Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate Induced Toxicity Study and the Role of Tangeretin in Abrogating HIF-1α-NF-κB Crosstalk In Vitro and In Vivo

Current utilization trend of immortalized mast cell lines in allergy research: a systematic review

Today, in the modern world, allergic diseases, also described as atopic allergies, are classified as a type of multifactorial disorder due to the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and socioeconomic factors that influence the disease's manifestation, severity, and one's predisposition to allergic diseases. It is undeniable that many reported studies have pointed out that the mast cell is one of the leading key players involved in triggering an allergic reaction. To improve our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying allergy, various mast cell lines have been employed in vitro to study the pathogenesis of allergic diseases for the past decades. However, there is no consensus on many fundamental aspects associated with their use, such as the effects of culture media composition and the type of inducer used for cell degranulation. As the standardization of research protocols and disease models is crucial, we present the outcome of a systematic review of scientific articles using three major immortalized in vitro mast cell lines (HMC-1, LAD2, and RBL-2H3) to study allergy. This systematic review described the cell source, culture conditions, inducers used for degranulation, and mediators released for examination. We hope that the present systematic review may help to standardize the use of immortalized in vitro mast cell lines in allergy research and serve as a user's guide to understand the fundamental aspects of allergy as well to develop an effective allergy therapy in the future for the betterment of human good health and wellbeing.

Exploring the Biological Activity of Phytocannabinoid Formulations for Skin Health Care: A Special Focus on Molecular Pathways

Recent advancements have highlighted the potential of cannabis and its phytocannabinoids (pCBs) in skin health applications. These compounds, through their interaction with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), show promise for skin health products. Their ability to regulate inflammation, oxidative stress and cell proliferation makes them useful in addressing skin problems such as inflammation, scarring, healing, acne and aging, positioning them as valuable tools for innovative skincare solutions. In the present work, the cellular and molecular effects of proprietary pCB-based formulations on ECS modulation, inflammation and skin regeneration were investigated. Using human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), the effect of formulations in both pre-treatment and treatment scenarios following exposure to stress-inducing agents was assessed. Key molecular markers were analyzed to tackle their efficacy in mitigating inflammation and promoting structural integrity and regeneration. In vitro results showed that these formulations significantly reduced inflammation, promoted skin regeneration and improved structural functions. In vivo studies confirmed that the formulations were well-tolerated and led to noticeable improvements in skin health, including enhanced barrier function. This study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of pCB-based formulations for cosmeceutical applications. By combining molecular analysis with in vivo testing, this research provides new insights into the therapeutic potential of pCBs for managing various skin conditions.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Extracellular Vesicles from Ecklonia cava on 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate-Induced Skin Inflammation in Mice

Steroids, which are often used to treat the inflammation associated with various skin diseases, have several negative side effects. As Ecklonia cava extract has anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases, we evaluated the efficacy of Ecklonia cava-derived extracellular vesicles (EVEs) in decreasing 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation. We determined the effect of the EVEs on the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome in human keratinocytes and mouse ear skin. TPA-treated human keratinocytes showed an increased expression of TLR4 and its ligands HMGB1 and S100A8. TPA also increased the expression of (1) NF-κB; (2) the NLRP3 inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC, and caspase 1; and (3) the pyroptosis-related factors GSDMD-NT, IL-18, and IL-1β. However, the expression of these molecules decreased in the TPA-treated human keratinocytes after EVE treatment. Similar to the in vitro results, TPA increased the expression of these molecules in mouse ear skin, and EVE treatment decreased their expression. The TPA treatment of skin increased edema, redness, neutrophil infiltration, and epidermal thickness, and EVE reduced these symptoms of inflammation. In conclusion, the EVEs decreased TPA-induced skin inflammation, which was associated with a decrease in the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome.

Laser-assembled conductive 3D nanozyme film-based nitrocellulose sensor for real-time detection of H2O2 released from cancer cells

In this work, a nanostructured conductive film possessing nanozyme features was straightforwardly produced via laser-assembling and integrated into complete nitrocellulose sensors; the cellulosic substrate allows to host live cells, while the nanostructured film nanozyme activity ensures the enzyme-free real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released by the sames. In detail, a highly exfoliated reduced graphene oxide 3D film decorated with naked platinum nanocubes was produced using a CO2-laser plotter via the simultaneous reduction and patterning of graphene oxide and platinum cations; the nanostructured film was integrated into a nitrocellulose substrate and the complete sensor was manufactured using an affordable semi-automatic printing approach. The linear range for the direct H2O2 determination was 0.5-80 μM (R2 = 0.9943), with a limit of detection of 0.2 μM. Live cell measurements were achieved by placing the sensor in the culture medium, ensuring their adhesion on the sensors' surface; two cell lines were used as non-tumorigenic (Vero cells) and tumorigenic (SKBR3 cells) models, respectively. Real-time detection of H2O2 released by cells upon stimulation with phorbol ester was carried out; the nitrocellulose sensor returned on-site and real-time quantitative information on the H2O2 released proving useful sensitivity and selectivity, allowing to distinguish tumorigenic cells. The proposed strategy allows low-cost in-series semi-automatic production of paper-based point-of-care devices using simple benchtop instrumentation, paving the way for the easy and affordable monitoring of the cytopathology state of cancer cells.

Hypoxia-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the HIF-1α/NF-κB signaling pathway in human dental pulp fibroblasts

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported the link between hypoxic conditions and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pulpal inflammation in the progression of pulpitis. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of HIF-1α in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway via NF-κB signaling under hypoxic conditions with or without LPS in human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs) during the progression of pulpitis.

METHODS

HIF-1α plasmids or siRNAs were used to upregulate or downregulate HIF-1α in HDPFs, respectively. The effect of hypoxia with or without LPS on the NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, western blotting and ELISA.

