1
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Effah W, Khalil M, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Narayanan R. Advances in the understanding of androgen receptor structure and function and in the development of next-generation AR-targeted therapeutics. Steroids 2024; 210:109486. [PMID: 39111362 PMCID: PMC11380798 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) and its ligand androgens are important for development and physiology of various tissues. AR and its ligands also play critical role in the development of various diseases, making it a valuable therapeutic target. AR ligands, both agonists and antagonists, are being widely used to treat pathological conditions, including prostate cancer and hypogonadism. Despite AR being studied widely over the last five decades, the last decade has seen striking advances in the knowledge on AR and discoveries that have the potential to translate to the clinic. This review provides an overview of the advances in AR biology, AR molecular mechanisms of action, and next generation molecules that are currently in development. Several of the areas described in the review are just unraveling and the next decade will bring more clarity on these developments that will put AR at the forefront of both basic biology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Effah
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Marjana Khalil
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States; UTHSC Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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2
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Kwon WA, Song YS, Lee MK. Strategic Advances in Combination Therapy for Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Current Insights and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3187. [PMID: 39335158 PMCID: PMC11430187 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The contemporary treatment for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) has evolved significantly, building on successes in managing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) alone has long been the cornerstone of mCSPC treatment, combination therapies have emerged as the new standard of care based on recent advances, offering improved survival outcomes. Landmark phase 3 trials demonstrated that adding chemotherapy (docetaxel) and androgen receptor pathway inhibitors to ADT significantly enhances overall survival, particularly for patients with high-volume, high-risk, or de novo metastatic disease. Despite these advancements, a concerning gap between evidence-based guidelines and real-world practice remains, with many patients not receiving recommended combination therapies. The challenge in optimizing therapy sequences, considering both disease control and treatment burdens, and identifying clinical and biological subgroups that could benefit from personalized treatment strategies persists. The advent of triplet therapy has shown promise in extending survival, but the uro-oncology community must narrow the gap between evidence and practice to deliver the most effective care. Current research is focused on refining treatment approaches and utilizing biomarkers to guide therapy selection, aiming to offer more personalized and adaptive strategies for mCSPC management. Thus, aligning clinical practices with the evolving evidence is urgently needed to improve outcomes for patients facing this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whi-An Kwon
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang Y, Ming A, Wang J, Chen W, Fang Z. PROTACs targeting androgen receptor signaling: Potential therapeutic agents for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107234. [PMID: 38815882 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
After the initial androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), part of the prostate cancer may continuously deteriorate into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The majority of patients suffer from the localized illness at primary diagnosis that could rapidly assault other organs. This disease stage is referred as metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Surgery and radiation are still the treatment of CRPC, but have some adverse effects such as urinary symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Hormonal castration therapy interfering androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway is indispensable for most advanced prostate cancer patients, and the first- and second-generation of novel AR inhibitors could effectively cure hormone sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). However, the resistance to these chemical agents is inevitable, so many of patients may experience relapses. The resistance to AR inhibitor mainly involves AR mutation, splice variant formation and amplification, which indicates the important role in CRPC. Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), a potent technique to degrade targeted protein, has recently undergone extensive development as a biological tool and therapeutic drug. This technique has the potential to become the next generation of antitumor therapeutics as it could overcome the shortcomings of conventional small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms on PROTACs targeting AR signaling for CRPC, hoping to provide insights into drug development and clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Annan Ming
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | | | - Zhiqing Fang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, China.
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4
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Yang Y, Lv G, Xiu R, Yang H, Wang W, Yu P, Zhang J, Ye L, Wang H, Tian J. Novel selective agents for the degradation of AR/AR-V7 to treat advanced prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116400. [PMID: 38626524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The androgen receptor AR antagonists, such as enzalutamide and apalutamide, are efficient therapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Even though they are effective at first, resistance to both drugs occurs frequently. Resistance is mainly driven by aberrations of the AR signaling pathway including AR gene amplification and the expression of AR splice variants (e.g. AR-V7). This highlights the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Here, a total of 24 compounds were synthesized and biologically evaluated to disclose compound 20i, exhibiting potent AR antagonistic activities (IC50 = 172.85 ± 21.33 nM), promising AR/AR-V7 protein degradation potency, and dual targeting site of probably AR (ligand-binding domain, LBD and N-terminal domain, NTD). It potently inhibits cell growth with IC50 values of 4.87 ± 0.52 and 2.07 ± 0.34 μM in the LNCaP and 22RV1 cell lines, respectively, and exhibited effective tumor growth inhibition (TGI = 50.9 %) in the 22RV1 xenograft study. These data suggest that 20i has the potential for development as an AR/AR-V7 inhibitor with degradation ability to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Guangyao Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China; Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Huijie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 256603, China
| | - Jianzhao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Liang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
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5
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Guo S, Miao M, Wu Y, Pan D, Wu Q, Kang Z, Zeng J, Zhong G, Liu C, Wang J. DHODH inhibition represents a therapeutic strategy and improves abiraterone treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:1399-1410. [PMID: 38480915 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis, and there is an urgent need for more effective therapeutic targets to address this challenge. Here, we showed that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), an enzyme crucial in the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, is a promising therapeutic target for CRPC. The transcript levels of DHODH were significantly elevated in prostate tumors and were negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. DHODH inhibition effectively suppressed CRPC progression by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Notably, treatment with DHODH inhibitor BAY2402234 activated androgen biosynthesis signaling in CRPC cells. However, the combination treatment with BAY2402234 and abiraterone decreased intratumoral testosterone levels and induced apoptosis, which inhibited the growth of CWR22Rv1 xenograft tumors and patient-derived xenograft organoids. Taken together, these results establish DHODH as a key player in CRPC and as a potential therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaomiao Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongyue Pan
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfang Kang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Continence and Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Urinary Continence and Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Rej RK, Allu SR, Roy J, Acharyya RK, Kiran INC, Addepalli Y, Dhamodharan V. Orally Bioavailable Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras: An Innovative Approach in the Golden Era of Discovering Small-Molecule Cancer Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:494. [PMID: 38675453 PMCID: PMC11054475 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging therapeutic modality that show promise to open a target space not accessible to conventional small molecules via a degradation-based mechanism. PROTAC degraders, due to their bifunctional nature, which is categorized as 'beyond the Rule of Five', have gained attention as a distinctive therapeutic approach for oral administration in clinical settings. However, the development of PROTACs with adequate oral bioavailability remains a significant hurdle, largely due to their large size and less than ideal physical and chemical properties. This review encapsulates the latest advancements in orally delivered PROTACs that have entered clinical evaluation as well as developments highlighted in recent scholarly articles. The insights and methodologies elaborated upon in this review could be instrumental in supporting the discovery and refinement of novel PROTAC degraders aimed at the treatment of various human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kalyan Rej
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.R.A.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.R.A.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Joyeeta Roy
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Ranjan Kumar Acharyya
- Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (S.R.A.); (R.K.A.)
