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Lu WL, Xie XG, Ai HW, Wu HF, Dai YY, Wang LN, Rahman K, Su J, Sun K, Han T. Crosstalk between H 2O 2 and Ca 2+ signaling is involved in root endophyte-enhanced tanshinone biosynthesis of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Microbiol Res 2024; 285:127740. [PMID: 38795408 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Tanshinones are bioactive ingredients derived from the herbal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza and are used for treating diseases of the heart and brain, thus ensuring quality of S. miltiorrhiza is paramount. Applying the endophytic fungus Trichoderma atroviride D16 can significantly increase the content of tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza, but the potential mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, the colonization of D16 effectively enhanced the levels of Ca2+ and H2O2 in the roots of S. miltiorrhiza, which is positively correlated with increased tanshinones accumulation. Further experiments found that the treatment of plantlets with Ca2+ channel blocker (LaCl3) or H2O2 scavenger (DMTU) blocked D16-promoted tanshinones production. LaCl3 suppressed not only the D16-induced tanshinones accumulation but also the induced Ca2+ and H2O2 generation; nevertheless, DMTU did not significantly inhibit the induced Ca2+ biosynthesis, implying that Ca2+ acted upstream in H2O2 production. These results were confirmed by observations that S. miltiorrhiza treated with D16, CaCl2, and D16+LaCl3 exhibit H2O2 accumulation and influx in the roots. Moreover, H2O2 as a downstream signal of Ca2+ is involved in D16 enhanced tanshinones synthesis by inducing the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of tanshinones, such as DXR, HMGR, GGPPS, CPS, KSL and CYP76AH1 genes. Transcriptomic analysis further supported that D16 activated the transcriptional responses related to Ca2+ and H2O2 production and tanshinones synthesis in S. miltiorrhiza seedlings. This is the first report that Ca2+ and H2O2 play important roles in regulating fungal-plant interactions thus improving the quality in the D16-S. miltiorrhiza system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Guang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Ai
- The 967th hospital of PLA, Dalian 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Nuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juan Su
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Han
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Wang S, Liu Y, Hao X, Chen Y, Wang Z, Shen Y. Enhancing plant defensins in a desert shrub: Exploring a regulatory pathway of AnWRKY29. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132259. [PMID: 38740161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A distinct family of plant-specific WRKY transcription factors plays a crucial role in modulating responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this investigation, we unveiled a signaling pathway activated in the desert shrub Ammopiptanthus nanus during feeding by the moth Spodoptera exigua. The process involves a Ca2+ flux that facilitates interaction between the protein kinase AnCIPK12 and AnWRKY29. AnWRKY29 directly interacts with the promoters of two key genes encoding AnPDF1 and AnHsfB1, involved in the biosynthesis of plant defensins. Consequently, AnWRKY29 exerts its transcriptional regulatory function, influencing plant defensins biosynthesis. This discovery implies that A. nanus can bolster resistance against herbivorous insects like S. exigua by utilizing this signaling pathway, providing an effective natural defense mechanism that supports its survival and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Xylophyta Spices Research Center of Engineering Technology, Illicium and Cinnamomum Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree breeding and Ecological restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Cheng Y, Liu Y, Li X, Liu G, Li Z, Liu B, Gao N. Transcriptome analysis of the mechanism of endophytic fungus CHS3 promoting saikosaponin d synthesis in Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. suspension cells. Fitoterapia 2024; 173:105778. [PMID: 38128620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponin d (SSd) is the main component of Bupleuri Radix, a famous traditional Chinese herbal medicine, with high medicinal value. An endophytic fungus (CHS3) was isolated from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. in the early stage of our research, and we found that CHS3 could promote the accumulation of SSd in Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. suspension cells (BSS cells). It is of practical significance to identify the mechanism that CHS3 promoted the accumulation of SSd and increased the production of SSd in suspension cells. To search the influence of CHS3 on SSd synthesis in the BSS cells, we co-cultured CHS3 with the BSS cells and compared the SSd content in BSS cells before and after co-culture using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then the Illumina HiSeq 2500 was performed to detect the transcriptome of the BSS cells before and after co-culture and analyzed for the KEGG enrichment. The expression of genes involved in SSd synthesis was finally corroborated by qPCR analysis. Among which 11 key genes in connection with SSd synthesis were increased in BSS cells of co-cultured group compared with the BSS cells of the control group. In conclusion, CHS3 could promote the accumulation of SSd in BSS cells, and the molecular mechanism was related to its ability to regulate the MVA pathway, the calcium signaling pathway, and the AMPK signaling pathway by upregulating the expressions of ANT, CypD, CaM, AMPK, AATC, HMGS, HMGR, MVK, MVD, SS, and SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuanzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xinhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhongmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical engineering, Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Vocational College, Harbin 150025, China.
