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Meskher H, Sharifianjazi F, Tavamaishvili K, Irandoost M, Nejadkoorki D, Makvandi P. Limitations, challenges and prospective solutions for bioactive glasses-based nanocomposites for dental applications: A critical review. J Dent 2024; 150:105331. [PMID: 39216818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Several nanomaterials have been recently used to overcome various challenges in the dental domain. Bioactive glasses, a class of bioceramics, with their outstanding properties including but not limited to their strong biocompatibility, antibacterial characteristics, and bioactivity inside the body's internal milieu have made them valuable biomaterials in a variety of dental domains. The utilization of nanomaterials has improved the performance of teeth, and the incorporation of bioactive glasses has the field of dentistry at an unsurpassed level in different categories such as esthetic and restorative dentistry, periodontics and dental implants, orthodontics, and endodontics. The current study discusses the most recent developments of the bioactive glasses' creation and implementation for dental applications, as well as the challenges and opportunities still facing the field. This work provides an overview of the current obstacles and potential future prospects for bioactive glasses-based nanocomposites to improve their dental uses. It also emphasizes the great potential synergistic effects of bioactive glasses used with other nanomaterials for dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Meskher
- Division of Process Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Chadli Bendjedid University, 36000, Algeria
| | - Fariborz Sharifianjazi
- Center for Advanced Materials and Structures, School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Ketevan Tavamaishvili
- Georgian American University, School of Medicine, 10 Merab Aleksidze Str, Tbilisi 0160, Georgia
| | - Maryam Irandoost
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pooyan Makvandi
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, China; University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara UniversityInstitute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India.
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Abdullah FM, Hatim QY, Oraibi AI, Alsafar TH, Alsandook TA, Lutfi W, Al-Hussaniy HA. Antimicrobial management of dental infections: Updated review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38630. [PMID: 38968489 PMCID: PMC11224866 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental infections, which include anything from severe periodontal illnesses and abscess forms to routine tooth caries, are a major public health risk. This review article focuses on the pathophysiology and treatment of dental infections. A narrative review was conducted based on several published articles, relevant journals, and books in Google Scholar PubMed using the keywords dental caries, periodontal disease, gingivitis, and related diseases; we excluded duplicated information. Our review illustrated the types of dental infections and the proper antimicrobial drug that is suitable for this disease. Drawing from recent research findings and clinical evidence, we explore the spectrum of bacteria commonly associated with dental infections and their susceptibility profiles to various antibiotics. Emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms of antibiotic action and resistance in the context of dental pathogens, shedding light on optimal treatment regimens and potential challenges in clinical management. Additionally, we go over the clinical consequences of antibiotic therapy in dentistry, taking into account factors like patient selection, dose guidelines, and side effects. The management of dental infections through antimicrobial strategies has undergone significant advancements, as evidenced by this updated review. Besides the normal methods, emerging technologies such as 3D printing for drug delivery of antibiotics and disinfectants hold promise in enhancing treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. By leveraging the precision and customization afforded by 3D printing, dentistry can tailor antimicrobial interventions to individual patient needs, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qais Y Hatim
- Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Amarah, Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Wael Lutfi
- Head of the Dentistry Department, Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Amarah, Iraq
| | - Hany A Al-Hussaniy
- Department of Pharmacy, Bilad Alrafidain University College, Baqubah, Iraq
- Dr Hany Akeel Institute, Iraqi Medical Research Center, Baghdad, Iraq
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Talpos Niculescu S, Avramut R, Hajaj T, Nikolajevic-Stoican N, Maracineanu R, Perdiou A, Talpos Niculescu R, Pricop M, Ghircau-Radu R, Luca MM, Popa M. Evaluating the Therapeutic Properties of Natural Products in Orthodontic and Surgical Treatment of Dentofacial Deformities: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2024; 16:1941. [PMID: 38931295 PMCID: PMC11206340 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products as alternatives to traditional pharmacological treatments in orthodontics is gaining interest due to their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of natural products in reducing inflammation and bacterial presence in orthodontic and orthognathic treatment settings. The database search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase up to January 2024. The review focused on randomized controlled trials only. The selected studies centered on the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects of natural products, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for data extraction. Nine studies, totaling 358 participants, were included. Significant findings demonstrated a reduction in gingival inflammation by over 40% with the use of Aloe vera compared to chlorhexidine. Another study noted a decrease in bleeding on probing by 13.6 points in the treatment group over placebo. Additionally, honey showed a rapid modulation of plaque pH and significantly reduced bacterial counts of Streptococcus mutans. Furthermore, the use of resveratrol emulgel was linked to substantial improvements in gingival health, with a reduction in the gingival index and probing pocket depth. The results indicate that natural products can significantly enhance orthodontic treatment outcomes by reducing inflammation and bacterial levels. These products offer effective alternatives to traditional treatments and show potential for integration into routine orthodontic care protocols. Further research is encouraged to standardize application methods and dosages to maximize clinical benefits and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban Talpos Niculescu
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Robert Avramut
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.A.); (N.N.-S.); (R.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Tareq Hajaj
- Discipline of Prostheses Technology and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Nicoleta Nikolajevic-Stoican
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.A.); (N.N.-S.); (R.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Raluca Maracineanu
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.A.); (N.N.-S.); (R.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Antonis Perdiou
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.A.); (N.N.-S.); (R.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Roxana Talpos Niculescu
- Discipline of Odontotherapy-Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Marius Pricop
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.A.); (N.N.-S.); (R.M.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Magda Mihaela Luca
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center (Pedo-Research), Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Malina Popa
