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Lee NK, Jang HJ, Paik HD. Non-lactic acid bacteria probiotics isolated from intestine or various circumstances. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1997-2007. [PMID: 39130655 PMCID: PMC11315843 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms beneficial to host health, predominantly comprising lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactobacillus. Additional non-LAB probiotics, termed intestinal isolates, encompass next-generation strains like Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Christensenella minuta, Anaerobutyricum soehngenii, Oxalobacter formigenes, etc. and alongside externally sourced Bacillus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum, and Propionibacterium. Intestinal-derived probiotics represent strictly anaerobic strains with challenging culturing requirements, contrasting with the aerobic nature of Bacillus probiotics and the ease of culturing S. cerevisiae. These strains exhibit diverse health-promoting properties, encompassing antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and vitamin production capabilities, albeit contingent upon strain specificity. This review delineates the characteristics, culturing conditions, and health advantages associated with non-LAB probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ji Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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2
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Saadh MJ, Ahmed HM, Alani ZK, Al Zuhairi RAH, Almarhoon ZM, Ahmad H, Ubaid M, Alwan NH. The Role of Gut-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:14. [PMID: 38630350 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), where the interplay of genetic and environmental factors influences its pathophysiology, triggering immune responses and instigating inflammation. Contemporary research has been notably dedicated to investigating the contributions of gut microbiota and their metabolites in modulating inflammatory reactions within the CNS. Recent recognition of the gut microbiome and dietary patterns as environmental elements impacting MS development emphasizes the potential influence of small, ubiquitous molecules from microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These molecules may serve as vital molecular signals or metabolic substances regulating host cellular metabolism in the intricate interplay between microbiota and the host. A current emphasis lies on optimizing the health-promoting attributes of colonic bacteria to mitigate urinary tract issues through dietary management. This review aims to spotlight recent investigations on the impact of SCFAs on immune cells pivotal in MS, the involvement of gut microbiota and SCFAs in MS development, and the considerable influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal disruptions in MS. Comprehending the gut-CNS connection holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly probiotic-based supplements, for managing MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Hani Moslem Ahmed
- Department of Dental Industry Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Zaid Khalid Alani
- College of Health and Medical Technical, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hijaz Ahmad
- Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39, 00186, Rome, Italy.
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait.
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mohammed Ubaid
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Boyte ME, Akhtar N, Koshy B, Roe AL. A Review of Probiotic Ingredient Safety Supporting Monograph Development Conducted by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). J Diet Suppl 2024:1-39. [PMID: 38356247 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2024.2314488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is an independent, nonprofit science-based organization whose mission is to improve global health through public standards and related products for medicines, food and dietary supplements. Probiotic-based dietary supplements are increasingly popular in the marketplace and USP has developed fourteen monographs specific to probiotic ingredients, including representatives from the Genera Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium. These monographs include the definition of the article, tests for identification, quantification assays (enumeration in the case of probiotics), limits for contaminants, and other quality parameters when appropriate. In addition to quality, the USP also considers the safety of probiotics for monograph development. This report includes an overview of the USP admission evaluation process for probiotics as well as a tabular summary of the probiotic monographs currently available. Pharmacopeia monographs can guide manufacturers and brand owners and protect consumers through establishment of quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Boyte
- Dietary Supplement Admission Evaluation and Labeling Expert Committee, United States Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- United States Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Binu Koshy
- United States Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L Roe
- Dietary Supplement Admission Evaluation and Labeling Expert Committee, United States Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Patch C, Pearce AJ, Cheng M, Boyapati R, Brenna JT. Bacillus Subtilis (BG01-4 TM) Improves Self-Reported Symptoms for Constipation, Indigestion, and Dyspepsia: A Phase 1/2A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4490. [PMID: 37960143 PMCID: PMC10648295 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common, difficult-to-manage conditions. Probiotics are emerging as a dietary component that influence gastrointestinal (GI) health. We conducted a double-blinded randomised controlled trial of a proprietary strain of deactivated Bacillus subtilis (BG01-4™) high in branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) to treat self-reported FGID. METHODS Participants (n = 67) completed a four-week intervention of BG01-4™ (n = 34) or placebo (n = 33). The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) served as the outcome measure, collected prior to, at two weeks, and at four weeks after