1
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Spalletta A, Joly N, Martin P. Latest Trends in Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Ester Carbohydrate Surfactants: From Key Parameters to Opportunities and Future Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3727. [PMID: 38612540 PMCID: PMC11012184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based surfactants are amphiphilic compounds containing hydrophilic moieties linked to hydrophobic aglycones. More specifically, carbohydrate esters are biosourced and biocompatible surfactants derived from inexpensive renewable raw materials (sugars and fatty acids). Their unique properties allow them to be used in various areas, such as the cosmetic, food, and medicine industries. These multi-applications have created a worldwide market for biobased surfactants and consequently expectations for their production. Biobased surfactants can be obtained from various processes, such as chemical synthesis or microorganism culture and surfactant purification. In accordance with the need for more sustainable and greener processes, the synthesis of these molecules by enzymatic pathways is an opportunity. This work presents a state-of-the-art lipase action mode, with a focus on the active sites of these proteins, and then on four essential parameters for optimizing the reaction: type of lipase, reaction medium, temperature, and ratio of substrates. Finally, this review discusses the latest trends and recent developments, showing the unlimited potential for optimization of such enzymatic syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Joly
- Unité Transformations & Agroressources, ULR7519, Université d’Artois-UniLaSalle, F-62408 Béthune, France; (A.S.); (P.M.)
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2
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Al-Sakkaf MK, Basfer I, Iddrisu M, Bahadi SA, Nasser MS, Abussaud B, Drmosh QA, Onaizi SA. An Up-to-Date Review on the Remediation of Dyes and Phenolic Compounds from Wastewaters Using Enzymes Immobilized on Emerging and Nanostructured Materials: Promises and Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2152. [PMID: 37570470 PMCID: PMC10420689 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the critical issue of water pollution, this review article emphasizes the need to remove hazardous dyes and phenolic compounds from wastewater. These pollutants pose severe risks due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. The study explores various techniques for the remediation of organic contaminants from wastewater, including an enzymatic approach. A significant challenge in enzymatic wastewater treatment is the loss of enzyme activity and difficulty in recovery post-treatment. To mitigate these issues, this review examines the strategy of immobilizing enzymes on newly developed nanostructured materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These materials offer high surface areas, excellent porosity, and ample anchoring sites for effective enzyme immobilization. The review evaluates recent research on enzyme immobilization on these supports and their applications in biocatalytic nanoparticles. It also analyzes the impact of operational factors (e.g., time, pH, and temperature) on dye and phenolic compound removal from wastewater using these enzymes. Despite promising outcomes, this review acknowledges the challenges for large-scale implementation and offers recommendations for future research to tackle these obstacles. This review concludes by suggesting that enzyme immobilization on these emerging materials could present a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution to the escalating water pollution crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K. Al-Sakkaf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Basfer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustapha Iddrisu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem A. Bahadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa S. Nasser
- Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Basim Abussaud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasem A. Drmosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sagheer A. Onaizi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Peña LF, González-Andrés P, Parte LG, Escribano R, Guerra J, Barbero A, López E. Continuous Flow Chemistry: A Novel Technology for the Synthesis of Marine Drugs. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:402. [PMID: 37504932 PMCID: PMC10381277 DOI: 10.3390/md21070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this perspective, we showcase the benefits of continuous flow chemistry and photochemistry and how these valuable tools have contributed to the synthesis of organic scaffolds from the marine environment. These technologies have not only facilitated previously described synthetic pathways, but also opened new opportunities in the preparation of novel organic molecules with remarkable pharmacological properties which can be used in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Peña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula González-Andrés
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lucía G Parte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Escribano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Guerra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Asunción Barbero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Enol López
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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4