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center (Pedo-Research), Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Staicu AN, Țuculină MJ, Cumpătă CN, Rîcă AM, Beznă MC, Popa DL, Popescu AD, Diaconu OA. A Finite Element Method Study on a Simulation of the Thermal Behaviour of Four Methods for the Restoration of Class II Cavities. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:86. [PMID: 38667543 PMCID: PMC11050888 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The possibility of dental pulp damage during dental procedures is well known. According to studies, during finishing and polishing without cooling, temperatures of up to 140 °C or more can be generated. There are many studies that have analysed the influence of the finishing and polishing of fillings on the mechanical parameters, but the analysis of thermal parameters has led to uncertain results due to the difficulty of performing this in vivo. Background: We set out to conduct a study, using the finite element method, to determine the extent to which the type of class II cavity and the volume of the composite filling influence the duration of heat transfer to the pulp during finishing and polishing without cooling. Materials and Methods: A virtual model of an upper primary molar was used, with a caries process located on the distal aspect, in which four types of cavities were digitally prepared: direct access, horizontal slot, vertical slot and occlusal-proximal. All four cavity types were filled using a Filtek Supreme XT nanocomposite. Results: The study showed that the filling volume almost inversely proportionally influences the time at which the dental pulp reaches the critical temperature of irreversible damage. The lowest duration occurred in occlusal-distal restorations and the highest in direct access restorations. Conclusions: based on the results of the study, a working protocol can be issued so that finishing and polishing restorations without cooling are safe for pulpal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Nicoleta Staicu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.N.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.D.P.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Mihaela Jana Țuculină
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.N.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.D.P.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Cristian Niky Cumpătă
- Department of maxillofacial surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University Titu Maiorescu of Bucharest, 67A Gheorghe Petrascu Str., 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Rîcă
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.N.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.D.P.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Maria Cristina Beznă
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Dragoș Laurențiu Popa
- Department of Automotive, Transportation and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200478 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Dan Popescu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.N.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.D.P.); (O.A.D.)
| | - Oana Andreea Diaconu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (A.N.S.); (A.M.R.); (A.D.P.); (O.A.D.)
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Abuljadayel JA. The Potential Uses of Baobab Tree's Medicinal Effects in Dentistry: A Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e49304. [PMID: 38957190 PMCID: PMC11218599 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Adansonia digitata (Baobab) tree is an African tree with a long history in traditional medicine. The local inhabitants of Africa have been using the different tree components to treat medical diseases, such as fever, diarrhea, malaria, cough, dysentery, and microbial infections. Recently, the tree gained the attention of scientists due to its medical and pharmaceutical properties and nutritional values, which generated a myriad number of investigations regarding its phytochemical and macro- and micronutrient contents. The fruit pulp is especially rich in vitamin C, pectin, fibers, and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, and copper. Additionally, the leaves contain high levels of calcium, while the seeds are considered a good source of protein and fat. Altogether, they contain a variety of polyphenols, fatty acids, and amino acids. The tree extracts possess potent antioxidant, cell-protective, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, no information was found in the literature about the use of Baobab tree products in the dental field. The aim of this review is to discuss the well-documented medical effects and chemical and mineral components of the different Baobab tree parts from a dental point of view to open more areas of research concerning its potential applications in the dental field. Antioxidants and vitamin C are known to help in maintaining healthy periodontal and gingival tissues. They also help in wound healing and alveolar bone integrity. Moreover, phytochemicals and phenolic compounds have been utilized in controlling dental plaque and manufacturing intracanal medications as they manifest antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, calcium and phosphorus incorporation in dental biomaterials is commonly used in vital pulp therapy and repairing bone defects. After reviewing the reported medicinal and pharmaceutical activities of the Baobab tree, it can be inferred that the tree extracts possess potential uses in the dental field, which requires further investigation for validation.
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Tomova Z, Vlahova A, Zlatev S, Stoeva I, Tomov D, Davcheva D, Hadzhigaev V. Clinical Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance, Ion Release, and Biocompatibility of CoCr Alloy for Metal-Ceramic Restorations Produced by CAD/CAM Technologies. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:166. [PMID: 37504232 PMCID: PMC10378696 DOI: 10.3390/dj11070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CAD/CAM technologies facilitate using powder CoCr alloys to produce metal-ceramic dental restorations. However, base alloys may induce oxidative stress in the oral cavity due to corrosion and ion release. This study evaluated resistance to corrosion and release of metal ions from 3D printed CoCr dental alloy and their effect on oral oxidative stress. METHODS Metal-ceramic crowns with 3D printed copings from CoCr alloy EOS CobaltChrome SP2 (EOS, Germany) were fabricated for 35 patients. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for measuring the concentration of Co and Cr ions in non-stimulated saliva before prosthetic treatment (BPT), at 2 h and 7 days after the dental treatment (APT2, APT7, respectively). Open circuit potentials (Eocp) were evaluated at APT2 and APT7. Estimating oral oxidative stress, measurements of 8-isoprostaglandin F2-alpha were conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at stages BPT, APT2, and APT7. RESULTS Salivary Co level increased at APT2 and decreased to the initial levels at APT7. No statistical difference was found between the levels of 8-isoPGF2-alpha measured, and between the Eocp measurements at APT2 and APT7. CONCLUSIONS The studied alloy showed stable corrosion resistance and the metal ion release did not induce oral oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatina Tomova
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 3, Hristo Botev blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Angelina Vlahova
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 3, Hristo Botev blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Zlatev
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 3, Hristo Botev blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ilyana Stoeva
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Dental Allergology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 3, Hristo Botev blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Desislav Tomov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Delyana Davcheva
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Multi-Profile Hospital for Active Treatment St. George Plovdiv, Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15-A "Vasil Aprilov" blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Viktor Hadzhigaev
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 3, Hristo Botev blvd, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Oxidative-Stress-Mediated ER Stress Is Involved in Regulating Manoalide-Induced Antiproliferation in Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043987. [PMID: 36835397 PMCID: PMC9965613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Manoalide provides preferential antiproliferation of oral cancer but is non-cytotoxic to normal cells by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Although ROS interplays with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, the influence of ER stress on manoalide-triggered apoptosis has not been reported. The role of ER stress in manoalide-induced preferential antiproliferation and apoptosis was assessed in this study. Manoalide induces a higher ER expansion and aggresome accumulation of oral cancer than normal cells. Generally, manoalide differentially influences higher mRNA and protein expressions of ER-stress-associated genes (PERK, IRE1α, ATF6, and BIP) in oral cancer cells than in normal cells. Subsequently, the contribution of ER stress on manoalide-treated oral cancer cells was further examined. ER stress inducer, thapsigargin, enhances the manoalide-induced antiproliferation, caspase 3/7 activation, and autophagy of oral cancer cells rather than normal cells. Moreover, N-acetylcysteine, an ROS inhibitor, reverses the responses of ER stress, aggresome formation, and the antiproliferation of oral cancer cells. Consequently, the preferential ER stress of manoalide-treated oral cancer cells is crucial for its antiproliferative effect.