RESULTS

The hypoxic conditions alone induced ASC oligomerization and NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation via NF-κB signaling in a time-dependent manner in HDPFs. The upregulation of HIF-1α further promoted hypoxia-induced ASC oligomerization and NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation via NF-κB signaling compared to the hypoxia-induced group. In comparison, downregulation of HIF-1α inhibited ASC oligomerization and NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation via NF-κB signaling compared to the hypoxia-induced group. Additionally, LPS plus hypoxia further promoted HIF-1α expression and NLRP3/ASC/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation via NF-κB signaling compared to the hypoxia-induced group.

CONCLUSIONS

HIF-1α served as a positive regulator of NLRP3/ASC/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation via NF-κB signaling in HDPFs in the sterile pulpal inflammation and caries-related pulpitis microenvironment. The finding of a novel functional HIF-1α-NF-κB-NLRP3 axis provides insight into the link between the hypoxic microenvironment and pulpal inflammation, thus supporting a promising therapeutic strategy for the control of pulpal inflammation.

Flavonoid compounds and their synergistic effects: Promising approaches for the prevention and treatment of psoriasis with emphasis on keratinocytes - A systematic and mechanistic review

Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin disorder, causes rapid and excessive skin cell growth due to immune system dysfunction. Numerous studies have shown that flavonoids have anti-psoriatic effects by modulating various molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation, cytokine production, keratinocyte proliferation, and more. This study reviewed experimental data reported in scientific literature and used network analysis to identify the potential biological roles of flavonoids' targets in treating psoriasis. 947 records from Web of Sciences, ScienceDirect database, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane library were reviewed without limitations until June 26, 2023. 66 articles were included in the systematic review. The ten genes with the highest scores, including interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12A, IL-1β, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Janus kinase 2 (JAK 2), Jun N-terminal kinase (JUN), Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC), Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), were identified as the hub genes. KEGG pathway analysis identified connections related to inflammation and autoimmune responses, which are key characteristics of psoriasis. IL-6, STAT3, and JUN's presence in both hub and enrichment genes suggests their important role in flavonoid's effect on psoriasis. This comprehensive study highlights how flavonoids can target biological processes in psoriasis, especially when combined for enhanced effectiveness.

Inducing breast cancer cell death: The impact of taxodone on proliferation through apoptosis

Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in women and a major contributor to cancer-related fatalities worldwide. Several factors play a role in the development of breast cancer, encompassing age, hormone levels, etc. Taxodone has shown significant anti-tumor properties in both laboratory experiments and living organisms. However, its impact on the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line has not been researched. This investigation explores the chemo-preventive potential of taxodone in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The anticancer potential of taxodone against MCF-7 cells was determined by MTT assay. Further, the induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells was confirmed via ELISA, which indicated the increased incidences of chromatin condensation and ssDNA breakage in the MCF-7 apoptotic cells upon 24 h of taxodone treatment. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was evaluated using H2DCFDA fluorescent dye to elucidate the mechanism of action triggered upon taxodone treatment. The increasing intercellular ROS level sequentially activated the caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway. Consequently, the outcomes revealed that taxodone decreased the cell viability of MCF-7 dose-dependently. Taxodone triggers apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by increasing intracellular ROS levels and activating the caspase cascade through the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel, an early marker of apoptosis onset. Our results indicate that taxodone exhibits anti-proliferative and apoptotic properties against human MCF-7 breast cancer cells, suggesting it to be a natural anticancer agent.

Detection of common pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis via microarray data analysis

Despite extensive research reveal rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is related to atherosclerosis (AS), common pathogenesis between these two diseases still needs to be explored. In current study, we explored the common pathogenesis between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerosis (AS) by identifying 297 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) associated with both diseases. Through KEGG and GO functional analysis, we highlighted the correlation of these DEGs with crucial biological processes such as the vesicle transport, immune system process, signaling receptor binding, chemokine signaling and many others. Employing Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis, we elucidated the associations between DEGs, revealing three gene modules enriched in immune system process, vesicle, signaling receptor binding, Pertussis, and among others. Additionally, through CytoHubba analysis, we pinpointed 11 hub genes integral to intergrin-mediated signaling pathway, plasma membrane, phosphotyrosine binding, chemokine signaling pathway and so on. Further investigation via the TRRUST database identified two key Transcription Factors (TFs), SPI1 and RELA, closely linked with these hub genes, shedding light on their regulatory roles. Finally, leveraging the collective insights from hub genes and TFs, we proposed 10 potential drug candidates targeting the molecular mechanisms underlying RA and AS pathogenesis. Further investigation on xCell revealed that 14 types of cells were all different in both AS and RA. This study underscores the shared pathogenic mechanisms, pivotal genes, and potential therapeutic interventions bridging RA and AS, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical management strategies.

Cleavage of the pseudoprotease iRhom2 by the signal peptidase complex reveals an ER-to-nucleus signaling pathway

iRhoms are pseudoprotease members of the rhomboid-like superfamily and are cardinal regulators of inflammatory and growth factor signaling; they function primarily by recognizing transmembrane domains of their clients. Here, we report a mechanistically distinct nuclear function of iRhoms, showing that both human and mouse iRhom2 are non-canonical substrates of signal peptidase complex (SPC), the protease that removes signal peptides from secreted proteins. Cleavage of iRhom2 generates an N-terminal fragment that enters the nucleus and modifies the transcriptome, in part by binding C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs). The biological significance of nuclear iRhom2 is indicated by elevated levels in skin biopsies of patients with psoriasis, tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC), and non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (NEPPK); increased iRhom2 cleavage in a keratinocyte model of psoriasis; and nuclear iRhom2 promoting proliferation of keratinocytes. Overall, this work identifies an unexpected SPC-dependent ER-to-nucleus signaling pathway and demonstrates that iRhoms can mediate nuclear signaling.