completion of the intervention. RESULTS At four weeks, one of three primary outcomes, constipation in the experimental group, was improved by 33% compared to placebo (15%); both other primary outcomes, Total GSRS and diarrhoea, were significantly improved in both the experimental and placebo groups (32%/26% and 20%/22%, respectively). The pre-planned secondary outcome, indigestion, was improved at four weeks (32%) but compared to the placebo (21%) was not significant (p = 0.079). Exploratory analysis, however, revealed that clusters for constipation (18% improvement, p < 0.001), indigestion (11% improvement, p = 0.04), and dyspepsia (10% improvement, p = 0.04) were significantly improved in the intervention group compared to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS These initial findings suggest that in people with self-reported FGID, BG01-4™ improves specific symptoms of constipation and related GI dysfunction. Longer-term confirmatory studies for this intervention are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered prospectively (25 October 2021) at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621001441808p).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Patch
- School Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, Melbourne 3086, Australia
- Adepa Lifesciences, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Alan J. Pearce
- School Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Mek Cheng
- Adepa Lifesciences, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Ray Boyapati
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash Health, Melbourne 3977, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Adepa Lifesciences, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Dell Paediatric Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, of Nutrition, and of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Li G, Tong Y, Xiao Y, Huang S, Zhao T, Xia X. Probiotic Bacillus subtilis contributes to the modulation of gut microbiota and blood metabolic profile of hosts. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 272:109712. [PMID: 37544638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic Bacillus subtilis has beneficial efficacy on host's health. The microbiota-gut-blood system (MGBS) plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of hosts. However, the mechanism by which the probiotic B. subtilis positively acts on the MGBS of hosts remains unclear. Herein, we used an interspecies animal model to explore the causal associations between this bacterium and the micro-ecology balance and circulatory homeostasis of hosts. Results showed that the body weight of hosts significantly increased after probiotic B. subtilis supplementation (P < 0.05). Enterococcus was found to be the most important microbial marker causing the intergroup differences observed herein, and its relative abundance remarkably increased after B. subtilis supplementation. In addition, the supplementation of B. subtilis induced significant alterations in the levels of circulating metabolites, such as serine, arginine, adenine, uric acid, and pyridoxal (P < 0.05), indicating that B. subtilis modulated the metabolic profile of blood circulation in the host. The metabolisms of amino acids, purine, and vitamin B were the primary pathways modulated by B. subtilis. In conclusion, probiotic B. subtilis substantially introduced subtle but positive changes in the host's gut microbiome, and it promoted the physiological activity of the host by modulating circulating metabolites. The study provides a theoretical reference for the application of probiotic B. subtilis to improve the health state of specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengquan Huang
- Renhe Global (Shanghai) Big Health Research Institute Co., LTD., Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejuan Xia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Leñini C, Rodriguez Ayala F, Goñi AJ, Rateni L, Nakamura A, Grau RR. Probiotic properties of Bacillus subtilis DG101 isolated from the traditional Japanese fermented food nattō. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1253480. [PMID: 37840737 PMCID: PMC10569484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming probiotic bacteria offer interesting properties as they have an intrinsic high stability, and when consumed, they are able to survive the adverse conditions encountered during the transit thorough the host gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A traditional healthy food, nattō, exists in Japan consisting of soy fermented by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis natto. The consumption of nattō is linked to many beneficial health effects, including the prevention of high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular-associated disease. We hypothesize that the bacterium B. subtilis natto plays a key role in the beneficial effects of nattō for humans. Here, we present the isolation of B. subtilis DG101 from nattō and its characterization as a novel spore-forming probiotic strain for human consumption. B. subtilis DG101 was non-hemolytic and showed high tolerance to lysozyme, low pH, bile salts, and a strong adherence ability to extracellular matrix proteins (i.e., fibronectin and collagen), demonstrating its potential application for competitive exclusion of pathogens. B. subtilis DG101 forms robust liquid and solid biofilms and expresses several extracellular enzymes with activity against food diet-associated macromolecules (i.e., proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides) that would be important to improve food diet digestion by the host. B. subtilis DG101 was able to grow in the presence of toxic metals (i.e., chromium, cadmium, and arsenic) and decreased their bioavailability, a feature that points to this probiotic as an interesting agent for bioremediation in cases of food and water poisoning with metals. In addition, B. subtilis DG101 was sensitive to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections in medical settings, and at the same time, it showed a potent antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. In mammalians (i.e., rats), B. subtilis DG101 colonized the GI tract, and improved the lipid and protein serum homeostasis of animals fed on the base of a normal- or a deficient-diet regime (dietary restriction). In the animal model for longevity studies, Caenorhabditis elegans, B. subtilis DG101 significantly increased the animal lifespan and prevented its age-related behavioral decay. Overall, these results demonstrate that B. subtilis DG101 is the key component of nattō with interesting probiotic properties to improve and protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Leñini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Facundo Rodriguez Ayala