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Qi F, Huang H, Wang M, Rong W, Wang J. Applications of Antioxidants in Dental Procedures. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2492. [PMID: 36552699 PMCID: PMC9774737 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As people are paying more and more attention to dental health, various dental treatment procedures have emerged, such as tooth bleaching, dental implants, and dental restorations. However, a large number of free radicals are typically produced during the dental procedures. When the imbalance in distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is induced, oxidative stress coupled with oxidative damage occurs. Oral inflammations such as those in periodontitis and pulpitis are also unavoidable. Therefore, the applications of exogenous antioxidants in oral environment have been proposed. In this article, the origin of ROS during dental procedures, the types of antioxidants, and their working mechanisms are reviewed. Additionally, antioxidants delivery in the complicated dental procedures and their feasibility for clinical applications are also covered. Finally, the importance of safety assessment of these materials and future work to take the challenge in antioxidants development are proposed for perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun Road, Zibo 255000, China
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Yu TJ, Yen CY, Cheng YB, Yen CH, Jeng JH, Tang JY, Chang HW. Physapruin A Enhances DNA Damage and Inhibits DNA Repair to Suppress Oral Cancer Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168839. [PMID: 36012104 PMCID: PMC9408722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective antiproliferation to oral cancer cells of Physalis peruviana-derived physapruin A (PHA) is rarely reported. Either drug-induced apoptosis and DNA damage or DNA repair suppression may effectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation. This study examined the selective antiproliferation ability of PHA and explored detailed mechanisms of apoptosis, DNA damage, and repair. During an ATP assay, PHA provided high cytotoxicity to two oral cancer cell lines (CAL 27 and Ca9-22) but no cytotoxicity to two non-malignant oral cells (HGF-1 and SG). This selective antiproliferation of PHA was associated with the selective generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in oral cancer cells rather than in non-malignant oral cells, as detected by flow cytometry. Moreover, PHA induced other oxidative stresses in oral cancer cells, such as mitochondrial superoxide generation and mitochondrial membrane potential depletion. PHA also demonstrated selective apoptosis in oral cancer cells rather than non-malignant cells in annexin V/7-aminoactinmycin D and caspase 3/7 activity assays. In flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays, PHA induced γH2AX expressions and increased the γH2AX foci number of DNA damages in oral cancer cells. In contrast, the mRNA expressions for DNA repair signaling, including homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-associated genes, were inhibited by PHA in oral cancer cells. Moreover, the PHA-induced changes were alleviated by the oxidative stress inhibitor N-acetylcysteine. Therefore, PHA generates selective antiproliferation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis associated with DNA damage induction and DNA repair suppression in oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Yen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Bin Cheng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.T.); (H.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 8105) (J.-Y.T.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2691) (H.-W.C.)
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Science, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.T.); (H.-W.C.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 8105) (J.-Y.T.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2691) (H.-W.C.)
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10
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Pratsinis H, Papageorgiou SN, Panayi N, Iliadi A, Eliades T, Kletsas D. Cytotoxicity and estrogenicity of a novel 3-dimensional printed orthodontic aligner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:e116-e122. [PMID: 35842359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic aligners printed with in-office 3-dimensional (3D) procedures have been described, but no data on their biocompatibility exist. This study investigates the cytotoxicity and estrogenicity of a 3D-printed orthodontic aligner by assessing its biological and behavioral effects. METHODS Ten sets of 1 type of aligner were immersed in sterile deionized water for 14 days, and the cytotoxicity and estrogenicity of released factors were assessed via MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays on human gingival fibroblasts and the estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 and the estrogen-insensitive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. 17β-Estradiol and bisphenol-A were used as positive controls. The statistical analysis of data was performed with generalized linear models at a 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS No signs of cytotoxicity were seen for the aligner samples for concentrations (v/v) of 20% (P = 0.32), 10% (P = 0.79), or 5% (P = 0.76). The antioxidant activity expressed as the capacity to reduce intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species was not affected in the aligner samples (P = 0.08). No significant estrogenicity was induced by the aligner samples compared with eluents from the negative control for both MCF-7 (P = 0.65) and MDA-MB-231 (P = 0.78). As expected, 17β-Estradiol and bisphenol-A stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation, whereas no effect was observed on MDA-MB-231 cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, if any factors were released during the 14-day aging of 3D-printed aligners in water, these were not found to be cytotoxic for human gingival fibroblasts and did not affect their intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Moreover, no estrogenic effects of these putative eluates were observed based on an E-screen assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Pratsinis
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos," Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nearchos Panayi
- Department of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Private practice, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Anna Iliadi
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos," Athens, Greece
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Tomova Z, Tomov D, Chonin A, Stoeva I, Vlahova A, Vasileva E. Oxidative Stress in the Oral Cavity before and After Prosthetic Treatment. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Metal ions emitted from dental alloys may induce oxidative stress leading to numerous pathological changes. Lipid peroxidation may cause disturbance of structure and function of cell membranes, apoptosis, autophagy, and formation of potentially mutagenic compounds. Products of interaction between reactive oxygen species and biomolecules may be used for evaluation of oxidative stress level.