M. tb Rv0927c suppresses the activation of HIF-1α pathway through VHL-mediated ubiquitination and NF-κB/COX-2 pathway to enhance mycobacteria survival

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, employs various effector proteins to target and modulate host defenses. Our previous study showed that M. tuberculosis protein Rv0927c can promote the survival of intracellular mycobacteria, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we found that Rv0927c inhibited Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation in macrophages, and HIF-1α is required for Rv0927c to promote mycobacteria survival. Western blot analysis showed that Rv0927c promoted the proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α via Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-mediated ubiquitination and inhibited the nuclear localization of HIF-1α through the NF-κB/COX-2 pathway, thereby suppressing HIF-1α pathway activation. Furthermore, Rv0927c suppressed the host glycolytic metabolism, which is known to be regulated by HIF-1α and depended on the glycolysis process to promote mycobacterial survival. Our findings provide evidence that Rv0927c inhibits the activation of HIF-1α pathway, allowing pathogens to evade host immune responses, suggesting that targeting Rv0927c or HIF-1α might be a potential anti-tuberculosis therapy.

Photobiomodulation reduces neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury by downregulating CXCL10 expression

BACKGROUND

Many studies have recently highlighted the role of photobiomodulation (PBM) in neuropathic pain (NP) relief after spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting that it may be an effective way to relieve NP after SCI. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the potential mechanisms of PBM in NP relief after SCI.

METHODS

We performed systematic observations and investigated the mechanism of PBM intervention in NP in rats after SCI. Using transcriptome sequencing, we screened CXCL10 as a possible target molecule for PBM intervention and validated the results in rat tissues using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Using immunofluorescence co-labeling, astrocytes and microglia were identified as the cells responsible for CXCL10 expression. The involvement of the NF-κB pathway in CXCL10 expression was verified using inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and agonist phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), which were further validated by an in vivo injection experiment.

RESULTS

Here, we demonstrated that PBM therapy led to an improvement in NP relative behaviors post-SCI, inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes, and decreased the expression level of CXCL10 in glial cells, which was accompanied by mediation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Photobiomodulation inhibit the activation of the NF-κB pathway and reduce downstream CXCL10 expression. The NF-κB pathway inhibitor PDTC had the same effect as PBM on improving pain in animals with SCI, and the NF-κB pathway promoter PMA could reverse the beneficial effect of PBM.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which PBM alleviates NP after SCI. We demonstrated that PBM significantly inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes and decreased the expression level of CXCL10. These effects appear to be related to the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, our study provides evidence that PBM could be a potentially effective therapy for NP after SCI, CXCL10 and NF-kB signaling pathways might be critical factors in pain relief mediated by PBM after SCI.

CopA3 treatment suppressed multidrug resistivity in HCT-116 cell line by p53-induced degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α

The major reason for multidrug resistance is the failure of chemotherapy in many tumors, including colon cancer. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is a crucial transcription factor that simulates multiple cellular response to hypoxia. HIF-1α has been known to play a vital role towards tumor resistance; however, its mechanism of action is still not fully elucidated. N this study, we found that HIF-1α remarkably modulated drug resistance-associated proteins upon CopA3 peptide treatment against colon cancer cells. Abnormal rates of tumor growth along with high metastatic potential lacks the susceptibility towards cellular signals is a key characteristic in many tumor types. Moreover, in growing tumors, cells are exposed to insufficient nutrient supply and low oxygen availability. These stress force them to switch into adaptable and aggressive phenotypes. Our study investigated the interaction of HIF-1α and MDR gene association upon CopA3 treatment in the tumor microenvironment. We demonstrate that the multidrug resistance gene is associated with tumor resistance to chemotherapeutics, which upon CopA3 treatment promotes p53 activation and proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α, effecting the angiogenesis response to hypoxia. p53 downregulation augments HIF-1-dependent transcriptional activation of VEGF in response to oxygen deprivation.

Polo-like kinase 1 promotes pulmonary hypertension

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lethal vascular disease with limited therapeutic options. The mechanistic connections between alveolar hypoxia and PH are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mitotic regulator Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in PH development.

METHODS

Mouse lungs along with human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells were used to investigate the effects of hypoxia on PLK1. Hypoxia- or Sugen5416/hypoxia was applied to induce PH in mice. Plk1 heterozygous knockout mice and PLK1 inhibitors (BI 2536 and BI 6727)-treated mice were checked for the significance of PLK1 in the development of PH.

RESULTS

Hypoxia stimulated PLK1 expression through induction of HIF1α and RELA. Mice with heterozygous deletion of Plk1 were partially resistant to hypoxia-induced PH. PLK1 inhibitors ameliorated PH in mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Augmented PLK1 is essential for the development of PH and is a druggable target for PH.

A Combination of Polymethoxyflavones from Citrus sinensis and Prenylflavonoids from Humulus lupulus Counteracts IL-1β-Induced Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Dysfunction via a Modulation of NF-κB/Nrf2 Activation

We here investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of a polymethoxylated flavone-containing fraction (PMFF) from Citrus sinensis and of a prenylflavonoid-containing one (PFF) from Humulus lupulus, either alone or in combination (MIX). To this end, an in vitro model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of differentiated, interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated Caco-2 cells, was employed. We demonstrated that non-cytotoxic concentrations of either PMFF or PFF or MIX reduced nitric oxide (NO) production while PFF and MIX, but not PMFF, also inhibited prostaglandin E2 release. Coherently, MIX suppressed both inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 over-expression besides NF-κB activation. Moreover, MIX increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation, heme oxygenase-1 expression, restoring GSH and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs) levels. Remarkably, these effects with MIX were stronger than those produced by PMFF or PFF alone. Noteworthy, nobiletin (NOB) and xanthohumol (XTM), two of the most represented phytochemicals in PMFF and PFF, respectively, synergistically inhibited RONs production. Overall, our results demonstrate that MIX enhances the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of the individual fractions in a model of IBD, via a mechanism involving modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 signalling. Synergistic interactions between NOB and XTM emerge as a relevant aspect underlying this evidence.