| | - I. N. Chaithanya Kiran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - V. Dhamodharan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
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7
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Xiao M, Ha S, Zhu J, Tao W, Fu Z, Wei H, Hou Q, Luo G, Xiang H. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies of Novel Monovalent AR/AR-V7 Dual Degraders with Potent Efficacy against Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5567-5590. [PMID: 38512060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) has been extensively established as a potential therapeutic target for nearly all stages of prostate cancer (PCa). However, acquired resistance to AR-targeted drugs inevitably develops and severely limits their clinical efficacy. Particularly, there currently exists no efficient treatment for patients expressing the constitutively active AR splice variants, such as AR-V7. Herein, we report the structure-activity relationship studies of 55 N-heterocycle-substituted hydantoins, which identified the structural motifs required for AR/AR-V7 degradation. Among them, the most potent compound 27c exhibited selective AR/AR-V7 degradation over other hormone receptors and excellent antiproliferative activities in LNCaP and 22RV1 cells. RNA sequence analysis confirmed that 27c effectively suppressed transcriptional activity of the AR signaling pathway. Importantly, 27c demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy in an enzalutamide-resistant 22RV1 xenograft model. These results highlight the potential of 27c as a promising dual AR/AR-V7 degrader for overcoming drug resistance in advanced PCa expressing AR splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Si Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenxiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zixuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hanlin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qiangqiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guoshun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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8
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Gao H, Zhang JY, Zhao LJ, Guo YY. Synthesis and application of clinically approved small-molecule drugs targeting androgen receptor. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106998. [PMID: 38035513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. Dysregulation of AR signaling has been implicated in several diseases, such as prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Therefore, the development of drugs that specifically target AR has gained significant attention in the field of drug discovery. This review provides an overview of the synthetic routes of clinically approved small molecule drugs targeting AR and discusses the clinical applications of these drugs in the treatment of AR-related diseases. The review also highlights the challenges and future perspectives in this field, including the need for improved drug design and the exploration of novel therapeutic targets. Through an integrated analysis of the therapeutic applications, synthetic methodologies, and mechanisms of action associated with these approved drugs, this review facilitates a holistic understanding of the versatile roles and therapeutic potential of AR-targeted interventions. Overall, this comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for medicinal chemists interested in the development of small-molecule drugs targeting AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, 450044, China.
| | - Li-Jie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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9
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Xiang J, Li Z, Liu Q. Exploring inhibitory components of Hedyotis diffusa on androgen receptor through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36637. [PMID: 38206742 PMCID: PMC10754563 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the effective ingredients and mechanisms of action in Hedyotis diffusa (HD) that have inhibitory effects on androgen receptors (AR) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). The effective ingredients of HD were collected through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database and literatures. All components were docked with AR using Libdock. The receptor ligand interaction between the optimal ligand and AR were analyzed. Two simulation systems, namely I and II, containing AR and testosterone propionates (TP) were constructed, which System II contained the optimal ligand. The duration of the MDS was set to 300 ns. The distance between TP and AR peripheral active sites, root mean square deviation of ligand and receptor, receptor radius of gyration, distance between ligand center and binding site center, and ligand receptor binding energy were analyzed. 37 components of HD were collected, and the optimal ligand was MOL001656. MOL001656 forms hydrogen bonds with residues LEU48, PHE108, GLN55, LEU45, and ASN49 of AR. MDS have found that binding of TP to AR active sites can be observed in System I. The root mean square deviation of AR and MOL001656 both tended to stabilize in System II, with no significant fluctuations in the radius of gyration of AR and no significant fluctuations in the distance between ligand and binding cavity, indicating that the receptor ligand structure is relatively stable and their binding is relatively stable. The binding energy between AR and MOL001656 was -29.33 ± 3.84 kcal/mol. HD contains multiple effective ingredients that may have inhibitory AR activity. MOL001656 can occupy binding sites, thereby may exerting AR inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Nursing, Wuhan Donghu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zefei Li
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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10
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Diamantopoulos MA, Georgoulia KK, Levis P, Kotronopoulos G, Stravodimos K, Kontos CK, Avgeris M, Scorilas A. 28S rRNA-Derived Fragments Represent an Independent Molecular Predictor of Short-Term Relapse in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:239. [PMID: 38203408 PMCID: PMC10779029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a global health concern, being a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among males. Early detection and accurate prognosis are crucial for effective management. This study delves into the diagnostic and prognostic potential of 28S rRNA-derived fragments (rRFs) in PCa. Total RNA extracted from 89 PCa and 53 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) tissue specimens. After 3'-end polyadenylation, we performed reverse transcription to create first-strand cDNA. Using an in-house quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay, we quantified 28S rRF levels. Post-treatment biochemical relapse served as the clinical endpoint event for survival analysis, which we validated internally through bootstrap analysis. Our results revealed downregulated 28S rRF levels in PCa compared to BPH patients. Additionally, we observed a significant positive correlation between 28S rRF levels and higher Gleason scores and tumor stages. Furthermore, PCa patients with elevated 28S rRF expression had a significantly higher risk of post-treatment disease relapse independently of clinicopathological data. In conclusion, our study demonstrates, for the first time, the prognostic value of 28S rRF in prostate adenocarcinoma. Elevated 28S rRF levels independently predict short-term PCa relapse and enhance risk stratification. This establishes 28S rRF as a potential novel molecular marker for PCa prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios A. Diamantopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Konstantina K. Georgoulia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Panagiotis Levis
- First Department of Urology, “Laiko” General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.L.); (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Georgios Kotronopoulos
- First Department of Urology, “Laiko” General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.L.); (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Konstantinos Stravodimos
- First Department of Urology, “Laiko” General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.L.); (G.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Christos K. Kontos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Margaritis Avgeris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece; (M.A.D.); (K.K.G.); (C.K.K.); (M.A.)
