyanins. Further analysis identified VcGSTF8, VcGSTF20, and VcGSTF22 as prime candidates of VcGST genes involved in the anthocyanin intracellular transport. This study provides a reference for the exploration of anthocyanin intracellular transport mechanisms and paves the way for investigating the spectrum of GST functions in blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiajia Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiting Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiaoyu Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yilin Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Mingyang Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lijun Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Buhuai Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yu Zong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Weidong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Mackon E, Guo Y, Jeazet Dongho Epse Mackon GC, Ma Y, Yao Y, Luo D, Dai X, Zhao N, Lu Y, Jandan TH, Liu P. OsGSTU34, a Bz2-like anthocyanin-related glutathione transferase transporter, is essential for rice (Oryza sativa L.) organs coloration. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 217:113896. [PMID: 37866445 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a flavonoid compound known as one of the most important chromogenic substances. They play several functions, including health promotion and sustaining plants during adverse conditions. They are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum and sequestered in the vacuole. In this work, we generated knock-out lines of OsGSTU34, a glutathione transporter's tau gene family, with no transgene line and off-target through CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis and highlighted the loss of pigmentation in rice flowers, leaves, stems, shoots, and caryopsis. The anthocyanin quantification in the wild-type BLWT and mutant line BLG34-8 caryopsis showed that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin-3-O-glucoside (P3G) were almost undetectable in the mutant line. A tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling proteomic analysis was conducted to elucidate the proteomic changes in the BLWT and BLG34-8. The result revealed that 1175 proteins were altered, including 408 that were down-regulated and 767 that were upregulated. The accumulation of the OsGSTU34-related protein (Q8L576), along with several anthocyanin-related proteins, was down-regulated. The enrichment analysis showed that the down-regulated proteins were enriched in different pathways, among which the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, flavonoid biosynthesis metabolites, and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Protein interaction network prediction revealed that glutathione-S-transferase (Q8L576) was connected to the proteins involved in the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways, such as flavanone 3-dioxygenase 1 (Q7XM21), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase 1 (Q93VC3), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase 2 (Q42982), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (P14717), chalcone synthase 1 (Q2R3A1), and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase 5 (Q6ZAC1). However, the expression of the most important anthocyanin biosynthesis gene was not altered, suggesting that only the transport mechanism was affected. Our findings highlight new insight into the anthocyanin pigmentation in black rice and provide new perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enerand Mackon
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University PR China.
| | - Yongqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
| | | | - Yafei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
| | - Yuhang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
| | - Dengjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University PR China.
| | - Xianggui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
| | - Neng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
| | - Ying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
| | - Tahir Hussain Jandan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
| | - Piqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, PR China.
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Zhang X, Xu S, Pan X, Wu Z, Ding L, Teng N. Low LdMYB12 expression contributes to petal spot deficiency in Lilium davidii var. unicolor. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1545-1557. [PMID: 37910265 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Petal spots are widespread in plants, they are important for attracting pollinators and as economic traits in crop breeding. However, the genetic and developmental control of petal spots has seldom been investigated. To further clarify the development of petal spots formation, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of Lilium davidii var. unicolor and Lilium davidii petals at the full-bloom stage. In comparison with the parental species L. davidii, petals of the lily variety L. davidii var. unicolor do not have the distinct anthocyanin spots. We show that among 7846 differentially expressed genes detected, LdMYB12 was identified as a candidate gene contributing to spot formation in lily petals. The expression level of LdMYB12 in the petals of L. davidii was higher than that in L. davidii var. unicolor petals. Moreover, overexpression of LdMYB12 led to the appearance of spots on the petals of L. davidii var. unicolor, accompanied by increased expression of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes. Taken together, these results indicate that abnormal expression of LdMYB12 contributes to petal spot deficiency in L. davidii var. unicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University-Nanjing Oriole Island Modern Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Graduate Workstation/Nanjing Agricultural University Baguazhou Modern Horticultural Industry Science and Technology Innovation Center, Nanjing, 210043, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University-Nanjing Oriole Island Modern Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Graduate Workstation/Nanjing Agricultural University Baguazhou Modern Horticultural Industry Science and Technology Innovation Center, Nanjing, 210043, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University-Nanjing Oriole Island Modern Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Graduate Workstation/Nanjing Agricultural University Baguazhou Modern Horticultural Industry Science and Technology Innovation Center, Nanjing, 210043, China
| | - Ze Wu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University-Nanjing Oriole Island Modern Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Graduate Workstation/Nanjing Agricultural University Baguazhou Modern Horticultural Industry Science and Technology Innovation Center, Nanjing, 210043, China
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University-Nanjing Oriole Island Modern Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Graduate Workstation/Nanjing Agricultural University Baguazhou Modern Horticultural Industry Science and Technology Innovation Center, Nanjing, 210043, China
| | - Nianjun Teng
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Nanjing Agricultural University-Nanjing Oriole Island Modern Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Graduate Workstation/Nanjing Agricultural University Baguazhou Modern Horticultural Industry Science and Technology Innovation Center, Nanjing, 210043, China.
