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Gao XL, Pan T, Duan WB, Zhu WB, Liu LK, Liu YL, Yue LL. Systematic proteomics analysis revealed different expression of laminin interaction proteins in breast cancer: lower in luminal subtype and higher in claudin-low subtype. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:2108-2121. [PMID: 38881926 PMCID: PMC11170511 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a major public health concern. Proteomics enables identification of proteins with aberrant properties. Here, we identified proteins with abnormal expression levels in breast cancer tissues and systematically analyzed and validated the data to locate potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methods Protein expression level in breast cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were detected by Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) technology and further screened through Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database. Cellular components, protein domain and Reactome pathway analysis were performed to screen functional targets. Abnormal expression levels of functional targets were validated by Oncomine database, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and proteomics detection. Protein correlation analysis was performed to explain the abnormal expression levels of potential targets in breast cancer. Results Overall, 207 and 207 proteins were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in breast cancer tissues, and approximately 50% were also detected in the GEPIA database. The overlapping proteins were mainly extracellular proteins containing epidermal growth factor-like domain in leukocyte adhesion molecule (EGF-Lam) domain and enriched in laminin interaction pathway. Moreover, the downregulated laminin interaction proteins could be functional targets, which were also validated through Oncomine-Richardson and Oncomine-Curtis database. However, the lower expression level of laminin interaction proteins only fit for luminal breast cancer cells with no or low metastasis ability because the proteins achieved higher expression level in more invasive claudin-low breast cancer cells. In addition, when compared with corresponding in situ carcinoma tissues, above-mentioned proteins also showed higher expression levels in invasive carcinoma tissues. Finally, we have revealed the negative correlation between the laminin interaction proteins and the claudins. Conclusions The laminin interaction protein, especially for laminins with β1 and γ1 subunits and their integrin receptors with α1 and α6 subunits, showed lower expression levels in luminal breast cancer with no or lower metastatic ability, but showed higher expression levels in claudin-low breast cancer with higher metastatic ability; and their higher expression could be related to the low claudin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Gao
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Department of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wen-Bo Duan
- Department of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhu
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Li-Kun Liu
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yun-Long Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Li-Ling Yue
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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2
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Tóth F, Moftakhar Z, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. In Vitro Investigation of Therapy-Induced Senescence and Senescence Escape in Breast Cancer Cells Using Novel Flow Cytometry-Based Methods. Cells 2024; 13:841. [PMID: 38786063 PMCID: PMC11120107 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cellular senescence was originally defined as an irreversible form of cell cycle arrest, in therapy-induced senescence models, the emergence of proliferative senescence-escaped cancer cells has been reported by several groups, challenging the definition of senescence. Indeed, senescence-escaped cancer cells may contribute to resistance to cancer treatment. Here, to study senescence escape and isolate senescence-escaped cells, we developed novel flow cytometry-based methods using the proliferation marker Ki-67 and CellTrace CFSE live-staining. We investigated the role of a novel senescence marker (DPP4/CD26) and a senolytic drug (azithromycin) on the senescence-escaping ability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our results show that the expression of DPP4/CD26 is significantly increased in both senescent MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. While not essential for senescence induction, DPP4/CD26 contributed to promoting senescence escape in MCF-7 cells but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results also confirmed the potential senolytic effect of azithromycin in senescent cancer cells. Importantly, the combination of azithromycin and a DPP4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) demonstrated a synergistic effect in senescent MCF-7 cells and reduced the number of senescence-escaped cells. Although further research is needed, our results and novel methods could contribute to the investigation of the mechanisms of senescence escape and the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Indeed, DPP4/CD26 could be a promising marker and a novel target to potentially decrease senescence escape in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Tóth
- Translational Medicine, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK; (F.T.)
- The CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Moftakhar
- Translational Medicine, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK; (F.T.)
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK; (F.T.)
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK; (F.T.)