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the prosthetic dental treatment with metal ceramic restorations on the level of oxidative stress in the oral cavity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metal ceramic crowns with copings fabricated by direct metal laser sintering were produced for 35 patients. CoCr dental alloy EOS CobaltChrome SP2 (EOS) was used. Non-stimulated and stimulated saliva samples were collected from the patients before and after the prosthetic treatment. For evaluation of oxidative stress concentration of 8-isoPGF2-alpha was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. For statistical processing, non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney test were applied.
RESULTS: The concentration of isoprostane 8-isoPGF2-alpha in non-stimulated saliva was lower 2 h after fixing the crowns compared to the initial level and statistically significant difference was observed. On the 7th day the concentration of isoprostanes remained significantly lower than the initial one. No significant differences were found in isoprostane concentration in stimulated saliva before and after prosthetic treatment.
CONCLUSION: Prosthetic dental treatment leads to decrease in oral oxidative stress.
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Maciejczyk M, Nesterowicz M, Zalewska A, Biedrzycki G, Gerreth P, Hojan K, Gerreth K. Salivary Xanthine Oxidase as a Potential Biomarker in Stroke Diagnostics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897413. [PMID: 35603179 PMCID: PMC9120610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases. Despite significant progress in understanding stroke pathogenesis, cases are still increasing. Thus, laboratory biomarkers of stroke are sought to allow rapid and non-invasive diagnostics. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an inflammatory process with characteristic cellular changes leading to microvascular disruption. Several studies have shown that hyperactivation of xanthine oxidase (XO) is a major pathogenic factor contributing to brain dysfunction. Given the critical role of XO in stroke complications, this study aimed to evaluate the activity of the enzyme and its metabolic products in the saliva of stroke subjects. Thirty patients in the subacute phase of stroke were included in the study: 15 with hemorrhagic stroke and 15 with ischemic stroke. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects similar to the cerebral stroke patients regarding age, gender, and status of the periodontium, dentition, and oral hygiene. The number of individuals was determined a priori based on our previous experiment (power of the test = 0.8; α = 0.05). The study material was mixed non‐stimulated whole saliva (NWS) and stimulated saliva (SWS). We showed that activity, specific activity, and XO output were significantly higher in NWS of ischemic stroke patients than in hemorrhagic stroke and healthy controls. Hydrogen peroxide and uric acid levels were also considerably higher in NWS of ischemic stroke patients. Using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, we demonstrated that XO-specific activity in NWS distinguishes ischemic stroke from hemorrhagic stroke (AUC: 0.764) and controls (AUC: 0.973) with very high sensitivity and specificity. Saliva collection is stress-free, requires no specialized medical personnel, and allows continuous monitoring of the patient’s condition through non-invasive sampling multiple times per day. Salivary XO also differentiates with high accuracy (100%) and specificity (93.75%) between stroke patients with mild to moderate cognitive decline (AUC = 0.988). Thus, salivary XO assessment may be a potential screening tool for a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. To summarize, our study demonstrates the potential utility of salivary XO in the differential diagnosis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Mateusz Maciejczyk,
| | - Miłosz Nesterowicz
- Students Scientific Club “Biochemistry of Civilization Diseases” at the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Gerreth
- Private Dental Practice, Poznan, Poland
- Postgraduate Studies in Scientific Research Methodology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hojan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Rehabilitation, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Gerreth
- Department of Risk Group Dentistry, Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Dos Santos DR, Fiais GA, de Oliveira Passos A, Dos Santos LFG, Kayahara GM, Crivelini MM, Matsushita DH, Antoniali C, Nakamune ACDMS, Dornelles RCM, Chaves-Neto AH. Effects of orchiectomy and testosterone replacement therapy on redox balance and salivary gland function in Wistar rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106048. [PMID: 34973376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of orchiectomy (ORX) and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on redox balance and function of salivary glands. Forty-five young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were subsequently distributed into 3 groups: SHAM, ORX, and TRT (castrated rats that received an intramuscular injection of testosterone cypionate 10 mg/kg/weekly). All treatments started 4 weeks after castration (4 months old) and lasted 4 weeks (5 months old). At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected to analyze salivary flow rate and biochemistry composition, and the parotid (PG) and submandibular (SMG) glands were sampled for redox balance markers and histomorphometric analyses. ORX increased salivary flow rate, calcium, phosphate, and chloride, and decreased total protein and amylase, while not changing the salivary buffer capacity, pH, sodium, and potassium compared to SHAM. TRT restored all salivary parameters to SHAM values. ORX increased oxidative lipid and protein damage, total antioxidant capacity, and uric acid in both salivary glands compared to SHAM. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were greater only in the SMG of the ORX group in relation to SHAM. ORX decreased duct and acini area, while increasing connective tissue in the PG. On the other hand, ORX reduced duct area and increased acini area in the SMG compared to SHAM. TRT restored the redox balance and histomorphometric parameters to close to SHAM values in both salivary glands. Orchiectomy-induced salivary gland dysfunction was characterized by an increase in the salivary flow rate and changes in the secretion of total protein, amylase, and electrolytes, which are key factors, considered important for maintaining oral health status. To sum up, orchiectomy impaired the redox balance of the salivary glands. Our results also showed that TRT reversed the oxidative damage, morphological alterations, and salivary gland dysfunction induced by orchiectomy. Therefore, these results suggest an important action of testosterone on the redox balance and secretory ability of salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damáris Raissa Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Alice Fiais
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur de Oliveira Passos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Gadioli Dos Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giseli Mitsuy Kayahara
