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Martins V, Szakiel A, Teixeira A, Abdallah C, Moreira C, Pączkowski C, Lanoue A, Gerós H. Combined omics approaches expose metabolite-microbiota correlations in grape berries of three cultivars of Douro wine region. Food Chem 2023; 429:136859. [PMID: 37463536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This study hypothesized the existence of cultivar-associated correlations between grape berry metabolites and its microbial residents, in Douro wine region. Integrated metabolomics with metabarcoding showed that the microbial biodiversity is not associated to berry sugar concentration, but closely connected to the profile of amino acids, flavonoids and wax compounds, which drove cultivar differentiation together with the prevalence of pathogenic fungi, yeasts and bacteria, mainly Dothideomycetes and Gammaproteobacteria. Over 7000 metabolite-microbiota correlations with ρ >|0.99| exposed a core of 15 metabolites linked to 11 microbial taxa. Serine, oxalate, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid, germanicol, sitosterol and erythrodiol correlated negatively to the abundance of most taxa, including Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Pseudopithomyces, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas. In contrast, phenylalanine, asparagine, alanine, (epi)gallocatechin and procyanidin gallate mediated positive metabolite-OTU correlations. E. necator and A. carbonarius correlated negatively with stigmasterol and amyrin. Complex fungi-bacteria relationships ruled by Dothideomycetes and Alphaproteobacteria further suggest tight host-microbe interactions at the carposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - António Teixeira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Cécile Abdallah
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologie Végétales, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Carolina Moreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- EA 2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologie Végétales, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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Aituarova A, Zhusupova GE, Zhussupova A, Ross SA. Study of the Chemical Composition of Rosa beggeriana Schrenk's Fruits and Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3297. [PMID: 37765460 PMCID: PMC10536339 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Rosa species are widely used in folk medicine in different countries of Asia and Europe, but not all species are studied in-depth. For instance, Rosa beggeriana Schrenk, a plant which grows in Central Asia, Iran, and some parts of China, is little described in articles. Column and thin-layer chromatography methods were used to isolate biologically active substances. From a study of fruits and leaves of Rosa beggeriana Schrenk, a large number of compounds were identified, seven of which were isolated: 3β,23-dihydroxyurs-12-ene (1), β-sitosterol (2), betulin (3), (+)-catechin (4), lupeol (5), ethyl linoleate (6), and ethyl linolenoate (7). Their structures were elucidated by 1H, DEPT and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The study also identified the structures of organic compounds, including volatile esters and acids. Consequently, comprehensive data were acquired concerning the chemical constitution of said botanical specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Aituarova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, Natural Compounds and Polymers, NPJSC Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Galiya E. Zhusupova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, Natural Compounds and Polymers, NPJSC Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Aizhan Zhussupova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NPJSC Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi, Ave. 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Samir A. Ross
- School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, Oxford, MS 38677, USA;
- School of Pharmacy, S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
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3
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Zhang R, Zeng M, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Lv N, Wang L, Gan J, Li Y, Jiang X, Yang L. Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease: Saponins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10505. [PMID: 37445682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development for Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been a long-standing challenge. Saponins, which are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities, have displayed therapeutic potential in treating Alzheimer's disease. In a comprehensive review of the literature from May 2007 to May 2023, we identified 63 references involving 40 different types of saponins that have been studied for their effects on Alzheimer's disease. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid beta peptide deposition, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, modulating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and antiapoptosis. Most intriguingly, ginsenoside Rg1 and pseudoginsenoside-F11 possess these important pharmacological properties and show the best promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a summary and classification of common saponins that have been studied for their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease, showcasing their underlying mechanisms. This highlights the promising potential of saponins for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yawen Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062584. [PMID: 36985556 PMCID: PMC10058748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites, with a remarkable pharmacological potential, occurring in the cuticular waxes of the aerial parts of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze triterpenoid variability in the fruits and leaves of three apple cultivars during the growing season and gain new insights into their health-promoting properties and fate during juice and purée production. The identification and quantification of the compounds of interest were conducted using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The waxes of both matrices contained similar analytes; however, their quantitative patterns varied: triterpenic acids prevailed in the fruits, while higher contents of steroids and esterified forms were observed in the leaves. The total triterpenoid content per unit area was stable during the growing season; the percentage of esters increased in the later phases of growth. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated with a series of in vitro assays. Triterpenoids were found to be the main anti-inflammatory compounds in the apples, while their impact on antioxidant capacity was minor. The apples were processed on a lab scale to obtain juices and purées. The apple purée and cloudy juice contained only some of the triterpenoids present in the raw fruit, while the clear juices were virtually free of those lipophilic compounds.