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11
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Bhole RP, Kute PR, Chikhale RV, Bonde CG, Pant A, Gurav SS. Unlocking the potential of PROTACs: A comprehensive review of protein degradation strategies in disease therapy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106720. [PMID: 37480814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The technology known asPROTACs (PROteolysisTArgeting Chimeras) is a method of protein degradation. Utilising bifunctional small molecules, the ubiquitin-proteosome system (UPS) is used to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins. In addition to being novel chemical knockdown agents for biological studies that are catalytic, reversible, and rapid, PROTACs used in the treatment for disorders like cancer, immunological disorders, viral diseases, and neurological disorders. The protein degradation field has advanced quickly over the last two years, with a significant rise in research articles on the subject as well as a quick rise in smallmolecule degraders that are currently in or will soon enter the clinical stage. Other new degrading technologies, in addition to PROTAC and molecular glue technology, are also emerging rapidly. In this review article, we mainly focuses on various PROTAC molecules designed with special emphasis on targeted cellular pathways for different diseases i.e., cancer, Viral diseases Immune disorders, Neurodegenerative diseases, etc. We discussed about new technologies based on PROTACs such as Antibody PROTAC, Aptamers, Dual target, Folate caged, TF PROTAC, etc. Also, we listed out the PROTACs which are in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India.
| | - Payal R Kute
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | | | - C G Bonde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Shirpur Campus 425 405, India.
| | - Amit Pant
- School of Medicine Creighton University, Omaha, Neraska, USA.
| | - Shailendra S Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Panaji, Goa University, Goa 403001, India.
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12
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Thankan RS, Thomas E, Purushottamachar P, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Salinization Dramatically Enhance the Anti-Prostate Cancer Efficacies of AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2 Molecular Glue Degraders, Galeterone and VNPP433-3β Which Outperform Docetaxel and Enzalutamide in CRPC CWR22Rv1 Xenograft Mouse Model. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106700. [PMID: 37392559 PMCID: PMC10528634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Galeterone, 3β-(hydroxy)-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (Gal, 1) and VNPP433-3β, 3β-(1H-imidazole-1-yl-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (2) are potent molecular glue degrader modulators of AR/AR-V7 and Mnk1/2-eIF4E signaling pathways, and are promising Phase 3 and Phase 1 drug candidates, respectively. Because appropriate salts can be utilized to create new chemical entities with enhanced aqueous solubility, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and enhanced in vitro and in vivo efficacies, the monohydrochloride salt of Gal (3) and the mono- and di-hydrochlorides salts of compound 2, compounds 4 and 5, respectively, were synthesized. The salts were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS analyses. Compound 3 displayed enhanced in vitro antiproliferative activity (7.4-fold) against three prostate cancer cell lines but surprisingly decreased plasma exposure in the pharmacokinetics study. The antiproliferative activities of the compound 2 salts (4 and 5) were equivalent to that of compound 2, but their oral pharmacokinetic profiles were significantly enhanced. Finally, and most importantly, oral administration of the parent compounds (1 and 2) and their corresponding salts (3, 4 and 5) caused dose-dependent potent inhibition/regression of aggressive and difficult-to-treat CWR22Rv1 tumor xenografts growth, with no apparent host toxicities and were highly more efficacious than the blockbuster FDA-approved prostate cancer drugs, Enzalutamide (Xtandi) and Docetaxel (Taxotere). Thus, the HCl salts of Gal (3) and VNPP433-3β (4 and 5) are excellent orally bioavailable candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retheesh S Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - David J Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Isoprene Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 801 West Baltimore Street, Suite 502J, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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13
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Li B, Ran T, Chen H. 3D based generative PROTAC linker design with reinforcement learning. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbad323. [PMID: 37670499 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), has emerged as an effective modality to selectively degrade disease-related proteins by harnessing the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Due to PROTACs' hetero-bifunctional characteristics, in which a linker joins a warhead binding to a protein of interest (POI), conferring specificity and a E3-ligand binding to an E3 ubiquitin ligase, this could trigger the ubiquitination and transportation of POI to the proteasome, followed by degradation. The rational PROTAC linker design is challenging due to its relatively large molecular weight and the complexity of maintaining the binding mode of warhead and E3-ligand in the binding pockets of counterpart. Conventional linker generation method can only generate linkers in either 1D SMILES or 2D graph, without taking into account the information of ternary structures. Here we propose a novel 3D linker generative model PROTAC-INVENT which can not only generate SMILES of PROTAC but also its 3D putative binding conformation coupled with the target protein and the E3 ligase. The model is trained jointly with the RL approach to bias the generation of PROTAC structures toward pre-defined 2D and 3D based properties. Examples were provided to demonstrate the utility of the model for generating reasonable 3D conformation of PROTACs. On the other hand, our results show that the associated workflow for 3D PROTAC conformation generation can also be used as an efficient docking protocol for PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqing Li
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting Ran
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongming Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, Guangdong Province, China
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14