Decursinol Angelate Inhibits Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1 Activity and Induces Intrinsic Apoptosis in MDR-CRC Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) was the second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in Europe in 2020. After CRC patients' recovery, in many cases a patient's tumor returns and develops chemoresistance, which has remained a major challenge worldwide. We previously published our novel findings on the role of DA in inhibiting the activity of GDH1 using in silico and enzymatic assays. No studies have been conducted so far to explain the inhibitory role of DA against glutamate dehydrogenase in MDR-CRC cells. We developed a multidrug-resistant colorectal cancer cell line, HCT-116^MDR, after treatment with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. We confirmed the MDR phenotype by evaluating the expression of MDR1, ABCB5, extracellular vesicles, polyploidy, DNA damage response markers and GDH1 in comparison with parental HCT-116^WT (HCT-116 wild type). Following confirmation, we determined the IC₅₀ and performed clonogenic assay for the efficacy of decursinol angelate (DA) against HCT-116^MDR (HCT-116 multidrug resistant). Subsequently, we evaluated the novel interactions of DA with GDH1 and the expression of important markers regulating redox homeostasis and cell death. DA treatment markedly downregulated the expression of GDH1 at 50 and 75 μM after 36 h, which directly correlated with reduced expression of the Krebs cycle metabolites α-ketoglutarate and fumarate. We also observed a systematic dose-dependent downregulation of MDR1, ABCB5, TERT, ERCC1 and γH2AX. Similarly, the expression of important antioxidant markers was also downregulated. The markers for intrinsic apoptosis were notably upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. The results were further validated by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. Additionally, GDH1 knockdown on both HCT-116^WT and HCT-116^MDR corresponded to a decreased expression of γH2AX, catalase, SOD1 and Gpx-1, and an eventual increase in apoptosis markers. In conclusion, inhibition of GDH1 increased ROS production, decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death.

Platelet-derived microparticles provoke chronic lymphocytic leukemia malignancy through metabolic reprogramming

Background

It is well established that inflammation and platelets promote multiple processes of cancer malignancy. Recently, platelets have received attention for their role in carcinogenesis through the production of microvesicles or platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs), which transfer their biological content to cancer cells. We have previously characterized a new subpopulation of these microparticles (termed mito-microparticles), which package functional mitochondria. The potential of mitochondria transfer to cancer cells is particularly impactful as many aspects of mitochondrial biology (i.e., cell growth, apoptosis inhibition, and drug resistance) coincide with cancer hallmarks and disease progression. These metabolic aspects are particularly notable in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which is characterized by a relentless accumulation of proliferating, immunologically dysfunctional, mature B-lymphocytes that fail to undergo apoptosis. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PMPs on CLL metabolic plasticity leading to cancer cell phenotypic changes.

Methods

CLL cell lines were co-incubated with different concentrations of human PMPs, and their impact on cell proliferation, mitochondrial DNA copy number, OCR level, ATP production, and ROS content was evaluated. Essential genes involved in metabolic-reprogramming were identified using the bioinformatics tools, examined between patients with early and advanced CLL stages, and then validated in PMP-recipient CLLs. Finally, the impact of the induced metabolic reprogramming on CLLs' growth, survival, mobility, and invasiveness was tested against anti-cancer drugs Cytarabine, Venetoclax, and Plumbagin.

Results

The data demonstrated the potency of PMPs in inducing tumoral growth and invasiveness in CLLs through mitochondrial internalization and OXPHOS stimulation which was in line with metabolic shift reported in CLL patients from early to advanced stages. This metabolic rewiring also improved CLL cells' resistance to Cytarabine, Venetoclax, and Plumbagin chemo drugs.

Conclusion

Altogether, these findings depict a new platelet-mediated pathway of cancer pathogenesis. We also highlight the impact of PMPs in CLL metabolic reprogramming and disease progression.

d-mannose blocks the interaction between keratinocytes and Th17 cells to alleviate psoriasis by inhibiting HIF-1α/CCL20 in mice

Psoriasis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory skin disease with an unclear pathogenesis that is difficult to cure, causing serious physical and mental burdens for patients. Previous research showed that a mutually reinforcing vicious cycle caused by keratinocytes (KC) and a variety of immune cells plays an important role in psoriatic inflammation. d-Mannose, a widely distributed metabolite in the body, has been found to treat several metabolic diseases, but its impact on psoriasis remains unknown. Our study aims to investigate the effects of d-mannose on psoriasis and its specific mechanism. Here, we found that d-mannose alleviates psoriasis in mice both as oral and topical agents. Specifically, d-mannose down-regulated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1A(HIF-1α) and inhibited the expression of chemokine CCL20 in keratinocytes, thereby inhibiting the local infiltration of Th17 cells and breaking the cycle of keratinocytes-Th17 cells. Overall, our study indicates that d-mannose alleviates cutaneous inflammation in psoriasis by inhibiting the HIF-1α/CCL20/Th17 cells axis, and d-mannose has the potential to be used as an oral and topical agent in the treatment of psoriasis.