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Triterpenoid and Steroid Content of Lipophilic Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants of the Mediterranean Region. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020697. [PMID: 36677757 PMCID: PMC9866667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The available phytochemical characteristics of the medicinal plants and derived herbal material often lack data concerning the content of steroids (including phytosterols) and triterpenoids, that can be responsible for various beneficial properties and therapeutic effects, either directly, or as a result of synergistic action with other bioactive constituents. The aim of the present work was the analysis of the content of these compounds in herbal material (leaves, aerial parts) derived from selected medicinal plants (Cistus ladanifer, Cistus monspeliensis, Erica arborea, Globularia alypum, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus alaternus), widely used in folk medicine in the Mediterranean region. Results obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-targeted profiling revealed the diversity in the profiles and contents of steroids and triterpenoids in the analyzed plant material, ranging from 5.7% d.w. in E. arborea to 0.1% in G. alypum. The obtained results supplement the existing phytochemical data of the investigated medicinal plants, pointing to the E. arborea aerial parts and P. lentiscus leaves as valuable resources of phytosterols and bioactive triterpenoids.
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Abdullah, Khan MA, Adhikari A. Radical Scavenging, Anti-Inflammatory, and Hepatoprotective Activities of Pentacyclic Triterpene isolated from Rosa webbiana. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1282-1291. [PMID: 37957908 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501261030231101184216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rosa webbiana (RW) Wall Ex. Royle is used in traditional medicine in Pakistan for the treatment of several diseases including jaundice. To date, only neuroprotective potential of the plant has been evaluated. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to isolate bioactive compound(s) and investigate its possible radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. METHODS Column chromatography was done to isolate compounds from the chloroform fraction of RW. The compound was characterized by mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Radical scavenging activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays, while anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated via xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema models. For hepatoprotection, CCl4-induced model in mice was used. RESULTS A triterpene compound (3α, 21β-dihydroxy-olean-12-ene) was isolated from RW fruits (ARW1). The compound exhibited DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activities 61 ± 1.31% and 66 ± 0.48% respectively at 500 μg/ml. ARW1 (at 50 mg/kg) exhibited 62.9 ± 0.15% inhibition of xylene-induced ear edema and 66.6 ± 0.17% carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. In CCl4-induced hepatotoxic mice, ARW1 significantly countered elevation in alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (T.B), and reduction in total protein (T.P) levels. Liver histomorphological study supported the serum biochemical profile for hepatoprotection. Moreover, ARW1 significantly attenuated the toxic changes in body and liver weight induced by CCl4. CONCLUSION The compound ARW1 exhibited anti-radical, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities may be attributed to anti-oxidant potential of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mir Azam Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Zhang S, Zhao Y, Xia L, Shi Z, Wang D, Wang J, Sun L, Zhao M, Li J. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Malus pumila mill. And their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Cao Y, Zang Y, Wu S, Li T, Li J, Xu K, Hong SB, Wu B, Zhang W, Zheng W. Melatonin affects cuticular wax profile in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) during fruit development. Food Chem 2022; 384:132381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Martins V, Szakiel A, Pączkowski C, Teixeira A, Gerós H. The restructuring of grape berry waxes by calcium changes the surface microbiota. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110812. [PMID: 34863502 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The observation that exogenous Ca shifted the polyphenolic profile of grape berries and conferred a glossy appearance to mature fruits led us to hypothesize that the composition of grape berry waxes and thus surface microbiota are modified. In two cultivars sharing the same microclimate, the triterpenoid and steroid profile of berry cuticle was characterized by a targeted metabolomic approach, and surface microbial communities were surveyed by ITS and 16S metabarcoding. Results showed that Ca strongly decreased the levels of oleanolic acid, while steroids and neutral triterpenoids were affected in a cultivar-dependent manner. A total of 174 fungi and 192 bacteria OTUs were identified, with Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria comprising the most abundant classes. Ca decreased fungi biodiversity, favoring the growth of Basidiomycetes, and shifting fungi-bacteria relationships. Metabolite-microbiota networks revealed a tight relationship between microbial communities and triterpenoid components of fruit waxes, mainly stigmasterol, tremulone and oleanolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - António Teixeira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Nezbedova L, McGhie T, Christensen M, Heyes J, Nasef NA, Mehta S. Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds. Nutrients 2021; 13:4025. [PMID: 34836282 PMCID: PMC8618396 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Epidemiological studies have strongly linked a diet high in fruits to a lower incidence of cancer. Furthermore, extensive research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this review, we summarize the association of apple consumption with cancer incidence based on findings from epidemiological and cohort studies. We further provide a comprehensive review of the main phytochemical patterns observed in apples and their bioavailability after consumption. Finally, we report on the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting some of the key molecular mechanisms targeted by apple phytochemicals in relation to inhibiting multiple 'hallmarks of cancer' that are important in the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nezbedova