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Dai C, Dehm SM, Sharifi N. Targeting the Androgen Signaling Axis in Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4267-4278. [PMID: 37429011 PMCID: PMC10852396 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the androgen receptor (AR) and AR-driven transcriptional programs is central to the pathophysiology of prostate cancer. Despite successful translational efforts in targeting AR, therapeutic resistance often occurs as a result of molecular alterations in the androgen signaling axis. The efficacy of next-generation AR-directed therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer has provided crucial clinical validation for the continued dependence on AR signaling and introduced a range of new treatment options for men with both castration-resistant and castration-sensitive disease. Despite this, however, metastatic prostate cancer largely remains an incurable disease, highlighting the need to better understand the diverse mechanisms by which tumors thwart AR-directed therapies, which may inform new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we revisit concepts in AR signaling and current understandings of AR signaling-dependent resistance mechanisms as well as the next frontier of AR targeting in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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15
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Alegre-Martí A, Jiménez-Panizo A, Martínez-Tébar A, Poulard C, Peralta-Moreno MN, Abella M, Antón R, Chiñas M, Eckhard U, Piulats JM, Rojas AM, Fernández-Recio J, Rubio-Martínez J, Le Romancer M, Aytes Á, Fuentes-Prior P, Estébanez-Perpiñá E. A hotspot for posttranslational modifications on the androgen receptor dimer interface drives pathology and anti-androgen resistance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2175. [PMID: 36921044 PMCID: PMC10017050 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the androgen receptor (AR) associated with prostate cancer and androgen insensitivity syndrome may profoundly influence its structure, protein interaction network, and binding to chromatin, resulting in altered transcription signatures and drug responses. Current structural information fails to explain the effect of pathological mutations on AR structure-function relationship. Here, we have thoroughly studied the effects of selected mutations that span the complete dimer interface of AR ligand-binding domain (AR-LBD) using x-ray crystallography in combination with in vitro, in silico, and cell-based assays. We show that these variants alter AR-dependent transcription and responses to anti-androgens by inducing a previously undescribed allosteric switch in the AR-LBD that increases exposure of a major methylation target, Arg761. We also corroborate the relevance of residues Arg761 and Tyr764 for AR dimerization and function. Together, our results reveal allosteric coupling of AR dimerization and posttranslational modifications as a disease mechanism with implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alegre-Martí
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Jiménez-Panizo
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Martínez-Tébar
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell) and Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1502, University of Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - M. Núria Peralta-Moreno
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Institut de Recerca en Química Teorica i Computacional (IQTCUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Abella
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Antón
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Chiñas
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell) and Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Cuernavaca, 61740 Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Piulats
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell) and Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rojas
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Recio
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV-CSIC), CSIC-UR-Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Jaime Rubio-Martínez
- Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Institut de Recerca en Química Teorica i Computacional (IQTCUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, CNRS UMR5286, Inserm U1502, University of Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Álvaro Aytes
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell) and Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Fuentes-Prior
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Estébanez-Perpiñá
- Structural Biology of Nuclear Receptors, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Chandrasekaran B, Tapadar S, Wu B, Saran U, Tyagi A, Johnston A, Gaul DA, Oyelere AK, Damodaran C. Antiandrogen-Equipped Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Selectively Inhibit Androgen Receptor (AR) and AR-Splice Variant (AR-SV) in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061769. [PMID: 36980655 PMCID: PMC10046692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenetic modification influences androgen receptor (AR) activation, often resulting in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Silencing histone-modifying enzymes (histone deacetylases-HDACs) either genetically or pharmacologically suppresses PCa proliferation in preclinical models of PCa; however, results from clinical studies were not encouraging. Similarly, PCa patients eventually become resistant to androgen ablation therapy (ADT). Our goal is to develop dual-acting small molecules comprising antiandrogen and HDAC-inhibiting moieties that may overcome the resistance of ADT and effectively suppress the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods: Several rationally designed antiandrogen-equipped HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) were synthesized, and their efficacy on CRPC growth was examined both in vitro and in vivo. Results: While screening our newly developed small molecules, we observed that SBI-46 significantly inhibited the proliferation of AR+ CRPC cells but not AR- CRPC and normal immortalized prostate epithelial cells (RWPE1) or normal kidney cells (HEK-293 and VERO). Molecular analysis confirmed that SBI-46 downregulated the expressions of both AR+ and AR-splice variants (AR-SVs) in CRPC cells. Further studies revealed the downregulation of AR downstream (PSA) events in CRPC cells. The oral administration of SBI-46 abrogated the growth of C4-2B and 22Rv1 CRPC xenograft tumors that express AR or both AR and AR-SV in xenotransplanted nude mice models. Further, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that SBI-46 inhibits AR signaling in xenografted tumor tissues. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that SBI-46 is a potent agent that inhibits preclinical models of CRPC by downregulating the expressions of both AR and AR-SV. Furthermore, these results suggest that SBI-46 may be a potent compound for treating CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bocheng Wu
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Uttara Saran
- Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Ashish Tyagi
- Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Alexis Johnston
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David A. Gaul
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.O.); (C.D.); Tel.: +1-404-894-4047 (A.K.O.); +1-979-436-0495 (C.D.)
| | - Chendil Damodaran
- Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.O.); (C.D.); Tel.: +1-404-894-4047 (A.K.O.); +1-979-436-0495 (C.D.)