CopA3 peptide inhibits MDM2-p53 complex stability in colorectal cancers and activates p53 mediated cell death machinery

The diverse expression patterns of the tumor suppressor p53 in cancer cells reflect the regulatory efficiency of multiple cellular pathways. By contrast, many human tumors are reported to develop in the presence of wild-type p53. Recently, several oncogene inhibitors have been used clinically to suppress tumor development by functionally reactivating other oncoproteins. On the other hand, p53 reactivation therapies have not been well established, as few of the p53-MDM2 complex inhibitors such as Nutlin-3 induces mutation in p53 gene upon prolonged usage. Therefore, in this study CopA3, a 9-mer dimeric D-type peptide with anticancer activity against the human colorectal cancer cells, was used to explore the efficacy of p53 reactivation in-vitro and in-vivo. The anticancer activity of CopA3 was more selective towards the wild-type p53 expressing cells than the p53 deficient or mutant colorectal cancer cells. In response to this, this study investigated the signaling pathway in vitro and validated its anti-tumor activity in-vivo. The protein-peptide interaction and molecular docking efficiently provided insight into the specific binding affinity of CopA3 to the p53-binding pocket of the MDM2 protein, which efficiently blocked the p53 and MDM2 interaction. CopA3 plays a crucial role in the binding with MDM2 and enhanced the nuclear translocation of the p53 protein, which sequentially activated the downstream targets to trigger the autophagic mediated cell death machinery through the JNK/Beclin-1 mediated pathway. Collectively, CopA3 affected the MDM2-p53 interaction, which suppressed tumor development. This study may provide a novel inhibitor candidate for the MDM2-p53 complex, which could ultimately suppress the growth of colorectal cancer cells without being cytotoxic to the healthy neighboring cells present around the tumor microenvironment.

Accurate detection of reactive oxygen species by tuning an elastic motif (GPGGA)4 in nanopores

We have developed a reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensor based on nanopores modified with GGGCEG(GPGGA)₄CEG. The formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond oxidized by ROS leads to conformation changes in GGGCEG(GPGGA)₄CEG, which then induces an obvious change in the size of the nanopores and a corresponding ionic current change. This work allows the accurate and dynamic monitoring of ROS through the combination of (GPGGA)₄ and nanopores.

Novel NF-κB reporter mouse for the non-invasive monitoring of inflammatory diseases

Bioluminescence imaging is useful for non-invasively monitoring inflammatory reactions associated with disease progression, and since NF-κB is a pivotal transcription factor that alters expressions of inflammatory genes, we generated novel NF-κB luciferase reporter (NF-κB-Luc) mice to understand the dynamics of inflammatory responses in whole body, and also in various type of cells by crossing NF-κB-Luc mice with cell-type specific Cre expressing mice (NF-κB-Luc:[Cre]). Bioluminescence intensity was significantly increased in NF-κB-Luc (NKL) mice exposed to inflammatory stimuli (PMA or LPS). Crossing NF-κB-Luc mice with Alb-cre mice or Lyz-cre mice generated NF-κB-Luc:Alb (NKLA) and NF-κB-Luc:Lyz2 (NKLL) mice, respectively. NKLA and NKLL mice showed enhanced bioluminescence in liver and macrophages, respectively. To confirm that our reporter mice could be utilized for the non-invasive monitoring of inflammation in preclinical models, we conducted a DSS-induced colitis model and a CDAHFD-induced NASH model in our reporter mice. In both models, our reporter mice reflected the development of these diseases over time. In conclusion, we believe that our novel reporter mouse can be utilized as a non-invasive monitoring platform for inflammatory diseases.

Therapeutic propensity of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg3 in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury and renohepatic crosstalk in rats

BACKGROUND

Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine used for thousands of years in Southeast Asian countries because of its medicinal properties. Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg3 have demonstrated therapeutic properties against a broad spectrum of diseases.

PURPOSE

Here in this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Rg1 and Rg3 in alleviating glycerol-induced acute kidney injury, also known as rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (RAKI).

METHODS

AKI was induced in male Wistar rats through intramuscular injection of 10 mL/kg glycerol and simultaneous oral treatment of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg3 for 3 days. We also evaluated the therapeutic potential of Rg1 and Rg3 on human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK-293). Cell viability and LDH assay were performed on HEK-293 cells to evaluate the toxicity of Rg1 and Rg3. Evaluation of important kidney damage markers such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was carried out at different time points from the rat serum. Histopathological analysis was performed on kidney tissues. We also performed experiments such as ELISA assay, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, COMET assay, western blotting, TUNEL assay, and flow cytometry to obtain results.

RESULTS

Rg1 and Rg3 significantly downregulated the expression of kidney damage markers such as creatinine and BUN in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological analysis revealed damage across the glomerulus, tubules, and collecting duct rendering the kidney dysfunctional in glycerol treatment groups. However, Rg1 and Rg3 treated groups showed a significant reduction in tubular necrosis at both 10 and 20 mg/kg. There was also a sharp downregulation of oxidative and ER stress markers. Additionally, we observed nuclear translocation of Nrf2 which were more prominent in kidney tissues. Rg1 and Rg3 were also able to mitigate apoptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo evaluated through immunofluorescence staining for p53, TUNEL assay, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting for intrinsic apoptosis markers.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we conclude that Rg1 and Rg3 exhibited natural therapeutic remedy against AKI.

Medicinal Chemistry of Anti-HIV-1 Latency Chemotherapeutics: Biotargets, Binding Modes and Structure-Activity Relationship Investigation

The existence of latent viral reservoirs (LVRs), also called latent cells, has long been an acknowledged stubborn hurdle for effective treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. This stable and heterogeneous reservoir, which mainly exists in resting memory CD4⁺ T cells, is not only resistant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) but cannot be detected by the immune system, leading to rapid drug resistance and viral rebound once antiviral treatment is interrupted. Accordingly, various functional cure strategies have been proposed to combat this barrier, among which one of the widely accepted and utilized protocols is the so-called 'shock-and-kill' regimen. The protocol begins with latency-reversing agents (LRAs), either alone or in combination, to reactivate the latent HIV-1 proviruses, then eliminates them by viral cytopathic mechanisms (e.g., currently available antiviral drugs) or by the immune killing function of the immune system (e.g., NK and CD8+ T cells). In this review, we focuse on the currently explored small molecular LRAs, with emphasis on their mechanism-directed drug targets, binding modes and structure-relationship activity (SAR) profiles, aiming to provide safer and more effective remedies for treating HIV-1 infection.

Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury and concomitant apoptosis induction via ROS-mediated ER stress is efficaciously counteracted by epigallocatechin gallate

Rhabdomyolysis induced acute kidney injury (RIAKI) is a life-threatening condition responsible for approximately 19-58% of AKI cases worldwide. We performed an intramuscular injection of glycerol (10 mL/kg) in male wistar rats to induce AKI. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was administered for 3 consecutive days to evaluate its protective effects. We observed significant downregulation in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and LDH at different time points on EGCG treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, H&E staining also revealed that EGCG was able to reduce the formation of damaged tubules and tubular necrosis which was prominently spread throughout the kidney tissue of glycerol treatment group. Concomitantly, we observed upregulated inflammation, ER stress and elevated oxidative stress in the glycerol treated group only, which was significantly normalized upon EGCG treatment in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The occurrence of apoptosis in kidney tubules was found to be relatively higher in glycerol treated group and H₂O₂ treated HEK-293 cells. The results obtained after EGCG treatment revealed a significant decrease in apoptotic cell population, which was further validated by immunofluorescence staining against p53 and comet assay in HEK-293 cells and p53 IHC in kidney tissues. Western blotting also revealed a systemic downregulation of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway markers such as bax, bcl-2, pro and cleaved caspase 3, caspase 9 and PARP1. Additionally, the results for flow cytometry analysis and TUNEL assay corroborated apoptotic equilibrium. Conclusively, we reckon EGCG as a multi-therapeutic natural product that can be used the for treatment of AKI.

Moringa oleifera mitigates ethanol-induced oxidative stress, fatty degeneration and hepatic steatosis by promoting Nrf2 in mice

BACKGROUND

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is cultivated throughout the world and it is known by numerous regional names and is consumed as medication for various diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, HIV and is potential source of nutrients and natural antioxidants making it among the most useful trees.

METHODS

We evaluated the therapeutic potential of M. oleifera on ethanol-induced fatty liver. The mice were treated with 30% ethanol (EtOH) alone or in combination with different concentration of M. oleifera extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). We performed biochemical estimation for the serum of important liver damage markers such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and triglyceride (TG). We performed histopathological analysis from the liver tissues of different mice groups. We also performed ELISA assay, western blotting analysis and SPECT imaging to obtain our results.

RESULTS

The results for serum (AST, p < 0.0001), (ALT, p < 0.0006) and triglyceride (TG, p < 0.0003) were found to be significantly reduced in all doses of M. oleifera extract treatment groups in comparison with the ethanol group. H&E staining analysis and scoring revealed a significant reduction in lipid droplet accumulation and a significant reduction of liver steatosis (p < 0.0001), lobular inflammation (p < 0.0013), ballooning (p < 0.0004) and immunohistochemistry for TNF-α. M. oleifera also ameliorated ethanol-induced oxidative stress evaluated through MDA (p < 0.0001), H₂DCFDA, JC-1 staining and a significant down-regulation of CYP2E1 enzyme (p < 0.0001) in the 200 and 400 mg/kg groups in comparison with EtOH groups. M. oleifera extract also boosted the antioxidant response evaluated through total GSH assay (p < 0.0001) and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Furthermore, we performed SPECT imaging and evaluated the liver uptake value (LUV) to assess the extent of liver damage. LUV was observed to be lower in the ethanol group, whereas LUV was higher in control and M. olifera treated groups.

CONCLUSION

In summary, from this experiment we conclude that M. oleifera extract has the potential to ameliorate ethanol-induced liver damage.

Oligodendroglia-derived extracellular vesicles activate autophagy via LC3B/BAG3 to protect against oxidative stress with an enhanced effect for HSPB8 enriched vesicles

Background

The contribution of native or modified oligodendroglia-derived extracellular vesicles (OL-EVs) in controlling chronic inflammation is poorly understood. In activated microglia, OL-EVs contribute to the removal of cytotoxic proteins following a proteotoxic stress. Intracellular small heat shock protein B8 (HSPB8) sustain this function by facilitating autophagy and protecting cells against oxidative stress mediated cell death. Therefore, secretion of HSPB8 in OL-EVs could be beneficial for neurons during chronic inflammation. However, how secreted HSPB8 contribute to cellular proteostasis remains to be elucidated.

Methods

We produced oligodendroglia-derived EVs, either native (OL-EVs) or HSPB8 modified (OL-HSPB8-EVs), to investigate their effects in controlling chronic inflammation and cellular homeostasis. We analyzed the impact of both EV subsets on either a resting or activated microglial cell line and on primary mixed neural cell culture cells. Cells were activated by stimulating with either tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1-beta or with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate.

Results

We show that OL-EVs and modified OL-HSPB8-EVs are internalized by C20 microglia and by primary mixed neural cells. The cellular uptake of OL-HSPB8-EVs increases the endogenous HSPB8 mRNA expression. Consistently, our results revealed that both EV subsets maintained cellular homeostasis during chronic inflammation with an increase in the formation of autophagic vesicles. Both EV subsets conveyed LC3B-II and BAG3 autophagy markers with an enhanced effect observed for OL-HSPB8-EVs. Moreover, stimulation with either native or modified OL-HSPB8-EVs showed a significant reduction in ubiquitinated protein, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial depolarization, with OL-HSPB8-EVs exhibiting a more protective effect. Both EV subsets did not induce cell death in the C20 microglia cell line or the primary mixed neural cultures.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that the functions of oligodendroglia secreted EVs enriched with HSPB8 have a supportive role, comparable to the native OL-EVs. Further development of engineered oligodendroglia derived EVs could be a novel therapeutic strategy in countering chronic inflammation.