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Brandolese A, Lamparelli DH, Pericàs MA, Kleij AW. Synthesis of Biorenewable Terpene Monomers Using Enzymatic Epoxidation under Heterogeneous Batch and Continuous Flow Conditions. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:4885-4893. [PMID: 37869721 PMCID: PMC10586497 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A commercially available Lipase B from Candida antarctica immobilized onto a macroporous support (Novozym 435) has been employed in the presence of H2O2 as a benign oxidant for the epoxidation of various biorenewable terpenes. This epoxidation protocol was explored under both heterogeneous batch and continuous flow conditions. The catalyst recyclability was also investigated demonstrating good activity throughout 10 cycles under batch conditions, while the same catalyst system could also be productively used under continuous flow operation for more than 30 h. This practical and relatively safe sustainable flow epoxidation of di- and trisubstituted alkenes by H2O2 allows for the production of gram quantities of a range of terpene epoxides. As a proof of principle, the same protocol can also be applied to the epoxidation of biobased polymers as a means to post-functionalize these macromolecules and equip them with cross-linkable epoxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Brandolese
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute
for Science & Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - David H. Lamparelli
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute
for Science & Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute
for Science & Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí
Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute
for Science & Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan
Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Ölçücü G, Krauss U, Jaeger KE, Pietruszka J. Carrier‐Free Enzyme Immobilizates for Flow Chemistry. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ölçücü
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Biorganic Chemistry Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
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6
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. Towards Antibiotic Synthesis in Continuous-Flow Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031421. [PMID: 36771086 PMCID: PMC9919330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous-flow chemistry has become a mainstream process and a notable trend among emerging technologies for drug synthesis. It is routinely used in academic and industrial laboratories to generate a wide variety of molecules and building blocks. The advantages it provides, in terms of safety, speed, cost efficiency and small-equipment footprint compared to analog batch processes, have been known for some time. What has become even more important in recent years is its compliance with the quality objectives that are required by drug-development protocols that integrate inline analysis and purification tools. There can be no doubt that worldwide government agencies have strongly encouraged the study and implementation of this innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly technology. In this brief review, we list and evaluate the development and applications of continuous-flow processes for antibiotic synthesis. This work spans the period of 2012-2022 and highlights the main cases in which either active ingredients or their intermediates were produced under continuous flow. We hope that this manuscript will provide an overview of the field and a starting point for a deeper understanding of the impact of flow chemistry on the broad panorama of antibiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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7
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Biosynthesis of alkanes/alkenes from fatty acids or derivatives (triacylglycerols or fatty aldehydes). Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Simić S, Jakštaitė M, Huck WTS, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Strategies for Transferring Photobiocatalysis to Continuous Flow Exemplified by Photodecarboxylation of Fatty Acids. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14040-14049. [PMID: 36439034 PMCID: PMC9680640 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The challenges of light-dependent biocatalytic transformations of lipophilic substrates in aqueous media are manifold. For instance, photolability of the catalyst as well as insufficient light penetration into the reaction vessel may be further exacerbated by a heterogeneously dispersed substrate. Light penetration may be addressed by performing the reaction in continuous flow, which allows two modes of applying the catalyst: (i) heterogeneously, immobilized on a carrier, which requires light-permeable supports, or (ii) homogeneously, dissolved in the reaction mixture. Taking the light-dependent photodecarboxylation of palmitic acid catalyzed by fatty-acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP) as a showcase, strategies for the transfer of a photoenzyme-catalyzed reaction into continuous flow were identified. A range of different supports were evaluated for the immobilization of CvFAP, whereby Eupergit C250 L was the carrier of choice. As the photostability of the catalyst was a limiting factor, a homogeneous system was preferred instead of employing the heterogenized enzyme. This implied that photolabile enzymes may preferably be applied in solution if repair mechanisms cannot be provided. Furthermore, when comparing different wavelengths and light intensities, extinction coefficients may be considered to ensure comparable absorption at each wavelength. Employing homogeneous conditions in the CvFAP-catalyzed photodecarboxylation of palmitic acid afforded a space-time yield unsurpassed by any reported batch process (5.7 g·L-1·h-1, 26.9 mmol·L-1·h-1) for this reaction, demonstrating the advantage of continuous flow in attaining higher productivity of photobiocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Miglė Jakštaitė