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anibal Juan Goñi
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Liliana Rateni
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Roberto Ricardo Grau
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Allenspach K, Sung CH, Ceron JJ, Peres Rubio C, Bourgois-Mochel A, Suchodolski JS, Yuan L, Kundu D, Colom Comas J, Rea K, Mochel JP. Effect of the Probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE-CA9 TM on Fecal Scores, Serum Oxidative Stress Markers and Fecal and Serum Metabolome in Healthy Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:566. [PMID: 37756088 PMCID: PMC10537710 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the use of Bacillus species as probiotics since their spore-forming ability favors their survival in the acidic gastric environment over other probiotic species. The subsequent germination of B. subtilis to their vegetative form allows for their growth in the small intestine and may increase their beneficial effect on the host. B. subtilis strains have also previously been shown to have beneficial effects in humans and production animals, however, no reports are available so far on their use in companion animals. STUDY DESIGN The goal of this study was therefore to investigate the daily administration of 1 × 109 cfu DE-CA9TM orally per day versus placebo on health parameters, fecal scores, fecal microbiome, fecal metabolomics, as well as serum metabolomics and oxidative stress markers in ten healthy Beagle dogs in a parallel, randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled design over a period of 45 days. RESULTS DE-CA9TM decreased the oxidative status compared to controls for advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMS), suggesting an antioxidant effect of the treatment. Fecal metabolomics revealed a significant reduction in metabolites associated with tryptophan metabolism in the DE-CA9TM-treated group. DE-CA9TM also significantly decreased phenylalanine and homocysteine and increased homoserine and threonine levels. Amino acid metabolism was also affected in the serum metabolome, with increased levels of urea and cadaverine, and reductions in N-acetylornithine in DE-CA9TM compared to controls. Similarly, changes in essential amino acids were observed, with a significant increase in tryptophan and lysine levels and a decrease in homocysteine. An increase in serum guanine and deoxyuridine was also detected, with a decrease in beta-alanine in the animals that ingested DE-CA9TM. CONCLUSIONS Data generated throughout this study suggest that the daily administration of 1 × 109 cfu of DE-CA9TM in healthy Beagle dogs is safe and does not affect markers of general health and fecal scores. Furthermore, DE-CA9TM administration had a potential positive effect on some serum markers of oxidative stress, and protein and lipid metabolism in serum and feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Chi-Hsuan Sung
- The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Lingnan Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (L.Y.)
| | - Debosmita Kundu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.K.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Joan Colom Comas
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bioinnovation Unit, Food Science Building, College Road, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland; (J.C.C.); (K.R.)
| | - Kieran Rea
- ADM Cork H&W Limited, Bioinnovation Unit, Food Science Building, College Road, University College Cork, T12 Y337 Cork, Ireland; (J.C.C.); (K.R.)
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (D.K.); (J.P.M.)
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8
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Mondal S, Rakhshit S, Pal K, Santra S, Goswami D, Mondal SP, Halder SK, Mondal KC. Production of glutathione from probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KMH10 using banana peel extract. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128910. [PMID: 36940875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione, a tri-peptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) with the thiol group (-SH), is most efficient antioxidative agent in eukaryotic cells. The present study aimed to isolate an efficient probiotic bacterium having the potential to produce glutathione. The isolated strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KMH10 showed antioxidative activity (77.7 ± 2.56) and several other essential probiotic attributes. Banana peel, a waste of banana fruit, is chiefly composed of hemicellulose with various minerals and amino acids. A consortium of lignocellulolytic enzyme was used for the saccharifying banana peel to produce 65.71 g/L sugar to support the optimal glutathione production of 181 ± 4.56 mg/L; i.e., 1.6 folds higher than the control. So, the studied probiotic bacteria could be an effective resource for glutathione; therefore, the stain could be used as natural therapeutics for the prevention/treatment of different inflammation-related gastric ailments and as an effective producer of glutathione using valorized banana waste that has excellent industrial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Mondal
- Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubham Rakhshit
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalyanbrata Pal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Santra
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Goswami
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India
| | - Saswati Parua Mondal
- Department of Physiology, Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya, West Bengal 721626, India
| | - Suman Kumar Halder
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India
| | - Keshab Chandra Mondal
- Department of Microbiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal, India.
