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Song MH, Sun Y, Qiu XB. Hijacking autophagy for infection by flaviviruses. Virus Res 2024; 347:199422. [PMID: 38901564 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway, which regulates the homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. This pathway can degrade misfolded or aggregated proteins, clear damaged organelles, and eliminate intracellular pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. But, not all types of viruses are eliminated by autophagy. Flaviviruses (e.g., Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Hepatitis C, Dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses) are single-stranded and enveloped RNA viruses, and transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of arthropods, leading to severe and widespread illnesses. Like the coronavirus SARS-CoV-II, flaviviruses hijack autophagy for their infection and escape from host immune clearance. Thus, it is possible to control these viral infections by inhibiting autophagy. In this review, we summarize recent research progresses on hijacking of autophagy by flaviviruses and discuss the feasibility of antiviral therapies using autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China.
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Jiu Y. Host caveolin-1 facilitates Zika virus infection by promoting viral RNA replication. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261877. [PMID: 38660993 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained notoriety in recent years because there are no targeted therapies or vaccines available so far. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in host cells plays crucial functions in the invasion of many viruses. However, its specific involvement in ZIKV infection has remained unclear. Here, we reveal that depleting Cav-1 leads to a substantial reduction in ZIKV RNA levels, protein expression and viral particle production, indicating that ZIKV exploits Cav-1 for its infection. By dissecting each stage of the viral life cycle, we unveil that, unlike its invasion role in many other viruses, Cav-1 depletion selectively impairs ZIKV replication, resulting in altered replication dynamics and reduced strand-specific RNA levels, but does not affect viral entry, maturation and release. These results reveal an unforeseen function of Cav-1 in facilitating ZIKV replication, which provides new insights into the intricate interaction between Cav-1 and ZIKV and underscores Cav-1 as a potential candidate for anti-ZIKV approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Das GC, Hollinger FB. GSK-3β as a Potential Coordinator of Anabolic and Catabolic Pathways in Hepatitis C Virus Insulin Resistance. Intervirology 2023; 67:6-18. [PMID: 38104537 PMCID: PMC10794973 DOI: 10.1159/000535787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic hepatitis C infection can result in insulin resistance (IR). We have previously shown that it occurs through the interaction of pathways for glucose homeostasis, insulin signaling, and autophagy. But it is not known how soon the pathways are activated and how IR is related to the signals generated by catabolic and anabolic conditions occurring in infected cells. We have extended our studies to a cell culture system mimicking acute infection and to downstream pathways involving energy-sensor AMPK and nutrient-sensor mTOR that are active in catabolic and anabolic processes within the infected cells. METHODS Huh7 liver cells in culture were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We performed proteomics analysis of key proteins in infected cells by Western blotting and IP experiments, with or without IFNα exposure as a component of conventional therapeutic strategy. RESULTS We present evidence that (a) IRS-1 Ser312, Beclin-1, protein conjugate Atg12-Atg5 or GS Ser641 are up-regulated early in infection presumably by activating the same pathways as utilized for persistent infection; (b) Bcl-XL, an inhibitor of both autophagy and apoptosis, is present in a core complex with IRS-1 Ser312 and Beclin-1 during progression of IR; (c) AMPK level remains about the same in infected cells where it is activated by phosphorylation at Thr172 concomitant with increased autophagy, a hallmark of catabolic conditions; (d) an mTOR level that promotes anabolism is increased rather than decreased under an expanded autophagy; (e) hypophosphorylation of translational repressor 4E-BP1 downstream of mTOR is suggestive of reduced protein synthesis; and (f) β-catenin, is up-regulated but not phosphorylated suggesting indirectly our previous contention that its kinase, GSK-3β, is mostly in an inactive state. CONCLUSION We report that in the development of IR following chronic infection, anabolic and catabolic pathways are activated early, and the metabolic interaction occurs possibly in a core complex with IRS-1 Ser312, Beclin-1, and autophagy inhibitor Bcl-XL. Induction of autophagy is usually controlled by a two-edged mechanism acting in opposition under anabolic and catabolic conditions by AMPK/mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway with GSK-3β-mediated feedback loops. However, we have observed an up-regulation of mTOR along with an up-regulation of AMPK caused by HCV infection is a deviation from the normal scenario described above which might be of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul C Das
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - F Blaine Hollinger