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3
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Elshazly AM, Shahin U, Al Shboul S, Gewirtz DA, Saleh T. A Conversation with ChatGPT on Contentious Issues in Senescence and Cancer Research. Mol Pharmacol 2024; 105:313-327. [PMID: 38458774 PMCID: PMC11026153 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.124.000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms, such as Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT), have achieved a high degree of popularity within the scientific community due to their utility in providing evidence-based reviews of the literature. However, the accuracy and reliability of the information output and the ability to provide critical analysis of the literature, especially with respect to highly controversial issues, has generally not been evaluated. In this work, we arranged a question/answer session with ChatGPT regarding several unresolved questions in the field of cancer research relating to therapy-induced senescence (TIS), including the topics of senescence reversibility, its connection to tumor dormancy, and the pharmacology of the newly emerging drug class of senolytics. ChatGPT generally provided responses consistent with the available literature, although occasionally overlooking essential components of the current understanding of the role of TIS in cancer biology and treatment. Although ChatGPT, and similar AI platforms, have utility in providing an accurate evidence-based review of the literature, their outputs should still be considered carefully, especially with respect to unresolved issues in tumor biology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Artificial Intelligence platforms have provided great utility for researchers to investigate biomedical literature in a prompt manner. However, several issues arise when it comes to certain unresolved biological questions, especially in the cancer field. This work provided a discussion with ChatGPT regarding some of the yet-to-be-fully-elucidated conundrums of the role of therapy-induced senescence in cancer treatment and highlights the strengths and weaknesses in utilizing such platforms for analyzing the scientific literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.M.E., D.A.G.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt (A.M.E.); and Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan (U.S., S.A.S., T.S.)
| | - Uruk Shahin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.M.E., D.A.G.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt (A.M.E.); and Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan (U.S., S.A.S., T.S.)
| | - Sofian Al Shboul
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.M.E., D.A.G.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt (A.M.E.); and Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan (U.S., S.A.S., T.S.)
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.M.E., D.A.G.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt (A.M.E.); and Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan (U.S., S.A.S., T.S.)
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.M.E., D.A.G.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt (A.M.E.); and Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan (U.S., S.A.S., T.S.)
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4
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Saleh T. Therapy-induced senescence is finally escapable, what is next? Cell Cycle 2024; 23:713-721. [PMID: 38879812 PMCID: PMC11229739 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2364579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Several breakthrough articles have recently confirmed the ability of tumor cells to escape the stable cell cycle arrest imposed by Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS). Subsequently, accepting the hypothesis that TIS is escapable should encourage serious reassessments of the fundamental roles of senescence in cancer treatment. The potential for escape from TIS undermines the well-established tumor suppressor function of senescence, proposes it as a mechanism of tumor dormancy leading to disease recurrence and invites for further investigation of its unfavorable contribution to cancer therapy outcomes. Moreover, escaping TIS strongly indicates that the elimination of senescent tumor cells, primarily through pharmacological means, is a suitable approach for increasing the efficacy of cancer treatment, one that still requires further exploration. This commentary provides an overview of the recent evidence that unequivocally demonstrated the ability of therapy-induced senescent tumor cells in overcoming the terminal growth arrest fate and provides future perspectives on the roles of TIS in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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5
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Bahar ME, Kim HJ, Kim DR. Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:455. [PMID: 38105263 PMCID: PMC10725898 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for the sequential activation of downstream targets, such as MEK and the transcription factor ERK, which control numerous cellular and physiological processes, including organism development, cell cycle control, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell survival, and death. Defects in this signaling cascade are associated with diseases such as cancer. RAF inhibitors (RAFi) combined with MEK blockers represent an FDA-approved therapeutic strategy for numerous RAF-mutant cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer. However, the development of therapy resistance by cancer cells remains an important barrier. Autophagy, an intracellular lysosome-dependent catabolic recycling process, plays a critical role in the development of RAFi resistance in cancer. Thus, targeting RAF and autophagy could be novel treatment strategies for RAF-mutant cancers. In this review, we delve deeper into the mechanistic insights surrounding RAF kinase signaling in tumorigenesis and RAFi-resistance. Furthermore, we explore and discuss the ongoing development of next-generation RAF inhibitors with enhanced therapeutic profiles. Additionally, this review sheds light on the functional interplay between RAF-targeted therapies and autophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Entaz Bahar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
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6