Immunomodulatory and Antitumoral Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Red Algae Aqueous Extracts

This study reports on the green and cost-efficient synthesis of gold nanoparticles from three different red algae extracts. The nanoparticles synthesized were fully characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, HRTEM, and Z-potential. Relevant components occurring in the extracts, such as polysaccharides or phenolic content, were assessed by analytical techniques such as spectrophotometric assays and liquid chromatography. Finally, the antioxidant, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory potential of both the extracts and the gold nanoparticles synthesized were analyzed in order to determine a possible synergistic effect on the nanoparticles. The results obtained confirmed the obtainment of gold nanoparticles with significant potential as immunotherapeutic agents. The therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles could be higher than that of inert gold nanoparticles loaded with bioactive molecules since the former would allow for higher accumulation into the targeted tissue.

89Zr Immuno-PET Imaging of Tumor PD-1 Reveals That PMA Upregulates Lymphoma PD-1 through NFκB and JNK Signaling

Immune therapy of T-cell lymphoma requires assessment of tumor-expressed programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1). Herein, we developed an immuno-PET technique that quantitatively images and monitors regulation of PD-1 expression on T-cell lymphomas. Methods. Anti-PD-1 IgG underwent sulfhydryl moiety-specific conjugation with maleimide-deferoxamine and 89Zr labeling. Binding assays and Western blotting were performed in EL4 murine T-cell lymphoma cells. In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and PET were performed in mice. Results. 89Zr-PD-1 IgG binding to EL4 cells was completely blocked by cold antibodies, confirming excellent target specificity. Following intravenous injection into mice, 89Zr-PD-1 IgG showed biexponential blood clearance and relatively low normal organ uptake after five days. PET/CT and biodistribution demonstrated high EL4 tumor uptake that was suppressed by cold antibodies. In EL4 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased 89Zr-PD-1 IgG binding ( $305.5\pm 30.6$ %) and dose-dependent augmentation of PD-1 expression ( $15.8\pm 3.8-\text{fold}$ of controls by 200 ng/ml). FACS showed strong PD-1 expression on all EL4 cells and positive but weaker expression on $41.6\pm 2.1$ % of the mouse spleen lymphocytes. PMA stimulation led to $2.7\pm 0.3$ -fold increase in the proportion of the strongest PD-1 expressing EL4 cells but failed to influence that of PD-1+ mouse lymphocytes. In mice, PMA treatment increased 89Zr-PD-1 IgG uptake in EL4 lymphomas from $6.6\pm 1.6$ to $13.9\pm 3.6$ %ID/g ( $P=0.01$ ), and tumor uptake closely correlated with PD-1 level ( $r=0.771$ , $P<0.001$ ). On immunohistochemistry of tumor sections, infiltrating CD8α+ T lymphocytes constituted a small fraction of tumor cells. The entire tumor section showed strong PD-1 staining that was even stronger for PMA-treated mice. Investigation of involved signaling revealed that PMA increased EL4 cell and tumor HIF-1α accumulation and NFκB and JNK activation. Conclusion. 89Zr-PD-1 IgG offered high-contrast PET imaging of tumor PD-1 in mice. This was found to mostly represent binding to EL4 tumor cells, although infiltrating T lymphocytes may also have contributed. PD-1 expression on T-cell lymphomas was upregulated by PMA stimulation, and this was reliably monitored by 89Zr-PD-1 IgG PET. This technique may thus be useful for understanding the mechanisms of PD-1 regulation in lymphomas of living subjects.

Flavonoids Present in Propolis in the Battle against Photoaging and Psoriasis

The skin is the main external organ. It protects against different types of potentially harmful agents, such as pathogens, or physical factors, such as radiation. Skin disorders are very diverse, and some of them lack adequate and accessible treatment. The photoaging of the skin is a problem of great relevance since it is related to the development of cancer, while psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes scaly skin lesions and deterioration of the lifestyle of people affected. These diseases affect the patient's health and quality of life, so alternatives have been sought that improve the treatment for these diseases. This review focuses on describing the properties and benefits of flavonoids from propolis against these diseases. The information collected shows that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids play a crucial role in the control and regulation of the cellular and biochemical alterations caused by these diseases; moreover, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, and isoflavones contained in different worldwide propolis samples are the types of flavonoids usually evaluated in both diseases. Therefore, the research carried out in the area of dermatology with bioactive compounds of different origins is of great relevance to developing preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Marine Ingredients for Sensitive Skin: Market Overview

Marine ingredients are a source of new chemical entities with biological action, which is the reason why they have gained relevance in the cosmetic industry. The facial care category is the most relevant in this industry, and within it, the sensitive skin segment occupies a prominent position. This work analyzed the use of marine ingredients in 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands, as well as their composition and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. Marine ingredients were used in 27% of the cosmetic products for sensitive skin and included the species Laminaria ochroleuca, Ascophyllum nodosum (brown macroalgae), Asparagopsis armata (red macroalgae), and Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae). Carotenoids, polysaccharides, and lipids are the chemical classes highlighted in these preparations. Two ingredients, namely the Ascophyllum nodosum extract and Asparagopsis armata extracts, present clinical evidence supporting their use for sensitive skin. Overall, marine ingredients used in cosmetics for sensitive skin are proposed to reduce skin inflammation and improve the barrier function. Marine-derived preparations constitute promising active ingredients for sensitive skin cosmetic products. Their in-depth study, focusing on the extracted metabolites, randomized placebo-controlled studies including volunteers with sensitive skin, and the use of extraction methods that are more profitable may provide a great opportunity for the cosmetic industry.