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Crivelini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Doris Hissako Matsushita
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Antoniali
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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The Cytotoxicity of OptiBond Solo Plus and Its Effect on Sulfur Enzymes Expression in Human Fibroblast Cell Line Hs27. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the cytotoxic concentrations and incubation times of the commonly used dental adhesive system OptiBond Solo Plus in its non-polymerized form, and to test how it relates to oxidative stress by determining the reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels as well as to study its influence on cell number and the expression of selected sulfur enzymes, with particular emphasis on cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) and 3-mercaptopyruvate (MPST), sulfurtransferase. All investigations were conducted on an in vitro model of human fibroblast cell line Hs27. Changes in cellular plasma membrane integrity were measured by the LDH test. The expression levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot protocols. Changes in cell number were visualized using crystal violet staining. The RP-HPLC method was used to determine the GSH and GSSG levels. Reduced cell number was shown for all tested concentrations and times. Changes in the expression on the mRNA and protein level were demonstrated for CTH and MPST enzymes upon exposure to the tested range of OptiBond concentrations. Levels of low-molecular sulfur compounds of reduced and oxidized glutathione were also established. Cytotoxic effect of OptiBond Solo Plus may be connected with the changes of MPST and CTH sulfur enzymes in the human fibroblast Hs27 cell line. The elevated levels of these enzymes could possibly show the antioxidant response to this dental adhesive system. OptiBond Solo Plus in vitro results should be taken into consideration for further in vivo tests.
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Maciejczyk M, Nesterowicz M, Szulimowska J, Zalewska A. Oxidation, Glycation, and Carbamylation of Salivary Biomolecules in Healthy Children, Adults, and the Elderly: Can Saliva Be Used in the Assessment of Aging? J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2051-2073. [PMID: 35378954 PMCID: PMC8976116 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s356029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is inextricably linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and posttranslational protein modifications. However, no studies evaluate oxidation, glycation, and carbamylation of salivary biomolecules as biomarkers of aging. Saliva collection is non-invasive, painless, and inexpensive, which are advantages over other biofluids. Methods The study enrolled 180 healthy subjects divided into six groups according to age: 6–13, 14–19, 20–39, 40–59, 60–79, and 80–100 years. The number of individuals was determined a priori based on our previous experiment (power of the test = 0.8; α = 0.05). Non-stimulated saliva and plasma were collected from participants, in which biomarkers of aging were determined by colorimetric, fluorometric, and ELISA methods. Results The study have demonstrated that modifications of salivary proteins increase with age, as manifested by decreased total thiol levels and increased carbonyl groups, glycation (Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine, advanced glycation end products (AGE)) and carbamylation (carbamyl-lysine) protein products in the saliva of old individuals. Oxidative modifications of lipids (4-hydroxynonenal) and nucleic acids (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)) also increase with age. Salivary redox biomarkers correlate poorly with their plasma levels; however, salivary AGE and 8-OHdG generally reflect their blood concentrations. In the multivariate regression model, they are a predictor of aging and, in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, significantly differentiate children and adolescents (under 15 years old) from the working-age population (15–64 years) and the older people (65 years and older). Conclusion Salivary AGE and 8-OHdG have the most excellent diagnostic utility in assessing the aging process. Saliva can be used to evaluate the aging of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: Mateusz Maciejczyk, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 2c Mickiewicza Street, Bialystok, 15-233, Poland, Email
| | - Miłosz Nesterowicz
- Students Scientific Club “Biochemistry of Civilization Diseases” at the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Julita Szulimowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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16
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Cengiz S, Velioğlu N, Cengiz Mİ, Çakmak Özlü F, Akbal AU, Çoban AY, Özcan M. Cytotoxicity of Acrylic Resins, Particulate Filler Composite Resin and Thermoplastic Material in Artificial Saliva with and without Melatonin. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041457. [PMID: 35208000 PMCID: PMC8877573 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information on the effect of melatonin on the cytotoxicity of dental materials. The study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of heat- and auto-polymerized acrylic resin, particulate filler composite resin and a thermoplastic material on L-929 fibroblast cell viability at different incubation periods in artificial saliva without and with melatonin. Disk-shaped specimens were prepared according to each manufacturer’s instructions and divided into two groups to be stored either in artificial saliva (AS) and AS with melatonin (ASM). The measurements were performed using an MTT (3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide) assay, in which the L-929 mouse fibroblasts cell culture was used. For the MTT test, extracts were examined at 1, 24, 72 h and 1 and 2 weeks. Data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. No significant difference was found between groups AS and ASM (F = 0.796; p = 0.373). Incubation period significantly affected all materials tested (p < 0.001). Storing resin-based materials in artificial saliva with melatonin solution for 24 h may reduce cytotoxic effects on the fibroblast cells for which the highest effect was observed. Soaking resin prosthesis or orthodontic appliances in artificial saliva with melatonin at least 24 h before intraoral use or rinsing medium containing melatonin may be recommended for decreasing the cytotoxicity of dental resin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Cengiz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67600, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Neslin Velioğlu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Navadent Oral and Dental Health Policlinic, Zonguldak 67000, Turkey;
| | - Murat İnanç Cengiz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67600, Turkey;
| | - Fehiye Çakmak Özlü
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55270, Turkey;
| | - Ahmet Ugur Akbal
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Samsun Health Directorate, Samsun 55060, Turkey;