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Billimoria R, Bhatt P. Senescence in cancer: Advances in detection and treatment modalities. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115739. [PMID: 37562510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a form of irreversible cell cycle arrest. Senescence plays a dual role in cancer, as both a tumor suppressor by preventing the growth of damaged cells and a cancer promoter by creating an inflammatory milieu. Stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) and replicative senescence are the two major sub-types of senescence. Senescence plays a dual role in cancer, depending on the context and kind of senescence involved. SIPS can cause cancer by nurturing an inflammatory environment, whereas replicative senescence may prevent cancer. Major pathways that are involved in senescence are the p53-p21, p16INK4A-Rb pathway along with mTOR, MAPK, and PI3K pathways. The lack of universal senescence markers makes it difficult to identify senescent cells in vivo. A combination of reliable detection methods of senescent cells in vivo is of utmost importance and will help in early detection and open new avenues for future treatment. New strategies that are being developed in order to tackle these shortcomings are in the field of fluorescent probes, nanoparticles, positron emission tomography probes, biosensors, and the detection of cell-free DNA from liquid biopsies. Along with detection, eradication of these senescent cells is also important to prevent cancer reoccurrence. Recently, the field of nano-senolytic and immunotherapy has also been emerging. This review provides up-to-date information on the various types of advancements made in the field of detection and treatment modalities for senescent cells that hold promise for the future treatment and prognosis of cancer, as well as their limitations and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezina Billimoria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University), Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
| | - Purvi Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University), Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.
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7
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Evangelou K, Belogiannis K, Papaspyropoulos A, Petty R, Gorgoulis VG. Escape from senescence: molecular basis and therapeutic ramifications. J Pathol 2023; 260:649-665. [PMID: 37550877 DOI: 10.1002/path.6164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence constitutes a stress response mechanism in reaction to a plethora of stimuli. Senescent cells exhibit cell-cycle arrest and altered function. While cell-cycle withdrawal has been perceived as permanent, recent evidence in cancer research introduced the so-called escape-from-senescence concept. In particular, under certain conditions, senescent cells may resume proliferation, acquiring highly aggressive features. As such, they have been associated with tumour relapse, rendering senescence less effective in inhibiting cancer progression. Thus, conventional cancer treatments, incapable of eliminating senescence, may benefit if revisited to include senolytic agents. To this end, it is anticipated that the assessment of the senescence burden in everyday clinical material by pathologists will play a crucial role in the near future, laying the foundation for more personalised approaches. Here, we provide an overview of the investigations that introduced the escape-from-senescence phenomenon, the identified mechanisms, as well as the major implications for pathology and therapy. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Belogiannis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Russell Petty
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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8
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Zhao H, Wang L, Ji X, Zhang L, Li C. Biology of breast cancer brain metastases and novel therapies targeting the blood brain barrier: an updated review. Med Oncol 2023; 40:181. [PMID: 37202575 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) is a critical cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with breast cancer (BC). Compared with other cancer cells, BC cells (BCs) exhibit special features in the metastatic process. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear, especially the crosstalk between tumour cells and the microenvironment. To date, novel therapies for BM, including targeted therapy and antibody‒drug conjugates, have been developed. Due to an improved understanding of the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumour barrier (BTB), the development and testing of therapeutic agents in clinical phases have substantially increased. However, these therapies face a major challenge due to the low penetration of the BBB or BTB. As a result, researchers have increasingly focused on finding ways to promote drug penetration through these barriers. This review provides an updated overview of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) and summarizes the newly developed therapies for BCBM, especially drugs targeting the BBB or BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Zhao
- Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Luxuan Wang
- Department of Neurological Function Examination, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xiaolin Ji
- Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
| | - Chunhui Li
- Clinical Medicine College, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
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9
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Zhu C, Liu P, Li C, Zhang Y, Yin J, Hou L, Zheng G, Liu X. Near-Death Cells Cause Chemotherapy-Induced Metastasis via ATF4-Mediated NF-κB Signaling Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205835. [PMID: 36739602 PMCID: PMC10074103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is a primary treatment modality for many patients with advanced cancer. Increasing preclinical and clinical observations indicate that chemotherapy can exacerbate tumor metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, it is attempted to identify the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced cancer recurrence and metastasis. It is revealed that a small subpopulation of "near-death cells" (NDCs) with compromised plasma membranes can reverse the death process to enhance survival and repopulation after exposure to lethal doses of cytotoxins. Moreover, these NDCs acquire enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic capabilities, but maintain chemosensitivity in multiple models. Mechanistically, cytotoxin exposure induces activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent nonclassical NF-κB signaling activation; ultimately, this results in nuclear translocation of p52 and RelB in NDCs. Deletion of ATF4 in parental cancer cells significantly reduces colony formation and metastasis of NDCs, whereas overexpression of ATF4 activates the nonclassical NF-κB signaling pathway to promote chemotherapy-induced metastasis of NDCs. Overall, these results provide novel mechanistic insights into the chemotherapy-induced metastasis and indicate the pivotal role of NDCs in mediating tumor relapse after cytotoxic therapy. This study also suggests that targeting ATF4 may be an effective approach in improving the efficacy of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhu