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
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Zheng J, Gong S, Han J. Arabinogalactan Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Damage through Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase/Silent Information Regulator 1/Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Signaling Pathways in Caco-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15337. [PMID: 37895018 PMCID: PMC10607795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) damage is an important aspect in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this study was to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of arabinogalactan (AG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IEB dysfunction. The results show that AG (1, 2, and 5 mg/mL) mitigated 100 μg/mL LPS-stimulated IEB dysfunction through increasing transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), reducing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (4 kDa) flux, and up-regulating the protein and mRNA expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (Claudin-1, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Occludin). In addition, AG ameliorated LPS-stimulated IEB dysfunction by reducing interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β levels, decreasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increasing the glutathione (GSH) level, and decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Furthermore, 2 mg/mL AG up-regulated the expression of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), the phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α and inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and the inhibitor of NF-κBα (IκBα). Therefore, AG could maintain IEB integrity by activating AMPK/SIRT1 and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, AG can regulate the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thus alleviating LPS-stimulated IEB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Zheng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Shaoying Gong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Jianchun Han
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
- Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Liu G, Liu F, Jiang H, Li J, Jing J, Jin Q, Wang Y, Qian P, Xu Y. Cytological and Molecular Mechanism of Low Pollen Grain Viability in a Germplasm Line of Double Lotus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:387. [PMID: 36679100 PMCID: PMC9867118 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-fertilization rate is an essential index of lotus reproductive system development, and pollen activity is a key factor affecting lotus seed setting rate. Based on cytology and molecular biology, this study addresses the main reasons for the low self-set rate of double lotus. It takes two different double lotus breeds into consideration, namely 'Sijingganshan' with a low self-crossing rate and 'Jinfurong' with a high self-crossing rate. Cytological analysis results showed that the pollen abortion caused by excessive degradation of tapetum during the single phase was the root cause for the low self-mating rate of double lotus. Subsequent transcriptome analysis revealed that the gene NnPTC1 related to programmed tapetum cell death was significantly differentially expressed during the critical period of abortion, which further verified the specific expression of NnPTC1 in anthers. It was found that the expression level of NnPTC1 in 'Sijingganshan' at the mononuclear stage of its microspore development was significantly higher than that of 'Jinfurong' at the same stage. The overexpression of NnPTC1 resulted in the premature degradation of the tapetum and significantly decreased seed setting rate. These results indicated that the NnPTC1 gene regulated the pollen abortion of double lotus. The mechanism causing a low seed setting rate for double lotus was preliminarily revealed, which provided a theoretical basis for cultivating lotus varieties with both flower and seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengjun Liu
- Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Huiyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Li
- Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qijiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Qian
- Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area Management Committee, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wu SJ, Xie XG, Feng KM, Zhai X, Ming QL, Qin LP, Rahman K, Zhang ZZ, Han T. Transcriptome sequencing and signal transduction for the enhanced tanshinone production in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots induced by Trichoderma atroviride D16 polysaccharide fraction. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1049-1059. [PMID: 35675224 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. is commonly used to treat vascular diseases because of its activity ingredients, phenolic acids, and tanshinones. Polysaccharide fraction (PSF) extracted from Trichoderma atroviride D16 could promote tanshinone accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted to describe the global gene expression of PSF-treatment hairy roots, and data analyses showed enzymes of tanshinone biosynthetic pathways were up-regulated, and genes associated to signal molecules and transcription factors were responsive. Endogenous H2O2, abscisic acid, and nitric oxide contents were measured after PSF treatment, while tanshinone accumulations were measured with treatment of exogenous H2O2 or H2O2 inhibitor on PSF-treatment S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The results showed H2O2 was important in tanshinone biosynthesis caused by PSF and nitric oxide might be the downstream molecules of H2O2. Taken together, the study indicates that D16 PSF enhances the accumulation of tanshinones through enzymes of tanshinone biosynthetic pathways, signal molecules, and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Guang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Miao Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Liang Ming