CopA3 peptide induces permanent cell-cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cells

Cell-cycle arrest reflects an accumulation of responses to DNA damage that sequentially affects cell growth and division. Herein, we analyzed the effect of the 9-mer dimer defensin-like peptide, CopA3, against colorectal cancer cell growth and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner upon 96 h of treatment. As observed, CopA3 treatment significantly affected cancer cell growth, reduced colony formation ability, increased the number of SA-β-Gal positive cells, and remarkably reduced Ki67 protein expression. Notably, in HCT-116 cells, CopA3 (5 μM) treatment effectively increased oxidative stress and, as a result, amplified the endogenous ROS, mitochondrial ROS, and NO content in the cells, which further activated the DNA damage response and caused cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase. The prolonged cell-cycle arrest elevated the release of inflammatory cytokines in the cell supernatant. Nevertheless, mechanistically, NAC treatment effectively reversed the CopA3 effect and significantly reduced the oxidative stress; subsequently rescuing the cells from G1 phase arrest. Overall, CopA3 treatment can inhibit the growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells by inducing cell-cycle arrest through the ROS-mediated pathway.

Ultraviolet B-irradiated mushroom supplementation increased the Ca++ uptake and ameliorated the LPS-induced inflammatory responses in zebrafish larvae

The harmful effects of excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure are well known. However, moderate exposure to UV radiation is beneficial and required for active vitamin D synthesis in our body. People living in the coldest regions on the earth are unable to expose their skin to the solar UV radiation and, therefore, additional supplementation of Vitamin D2 is recommended. Mushrooms are one such consumable macrofungi, which has high vitamin content and therefore used in various traditional medicines. Particularly, UVB-irradiated mushrooms are rich in active vitamin D content and that is why recommended to include in the daily diets for the patients suffering from the problems associated with bone mineralization. In the present study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of mushroom extract (UVB-ME) (Lentinus edodes) treatment against MG-63 cells, HepG2 cells, and CCD 841 CoN cells. Furthermore, we elucidated the potential of UVB-ME on Ca⁺⁺ uptake in osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Next, we validated the response of Ca⁺⁺ uptake on the growth and development of zebrafish larvae. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of UVB-ME treatment against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response was also analyzed in vivo. Collectively, the study suggested that dietary supplementation of UVB-irradiated mushroom is beneficial for bone calcification and could modulate the host immune system.

Decursinol Angelate Arrest Melanoma Cell Proliferation by Initiating Cell Death and Tumor Shrinkage via Induction of Apoptosis

Melanoma is known to aggressively metastasize and is one of the prominent causes of skin cancer mortality. This study was designed to assess the molecular mechanism of decursinol angelate (DA) against murine melanoma cell line (B16F10 cells). Treatment of DA resulted in growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 (p < 0.001) phase, evaluated through immunoblotting. Moreover, autophagy-related proteins such as ATG-5 (p < 0.0001), ATG-7 (p < 0.0001), beclin-1 (p < 0.0001) and transition of LC3-I to LC3-II (p < 0.0001) were markedly decreased, indicating autophagosome inhibition. Additionally, DA treatment triggered apoptotic events which were corroborated by the occurrence of distorted nuclei, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Subsequently, there was an increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax in a dose-dependent manner, with the corresponding downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and cytochrome C expression following 24 h DA treatment in A375.SM and B16F10 cells. We substantiated our results for apoptotic occurrence through flow cytometry in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, we treated B16F10 cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). NAC treatment upregulated ATG-5 (p < 0.0001), beclin-1 (p < 0.0001) and LC3-I to LC3-II (p < 0.0001) conversion, which was inhibited in the DA treatment group. We also noticed a systematic upregulation of important markers for progression of G1 cell phase such as CDK-2 (p < 0.029), CDK-4 (p < 0.036), cyclin D1 (p < 0.0003) and cyclin E (p < 0.020) upon NAC treatment. In addition, we also observed a significant fold reduction (p < 0.05) in ROS fluorescent intensity and the expression of Bax (p < 0.0001), cytochrome C (p < 0.0001), cleaved caspase-9 (p > 0.010) and cleaved caspase-3 (p < 0.0001). NAC treatment was able to ameliorate DA-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest to support our finding. Our in vivo xenograft model also revealed similar findings, such as downregulation of CDK-2 (p < 0.0001) and CDK-4 (p < 0.0142) and upregulation of Bax (p < 0.0001), cytochrome C (p < 0.0001), cleaved caspase 3 (p < 0.0001) and cleaved caspase 9 (p < 0.0001). In summary, our study revealed that DA is an effective treatment against B16F10 melanoma cells and xenograft mice model.

5-O-Demethylnobiletin Alleviates CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Equilibrating ROS-Mediated Apoptosis and Autophagy Induction

Polymethoxyflavanoids (PMFs) have exhibited a vast array of therapeutic biological properties. 5-O-Demethylnobiletin (5-DN) is one such PMF having anti-inflammatory activity, yet its role in hepatoprotection has not been studied before. Results from in vitro study revealed that 5-DN did not exert a high level of cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells at 40 μM, and it was able to rescue HepG2 cell death induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Subsequently, we investigated acute liver injury on BALB/c mice induced by CCl₄ through the intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL/kg CCl₄ and co-administration of 5-DN at (1 and 2 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 15 days. The results illustrated that treatment with 5-DN attenuated CCl₄-induced elevated serum aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio and significantly ameliorated severe hepatic damage such as inflammation and fibrosis evidenced through lesser aberrations in the liver histology of 5-DN dose groups. Additionally, 5-DN efficiently counteracted and equilibrated the production of ROS accelerated by CCl₄ and dramatically downregulated the expression of CYP2E1 vitally involved in converting CCl₄ to toxic free radicals and also enhanced the antioxidant enzymes. 5-DN treatment also inhibited cell proliferation and inflammatory pathway abnormally regulated by CCl₄ treatment. Furthermore, the apoptotic response induced by CCl₄ treatment was remarkably reduced by enhanced Bcl-2 expression and noticeable reduction in Bax, Bid, cleaved caspase 3, caspase 9, and apaf-1 expression. 5-DN treatment also induced the conversion of LC3 and promoted the autophagic flux. Conclusively, 5-DN exhibited hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo and prevented liver fibrosis induced by CCl₄.