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong510275China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong510275China
| | - Chuan‐Yuan Li
- Department of DermatologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong510275China
| | - Jiang Yin
- Cancer Research Institute and Cancer HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510180China
| | - Linlin Hou
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong510275China
| | - Guopei Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute and Cancer HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510180China
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong510275China
- Bebetter Med Inc.GuangzhouGuangdong510525China
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10
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DeLuca VJ, Saleh T. Insights into the role of senescence in tumor dormancy: mechanisms and applications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:19-35. [PMID: 36681750 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most formidable challenges in oncology and tumor biology research is to provide an accurate understanding of tumor dormancy mechanisms. Dormancy refers to the ability of tumor cells to go undetected in the body for a prolonged period, followed by "spontaneous" escape. Various models of dormancy have been postulated, including angiogenic, immune-mediated, and cellular dormancy. While the former two propose mechanisms by which tumor growth may remain static at a population level, cellular dormancy refers to molecular processes that restrict proliferation at the cell level. Senescence is a form of growth arrest, during which cells undergo distinct phenotypic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes. Senescence is also associated with the development of a robust secretome, comprised of various chemokines and cytokines that interact with the surrounding microenvironment, including other tumor cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Both tumor and non-tumor cells can undergo senescence following various stressors, many of which are present during tumorigenesis and therapy. As such, senescent cells are present within forming tumors and in residual tumors post-treatment and therefore play a major role in tumor biology. However, the contributions of senescence to dormancy are largely understudied. Here, we provide an overview of multiple processes that have been well established as being involved in tumor dormancy, and we speculate on how senescence may contribute to these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J DeLuca
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan.
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11
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Zhang N, Hu Q, Sui T, Fu L, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhu X, Huang B, Lu J, Li Z, Zhang Y. Unique progerin C-terminal peptide ameliorates Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome phenotype by rescuing BUBR1. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:185-201. [PMID: 36743663 PMCID: PMC10154249 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence indicates an association between mitotic defects and the aging process in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), which is a premature aging disease caused by progerin accumulation. Here, we found that BUBR1, a core component of the spindle assembly checkpoint, was downregulated during HGPS cellular senescence. The remaining BUBR1 was anchored to the nuclear membrane by binding with the C terminus of progerin, thus further limiting the function of BUBR1. Based on this, we established a unique progerin C-terminal peptide (UPCP) that effectively blocked the binding of progerin and BUBR1 and enhanced the expression of BUBR1 by interfering with the interaction between PTBP1 and progerin. Finally, UPCP significantly inhibited HGPS cellular senescence and ameliorated progeroid phenotypes, extending the lifespan of LmnaG609G/G609G mice. Our findings reveal an essential role for the progerin-PTBP1-BUBR1 axis in HGPS. Therapeutics designed around UPCP may be a beneficial strategy for HGPS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Sui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Baiqu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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12
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The role of Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathway in cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:44. [PMID: 36517618 PMCID: PMC9751255 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch and Hedgehog signaling are involved in cancer biology and pathology, including the maintenance of tumor cell proliferation, cancer stem-like cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Given the complexity of Notch signaling in tumors, its role as both a tumor promoter and suppressor, and the crosstalk between pathways, the goal of developing clinically safe, effective, tumor-specific Notch-targeted drugs has remained intractable. Drugs developed against the Hedgehog signaling pathway have affirmed definitive therapeutic effects in basal cell carcinoma; however, in some contexts, the challenges of tumor resistance and recurrence leap to the forefront. The efficacy is very limited for other tumor types. In recent years, we have witnessed an exponential increase in the investigation and recognition of the critical roles of the Notch and Hedgehog signaling pathways in cancers, and the crosstalk between these pathways has vast space and value to explore. A series of clinical trials targeting signaling have been launched continually. In this review, we introduce current advances in the understanding of Notch and Hedgehog signaling and the crosstalk between pathways in specific tumor cell populations and microenvironments. Moreover, we also discuss the potential of targeting Notch and Hedgehog for cancer therapy, intending to promote the leap from bench to bedside.