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5
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Liu W, Wei Y, Sha S, Xu Y, Li H, Yuan H, Wang A. The mechanisms underpinning anthocyanin accumulation in a red-skinned bud sport in pear (Pyrus ussuriensis). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1089-1105. [PMID: 37062789 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE In our study, we demonstrated that histone acetylation promotes anthocyanin accumulation in pears by affecting the expression of key genes. Color is an important trait of horticultural plants, and the anthocyanin content directly affects the nutritional value and commercial value of colored fruits. Therefore, it is important for fruit breeding to cultivate new varieties with bright colors. 'Nanhong' (NH) pear (Pyrus ussuriensis) is a bud sport cultivar of 'Nanguo' (NG) pear. The anthocyanin content in NH pear is significantly higher than that in NG pear, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we observed that the anthocyanin biosynthesis structural gene PuUFGT (UDP-glucose: flavonoids 3-O-glucosyltransferase) and an anthocyanin transporter gene PuGSTF6 (glutathione S-transferase) had significantly higher expression levels in NH than in NG pears during the late stages of fruit development. Meanwhile, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor PuMYB110a was also highly expressed in NH pears and could positively regulate the transcription of PuUFGT and PuGSTF6. Overexpression of PuMYB110a in pear increased the fruit anthocyanin content. In addition, despite no significant differences in methylation levels being found in the promoters of PuMYB110a, PuUFGT, and PuGSTF6 when comparing the two varieties, the histone acetylation levels of PuMYB110a were significantly higher in NH pear compared with those in NG pear. Our findings suggest a mechanism for anthocyanin accumulation in NH fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shoufeng Sha
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue, 115009, China
| | - Yaxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue, 115009, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Aide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Chen Y, Li D, Zhang X, Ma Q, Xu Y, Luo Z. Azacytidine-induced hypomethylation delays senescence and coloration in harvested strawberries by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and modulating abscisate metabolism to minimize anthocyanin overproduction. Food Chem 2023; 407:135189. [PMID: 36525805 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is increasingly known to be essential for fruit ripening and senescence. Currently, 5-azacytidine (AZ) was selected as an effective demethylator and it successfully shaped the genomic hypomethylation in harvested strawberries. This was associated with the reprogramming of global gene expressions, which influenced downstream food traits. The alleviation of decay and softening, as well as the deceleration of soluble solid accumulation, were included. Coloration was also delayed as a result of the AZ-induced hypomethylation. Our examinations of anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport revealed that they were markedly minimized, which was probably involved with the decreased abscisate level and its weakened metabolism. Additionally, under AZ, the retarded postharvest senescence process was observed and it might be induced by the inhibited ROS accumulation accompanying the peroxidase and catalase activities alteration. Overall, these findings underlined the importance of methylation in strawberries and suggested the potential role of epigenetic regulators in the postharvest industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpei Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Lin Y, Wang C, Cao S, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Li M, He W, Wang Y, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Tang H. Proanthocyanidins Delay Fruit Coloring and Softening by Repressing Related Gene Expression during Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043139. [PMID: 36834547 PMCID: PMC9962922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins, are widespread throughout the plant kingdom, presenting diverse biological and biochemical activities. Being one of the most abundant groups of natural polyphenolic antioxidant, PAs are applied to improve plant tolerance to (a)biotic stresses and delay the senescence of fruit by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing antioxidant responses. The effects of PAs on coloring and softening of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), a worldwide demanded edible fruit and typical material for studying non-climacteric fruit ripening, were firstly assessed in this work. The results showed that exogenous PAs delayed the decrease in fruit firmness and anthocyanins accumulation but improved the fruit skin brightness. Strawberries treated with PAs had similar total soluble solids, total phenolics, and total flavonoids, but lower titratable acidity content. Moreover, the contents of endogenous PAs, abscisic acid and sucrose, were somehow increased by PA treatment, while no obvious change was found in fructose and glucose content. In addition, the anthocyanin- and firmness-related genes were significantly repressed, while the PA biosynthetic gene (anthocyanin reductase, ANR) was highly up-regulated by PA treatment at the key point for fruit softening and coloring. In summary, the results presented in this study suggest that PAs slow down strawberry coloration and softening by inhibiting the expression of related genes, which could be helpful for a better understanding of the biological role of PAs and provide a new strategy to regulate strawberry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuaipeng Cao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziqing Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.T.)