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17
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Jefferi NES, Shamhari A‘A, Noor Azhar NKZ, Shin JGY, Kharir NAM, Azhar MA, Hamid ZA, Budin SB, Taib IS. The Role of ERα and ERβ in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Current Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030826. [PMID: 36979805 PMCID: PMC10045750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer, or CRPC, is an aggressive stage of prostate cancer (PCa) in which PCa cells invade nearby or other parts of the body. When a patient with PCa goes through androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and the cancer comes back or worsens, this is called CRPC. Instead of androgen-dependent signalling, recent studies show the involvement of the estrogen pathway through the regulation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in CRPC development. Reduced levels of testosterone due to ADT lead to low ERβ functionality in inhibiting the proliferation of PCa cells. Additionally, ERα, which possesses androgen independence, continues to promote the proliferation of PCa cells. The functions of ERα and ERβ in controlling PCa progression have been studied, but further research is needed to elucidate their roles in promoting CRPC. Finding new ways to treat the disease and stop it from becoming worse will require a clear understanding of the molecular processes that can lead to CRPC. The current review summarizes the underlying processes involving ERα and ERβ in developing CRPC, including castration-resistant mechanisms after ADT and available medication modification in mitigating CRPC progression, with the goal of directing future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Erysha Sabrina Jefferi
- Center of Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Asma’ ‘Afifah Shamhari
- Center of Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Nur Khayrin Zulaikha Noor Azhar
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Joyce Goh Yi Shin
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Nur Annisa Mohd Kharir
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Afiq Azhar
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Zariyantey Abd Hamid
- Center of Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Center of Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Center of Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0603-92897608
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18
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Choupani E, Mahmoudi Gomari M, Zanganeh S, Nasseri S, Haji-Allahverdipoor K, Rostami N, Hernandez Y, Najafi S, Saraygord-Afshari N, Hosseini A. Newly Developed Targeted Therapies Against the Androgen Receptor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Review. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:309-327. [PMID: 36781219 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among different types of breast cancers (BC), triple-negative BC (TNBC) amounts to 15% to 20% of breast malignancies. Three principal characteristics of TNBC cells are (i) extreme aggressiveness, (ii) absence of hormones, and (iii) growth factor receptors. Due to the lack or poor expression of the estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and progesterone receptor, TNBC is resistant to hormones and endocrine therapies. Consequently, chemotherapy is currently used as the primary approach against TNBC. Expression of androgen receptor (AR) in carcinoma cells has been observed in a subset of patients with TNBC; therefore, inhibiting androgen signaling pathways holds promise for TNBC targeting. The new AR inhibitors have opened up new therapy possibilities for BC patients carrying AR-positive TNBC cells. Our group provides a comprehensive review of the structure and function of the AR and clinical evidence for targeting the cell's nuclear receptor in TNBC. We updated AR agonists, inhibitors, and antagonists. We also presented a new era of genetic manipulating CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology as state-of-the-art approaches against AR to promote the efficiency of targeted therapy in TNBC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The lack of effective treatment for triple-negative breast cancer is a health challenge. The main disadvantages of existing treatments are their side effects, due to their nonspecific targeting. Molecular targeting of cellular receptors, such as androgen receptors, increased expression in malignant tissues, significantly improving the survival rate of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Choupani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi Gomari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Saeed Zanganeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Sherko Nasseri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Kaveh Haji-Allahverdipoor
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Neda Rostami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Yaeren Hernandez
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Safa Najafi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Neda Saraygord-Afshari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
| | - Arshad Hosseini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran (E.C., M.M.G., N.S.-A., A.H.); Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (S.Z.); Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (S.N., K.H.-a.); Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Iran (N.R.); Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (Y.H.); and Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (S.N.)
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19
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Targeted Degradation of Androgen Receptor by VNPP433-3β in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Implicates Interaction with E3 Ligase MDM2 Resulting in Ubiquitin-Proteasomal Degradation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041198. [PMID: 36831540 PMCID: PMC9954018 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is a fast-evolving therapeutic strategy to target even the traditionally undruggable target proteins. Contrary to the traditional small-molecule inhibitors of enzyme or receptor antagonists that bind the active site pockets in the target protein, molecular glue degraders facilitate interaction of target proteins with E3 ubiquitin ligases by stabilizing the ternary complex and induce physical proximity, thereby triggering ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. AR plays a key role in all stages of prostate cancer. It is activated by the binding of androgenic hormones and transcriptionally regulates multiple genes including the ones that regulate cell cycle. Using HiBiT CRISPR cell line, biochemical methods, and RNA sequencing, we report the potential role of VNPP433-3β, the next generation galeterone analog as molecular glue that brings together AR, the key driver of prostate cancer and MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase leading to ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of f-AR and AR-V7 in prostate cancer cells.
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20
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Apprato G, D’Agostini G, Rossetti P, Ermondi G, Caron G. In Silico Tools to Extract the Drug Design Information Content of Degradation Data: The Case of PROTACs Targeting the Androgen Receptor. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031206. [PMID: 36770875 PMCID: PMC9919651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have recently emerged as a promising technology in the drug discovery landscape. Large interest in the degradation of the androgen receptor (AR) as a new anti-prostatic cancer strategy has resulted in several papers focusing on PROTACs against AR. This study explores the potential of a few in silico tools to extract drug design information from AR degradation data in the format often reported in the literature. After setting up a dataset of 92 PROTACs with consistent AR degradation values, we employed the Bemis-Murcko method for their classification. The resulting clusters were not informative in terms of structure-degradation relationship. Subsequently, we performed Degradation Cliff analysis and identified some key aspects conferring a positive contribution to activity, as well as some methodological limits when applying this approach to PROTACs. Linker structure degradation relationships were also investigated. Then, we built and characterized ternary complexes to validate previous results. Finally, we implemented machine learning classification models and showed that AR degradation for VHL-based but not CRBN-based PROTACs can be predicted from simple permeability-related 2D molecular descriptors.