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Golpour F, Abbasi-Alaei M, Babaei F, Mirzababaei M, Parvardeh S, Mohammadi G, Nassiri-Asl M. Short chain fatty acids, a possible treatment option for autoimmune diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114763. [PMID: 37105078 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota can interact with the immune system through its metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as one of the most abundant metabolites of the resident gut microbiota play an important role in this crosstalk. SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) regulate nearly every type of immune cell in the gut's immune cell repertoire regarding their development and function. SCFAs work through several pathways to impose protection towards colonic health and against local or systemic inflammation. Additionally, SCFAs play a role in the regulation of immune or non-immune pathways that can slow the development of autoimmunity either systematically or in situ. The present study aims to summarize the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory roles of SCFAs and the association between the SCFAs and autoimmune disorders such as celiac disease (CD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other immune-mediated diseases, uncovering a brand-new therapeutic possibility to prevent or treat autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Golpour
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrsa Abbasi-Alaei
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mirzababaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Siavash Parvardeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Colom J, Freitas D, Simon A, Khokhlova E, Mazhar S, Buckley M, Phipps C, Deaton J, Brodkorb A, Rea K. Acute physiological effects following Bacillus subtilis DE111 oral ingestion - a randomised, double blinded, placebo-controlled study. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:31-44. [PMID: 36790091 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using ileostomy samples from study participants demonstrated that the spore-forming probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111® can germinate in the small intestine as early as 4 hours after ingestion. Metabolomics, proteomics and sequencing technologies, enabled further analysis of these samples for the presence of hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive molecules. In the DE111 treatment group, the polyphenols trigonelline and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, orotic acid, the non-essential amino acid cystine and the lipokine 12,13-diHome were increased. DE111 also reduced acetylcholine levels in the ileostomy samples, and increased the expression of leucocyte recruiting proteins, antimicrobial peptides and intestinal alkaline phosphatases of the brush border in the small intestine. The combination of B. subtilis DE111 and the diet administered during the study increased the expression of the proteins phosphodiesterase ENPP7, ceramidase ASAH2 and the adipokine Zn-alpha-2-glycoprotein that are involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism. Acute B. subtilis DE111 ingestion had limited detectable effect on the microbiome, with the main change being its increased presence. These findings support previous data suggesting a beneficial role of DE111 in digestion, metabolism, and immune health that appears to begin within hours of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colom
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - D Freitas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - A Simon
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - E Khokhlova
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S Mazhar
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M Buckley
- Mercy University Hospital, Grenville PI, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Phipps
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard Kennesaw, GA, USA 30152, USA
| | - J Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, 3800 Cobb International Boulevard Kennesaw, GA, USA 30152, USA
| | - A Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - K Rea
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Anshory M, Thio HB. Bacillus subtilis application on decolonisation of Staphylococcus aureus. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023:S2666-5247(23)00065-4. [PMID: 36893778 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anshory
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, Netherlands.