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.T.)
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Liu L, Zheng S, Yang D, Zheng J. Genome-wide in silico identification of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family members in fig ( Ficus carica L.) and expression characteristics during fruit color development. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14406. [PMID: 36718451 PMCID: PMC9884035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), a large and diverse group of multi-functional enzymes (EC 2.5.1.18), are associated with cellular detoxification, various biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as secondary metabolites transportation. Here, 53 members of the FcGST gene family were screened from the genome database of fig (Ficus carica), which were further classified into five subfamilies, and the tau and phi were the major subfamilies. These genes were unevenly distributed over all the 13 chromosomes, and 12 tandem and one segmental duplication may contribute to this family expansion. Syntenic analysis revealed that FcGST shared closer genetic evolutionary origin relationship with species from the Ficus genus of the Moraceae family, such as F. microcarpa and F. hispida. The FcGST members of the same subfamily shared similar gene structure and motif distribution. The α helices were the chief structure element in predicted secondary and tertiary structure of FcGSTs proteins. GO and KEGG indicated that FcGSTs play multiple roles in glutathione metabolism and stress reactions as well as flavonoid metabolism. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that FcGSTs gene may be responsive to light, hormone, stress stimulation, development signaling, and regulated by MYB or WRKY. RNA-seq analysis showed that several FcGSTs that mainly expressed in the female flower tissue and peel during 'Purple-Peel' fig fruit development. Compared with 'Green Peel', FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 exhibited high expression abundance in the mature fruit purple peel. Additionally, results of phylogenetic sequences analysis, multiple sequences alignment, and anthocyanin content together showed that the expression changes of FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 may play crucial roles in fruit peel color alteration during fruit ripening. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the GST gene family in fig, thus facilitating the further clarification of the molecular function and breeding utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Liu
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuxuan Zheng
- Xiayi Branch of Henan Agricultural Radio and Television School, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Dekun Yang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
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Genome-Wide Analysis of the ERF Family and Identification of Potential Genes Involved in Fruit Ripening in Octoploid Strawberry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810550. [PMID: 36142464 PMCID: PMC9502190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene response factors (ERFs) belonging to the APETALA2/ERF superfamily acted at the end of the ethylene signaling pathway, and they were found to play important roles in plant growth and development. However, the information of ERF genes in strawberry and their involvement in fruit ripening have been limited. Here, a total of 235 ERF members were identified from 426 AP2/ERF genes at octoploid strawberry genome level and classified into six subgroups according to their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. Conserved motif and gene structure analysis supported the evolutionary conservation of FaERFs. Syntenic analysis showed that four types of duplication events occurred during the expansion of FaERF gene family. Of these, WGD/segmental duplication played a major role. Transcriptomic data of FaERF genes during fruit ripening and in response to abscisic acid screened one activator (FaERF316) and one repressor (FaERF118) that were involved in fruit ripening. Transcriptional regulation analysis showed some transcription factors related to ripening such as ABI4, TCP15, and GLK1 could bind to FaERF316 or FaERF118 promoters, while protein-protein interaction analysis displayed some proteins associated with plant growth and development could interact with FaERF118 or FaERF316. These results suggested that FaERF118 and FaERF316 were potential genes to regulate strawberry ripening. In summary, the present study provides the comprehensive and systematic information on FaERF family evolution and gains insights into FaERF's potential regulatory mechanism in strawberry ripening.
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The Luteolinidin and Petunidin 3- O-Glucoside: A Competitive Inhibitor of Tyrosinase. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175703. [PMID: 36080469 PMCID: PMC9458148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme tyrosinase plays a key role in the early stages of melanin biosynthesis. This study evaluated the inhibitory activity of anthocyanidin (1) and anthocyanins (2-6) on the catalytic reaction. Of the six derivatives examined, 1-3 showed inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 3.7 ± 0.1, 10.3 ± 1.0, and 41.3 ± 3.2 μM, respectively. Based on enzyme kinetics, 1-3 were confirmed to be competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 2.8, 9.0, and 51.9 μM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed the formation of a binary encounter complex between 1-3 and the tyrosinase catalytic site. Luteolinidin (1) and petunidin 3-O-glucoside (2) may serve as tyrosinase inhibitors to block melanin production.