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13
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Therapy-induced senescence promotes breast cancer cells plasticity by inducing Lipocalin-2 expression. Oncogene 2022; 41:4361-4370. [PMID: 35953598 PMCID: PMC9482949 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of novel detrimental cellular properties following exposure to cytotoxic drugs leads to aggressive and metastatic tumors that often translates into an incurable disease. While the bulk of the primary tumor is eliminated upon exposure to chemotherapeutic treatment, residual cancer cells and non-transformed cells within the host can engage a stable cell cycle exit program named senescence. Senescent cells secrete a distinct set of pro-inflammatory factors, collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Upon exposure to the SASP, cancer cells undergo cellular plasticity resulting in increased proliferation, migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The molecular mechanisms by which the SASP regulates these pro-tumorigenic features are poorly understood. Here, we report that breast cancer cells exposed to the SASP strongly upregulate Lipocalin-2 (LCN2). Furthermore, we demonstrate that LCN2 is critical for SASP-induced increased migration in breast cancer cells, and its inactivation potentiates the response to chemotherapeutic treatment in mouse models of breast cancer. Finally, we show that neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment leads to LCN2 upregulation in residual human breast tumors, and correlates with worse overall survival. These findings provide the foundation for targeting LCN2 as an adjuvant therapeutic approach to prevent the emergence of aggressive tumors following chemotherapy.
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14
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Pouliquen DL, Boissard A, Henry C, Coqueret O, Guette C. Curcuminoids as Modulators of EMT in Invasive Cancers: A Review of Molecular Targets With the Contribution of Malignant Mesothelioma Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:934534. [PMID: 35873564 PMCID: PMC9304619 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuminoids, which include natural acyclic diarylheptanoids and the synthetic analogs of curcumin, have considerable potential for fighting against all the characteristics of invasive cancers. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process for embryonic morphogenesis, however, the last decade has confirmed it orchestrates many features of cancer invasiveness, such as tumor cell stemness, metabolic rewiring, and drug resistance. A wealth of studies has revealed EMT in cancer is in fact driven by an increasing number of parameters, and thus understanding its complexity has now become a cornerstone for defining future therapeutic strategies dealing with cancer progression and metastasis. A specificity of curcuminoids is their ability to target multiple molecular targets, modulate several signaling pathways, modify tumor microenvironments and enhance the host’s immune response. Although the effects of curcumin on these various parameters have been the subject of many reviews, the role of curcuminoids against EMT in the context of cancer have never been reviewed so far. This review first provides an updated overview of all EMT drivers, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and tumor microenvironment components, with a special focus on the most recent findings. Secondly, for each of these drivers the effects of curcumin/curcuminoids on specific molecular targets are analyzed. Finally, we address some common findings observed between data reported in the literature and the results of investigations we conducted on experimental malignant mesothelioma, a model of invasive cancer representing a useful tool for studies on EMT and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Pouliquen
- Inserm, CNRS, Nantes Université, CRCI2NA, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- *Correspondence: Daniel L. Pouliquen,
| | - Alice Boissard
- ICO, Inserm, CNRS, Nantes Université, CRCI2NA, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Cécile Henry
- ICO, Inserm, CNRS, Nantes Université, CRCI2NA, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Coqueret
- Inserm, CNRS, Nantes Université, CRCI2NA, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Catherine Guette
- ICO, Inserm, CNRS, Nantes Université, CRCI2NA, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
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15