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zhang S, Zeng L, Su BQ, Yang GY, Wang J, Ming SL, Chu BB. The glycoprotein 5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus stimulates mitochondrial ROS to facilitate viral replication. mBio 2023; 14:e0265123. [PMID: 38047681 PMCID: PMC10746205 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02651-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) presents a significant economic concern for the global swine industry due to its connection to serious production losses and increased mortality rates. There is currently no specific treatment for PRRSV. Previously, we had uncovered that PRRSV-activated lipophagy to facilitate viral replication. However, the precise mechanism that PRRSV used to trigger autophagy remained unclear. Here, we found that PRRSV GP5 enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake from ER by promoting ER-mitochondria contact, resulting in mROS release. Elevated mROS induced autophagy, which alleviated NLRP3 inflammasome activation for optimal viral replication. Our study shed light on a novel mechanism revealing how PRRSV exploits mROS to facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bing-Qian Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Longhu Advanced Immunization Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Gong J, Tu W, Liu J, Tian D. Hepatocytes: A key role in liver inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1083780. [PMID: 36741394 PMCID: PMC9890163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1083780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the major parenchymal cells in the liver, are responsible for a variety of cellular functions including carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, detoxification and immune cell activation to maintain liver homeotasis. Recent studies show hepatocytes play a pivotal role in liver inflammation. After receiving liver insults and inflammatory signals, hepatocytes may undergo organelle damage, and further respond by releasing mediators and expressing molecules that can act in the microenvironment as well as initiate a robust inflammatory response. In this review, we summarize how the hepatic organelle damage link to liver inflammation and introduce numerous hepatocyte-derived pro-inflammatory factors in response to chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dean Tian
- *Correspondence: Jingmei Liu, ; Dean Tian,
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Shaw R, Dutta B, Ghosh D, Bandopadhyay R. Hepatitis C—Route of Asymptomatic to Symptomatic Switch in Raising Hepatocarcinogenesis: Revisiting Nobel Prize 2020 in Physiology and Medicine. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-022-01192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhu M, Zhang Y, Pan J, Tong X, Zhang X, Hu X, Gong C. Grass Carp Reovirus triggers autophagy enhancing virus replication via the Akt/mTOR pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:148-156. [PMID: 35921937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy impacts the replication cycle of many viruses. Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) is an agent that seriously affects the development of the grass carp aquaculture industry. The role of autophagy in GCRV infection is not clearly understood. In this study, we identified that GCRV infection triggered autophagy in CIK cells, which was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, the conversion of LC3B I to LC3B II and the level of autophagy substrate p62. Furthermore, we found that GCRV infection activated Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, and the conversion of LC3B I to LC3B II was increased by inhibiting mTOR with rapamycin (Rap) but decreased by activating Akt with insulin. We then assessed the effects of autophagy on GCRV replication. We found that inducing autophagy with Rap promoted GCRV proliferation but inhibiting autophagy with 3 MA or CQ inhibited GCRV replication in CIK cells. Moreover, it was found that enhancing Akt-mTOR activity by insulin, GCRV VP7 protein and viral titers of GCRV were decreased. Collectively, these results indicated that GCRV infection induced autophagy involved in GCRV replication via the Akt-mTOR signal pathway. Thus, new insights into GCRV pathogenesis and antiviral treatment strategies are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Effects of Achieving Sustained Virologic Response after Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents on Long-Term Liver Fibrosis in Diabetics vs. in Non-Diabetic Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092093. [PMID: 36140194 PMCID: PMC9495608 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the prevalence of HCV worldwide as well as its undiagnosed population due to a lack of screening, HCV can be considered a modern pandemic disease. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) set goals for HCV’s elimination that included a 65 percent reduction in mortality and an 80 percent reduction in newly infected cases by 2030. This study is a follow-up evaluation of 80 patients who received interferon-free treatment with direct-acting agents (DAA) for chronic HCV infection between the second half of 2017 and the end of 2018. They were assessed using a FibroMax test prior to DAA administration. Two pills/day of Ombitasvir 12.5 mg/Paritaprevir 75 mg/Ritonavir 50 mg and two pills/day of Dasabuvir 250 mg were given to the patients for 8 weeks. After treatment, all 80 patients in this study achieved an SVR (sustained virologic response), and the FibroMax test was performed three years later. Our study found that successfully treating HCV infection can play a significant role in reducing fibrosis in T2DM patients. In comparison to those of ActiTest and SteatoTest, FibroMax scores showed a significantly greater reduction in T2DM patients than in treatment-naive patients.