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11
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Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase and Expression Analysis in Response to Anthocyanin Transport in the Flesh of the New Teinturier Grape Germplasm ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147717. [PMID: 35887065 PMCID: PMC9317864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuole in plants. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are thought to play a key role in anthocyanin transport. To clarify the mechanism of GST genes in the accumulation and transport of anthocyanin in the early fruit stage, we analyzed and characterized the GST family in the flesh of ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’ (ZS-HY) based on the transcriptome. In this study, the 92 GST genes identified through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were unevenly present in all chromosomes of grapes, except chromosomes 3, 9 and 10. Through the analysis of the chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships and cis-acting elements of GST family genes, the phylogenetic tree divided the GST genes into 9 subfamilies. Eighteen GST genes were screened and identified from grape berries via a transcriptome sequencing analysis, of which 4 belonged to the phi subfamily and 14 to the tau subfamily, and the expression levels of these GST genes were not tissue-specific. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that VvGST4 was closely related to PhAN9 and AtTT19. This study provides a foundation for the analysis of the GST gene family and insight into the roles of GSTs in grape anthocyanin transport.
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12
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Li M, Wang L, Liu Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Long Y, Luo C, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Chen P, Wang Y, Wang X, Tang H, Luo Y. Characterization and regulation mechanism analysis of ubiquitin-conjugating family genes in strawberry reveals a potential role in fruit ripening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:39. [PMID: 35045827 PMCID: PMC8767729 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E2 ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) enzymes are an integral component of the ubiquitin proteasome system that play an important role in plant development, growth, and external stress responses. Several UBC genes have been identified in various plants. However, no studies exploring the functions of UBC genes in regulating fruit of strawberry have been reported. In the present study, a systematic analysis of the entire UBC family members were conducted in the genome of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) based on bioinformatics method, and the gene functioning in strawberry ripening was explored. RESULTS A total of 191 UBC genes were identified in the genome of cultivated strawberry. These genes were unevenly distributed across the 28 chromosomes from the 4 subgenomes of cultivated strawberry, ranging from 3 to 11 genes per chromosome. Moreover, the expansion of FaUBC genes in strawberry was mainly driven by WGD. All the FaUBC genes were clarified into 13 groups and most of them were included in the group VI. The gene structure analysis showed that the number of exons varied from 1 to 23, and the structure of genes had few differences within the same groups but a distinction in different groups. Identification of the cis-acting elements of the promoter revealed multiple regulatory elements that responded to plant growth and development, phytohormone responsive, and abiotic and biotic stress. Data from functional annotation indicated that FaUBC genes play a role in a variety of biological processes. The RNA-seq data showed that FaUBC genes displayed different expression pattern during the fruit ripening process and clarified into 6 clusters. In particular, cluster 3 exhibiting a sudden expression increase in the turning red stage were speculated to be involved in fruit ripening. Hence, two FaUBC genes (FaUBC76 and FaUBC78) were selected for gene function analysis by transient over-expression method. The results indicated that FaUBC76 has a positive effect on the fruit development and ripening in strawberry by up-regulating accumulation of anthocyanins. Moreover, expression of some maturity-related genes were also significantly increased, further supporting a role for FaUBC76 in the regulation of fruit ripening or softening. On the contrary, the overexpression of FaUBC78 significantly increased the firmness of strawberry fruit, indicating that FaUBC78 had a positive role in inhibiting the decrease of strawberry fruit firmness. CONCLUSION Our study not only provide comprehensive information on system evolution and function on UBC genes, but also give a new insight into explore the roles of FaUBC genes in the regulation of strawberry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liangxin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Long
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chuanying Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pinwen Chen
- Departmental and Municipal Co-construction of Crops Genetic Improvement of Hill Land Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Li B, Zhang X, Duan R, Han C, Yang J, Wang L, Wang S, Su Y, Wang L, Dong Y, Xue H. Genomic Analysis of the Glutathione S-Transferase Family in Pear ( Pyrus communis) and Functional Identification of PcGST57 in Anthocyanin Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020746. [PMID: 35054934 PMCID: PMC8776121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation in vacuoles results in red coloration in pear peels. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) proteins have emerged as important regulators of anthocyanin accumulation. Here, a total of 57 PcGST genes were identified in the European pear ‘Bartlett’ (Pyrus communis) through comprehensive genomic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PcGST genes were divided into 10 subfamilies. The gene structure, chromosomal localization, collinearity relationship, cis-elements in the promoter region, and conserved motifs of PcGST genes were analyzed. Further research indicated that glutamic acid (Glu) can significantly improve anthocyanin accumulation in pear peels. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that Glu induced the expression of most PcGST genes, among which PcGST57 was most significantly induced. Further phylogenetic analysis indicated that PcGST57 was closely related to GST genes identified in other species, which were involved in anthocyanin accumulation. Transcript analysis indicated that PcGST57 was expressed in various tissues, other than flesh, and associated with peel coloration at different developmental stages. Silencing of PcGST57 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibited the expression of PcGST57 and reduced the anthocyanin content in pear fruit. In contrast, overexpression of PcGST57 improved anthocyanin accumulation. Collectively, our results demonstrated that PcGST57 was involved in anthocyanin accumulation in pear and provided candidate genes for red pear breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiangzhan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Ruiwei Duan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Chunhong Han
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
- College of Horticulture and Plant Conservation, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Long Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Suke Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yanli Su
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yongfei Dong
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Huabai Xue
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (B.L.); (X.Z.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (L.W.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Sabir IA, Manzoor MA, Shah IH, Liu X, Jiu S, Wang J, Alam P, Abdullah M, Zhang C. Identification and Comprehensive Genome-Wide Analysis of Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium) and Their Expression Profiling Reveals a Likely Role in Anthocyanin Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938800. [PMID: 35903236 PMCID: PMC9315441 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in plants are multipurpose enzymes that are involved in growth and development and anthocyanins transportation. However, members of the GST gene family were not identified in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). To identify the GST genes in sweet cherry, a genome-wide analysis was conducted. In this study, we identified 67 GST genes in P. avium genome and nomenclature according to chromosomal distribution. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PavGST genes were classified into seven chief subfamily: TCHQD, Theta, Phi, Zeta, Lambda, DHAR, and Tau. The majority of the PavGST genes had a relatively well-maintained exon-intron and motif arrangement within the same group, according to gene structure and motif analyses. Gene structure (introns-exons) and conserved motif analysis revealed that the majority of the PavGST genes showed a relatively well-maintained motif and exons-introns configuration within the same group. The chromosomal localization, GO enrichment annotation, subcellular localization, syntenic relationship, Ka/Ks analysis, and molecular characteristics were accomplished using various bioinformatics tools. Mode of gene duplication showed that dispersed duplication might play a key role in the expansion of PavGST gene family. Promoter regions of PavGST genes contain numerous cis-regulatory components, which are involved in multiple stress responses, such as abiotic stress and phytohormones responsive factors. Furthermore, the expression profile of sweet cherry PavGSTs showed significant results under LED treatment. Our findings provide the groundwork for future research into induced LED anthocyanin and antioxidants deposition in sweet cherries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ali Sabir
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Iftikhar Hussain Shah
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunju Liu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Jiu
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Caixi Zhang,
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15
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Zhao YW, Wang CK, Huang XY, Hu DG. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Genes and Functional Identification of MdGSTU12 Reveals the Involvement in the Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Apple. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1733. [PMID: 34828339 PMCID: PMC8619396 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins have essential biological functions, affecting the development of horticultural production. They are synthesized in the cytoplasm through flavonoid metabolic pathways and finally transported into vacuoles for storage. Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes involved in anthocyanin transportation. In this study, we identified 38 GSTs from the apple (Malus domestica) genome (HFTH1 Whole Genome v1.0) based on the sequence similarity with the GST family proteins of Arabidopsis. These MdGST genes could be grouped into nine chief subclasses: U, F, L, Z, T, GHR, EF1Bγ, TCHQD, and DHAR. The structures, motifs, three-dimensional models, and chromosomal distribution of MdGST genes were further analyzed. Elements which are responsive for some hormones and stress, and others that involve genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were forecast in the promoter of MdGST. In addition, we identified 32 orthologous gene pairs between apple and Arabidopsis. These genes indicated that numerous apple and Arabidopsis counterparts appeared to be derived from a common ancestor. Amongst the 38 MdGST genes, MdGSTU12 was considerably correlated with anthocyanin variation in terms of extracting expression profiles from reported. Finally, further functional identification in apple transgenic calli and subcellular localization confirmed that MdGSTU12 was of great significance in anthocyanin accumulation in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-W.Z.); (C.-K.W.); (X.-Y.H.)
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