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth—University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Gianolio S, Roura Padrosa D, Paradisi F. Combined chemoenzymatic strategy for sustainable continuous synthesis of the natural product hordenine. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:8434-8440. [PMID: 36353210 PMCID: PMC9621339 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc02767d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To improve sustainability, safety and cost-efficiency of synthetic methodologies, biocatalysis can be a helpful ally. In this work, a novel chemoenzymatic stategy ensures the rapid synthesis of hordenine, a valuable phenolic phytochemical under mild working conditions. In a two-step cascade, the immobilized tyrosine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbTDC) is here coupled with the chemical reductive amination of tyramine. Starting from the abundant and cost-effective amino acid l-tyrosine, the complete conversion to hordenine is achieved in less than 5 minutes residence time in a fully-automated continuous flow system. Compared to the metal-catalyzed N,N-dimethylation of tyramine, this biocatalytic approach reduces the process environmental impact and improves its STY to 2.68 g L-1 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gianolio
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bern Freistrasse 3 Bern Switzerland
| | - David Roura Padrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bern Freistrasse 3 Bern Switzerland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Bern Freistrasse 3 Bern Switzerland
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10
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Annunziata F, Contente ML, Anzi V, Donzella S, Conti P, Molinari F, Martino PA, Meroni G, Sora VM, Tamborini L, Pinto A. Enzymatic continuous-flow preparation of nature-inspired phenolic esters as antiradical and antimicrobial agents. Food Chem 2022; 390:133195. [PMID: 35594770 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A collection of nature-inspired lipophilic phenolic esters have been prepared by an enzymatic synthesis under flow conditions, using the immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435®) as a catalyst in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), a non-conventional and green solvent. Their antimicrobial activity against four selected bacterial strains together with their efficiency as radical scavengers were evaluated. The obtained compounds were characterized by enhanced lipophilicity in comparison with the parent non-esterified compounds, which increased the possibility of their use as additives in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Annunziata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina L Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Anzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Donzella
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Anna Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Massimo Sora
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences (DSBCO), One Health Unit, University of Milan, via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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11
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Microbial Lipases and Their Potential in the Production of Pharmaceutical Building Blocks. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179933. [PMID: 36077332 PMCID: PMC9456414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes involving lipases in obtaining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are crucial to increase the sustainability of the industry. Despite their lower production cost, microbial lipases are striking for their versatile catalyzing reactions beyond their physiological role. In the context of taking advantage of microbial lipases in reactions for the synthesis of API building blocks, this review focuses on: (i) the structural origins of the catalytic properties of microbial lipases, including the results of techniques such as single particle monitoring (SPT) and the description of its selectivity beyond the Kazlauskas rule as the “Mirror-Image Packing” or the “Key Region(s) rule influencing enantioselectivity” (KRIE); (ii) immobilization methods given the conferred operative advantages in industrial applications and their modulating capacity of lipase properties; and (iii) a comprehensive description of microbial lipases use as a conventional or promiscuous catalyst in key reactions in the organic synthesis (Knoevenagel condensation, Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reactions, Markovnikov additions, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, racemization, among others). Finally, this review will also focus on a research perspective necessary to increase microbial lipases application development towards a greener industry.
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12
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Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6251-6290. [PMID: 35838107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- FQPIMA group, Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis. ICP-CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain. .,Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Immobilization of Lathyrus cicera Amine Oxidase on Magnetic Microparticles for Biocatalytic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126529. [PMID: 35742969 PMCID: PMC9223840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amine oxidases are enzymes belonging to the class of oxidoreductases that are widespread, from bacteria to humans. The amine oxidase from Lathyrus cicera has recently appeared in the landscape of biocatalysis, showing good potential in the green synthesis of aldehydes. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a wide range of primary amines into the corresponding aldehydes but its use as a biocatalyst is challenging due to the possible inactivation that might occur at high product concentrations. Here, we show that the enzyme’s performance can be greatly improved by immobilization on solid supports. The best results are achieved using amino-functionalized magnetic microparticles: the immobilized enzyme retains its activity, greatly improves its thermostability (4 h at 75 °C), and can be recycled up to 8 times with a set of aromatic ethylamines. After the last reaction cycle, the overall conversion is about 90% for all tested substrates, with an aldehyde production ranging between 100 and 270 mg depending on the substrate used. As a proof concept, one of the aldehydes thus produced was successfully used for the biomimetic synthesis of a non-natural benzylisoquinoline alkaloid.