| | - Ahmet Yılmaz Çoban
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey;
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Díaz-Rojas AR, Angeles-Estrada L, Pérez Vielma NM, Sánchez-Monroy V. Short tandem repeat (STR) instability in the oral mucosa of patients submitted to fixed orthodontic therapy: a limitation of STR profile quality for human identification. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:57-63. [PMID: 35098422 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-021-00451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in short tandem repeat (STR) profile quality before and after fixed orthodontic therapy. Samples of oral epithelial cells were obtained from 28 volunteers who had an indication for orthodontic treatment. The samples were collected before and three months after starting orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. DNA extraction and integrity were evaluated by electrophoresis, and STR profiles were obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification and STR typing via capillary electrophoresis. DNA electrophoresis showed a higher proportion (7/28, 25%) of DNA degradation in the samples collected after fixed orthodontic treatment compared to those obtained before starting orthodontic therapy (3/28, 11%), however, changes in DNA were not significant (p=0.289). In concordance all STR profiles showed complete genotyping; however, imbalances in the size of heterozygotes and in the signal were detected in 25% of STR profiles after orthodontic therapy. Moreover, STR instability was demonstrated by an increase in stutter bands detected in 60% of the DNA profiles after treatment and a spurious allele of the D195433 marker was found in one sample after treatment. The STR profiles of samples obtained from the oral cavity with orthodontic appliances should be interpreted with caution. STR instability increases the incidence of artifacts that could compromise the quality of the results of tests performed in forensic DNA laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Rafael Díaz-Rojas
- Unidad de Especialidades Odontológicas, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Estado de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Lucía Angeles-Estrada
- Unidad de Especialidades Odontológicas, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Estado de México, Mexico City, México
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, Estado de México, Naucalpan de Juárez, México
| | - Nadia Mabel Pérez Vielma
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Santo Tómas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Zięba S, Maciejczyk M, Zalewska A. Ethanol- and Cigarette Smoke-Related Alternations in Oral Redox Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2022; 12:793028. [PMID: 35153810 PMCID: PMC8832011 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.793028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse as well as smoking cigarettes has been proven to negatively affect the oral environment. The aim of this work was to provide a systematic review of the literature on the influence of ethanol and cigarette smoking on oral redox homeostasis. A search was performed for scientific articles indexed in the PubMed, Medline and Web of Science databases. We identified 32,300 articles, of which 54 were used for the final review, including the results from 2000 to 2021. Among the publications used to write this article, n = 14 were related to the influence of alcohol consumption (clinical studies n = 6, experimental studies n = 8) and n = 40 were related to the influence of smoking (clinical studies n = 33, experimental studies n = 7) on oral redox homeostasis. The reviewed literature indicates that alcohol abusers and smokers are more likely to suffer from salivary gland dysfunction, as well as develop precancerous lesions due to DNA damage. Compared to alcohol abstainers and non-smokers, alcohol drinkers and smokers are also characterized by a deterioration in periodontal health measured by various indicators of periodontal status. In summary, alcohol abuse and smoking are associated with disrupted oral redox homeostasis, which may lead not only to tooth loss, but also contribute to various adverse effects related to mental health, digestive processes and chronic inflammation throughout the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zięba
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Sara Zięba, ;
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Independent Laboratory of Experimental Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Uppin R, Varghese S. Estimation of serum, salivary, and gingival crevicular uric acid of individuals with and without periodontal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2022; 12:393-403. [PMID: 36312583 PMCID: PMC9615931 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_84_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Uric acid (UA) levels in serum, salivary, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be associated with periodontal diseases. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the UA concentration in serum, saliva, and GCF of periodontal disease and non-periodontal disease subjects by conducting a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the reported studies. Materials and Methods: A review of the available literature was searched in the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, and EBSCO for the relevant publications. All the related case–control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies reporting the UA levels in the blood, salivary, and GCF between periodontal disease patients and healthy controls were analyzed. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the studies. Hence, a continuous random-effects model was used. The findings are described in forest plots with the point estimations and 95% confidence interval (CI). A value of P less than 5% was considered as a significant heterogeneity test. Results: Of the initial 166 study titles screened, 14 reported papers were eligible for quantitative review. The subgroup analysis of serum UA revealed a mean difference of 0.299 (95% CI: 0.029–0.569, I2=85.64%, P<0.001), indicating an increase in the UA levels in periodontal disease. However, the subgroup analysis by salivary UA demonstrated a mean difference of −0.783 (95% CI: −1.577–0.011, I2= 94.62%, P<0.001), suggesting a lower side of the UA level in periodontal diseases. The subgroup analysis based on case–control studies showed a mean difference of 0.004 (95% CI: −0.286–0.294, I2=84.99%, P<0.001), indicating no changes in UA levels in periodontal disease. On the contrary, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies showed a mean difference : 95% CI: −1.016, −3.272–1.241, I2=97.84%, P<0.001 and 95%: −1.230, −4.410–1.949, I2=97.7%, P<0.001, indicating reduction in UA levels in periodontal disease cases. Conclusion: The current review suggests an increase in the serum UA levels in periodontal disease than in healthy controls. Contrarily, the salivary UA levels decreased in periodontal disease patients. It is unknown why UA levels are opposite in the blood and saliva of periodontal disease patients requiring further explanation.