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21
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Raith F, O’Donovan DH, Lemos C, Politz O, Haendler B. Addressing the Reciprocal Crosstalk between the AR and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032289. [PMID: 36768610 PMCID: PMC9917236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction in androgen synthesis and the blockade of the androgen receptor (AR) function by chemical castration and AR signaling inhibitors represent the main treatment lines for the initial stages of prostate cancer. Unfortunately, resistance mechanisms ultimately develop due to alterations in the AR pathway, such as gene amplification or mutations, and also the emergence of alternative pathways that render the tumor less or, more rarely, completely independent of androgen activation. An essential oncogenic axis activated in prostate cancer is the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, as evidenced by the frequent alterations of the negative regulator phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and by the activating mutations in PI3K subunits. Additionally, crosstalk and reciprocal feedback loops between androgen signaling and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade that activate pro-survival signals and play an essential role in disease recurrence and progression have been evidenced. Inhibitors addressing different players of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have been evaluated in the clinic. Only a limited benefit has been reported in prostate cancer up to now due to the associated side effects, so novel combination approaches and biomarkers predictive of patient response are urgently needed. Here, we reviewed recent data on the crosstalk between AR signaling and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the selective inhibitors identified, and the most advanced clinical studies, with a focus on combination treatments. A deeper understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in disease progression and treatment resistance is essential to further guide therapeutic approaches with improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Raith
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel H. O’Donovan
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Lemos
- Bayer Research and Innovation Center, Bayer US LLC, 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Oliver Politz
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-2215-41198
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22
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Ong TA, Saad M, Lim J, Lee HH. Novel hormonal therapies in the management of advanced prostate cancer: extrapolating Asian findings to Southeast Asia. BMC Urol 2023; 23:4. [PMID: 36609251 PMCID: PMC9824980 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of information on the use of novel hormonal agents in Southeast Asian patients. We reviewed the clinical roles of novel hormonal therapy (NHT), namely abiraterone acetate (AA), enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide, in the management of advanced prostate cancer, and data on its use in Asian patients, in order to extrapolate these findings to the Southeast Asian patient population. There are some differences in the molecular features between the NHTs, which influenced their respective permeabilities through the blood-brain barrier. The Asian sub-analyses of the landmark studies of each NHT were limited. The primary endpoints of the Asian sub-analyses generally reflect the efficacy outcomes of the respective landmark study. Hypertension, fatigue, musculoskeletal disorders, rash, and hot flushes were among the common toxicities observed in Asian patients. Real-world data on AA in the Asian setting is favourable, but data is limited for enzalutamide, apalutamide and darolutamide. Based on the sub-analyses and real-world data, the efficacy and safety of NHTs in the Asian patients showed a similar trend to the respective landmark studies. The lack of clinical trials in the Southeast Asian region hampers the ability to make a robust conclusion on any specific efficacy or safety differences that may be present; clinicians must assume that the broader Asian sub-analyses and real-world data reflects Southeast Asian patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Aik Ong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marniza Saad
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jasmine Lim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hsien Hooi Lee
- Johnson & Johnson Pte. Ltd., Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia
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23
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Ha S, Luo G, Xiang H. A Comprehensive Overview of Small-Molecule Androgen Receptor Degraders: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16128-16154. [PMID: 36459083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC), the second most prevalent malignancy in men worldwide, has been proven to depend on the aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Long-term androgen deprivation for the treatment of PC inevitably leads to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in which AR remains a crucial oncogenic driver. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies to address this unmet medical need. Targeting AR for degradation has recently been in a vigorous development stage, and accumulating clinical studies have highlighted the benefits of AR degraders in CRPC patients. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of small-molecule AR degraders with diverse mechanisms of action including proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), selective AR degraders (SARDs), hydrophobic tags (HyT), and other AR degraders with distinct mechanisms. Accordingly, their structure-activity relationships, biomedical applications, and therapeutic values are also dissected to provide insights into the future development of promising AR degradation-based therapeutics for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Guoshun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
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24
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Advances in AR-targeting chimeras: a case study of proteolysis-targeting chimeras from bench to bedside. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1471-1489. [PMID: 36214138 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) is an emerging revolutionary technology that promotes degradation of target proteins by proteolysis. AR-targeting PROTACs marked many milestones in the history of PROTAC development. In this review, the author discusses the development of AR-targeting PROTACs over the last two decades. Also included in this focused review are medicinal chemistry strategies, pharmacokinetic profiles and clinical development. Taking AR targeting PROTACs for case study, this review provides a target specific overview of how PROTAC technology has advanced from a revolutionary concept and achieved proof of concept leading to drug candidates that benefit patients.
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25
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Wang A, Luo X, Wang Y, Meng X, Lu Z, Yang Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Androgen Receptor Degrading and Antagonizing Bifunctional Steroidal Analogs for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12460-12481. [PMID: 36070471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with high mortality has seriously threatened men's health. Bifunctional agents simultaneously degrade and antagonize androgen receptor (AR), display robust AR signaling pathway blockade, and show the therapeutic prospect for mCRPC. Herein, systemic structural modifications on the C-3, C-6, and C-17 positions of galeterone led to the discovery of 67-b with the dual functions of AR antagonism and degradation. In vitro, 67-b exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity and potent AR degradation activity in different PCa cells (LNCaP and 22RV1), as well as outstanding antagonistic activity against wild-type and mutant (W741L, T877A, and F876L) ARs. In vivo, 67-b effectively inhibited the growth of hormone-sensitive organs in the Hershberger assay and exhibited tumor regression in the enzalutamide-resistant (c4-2b-ENZ) xenograft model. These results confirmed 67-b to be a promising AR degrader and antagonist for the treatment of mCRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianggang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Avgeris I, Pliatsika D, Nikolaropoulos SS, Fousteris MA. Targeting androgen receptor for prostate cancer therapy: From small molecules to PROTACs. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106089. [PMID: 35973305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a serious type of cancer for men worldwide. The majority of new PCa cases are associated with androgen receptor (AR) hyperactivity. Various AR-targeting molecules that suppress its activity have been discovered. In this review, we present the already marketed antiandrogens and a selection of structurally and chemically interesting AR-targeting compounds, from a pharmacochemical perspective. Focus has been placed on the applied design approaches, structural evolution and structure-activity relationships of the most prominent compound classes. Passing from the traditional steroidal AR antagonists to the modern AR-targeting proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), we intend to provide a comprehensive overview on AR-targeting molecules for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Avgeris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece
| | - Dimanthi Pliatsika
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece
| | - Sotiris S Nikolaropoulos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece
| | - Manolis A Fousteris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
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27
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Emerging Biomarker-Guided Therapies in Prostate Cancer. CURRENT ONCOLOGY (TORONTO, ONT.) 2022; 29:5054-5076. [PMID: 35877260 PMCID: PMC9319825 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29070400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer death in men worldwide. In the past decade, several new treatments for advanced prostate cancer have been approved. With a wide variety of available drugs, including cytotoxic agents, androgen receptor axis-targeted therapies, and alpha-emitting radiation therapy, identifying their optimal sequencing remains a challenge. Progress in the understanding of the biology of prostate cancer has provided an opportunity for a more refined and personalized treatment selection process. With the advancement of molecular sequencing techniques, genomic precision through the identification of potential treatment targets and predictive biomarkers has been rapidly evolving. In this review, we discussed biomarker-driven treatments for advanced prostate cancer. First, we presented predictive biomarkers for established, global standard treatments for advanced diseases, such as chemotherapy and androgen receptor axis-targeted agents. We also discussed targeted agents with recent approval for special populations, such as poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer with homologous recombination repair-deficient tumors, pembrolizumab in patients with high levels of microsatellite instability or high tumor mutational burden, and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) directed radioligand theragnostic treatment for PSMA expressing tumors. Additionally, we discussed evolving treatments, such as cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T), Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), other targeted agents such as AKT inhibitors, and various combination treatments. In summary, advances in molecular genetics have begun to propel personalized medicine forward in the management of advanced prostate cancer, allowing for a more precise, biomarker-driven treatment selection with the goal of improving overall efficacy.