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14
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Ölçücü G, Baumer B, Küsters K, Möllenhoff K, Oldiges M, Pietruszka J, Jaeger KE, Krauss U. Catalytically Active Inclusion Bodies─Benchmarking and Application in Flow Chemistry. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1881-1896. [PMID: 35500299 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In industries, enzymes are often immobilized to obtain stable preparations that can be utilized in batch and flow processes. In contrast to traditional immobilization methods that rely on carrier binding, various immobilization strategies have been recently presented that enable the simultaneous production and in vivo immobilization of enzymes. Catalytically active inclusion bodies (CatIBs) are a promising example for such in vivo enzyme immobilizates. CatIB formation is commonly induced by fusion of aggregation-inducing tags, and numerous tags, ranging from small synthetic peptides to protein domains or whole proteins, have been successfully used. However, since these systems have been characterized by different groups employing different methods, a direct comparison remains difficult, which prompted us to benchmark different CatIB-formation-inducing tags and fusion strategies. Our study highlights that important CatIB properties like yield, activity, and stability are strongly influenced by tag selection and fusion strategy. Optimization enabled us to obtain alcohol dehydrogenase CatIBs with superior activity and stability, which were subsequently applied for the first time in a flow synthesis approach. Our study highlights the potential of CatIB-based immobilizates, while at the same time demonstrating the robust use of CatIBs in flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ölçücü
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Baumer
- Institute of Biorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kira Küsters
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Möllenhoff
- Mathematical Institute, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Biorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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15
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Mycobacterium smegmatis acyltransferase: The big new player in biocatalysis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Xu L, Wang J, Huang F, Zheng M. An efficient and robust continuous-flow bioreactor for the enzymatic preparation of phytosterol esters based on hollow lipase microarray. Food Chem 2022; 372:131256. [PMID: 34627092 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a continuous-flow bioreactor packed with well-organized lipase microarrays was developed for the sustainable synthesis of functional lipid-phytosterol esters (PEs). Hollow mesoporous silicon spheres with a suitable pore size were prepared for lipase immobilization, and the hydrophobic modification endowed the lipase with excellent catalytic activity and stability. The results showed that the condensely packed lipase microarrays offered large specific surface areas and guaranteed the thorough interaction between the lipase and substrates in the continuous-flow bioreactor. Meanwhile, the substrate could pass through the reactor at 1 mL/min with a high conversion of 93.6% due to the hollow structure of the packing spheres. Moreover, the reactors were able to produce 1564 g PEs/g catalyst in a continuous 30-day processing period, which set the highest records for PEs synthesis. This sustainable and highly-converting flow system provided a feasible path for scale-up production of PEs in the food processing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China; Institute of Agro-Food Sciences and Technology, SAAS, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
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17
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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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18
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"Green Is the Color": An Update on Ecofriendly Aspects of Organoselenium Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051597. [PMID: 35268698 PMCID: PMC8911681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied in biological, medicinal and material sciences, as well as a powerful tool for modern organic synthesis, attracting the attention of the scientific community. This great success is mainly due to the breaking of paradigm demonstrated by innumerous works, that the selenium compounds were toxic and would have a potential impact on the environment. In this update review, we highlight the relevance of these compounds in several fields of research as well as the possibility to synthesize them through more environmentally sustainable methodologies, involving catalytic processes, flow chemistry, electrosynthesis, as well as by the use of alternative energy sources, including mechanochemical, photochemistry, sonochemical and microwave irradiation.
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19
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Williams V, Cui Y, Zhao J, Fu H, Jiao X, Ma Y, Li X, Du X, Zhang N. Highly Efficient Production of Optically Active ( R)-Tetrahydrothiophene-3-ol in Batch and Continuous Flow by Using Immobilized Ketoreductase. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyasa Williams
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhao
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Han Fu
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xuecheng Jiao
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Yulei Ma
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xin Du
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co, Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
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20
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Schober L, Tonin F, Hanefeld U, Gröger H. Combination of Asymmetric Organo‐ and Biocatalysis in Flow Processes and Comparison with their Analogous Batch Syntheses. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schober
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld Faculty of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Fabio Tonin
- TU Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft Research Section Biocatalysis NETHERLANDS
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- TU Delft: Technische Universiteit Delft Research Section Biocatalysis NETHERLANDS
| | - Harald Gröger
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Organische Chemie I Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld GERMANY
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21
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Taguchi design-assisted co-immobilization of lipase A and B from Candida antarctica onto chitosan: Characterization, kinetic resolution application, and docking studies. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Meyer LE, Fogtmann Hauge B, Müller Kvorning T, De Santis P, Kara S. Continuous oxyfunctionalizations catalyzed by unspecific peroxygenase. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) has been shown to be a promising biocatalyst for oxyfunctionalization of a broad range of substrates with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the cosubstrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Erik Meyer
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Fogtmann Hauge
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Müller Kvorning
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Piera De Santis
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group, Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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24
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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25
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Continuous Flow Synthesis of Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226992. [PMID: 34834084 PMCID: PMC8625794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow chemistry is by now an established and valued synthesis technology regularly exploited in academic and industrial laboratories to bring about the improved preparation of a variety of molecular structures. Benefits such as better heat and mass transfer, improved process control and safety, a small equipment footprint, as well as the ability to integrate in-line analysis and purification tools into telescoped sequences are often cited when comparing flow to analogous batch processes. In this short review, the latest developments regarding the exploitation of continuous flow protocols towards the synthesis of anticancer drugs are evaluated. Our efforts focus predominately on the period of 2016-2021 and highlight key case studies where either the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or its building blocks were produced continuously. It is hoped that this manuscript will serve as a useful synopsis showcasing the impact of continuous flow chemistry towards the generation of important anticancer drugs.