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余 蕙, 刘 谦, 郭 永, 夏 勇, 罗 素. [Palmitic acid suppresses autophagy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes via the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:36-44. [PMID: 35249868 PMCID: PMC8901406 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of palmitic acid (PA) on autophagy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS NRCMs were isolated and cultured for 24 h before exposure to 10% BSA and 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, or 0.7 mmol/L PA for 24 h. After the treatments, the expressions of Parkin, PINK1, p62, LC3Ⅱ/ LC3Ⅰ, cGAS, STING and p-IRF3/IRF3 were detected using Western blotting and the cell viability was assessed with CCK8 assay, based on which 0.7 mmol/L was selected as the optimal concentration in subsequent experiments. The effects of cGAS knockdown mediated by cGAS siRNA in the presence of PA on autophagy-related proteins in the NRCMs were determined using Western blotting, and the expressions of P62 and LC3 in the treated cells were examined using immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS PA at different concentrations significantly lowered the expressions of Parkin, PINK1, LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ+Ⅱ (P < 0.05), increased the expression of p62 (P < 0.05), and inhibited the viability of NRCMs (P < 0.05). Knockdown of cGAS obviously blocked the autophagy-suppressing effect of PA and improved the viability of NRCMs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION PA inhibits autophagy by activating the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway to reduce the viability of NRCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- 蕙麟 余
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 谦 刘
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 永正 郭
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 勇 夏
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 素新 罗
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Tabata K, Prasad V, Paul D, Lee JY, Pham MT, Twu WI, Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Cerikan B, Stahl Y, Joecks S, Tran CS, Lüchtenborg C, V'kovski P, Hörmann K, Müller AC, Zitzmann C, Haselmann U, Beneke J, Kaderali L, Erfle H, Thiel V, Lohmann V, Superti-Furga G, Brügger B, Bartenschlager R. Convergent use of phosphatidic acid for hepatitis C virus and SARS-CoV-2 replication organelle formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7276. [PMID: 34907161 PMCID: PMC8671429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Double membrane vesicles (DMVs) serve as replication organelles of plus-strand RNA viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and SARS-CoV-2. Viral DMVs are morphologically analogous to DMVs formed during autophagy, but lipids driving their biogenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that production of the lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) by acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT) 1 and 2 in the ER is important for DMV biogenesis in viral replication and autophagy. Using DMVs in HCV-replicating cells as model, we found that AGPATs are recruited to and critically contribute to HCV and SARS-CoV-2 replication and proper DMV formation. An intracellular PA sensor accumulated at viral DMV formation sites, consistent with elevated levels of PA in fractions of purified DMVs analyzed by lipidomics. Apart from AGPATs, PA is generated by alternative pathways and their pharmacological inhibition also impaired HCV and SARS-CoV-2 replication as well as formation of autophagosome-like DMVs. These data identify PA as host cell lipid involved in proper replication organelle formation by HCV and SARS-CoV-2, two phylogenetically disparate viruses causing very different diseases, i.e. chronic liver disease and COVID-19, respectively. Host-targeting therapy aiming at PA synthesis pathways might be suitable to attenuate replication of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vibhu Prasad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Paul
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Minh-Tu Pham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Woan-Ing Twu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Neufeldt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Stahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Joecks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- LI-COR Biosciences GmbH, Siemensstrasse 25A, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Cong Si Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Philip V'kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hörmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolin Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beneke
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Britta Brügger