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28
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He M, Cao C, Ni Z, Liu Y, Song P, Hao S, He Y, Sun X, Rao Y. PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry (an update from 2020 to 2021). Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:181. [PMID: 35680848 PMCID: PMC9178337 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology is a new protein-degradation strategy that has emerged in recent years. It uses bifunctional small molecules to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. PROTACs can not only be used as potential clinical treatments for diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, viral infections, and neurodegenerative diseases, but also provide unique chemical knockdown tools for biological research in a catalytic, reversible, and rapid manner. In 2019, our group published a review article "PROTACs: great opportunities for academia and industry" in the journal, summarizing the representative compounds of PROTACs reported before the end of 2019. In the past 2 years, the entire field of protein degradation has experienced rapid development, including not only a large increase in the number of research papers on protein-degradation technology but also a rapid increase in the number of small-molecule degraders that have entered the clinical and will enter the clinical stage. In addition to PROTAC and molecular glue technology, other new degradation technologies are also developing rapidly. In this article, we mainly summarize and review the representative PROTACs of related targets published in 2020-2021 to present to researchers the exciting developments in the field of protein degradation. The problems that need to be solved in this field will also be briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chaoguo Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Ni
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peilu Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Hao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuna He
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Rao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
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Gray LE, Conley JM, Lambright CS, Furr JR. In utero exposure to a mixture of the perfluoroalkyl-isopropyl pesticide pyrifluquinazon with dibutyl phthalate cumulatively disrupts male rat reproductive development via different mechanisms of action. Toxicol Sci 2022; 188:234-247. [PMID: 35642937 PMCID: PMC10269475 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of individual chemicals and mixtures during sexual differentiation that disrupt the androgen signaling pathway can induce reproductive abnormalities in male rats. In the current study, we co-administered the heptafluoroisopropyl pesticide pyrifluquinazon (PFQ), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) to pregnant rats during sexual differentiation of the reproductive tract. Both chemicals have been shown to disrupt reproductive tract differentiation in a dose-related manner reducing male anogenital distance (AGD), permanently reducing androgen-dependent tissue weights and sperm counts, and inducing reproductive malformations in male offspring, albeit by different mechanisms of action that converge downstream in the androgen signaling pathway on a common key event. Rats were orally dosed from gestation days 14-18 with dilutions of PFQ and DBP at 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the top dose (100 mg/kg PFQ and 750 mg/kg DBP). The mixture ratio was selected such that each chemical would contribute equally to multiple effects on the male offspring reproductive tract and the dose range was designed to determine if the mixture produced additive effects predicted by dose addition or response addition models, or whether significant interactions occurred. Observed data were compared to dose and response addition model predictions. As hypothesized, the mixture reduced F1 male AGD, reproductive organ weights and sperm counts and induced hypospadias with dose addition consistently providing a better prediction of the observed effects than response addition. These results support our hypothesis that chemicals that disrupt the androgen signaling pathway induce dose-additive male reproductive abnormalities regardless of the specific mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Earl Gray
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, CPHEA, ORD, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 27711 North Carolina
| | - Justin M Conley
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, CPHEA, ORD, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 27711 North Carolina
| | - Christy S Lambright
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, PHITD, CPHEA, ORD, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 27711 North Carolina
| | - Johnathan R Furr
- Inotiv, 13 Firstfield Road, Suite 110, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878
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Kuznik NC, Solozobova V, Lee II, Jung N, Yang L, Nienhaus K, Ntim EA, Rottenberg JT, Muhle-Goll C, Kumar AR, Peravali R, Gräßle S, Gourain V, Deville C, Cato L, Neeb A, Dilger M, Cramer von Clausbruch CA, Weiss C, Kieffer B, Nienhaus GU, Brown M, Bräse S, Cato ACB. A chemical probe for BAG1 targets androgen receptor-positive prostate cancer through oxidative stress signaling pathway. iScience 2022; 25:104175. [PMID: 35479411 PMCID: PMC9036123 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BAG1 is a family of polypeptides with a conserved C-terminal BAG domain that functions as a nucleotide exchange factor for the molecular chaperone HSP70. BAG1 proteins also control several signaling processes including proteostasis, apoptosis, and transcription. The largest isoform, BAG1L, controls the activity of the androgen receptor (AR) and is upregulated in prostate cancer. Here, we show that BAG1L regulates AR dynamics in the nucleus and its ablation attenuates AR target gene expression especially those involved in oxidative stress and metabolism. We show that a small molecule, A4B17, that targets the BAG domain downregulates AR target genes similar to a complete BAG1L knockout and upregulates the expression of oxidative stress-induced genes involved in cell death. Furthermore, A4B17 outperformed the clinically approved antagonist enzalutamide in inhibiting cell proliferation and prostate tumor development in a mouse xenograft model. BAG1 inhibitors therefore offer unique opportunities for antagonizing AR action and prostate cancer growth. BAG1L interacts with a sequence overlapping a polyalanine tract in the AR NTD Knockdown of BAG1L increase AR dynamics in the nucleus BAG1L uses ROS pathway to regulate AR+ prostate cancer cell proliferation A small molecule BAG1 inhibitor inhibits prostate tumor growth in mouse xenografts
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Affiliation(s)
- Nane C Kuznik
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Valeria Solozobova
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Irene I Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Linxiao Yang
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Emmanuel A Ntim
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jaice T Rottenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Claudia Muhle-Goll
- Institute of Biological Interfaces 4, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Amrish Rajendra Kumar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ravindra Peravali
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Simone Gräßle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Victor Gourain
- LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie - UMR1064, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Célia Deville
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Laura Cato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Antje Neeb
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marco Dilger
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christina A Cramer von Clausbruch