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Ma X, Gao Y, Liu JH, Xu L, Liu WL, Huna A, Wang XL, Gong WJ. Low expression of PCK2 in breast tumors contributes to better prognosis via inducing senescence of cancer cells. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:896-907. [PMID: 35580079 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle arrest, one of the main character of cellular senescence, has been described as a crucial barrier that needs to be bypassed for cancer progression. Typically, cellular senescence can be induced by multiple stresses including telomere shortening, oncogenic activation as well as therapy treatment; and contributes to the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor suppression or progression depending on the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) components. However, the mechanisms underlying cancer cell senescence remain partially understood. Here, according to METABRIC database, we identified that patients with senescent-like breast tumors show better short term survival, lower tendency of neoplasm histological grades, lower tumor stages and negative status of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) comparing with non-senescent ones. Interestingly, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis identified insulin signaling was significantly repressed in senescent breast tumors. Further verification in cultured breast cancer cells indicated that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) was significantly inhibited after therapy treatment. In addition, knockdown of PCK2 induced a senescent phenotype of breast cancer cells. Moreover, comparing with non-senescent group, the senescent breast cancers displayed lower EMT capacity both in patients and breast cancer cell lines after knocking down PCK2. In conclusion, we described for the first time that low expression level of PCK2 may contribute to better prognosis via triggering senescent phenotype and thereby inhibiting EMT capacity in breast cancers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Ma
- Department of Intensive Care, Department of The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Intensive Care, Department of The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Li Liu
- Department of Intensive Care, Department of The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Anda Huna
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Léon Bérard Center, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Juan Gong
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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LncRNA MNX1-AS1: A novel oncogenic propellant in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112801. [PMID: 35290890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key players in gene regulation processes involved in cancer pathogenesis. In general, Motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1-antisense RNA1 (MNX1-AS1) is highly expressed in all cancers as reported so far and exerts oncogenic effects through different mechanisms. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the detailed mechanisms of potential functions of MNX1-AS1 in different cancer types as well as the latest knowledge highlighting the potential of MNX1-AS1 as a therapeutic target for cancer. Aberrant expression of MNX1-AS1 closely correlates with clinicopathological parameters. such as lymphatic metastasis, tumor size, tumor stage, OS and DFS. Thus, MNX1-AS1 can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker or even a therapeutic prognostic target. This article reviews its function, molecular mechanism and clinical prognosis in various malignancies.
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17
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Zhang N, Shang M, Li H, Wu L, Dong M, Huang B, Lu J, Zhang Y. Dual Inhibition of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 Promotes Tumor Cell Senescence without Triggering the Secretion of SASP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073911. [PMID: 35409271 PMCID: PMC8999616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the most common cancer treatment. Although chemotherapeutic drugs induce tumor cell senescence, they are often associated with post-therapy tumor recurrence by inducing the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Therefore, it is important to identify effective strategies to induce tumor cell senescence without triggering SASP. In this study, we used the small molecule inhibitors, UNC0642 (G9a inhibitor) and UNC1999 (EZH2 inhibitor) alone or in combination, to inhibit H3K9 and H3K27 methylation in different cancer cells. Dual inhibition of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 in highly metastatic tumor cells had a stronger pro-senescence effect than either inhibitor alone and did not trigger SASP in tumor cells. Dual inhibition of H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 suppressed the formation of cytosolic chromatin fragments, which inhibited the cGAS-STING-SASP pathway. Collectively, these data suggested that dual inhibition of H3K9 and H3K27 methylation induced senescence of highly metastatic tumor cells without triggering SASP by inhibiting the cGAS-STING-SASP pathway, providing a new mechanism for the epigenetics-based therapy targeting H3K9 and H3K27 methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Mengjie Shang
- The Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (M.S.); (L.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongxin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Lan Wu
- The Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (M.S.); (L.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Meichen Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Baiqu Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Jun Lu
- The Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (M.S.); (L.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (N.Z.); (H.L.); (M.D.); (B.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8509-9798
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18