- Biochemistry Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Leonardi L, Sibéril S, Alifano M, Cremer I, Joubert PE. Autophagy Modulation by Viral Infections Influences Tumor Development. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743780. [PMID: 34745965 PMCID: PMC8569469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative process important for balancing cellular homeostasis at critical times in development and/or in response to nutrient stress. This is particularly relevant in tumor model in which autophagy has been demonstrated to have an important impact on tumor behavior. In one hand, autophagy limits tumor transformation of precancerous cells in early stage, and in the other hand, it favors the survival, proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to antitumor therapies in more advanced tumors. This catabolic machinery can be induced by an important variety of extra- and intracellular stimuli. For instance, viral infection has often been associated to autophagic modulation, and the role of autophagy in virus replication differs according to the virus studied. In the context of tumor development, virus-modulated autophagy can have an important impact on tumor cells' fate. Extensive analyses have shed light on the molecular and/or functional complex mechanisms by which virus-modulated autophagy influences precancerous or tumor cell development. This review includes an overview of discoveries describing the repercussions of an autophagy perturbation during viral infections on tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leonardi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sibéril
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital Cochin Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Joubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Univ Paris, Paris, France
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Sudhindar PD, Wainwright D, Saha S, Howarth R, McCain M, Bury Y, Saha SS, McPherson S, Reeves H, Patel AH, Faulkner GJ, Lunec J, Shukla R. HCV Activates Somatic L1 Retrotransposition-A Potential Hepatocarcinogenesis Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5079. [PMID: 34680227 PMCID: PMC8533982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The activation and mutagenic consequences of L1 retrotransposons in virus-associated-HCC have been documented. However, the direct influence of HCV upon L1 elements is unclear, and is the focus of the present study. L1 transcript expression was evaluated in a publicly available liver tissue RNA-seq dataset from patients with chronic HCV hepatitis (CHC), as well as healthy controls. L1 transcript expression was significantly higher in CHC than in controls. L1orf1p (a L1 encoded protein) expression was observed in six out of 11 CHC livers by immunohistochemistry. To evaluate the influence of HCV on retrotransposition efficiency, in vitro engineered-L1 retrotransposition assays were employed in Huh7 cells in the presence and absence of an HCV replicon. An increased retrotransposition rate was observed in the presence of replicating HCV RNA, and persisted in cells after viral clearance due to sofosbuvir (PSI7977) treatment. Increased retrotransposition could be due to dysregulation of the DNA-damage repair response, including homologous recombination, due to HCV infection. Altogether these data suggest that L1 expression can be activated before oncogenic transformation in CHC patients, with HCV-upregulated retrotransposition potentially contributing to HCC genomic instability and a risk of transformation that persists post-viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen D. Sudhindar
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Daniel Wainwright
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Santu Saha
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Rachel Howarth
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Misti McCain
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Yvonne Bury
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK;
| | - Sweta S. Saha
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Stuart McPherson
- The Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Heaton NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - Helen Reeves
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
- The Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Heaton NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Geoffrey J. Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
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Liu K, Ou JHJ. Regulators of liver cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1127-1133. [PMID: 34567430 PMCID: PMC8422929 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i8.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths. It is often detected at a stage when there are few therapeutic options. Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are highly tumorigenic and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Their presence in HCC is a major reason why HCC is difficult to treat. The development of LCSCs is regulated by a variety of factors. This review summarizes recent advances on the factors that regulate the development of LCSCs. Due to the importance of LCSCs in the development of HCC, a better understanding of how LCSCs are regulated will help to improve the treatments for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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