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR-7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - G Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrew C B Cato
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Huang J, Lin B, Li B. Anti-Androgen Receptor Therapies in Prostate Cancer: A Brief Update and Perspective. Front Oncol 2022; 12:865350. [PMID: 35372068 PMCID: PMC8965587 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.865350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major health issue in western countries and is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Prostate cancer depends on the androgen receptor (AR), a transcriptional factor critical for prostate cancer growth and progression. Castration by surgery or medical treatment reduces androgen levels, resulting in prostatic atrophy and prostate cancer regression. Thus, metastatic prostate cancers are initially managed with androgen deprivation therapy. Unfortunately, prostate cancers rapidly relapse after castration therapy and progress to a disease stage called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently, clinical treatment for CRPCs is focused on suppressing AR activity with antagonists like Enzalutamide or by reducing androgen production with Abiraterone. In clinical practice, these treatments fail to yield a curative benefit in CRPC patients in part due to AR gene mutations or splicing variations, resulting in AR reactivation. It is conceivable that eliminating the AR protein in prostate cancer cells is a promising solution to provide a potential curative outcome. Multiple strategies have emerged, and several potent agents that reduce AR protein levels were reported to eliminate xenograft tumor growth in preclinical models via distinct mechanisms, including proteasome-mediated degradation, heat-shock protein inhibition, AR splicing suppression, blockage of AR nuclear localization, AR N-terminal suppression. A few small chemical compounds are undergoing clinical trials combined with existing AR antagonists. AR protein elimination by enhanced protein or mRNA degradation is a realistic solution for avoiding AR reactivation during androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Biyun Lin
- Pathological Diagnosis and Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Browne RB, Goswami N, Borah P, Roy JD. Computational approaches for evaluation of isobavachin as potential inhibitor against t877a and w741l mutations in prostate cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2398-2418. [PMID: 35118933 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2032353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the World's second most common cancer, with the fifth-highest male mortality rate. Point mutations such as T877A and W741L are frequently seen in advanced prostate cancer patients, conferring drug-resistance and hence driving cancer growth. Such occurrence of drug resistance in prostate cancer necessitates designing of suitable ligands to ensure better interactions with the receptors which can block the progression of the disease. The present study focus on the modification of plant-derived flavonoids that might act as inhibitors against such point mutations namely, T877A and W741L. In T877A mutation threonine is substituted by alanine at the 877 codon and W741L mutation, tryptophan is substituted by lysine at the 741 codon in prostate cancer. The study revolved on the aspect of the evaluation of Isobavachin and its derivatives as a potential agent to tackle such point mutations by using the in silico approach. A total of 98 molecular dockings were performed to find the ligand-receptor complexes with the lowest binding energy employing Autodock Software to conduct the blind and site-specific docking. Additionally, ligands were screened for Drug-likeness and toxicity using several tools yielding eight possible drug candidates. Based on the results of Molecular Docking, Drug-likeness, and ADMET testing, ten structures, including six complexes and three receptors were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation of 100 ns covering RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and MM/PBSA. Based on the simulation results, Isobavachin, IsoMod4, and IsoMod7 were concluded to be stable and exhibited potential properties for developing a novel drug to combat prostate cancer and its associated drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Barbie Browne
- Department of Biochemistry, Assam Don Bosco University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nabajyoti Goswami
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Probodh Borah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Jayanti Datta Roy
- Department of Bio-Sciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Xiang W, Zhao L, Han X, Qin C, Miao B, McEachern D, Wang Y, Metwally H, Kirchhoff PD, Wang L, Matvekas A, He M, Wen B, Sun D, Wang S. Discovery of ARD-2585 as an Exceptionally Potent and Orally Active PROTAC Degrader of Androgen Receptor for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13487-13509. [PMID: 34473519 PMCID: PMC8855934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the discovery of exceptionally potent and orally bioavailable PROTAC AR degraders with ARD-2585 being the most promising compound. ARD-2585 achieves DC50 values of ≤0.1 nM in the VCaP cell line with AR gene amplification and in the LNCaP cell line carrying an AR mutation. It potently inhibits cell growth with IC50 values of 1.5 and 16.2 nM in the VCaP and LNCaP cell lines, respectively, and achieves excellent pharmacokinetics and 51% of oral bioavailability in mice. It is more efficacious than enzalutamide in inhibition of VCaP tumor growth and does not cause any sign of toxicity in mice. ARD-2585 is a promising AR degrader for extensive investigations for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lijie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xin Han
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chong Qin
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bukeyan Miao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Donna McEachern
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hoda Metwally
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul D Kirchhoff
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Aleksas Matvekas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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HOXB5 Overexpression Is Associated with Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Poor Prognosis in Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080893. [PMID: 34440097 PMCID: PMC8389587 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes function as master regulatory transcription factors during embryogenesis. HOXB5 is known to play an important role in several cancers. However, the biological role of HOXB5 in prostate cancer (PCa) is not fully elucidated. This study aimed to analyze the expression and function of HOXB5 and involvement of HOXB5 in neuroendocrine differentiation in PCa. Immunohistochemistry showed that 56 (43.8%) of 128 cases of localized PCa were positive for HOXB5. HOXB5-positive cases were associated with poor prostate-specific antigen recurrence-free survival after prostatectomy. Among 74 cases of metastatic PCa, 43 (58.1%) were positive for HOXB5. HOXB5 expression was higher in metastatic PCa than that in localized PCa. HOXB5 knockdown suppressed cell growth and invasion, but HOXB5 overexpression increased cell growth and invasion in PCa cell lines. Furthermore, HOXB5 regulated RET expression. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that Nelson androgen response gene set was enriched in low HOXB5 expression group. RB1 knockout increased HOXB5 expression. Of note, additional p53 knockdown further increased HOXB5 expression in RB1 knockout cells. In silico analysis showed that HOXB5 expression was increased in neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC). These results suggest that HOXB5 may be a promising prognostic marker after prostatectomy and is involved in progression to NEPC.
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