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Zalewska A, Klimiuk A, Zięba S, Wnorowska O, Rusak M, Waszkiewicz N, Szarmach I, Dzierżanowski K, Maciejczyk M. Salivary gland dysfunction and salivary redox imbalance in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23904. [PMID: 34903846 PMCID: PMC8668975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with the deposition of β-amyloid in the brain. AD accounts for over 50% of cases of dementia which results from disturbances in redox homeostasis. Indeed, increased intensity of protein oxidation and nitration as well as lipid peroxidation is observed in brain areas with considerable amounts of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, little is known about the oxidoreductive balance of salivary glands in AD patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant barrier and oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers in stimulated saliva and blood of AD patients. The study was participated by 25 AD patients and 25 non-demented controls without neurological diseases or cognitive impairment, matched by age and gender to the study group. The number of patients was determined based on a previous pilot study (test power = 0.9). We found a significant decrease in the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), increased activity of catalase (CAT) and reduced concentration of plasma non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid, UA and reduced glutathione, GSH). In contrast, in the stimulated saliva of AD patients we observed significantly decreased activity of all antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx) as well as concentration of GSH compared to the control group. The content of lipid (malondialdehyde, MDA) and protein (advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP; advanced glycation end-products, AGE) oxidation products as well as biomarkers of nitrosative stress (peroxynitrite, nitrotyrosine) was significantly higher in both saliva and plasma of AD patients compared to the controls. In AD patients, we also observed a considerable decrease in stimulated saliva secretion and salivary total protein content, and an increase in salivary β-amyloid concentration. In conclusion, AD results in redox imbalance towards oxidative reactions, both at the level of the oral cavity and the entire body. General redox balance disturbances do not coincide with salivary redox balance disturbances. Reduction in stimulated saliva secretion in AD patients reflects secretory dysfunction of the parotid glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zalewska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej St. 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland. .,Independent Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej St. 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Klimiuk
- Independent Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej St. 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sara Zięba
- Doctoral Studies, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej St. 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Olga Wnorowska
- Psychogeriatric Ward of SPP ZOZ (Independent, Public Mental Health Care Centre) in Choroszcz, Brodowicza St. 1, 16-070, Choroszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rusak
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona St. 15 a, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Brodowicza St. 1, 16-070, Choroszcz, Poland
| | - Izabela Szarmach
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona St. 15 a, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dzierżanowski
- Psychogeriatric Ward of SPP ZOZ (Independent, Public Mental Health Care Centre) in Choroszcz, Brodowicza St. 1, 16-070, Choroszcz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza St. 2c, 15-022, Bialystok, Poland.
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21
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Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Insulin Resistance: Preclinical Studies in an Animal Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3734252. [PMID: 34557264 PMCID: PMC8455206 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3734252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition of impaired tissue response to insulin. Although there are many methods to diagnose IR, new biomarkers are still being sought for early and noninvasive diagnosis of the disease. Of particular interest in laboratory diagnostics is saliva collected in a stress-free, noninvasive, and straightforward manner. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of salivary redox biomarkers in preclinical studies in an animal model. The study was conducted on 20 male Wistar rats divided into two equal groups: a standard diet and a high-fat diet (HFD). In all rats fed the HFD, IR was confirmed by an elevated homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) index. We have shown that IR is responsible for the depletion of the enzymatic (↓superoxide dismutase) and nonenzymatic (↓ascorbic acid, ↓reduced glutathione (GSH)) antioxidant barrier at both the central (serum/plasma) and salivary gland (saliva) levels. In IR rats, we also demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of protein/lipid oxidation (↑protein carbonyls, ↑4-hydroxynoneal (4-HNE)), glycation (↑advanced glycation end products), and nitration (↑3-nitrotyrosine) products in both saliva and blood plasma. Salivary nonenzymatic antioxidants and oxidative stress products generally correlate with their blood levels, while GSH and 4-HNE have the highest correlation coefficient. Salivary GSH and 4-HNE correlate with body weight and BMI and indices of carbohydrate metabolism (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) and proinflammatory adipokines (leptin, resistin, TNF-α). These biomarkers differentiate IR from healthy controls with very high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). The high diagnostic utility of salivary GSH and 4-HNE is also confirmed by multivariate regression analysis. Summarizing, saliva can be used to assess the systemic antioxidant status and the intensity of systemic oxidative stress. Salivary GSH and 4-HNE may be potential biomarkers of IR progression. There is a need for human clinical trials to evaluate the diagnostic utility of salivary redox biomarkers in IR conditions.