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Naval Medicine Center of PLA, Naval Military University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Han
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Tang Z, Xu W, Zhou Z, Qiao Y, Zheng S, Rong W. Taxonomic and functional alterations in the salivary microbiota of children with and without severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) at the age of 3. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13529. [PMID: 35669952 PMCID: PMC9165595 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease among preschool children, which can cause severe damage to teeth and even affect the mental well-being of children. Various studies have demonstrated that the oral microbiome plays a pivotal role in the onset and development of dental caries. However, it remains uncertain about the key microbial markers associated with caries, owing to the limited evidence. Methods Fifteen S-ECC children and fifteen healthy controls were selected from three-year-old children in this study. Their clinical data and oral saliva samples were collected. Shotgun sequencing was conducted to investigate the microbial differences and the relevant functions between the two groups. Results We observed no apparent difference in oral microbial community diversity between the two groups. Still, at the genus/species levels, several characteristic genera/species such as Propionibacterium, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, Prevotella denticola, Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces sp. oral taxon 448/414 increased significantly in S-ECC children, compared with the oral health group. Furthermore, we found that functional pathways involving glycolysis and acid production, such as starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, were prominently up-regulated in the high-caries group. Conclusions Our study showed that dental caries in children were associated with the alterations in the oral microbiota at the composition and functional levels, which may potentially inspire the exploration of microbial diagnosis or therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Xu
- Beijing QuantiHealth Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing QuantiHealth Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Qiao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Rong
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Liu X, Li Y, Yang Q, Cai H, Wang L, Zhao X. Improving the antioxidant activity of natural antioxidant honokiol by introducing the amino group. J Mol Model 2021; 27:350. [PMID: 34757484 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exploring and synthesizing the compounds with stronger antioxidant activity have always been the goal of researchers. Herein, the substitution effects of the amino (NH2-) group with the excellent electron-donating ability in different positions on the antioxidant activity of Honokiol (Hon) were systematically explored by using the quantum chemistry calculation based on the density functional theory method. The three possible antioxidant mechanisms of Hon and its four NH2-substituted derivatives (Hon1-Hon4), containing the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET), were explored in depth considering the gas and solvent phases. In addition, the frontier molecular orbital energies, natural bond orbital (NBO) charge population, and global descriptive parameters were used to study their antioxidant activity. The results indicate that compared with the original molecule Hon, the NH2 substituents would have the stronger antioxidant activity. Moreover, the radical scavenging process of Hon and its derivatives has a disposition to the HAT and SPLET mechanisms in the gas and solvent phases, respectively. Meaningfully, owing to the lowest bond dissociation enthalpy and proton affinity values, Hon4 would show the most prominent antioxidant activity by comparison with the other compounds. In conclusion, this work will provide the purposeful reference for designing and synthesizing the antioxidants with more outstanding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuanzuo Li
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qilei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongda Cai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. .,Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. .,Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Regulation of Flowering Timing by ABA-NnSnRK1 Signaling Pathway in Lotus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083932. [PMID: 33920313 PMCID: PMC8069233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lotus produces flower buds at each node, yet most of them are aborted because of unfavorable environmental changes and the mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we proposed a potential novel pathway for ABA-mediated flower timing control in the lotus, which was explored by combining molecular, genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and pharmacologic approaches. We found that the aborting flower buds experienced extensive programmed cell death (PCD). The hormonal changes between the normal and aborting flower buds were dominated by abscisic acid (ABA). Seedlings treated with increasing concentrations of ABA exhibited a differential alleviating effect on flower bud abortion, with a maximal response at 80 μM. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the changes of ABA content and the occurrence of PCD, and indicated the importance of PCD-related SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (NnSnRK1). The NnSnRK1-silenced lotus seedlings showed stronger flowering ability, with their flower:leaf ratio increased by 40%. When seedlings were treated with ABA, the expression level and protein kinase activity of NnSnRK1 significantly decreased. The phenotype of NnSnRK1-silenced seedlings could also be enhanced by ABA treatment and reversed by tungstate treatment. These results suggested that the decline of ABA content in lotus flower buds released its repression of NnSnRK1, which then initiated flower bud abortion.
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