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.N.); (J.H.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Tony McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Christensen
- Heritage Food Crops Research Trust, Whanganui 4501, New Zealand;
| | - Julian Heyes
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Pathology Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Dashbaldan S, Rogowska A, Pączkowski C, Szakiel A. Distribution of Triterpenoids and Steroids in Developing Rugosa Rose ( Rosarugosa Thunb.) Accessory Fruit. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175158. [PMID: 34500591 PMCID: PMC8433923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids and steroids are considered to be important for the fruit quality and health-promoting properties for the consumers. The aim of the study was the determination of the changes in triterpenoid and steroid biosynthesis and the accumulation in hypanthium and achenes of rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) hip during fruit development and ripening at three different phenological stages (young fruits, fully developed unripe fruits, and matured fruits). Triterpenoids and steroids were also determined in the peel and the pulp of the matured hips. The obtained results indicated that the distribution of the analyzed compounds in different fruit tissues is a selective process. The increased rate of hydroxylation of triterpenoids, the deposition of hydroxylated acids in fruit surface layer, and the continuous biosynthesis of phytosterols in achenes versus its gradual repression in hypanthium accompanied by the accumulation of their biosynthetic intermediates and ketone derivatives seem to be characteristic metabolic features of maturation of rugosa rose accessory fruit. These observations, apart from providing the important data on metabolic modifications occurring in developing fruits, might have a practical application in defining fruit parts, particularly rich in bioactive constituents, to enable the development of novel functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyol Dashbaldan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (S.D.); (A.R.); (C.P.)
- School of Industrial Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, 8nd Khoroo, Baga Toiruu 34, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia
| | - Agata Rogowska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (S.D.); (A.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (S.D.); (A.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (S.D.); (A.R.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225543316
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Variation of Triterpenes in Apples Stored in a Controlled Atmosphere. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123639. [PMID: 34198648 PMCID: PMC8232341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apples are seasonal fruits, and thus after harvesting apples of optimal picking maturity, it is important to prepare them properly for storage and to ensure proper storage conditions in order to minimize changes in the chemical composition and commercial quality of the apples. We studied the quantitative composition of triterpenic compounds in the whole apple, apple peel and apple flesh samples before placing them in the controlled atmosphere (CA) chambers, and at the end of the experiment, 8 months later. HPLC analysis showed that highest total amount of triterpenic compounds (1.99 ± 0.01 mg g-1) was found in the whole apple samples of the 'Spartan' cultivar stored under variant VIII (O2-20%, CO2-3%, N2-77%) conditions. Meanwhile, the highest amount of triterpenic compounds (11.66 ± 0.72 mg g-1) was determined in the apple peel samples of the 'Auksis' cultivar stored under variant II (O2-5%, CO2-1%, N2-94%) conditions. In the apple peel samples of the 'Auksis' cultivar stored under variant I (O2-21%, CO2-0.03%, N2-78.97%) conditions, the amount of individual triterpenic compounds (ursolic, oleanolic, corosolic, and betulinic acids) significantly decreased compared with amount determined before the storage. Therefore, in the apple flesh samples determined triterpenic compounds are less stable during the storage under controlled atmosphere conditions compared with triterpenic compounds determined in the whole apple and apple peel samples.
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The Perspective of Croatian Old Apple Cultivars in Extensive Farming for the Production of Functional Foods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040708. [PMID: 33810442 PMCID: PMC8065821 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Republic of Croatia has a long tradition of fruit growing due to its geographical location, climatic conditions, and high quality of fruit crops, especially apple fruits. Apples can be used for the formulation of functional foods either in processed form (e.g., juice), or as a by-product (e.g., apple pomace). However, there is a growing demand for functional foods derived from ancient and traditional plant sources as they are recognized as a very valuable source of health-promoting bioactive ingredients. Similarly, old apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) are characterized by good morphological and pomological properties, less need for chemicals during cultivation and the higher share of biologically active compounds (BACs) with better sensory acceptability compared to commercial cultivars. However, their nutritional and biological potential is underestimated, as is their ability to be processed into functional food. The importance in preserving old apple cultivars can also be seen in their significance for improving the nutritional composition of other apple cultivars through innovative cultivation strategies, and therefore old local apple cultivars could be of great importance in future breeding programs.
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