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22
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Primožič J, Poljšak B, Jamnik P, Kovač V, Čanadi Jurešić G, Spalj S. Risk Assessment of Oxidative Stress Induced by Metal Ions Released from Fixed Orthodontic Appliances during Treatment and Indications for Supportive Antioxidant Therapy: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1359. [PMID: 34572993 PMCID: PMC8471328 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances could have an important role in the induction of oxidative stress and associated negative consequences. Because of the simultaneous effects of corrosion, deformation, friction, and mechanical stress on fixed orthodontic appliances during treatment, degradation of orthodontic brackets and archwires occurs, causing higher concentrations of metal ions in the oral cavity. Corroded appliances cause the release of metal ions, which may lead to the increased values of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to metal-catalyzed free radical reactions. Chromium, iron, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and molybdenum all belong to the group of transition metals that can be subjected to redox reactions to form ROS. The estimation of health risk due to the amount of heavy metals released and the level of selected parameters of oxidative stress generated for the time of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances is presented. Approaches to avoid oxidative stress and recommendations for the preventive use of topical or systemic antioxidants during orthodontic treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Primožič
- Department of Orthodontics and Jaw Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Borut Poljšak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Polona Jamnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Vito Kovač
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gordana Čanadi Jurešić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Stjepan Spalj
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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23
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Salivary cytokine profile in patients with ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17185. [PMID: 34433866 PMCID: PMC8387378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in stroke pathogenesis. Thus, it is not surprising that cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors have been advocated in stroke diagnostics. Our study is the first to evaluate the salivary cytokine profile in patients with ischemic stroke. Twenty-five patients with subacute ischemic stroke and an age-, sex-, and oral hygiene status-matched control group were enrolled in the study. The number of patients was set a priori based on our previous experiment (α = 0.05, test power = 0.9). Salivary concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were assessed using an ELISA method. We showed that salivary TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher, whereas IL-10 content was statistically lower in both non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of ischemic stroke patients. However, evaluation of cytokines in NWS rather than in SWS may be of greater diagnostic value. Of particular note is salivary TNF-α, which may indicate cognitive/physical impairment in post-stroke individuals. This parameter distinguishes stroke patients from healthy controls and correlates with cognitive decline and severity of functional impairment. It also differentiates (with high sensitivity and specificity) stroke patients with normal cognition from mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Saliva may be an alternative to blood for assessing cytokines in stroke patients, although further studies on a larger patient population are needed.
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24
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Matuda AGN, Silveira MPM, de Andrade GS, Piva AMDOD, Tribst JPM, Borges ALS, Testarelli L, Mosca G, Ausiello P. Computer Aided Design Modelling and Finite Element Analysis of Premolar Proximal Cavities Restored with Resin Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092366. [PMID: 34062936 PMCID: PMC8125402 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the stress distribution in five different class II cavities of premolar models restored with conventional or bulk-fill flowable composite by means of finite element analysis (FEA) under shrinkage and occlusal loading. An upper validated premolar model was imported in the software, and five class II cavities with different occlusal extensions and dimensions were prepared: horizontal cavity on the mesial surface (horizontal slot), mesio-occlusal cavity, mesial cavity (vertical slot), tunnel type cavity and direct access cavity. The models were restored with conventional or bulk-fill flowable resin composite. The tested materials were considered as homogeneous, linear, and isotropic. The Maximum Principal Stress criteria was chosen to evaluate the tensile stress results. The lowest shrinkage stress value was observed in the direct access cavity restored with bulk-fill flowable resin composite (36.12 MPa). The same cavity, restored with conventional composite showed a score of 36.14 MPa. The horizontal slot cavity with bulk-fill flowable showed a score of 46.71 MPa. The mesio-occlusal cavity with bulk-fill flowable had a score of 53.10 MPa, while with conventional composite this was 55.35 MPa. Higher shrinkage stress was found in the vertical slot cavity with conventional resin 56.14 MPa, followed by the same cavity with bulk-fill flowable 56.08 MPa. Results indicated that the use of bulk-fill flowable composite resin more significantly decreased the polymerization shrinkage stress magnitude. The larger the cavity and the volume of material necessary to restore the tooth, the greater the residual stress on enamel and dentin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Guedes Nogueira Matuda
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil; (A.G.N.M.); (M.P.M.S.); (G.S.d.A.); (A.M.d.O.D.P.); (A.L.S.B.)
| | - Marcos Paulo Motta Silveira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil; (A.G.N.M.); (M.P.M.S.); (G.S.d.A.); (A.M.d.O.D.P.); (A.L.S.B.)
| | - Guilherme Schmitt de Andrade
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil; (A.G.N.M.); (M.P.M.S.); (G.S.d.A.); (A.M.d.O.D.P.); (A.L.S.B.)
| | - Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil; (A.G.N.M.); (M.P.M.S.); (G.S.d.A.); (A.M.d.O.D.P.); (A.L.S.B.)
| | | | - Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil; (A.G.N.M.); (M.P.M.S.); (G.S.d.A.); (A.M.d.O.D.P.); (A.L.S.B.)
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Pietro Ausiello
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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25
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Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Stroke Patients: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5545330. [PMID: 33897941 PMCID: PMC8052150 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5545330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a serious worldwide health problem, as can be seen by the global epidemic of the disease. In this disorder, when the blood flow is compromised by ruptures or blocked arteries, sudden death of neurons is observed as a result of a lack of oxygen and nutrients. Numerous severe problems and frequent complications also exist in stroke patients; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic methods for the disease. At present, the diagnosis of stroke is based on a neurological examination, medical history, and neuroimaging, due to the fact that rapid and noninvasive diagnostic tests are unavailable. Nevertheless, oxidative stress and inflammation are considered key factors in stroke pathogenesis. Oxygen free radicals are responsible for oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA/RNA, which in turn contributes to oxidative damage of the brain. Toxic products of the oxidation reactions act cytostatically on the cell by damaging cell membranes and leading to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, it seems that redox/inflammatory biomarkers might be used in the diagnosis of the disease. Nowadays, saliva is of increasing interest in clinical laboratory medicine. Redox biomarkers could be obtained easily, noninvasively, cheaply, and stress-free from saliva. This minireview is aimed at presenting the current knowledge concerning the use of salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the diagnosis and prognosis of stroke.
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