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26
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Coloma J, Guiavarc'h Y, Hagedoorn PL, Hanefeld U. Immobilisation and flow chemistry: tools for implementing biocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11416-11428. [PMID: 34636371 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The merger of enzyme immobilisation and flow chemistry has attracted the attention of the scientific community during recent years. Immobilisation enhances enzyme stability and enables recycling, flow chemistry allows process intensification. Their combination is desirable for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly biocatalytic processes. In this feature article, we aim to point out important metrics for successful enzyme immobilisation and for reporting flow biocatalytic processes. Relevant examples of immobilised enzymes used in flow systems in organic, biphasic and aqueous systems are discussed. Finally, we describe recent developments to address the cofactor recycling hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Coloma
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, Avenida Circunvalación s/n, P. O. Box 13-05-2732, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Yann Guiavarc'h
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Reactions and Process Engineering, University of Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Biokatalyse, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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27
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Abstract
The active pharmaceutical ingredient levetiracetam has anticonvulsant properties and is used to treat epilepsies. Herein, we describe the enantioselective preparation of the levetiracetam precursor 2-(pyrrolidine-1-yl)butanamide by enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution with a nitrile hydratase enzyme. A rare representative of the family of iron-dependent nitrile hydratases from Gordonia hydrophobica (GhNHase) was evaluated for its potential to form 2-(pyrrolidine-1-yl)butanamide in enantioenriched form from the three small, simple molecules, namely, propanal, pyrrolidine and cyanide. The yield and the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product are determined most significantly by the substrate concentrations, the reaction pH and the biocatalyst amount. GhNHase is also active for the hydration of other nitriles, in particular for the formation of N-heterocyclic amides such as nicotinamide, and may therefore be a tool for the preparation of various APIs.
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28
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Wang Y, Xiang Q, Zhou Q, Xu J, Pei D. Mini Review: Advances in 2-Haloacid Dehalogenases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758886. [PMID: 34721367 PMCID: PMC8554231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-haloacid dehalogenases (EC 3.8.1.X) are industrially important enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds in 2-haloalkanoic acids, releasing halogen ions and producing corresponding 2-hydroxyl acids. These enzymes are of particular interest in environmental remediation and environmentally friendly synthesis of optically pure chiral compounds due to their ability to degrade a wide range of halogenated compounds with astonishing efficiency for enantiomer resolution. The 2-haloacid dehalogenases have been extensively studied with regard to their biochemical characterization, protein crystal structures, and catalytic mechanisms. This paper comprehensively reviews the source of isolation, classification, protein structures, reaction mechanisms, biochemical properties, and application of 2-haloacid dehalogenases; current trends and avenues for further development have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Wang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qiao Xiang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Tuoyang Industrial Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongli Pei
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
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29
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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30
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Imam HT, Krasňan V, Rebroš M, Marr AC. Applications of Ionic Liquids in Whole-Cell and Isolated Enzyme Biocatalysis. Molecules 2021; 26:4791. [PMID: 34443378 PMCID: PMC8399596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids have unique chemical properties that have fascinated scientists in many fields. The effects of adding ionic liquids to biocatalysts are many and varied. The uses of ionic liquids in biocatalysis include improved separations and phase behaviour, reduction in toxicity, and stabilization of protein structures. As the ionic liquid state of the art has progressed, concepts of what can be achieved in biocatalysis using ionic liquids have evolved and more beneficial effects have been discovered. In this review ionic liquids for whole-cell and isolated enzyme biocatalysis will be discussed with an emphasis on the latest developments, and a look to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tanvir Imam
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK;
| | - Vladimír Krasňan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Rebroš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Andrew Craig Marr
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK;
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31
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Poznansky B, Cleary SE, Thompson LA, Reeve HA, Vincent KA. Boosting the Productivity of H2-Driven Biocatalysis in a Commercial Hydrogenation Flow Reactor Using H2 From Water Electrolysis. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.718257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of redox biocatalysis into a commercial hydrogenation flow reactor, with in-built electrolytic H2 generation, was achieved using immobilized enzyme systems. Carbon-supported biocatalysts were first tested in batch mode, and were then transferred into continuous flow columns for H2-driven, NADH-dependent asymmetric ketone reductions. The biocatalysts were thus handled comparably to heterogeneous metal catalysts, but operated at room temperature and 1–50 bar H2, highlighting that biocatalytic strategies enable implementation of hydrogenation reactions under mild–moderate conditions. Continuous flow reactions were demonstrated as a strategy for process intensification; high conversions were achieved in short residence times, with a high biocatalyst turnover frequency and productivity. These results show the prospect of using enzymes in reactor infrastructure designed for conventional heterogeneous hydrogenations.