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Moschetta-Pinheiro MG, Colombo J, de Godoy BLV, Balan JF, Nascimento BC, Zuccari DAPDC. Modulation of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition after AGTR-1 Gene Edition by Crispr/Cas9 and Losartan Treatment in Mammary Tumor Cell Line: A Comparative Study between Human and Canine Species. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121427. [PMID: 34947958 PMCID: PMC8705831 DOI: 10.3390/life11121427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent tumor type among women and female dogs. Tumor malignancy is characterized by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which leads to the metastasis formation. The inhibition of angiotensin II type I receptor (AGTR1) by an antagonist such as losartan can suppress angiogenesis, consequently contributing to the metastasis control. The aim of this study was to analyze the capacity of losartan and AGTR-1 gene edition to modulate the EMT process in triple negative/metastatic mammary tumor cells, compared to existing treatment protocols such as carboplatin. The cell lines CF41.Mg and MDA-MB-468, were cultured and treated with carboplatin, losartan, or submitted to AGTR-1 gene edition by CRISPR/Cas9. EMT markers and PARP-1 protein and gene expression were evaluated by immunofluorescence or immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR, respectively. Cell migration capacity was also evaluated. For CF41.Mg and MDA-MB-468 cell lines, there was an increase in E-cadherin and a decrease in N-cadherin and PARP-1 protein and gene expression after treatment with carboplatin, losartan, both in combination and after AGTR-1 gene edition. There was a decrease in VEGF and PARP-1 protein and gene expression after AGTR-1 gene edition. Moreover, in both lines, reduction in invasion rate was observed after all treatments. Our data suggest that losartan and the gene edition of AGTR-1 by CRISPR/Cas9 were able to block the DNA repair and control the EMT process, such as carboplatin. The results in the canine species are unprecedented, as there are no data in the literature that demonstrate the action of losartan in this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gobbe Moschetta-Pinheiro
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Avenida Juscelino K. de Oliveira, s/n, São José do Rio Preto 15091-450, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +55-17-3201-5885
| | - Jucimara Colombo
- Laboratório de Investigação Molecular no Câncer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (J.F.B.); (B.C.N.); (D.A.P.d.C.Z.)
| | - Bianca Lara Venâncio de Godoy
- PostGraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Investigação Molecular no Câncer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (J.F.B.); (B.C.N.); (D.A.P.d.C.Z.)
| | - Julia Ferreira Balan
- Laboratório de Investigação Molecular no Câncer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (J.F.B.); (B.C.N.); (D.A.P.d.C.Z.)
| | - Bianca Carlos Nascimento
- Laboratório de Investigação Molecular no Câncer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (J.F.B.); (B.C.N.); (D.A.P.d.C.Z.)
| | - Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos Zuccari
- Laboratório de Investigação Molecular no Câncer (LIMC), Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil; (J.C.); (J.F.B.); (B.C.N.); (D.A.P.d.C.Z.)
- PostGraduate Program in Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (UNESP/IBILCE), Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
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19
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Liu M, Yang J, Xu B, Zhang X. Tumor metastasis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:587-617. [PMID: 34977870 PMCID: PMC8706758 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is responsible for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In contrast to numerous discoveries that reveal the detailed mechanisms leading to the formation of the primary tumor, the biological underpinnings of the metastatic disease remain poorly understood. Cancer metastasis is a complex process in which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor, settle, and grow at other parts of the body. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and anoikis resistance of tumor cells are the main forces to promote metastasis, and multiple components in the tumor microenvironment and their complicated crosstalk with cancer cells are closely involved in distant metastasis. In addition to the three cornerstones of tumor treatment, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, novel treatment approaches including targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been established in patients with metastatic cancer. Although the cancer survival rate has been greatly improved over the years, it is still far from satisfactory. In this review, we provided an overview of the metastasis process, summarized the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the dissemination and distant metastasis of cancer cells, and reviewed the important advances in interventions for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Bushu Xu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Xing Zhang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
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