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32
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Kruschitz A, Peinsipp L, Pfeiffer M, Nidetzky B. Continuous process technology for glucoside production from sucrose using a whole cell-derived solid catalyst of sucrose phosphorylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5383-5394. [PMID: 34189615 PMCID: PMC8285329 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Advanced biotransformation processes typically involve the upstream processing part performed continuously and interlinked tightly with the product isolation. Key in their development is a catalyst that is highly active, operationally robust, conveniently produced, and recyclable. A promising strategy to obtain such catalyst is to encapsulate enzymes as permeabilized whole cells in porous polymer materials. Here, we show immobilization of the sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis (P134Q-variant) by encapsulating the corresponding E. coli cells into polyacrylamide. Applying the solid catalyst, we demonstrate continuous production of the commercial extremolyte 2-α-D-glucosyl-glycerol (2-GG) from sucrose and glycerol. The solid catalyst exhibited similar activity (≥70%) as the cell-free extract (~800 U g-1 cell wet weight) and showed excellent in-operando stability (40 °C) over 6 weeks in a packed-bed reactor. Systematic study of immobilization parameters related to catalyst activity led to the identification of cell loading and catalyst particle size as important factors of process optimization. Using glycerol in excess (1.8 M), we analyzed sucrose conversion dependent on space velocity (0.075-0.750 h-1) and revealed conditions for full conversion of up to 900 mM sucrose. The maximum 2-GG space-time yield reached was 45 g L-1 h-1 for a product concentration of 120 g L-1. Collectively, our study establishes a step-economic route towards a practical whole cell-derived solid catalyst of sucrose phosphorylase, enabling continuous production of glucosides from sucrose. This strengthens the current biomanufacturing of 2-GG, but also has significant replication potential for other sucrose-derived glucosides, promoting their industrial scale production using sucrose phosphorylase. KEY POINTS: • Cells of sucrose phosphorylase fixed in polyacrylamide were highly active and stable. • Solid catalyst was integrated with continuous flow to reach high process efficiency. • Generic process technology to efficiently produce glucosides from sucrose is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kruschitz
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Linda Peinsipp
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pfeiffer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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de Martino MT, Tonin F, Bloemendal VRLJ, Hanefeld U, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM. Compartmentalized cross-linked enzyme nano aggregates ( c-CLE nAs) toward pharmaceutical transformations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21857-21861. [PMID: 35478789 PMCID: PMC9034143 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new immobilization strategy using compartmentalized nanoreactors is herein reported for two biocatalytic processes: (1) N-acetylneuraminate lyase (NAL) is internalized in NAL-c-CLEnAs and used in a continuous flow aldol condensation of N-acetyl-d-mannosamine with sodium pyruvate to N-acetylneuraminic acid; (2) two hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDH) 7α- and 7β-HSDH are incorporated in c-CLEnAs and used in a two-step cascade batch synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The versatile use of c-CLEnA demonstrates that this immobilization methodology is a valuable addition to the toolbox of synthetic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa de Martino
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Victor R L J Bloemendal
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands .,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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