| | - Hok Bing Thio
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, Netherlands
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Mazhar S, Khokhlova E, Colom J, Simon A, Deaton J, Rea K. In vitro and in silico assessment of probiotic and functional properties of Bacillus subtilis DE111 ®. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1101144. [PMID: 36713219 PMCID: PMC9880548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis DE111® is a safe, well-tolerated commercially available spore-forming probiotic that has been clinically shown to support a healthy gut microbiome, and to promote digestive and immune health in both adults and children. Recently it was shown that this spore-forming probiotic was capable of germinating in the gastrointestinal tract as early as 3 h after ingestion. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the efficacy of DE111® is required. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the functional properties of DE111® through employing a combination of in vitro functional assays and genome analysis. DE111® genome mining revealed the presence of several genes encoding acid and stress tolerance mechanisms in addition to adhesion proteins required to survive and colonize harsh gastrointestinal environment including multi subunit ATPases, arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes (argBDR), stress (GroES/GroEL and DnaK/DnaJ) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) biosynthesis genes (pgsBCA). DE111® harbors several genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of dietary molecules (protease, lipases, and carbohyrolases), antioxidant activity and genes associated with the synthesis of several B-vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxin, biotin, and folate), vitamin K2 (menaquinone) and seven amino acids including five essential amino acids (threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, and lysine). Furthermore, a combined in silico analysis of bacteriocin producing genes with in vitro analysis highlighted a broad antagonistic activity of DE111® toward numerous urinary tract, intestinal, and skin pathogens. Enzymatic activities included proteases, peptidases, esterase's, and carbohydrate metabolism coupled with metabolomic analysis of DE111® fermented ultra-high temperature milk, revealed a high release of amino acids and beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Together, this study demonstrates the genetic and phenotypic ability of DE111® for surviving harsh gastric transit and conferring health benefits to the host, in particular its efficacy in the metabolism of dietary molecules, and its potential to generate beneficial SCFAs, casein-derived bioactive peptides, as well as its high antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Thus, supporting the use of DE111® as a nutrient supplement and its pottential use in the preparation of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahneela Mazhar
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Khokhlova
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Annie Simon
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, ADM, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Kieran Rea
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Kieran Rea, ✉
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Jiang Y, Liao Y, Si C, Du J, Xia C, Wang YN, Liu G, Li Q, Zhao J. Oral administration of Bacillus cereus GW-01 alleviates the accumulation and detrimental effects of β-cypermethrin in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137333. [PMID: 36410514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides negatively affect feed conversion, reproductive fitness, and food safety in exposed animals. Although probiotics have previously been widely studied for their effect on gut health, comparatively little is known regarding the efficacy of probiotic administration in specifically reducing pesticide toxicity in mice. We demonstrated that oral administration of a β-cypermethrin (β-CY)-degrading bacterial strain (Bacillus cereus GW-01) to β-CY-exposed mice reduced β-CY levels in the liver, kidney, brain, blood, lipid, and feces (18%-53%). Additionally, co-administration of strain GW-01 to β-CY-exposed mice reduced weight loss (22%-31%) and improved liver function (15%-19%) in mice. Additionally, mice receiving GW-01 had near-control levels of numerous β-CY-affected gut microbial taxa, including Muribaculaceae, Alloprevotella, Bacteroides, Dubosiella, and Alistipes. The survival and β-CY biosorption of GW-01 in simulated gastrointestinal fluid conditions were significantly higher than E. coli. These results suggested that GW-01 can reduce β-CY accumulation and alleviate the damage in mice. This study is the first to demonstrate that a probiotic strain can reduce the toxicity of β-CY in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Liao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chaojin Si
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Faculty of Geography Resource Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chen Xia
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610066, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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14
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Wang Z, Li L, Wang S, Wei J, Qu L, Pan L, Xu K. The role of the gut microbiota and probiotics associated with microbial metabolisms in cancer prevention and therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1025860. [PMID: 36452234 PMCID: PMC9702994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1025860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of elevated mortality worldwide. Thus, the development of drugs and treatments is needed to enhance the survival rate of the cancer-affected population. Recently, gut microbiota research in the healthy development of the human body has garnered widespread attention. Many reports indicate that changes in the gut microbiota are strongly associated with chronic inflammation-related diseases, including colitis, liver disease, and cancer within the intestine and the extraintestinal tract. Different gut bacteria are vital in the occurrence and development of tumors within the gut and extraintestinal tract. The human gut microbiome has significant implications for human physiology, including metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Moreover, diet and lifestyle habits are involved in the evolution of the human microbiome throughout the lifetime of the host and are involved in drug metabolism. Probiotics are a functional food with a protective role in cancer development in animal models. Probiotics alter the gut microbiota in the host; thus, beneficial bacterial activity is stimulated, and detrimental activity is inhibited. Clinical applications have revealed that some probiotic strains could reduce the occurrence of postoperative inflammation among cancer patients. An association network was constructed by analyzing the previous literature to explore the role of probiotics from the anti-tumor perspective. Therefore, it provides direction and insights for research on tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanqing Li
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shunshun Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Linghang Qu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianhong Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Antitumor Natural Drugs, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Materia Medica Processing, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Garvey SM, Mah E, Blonquist TM, Kaden VN, Spears JL. The probiotic Bacillus subtilis BS50 decreases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2122668. [PMID: 36269141 PMCID: PMC9590435 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Durable spore-forming probiotics are increasingly formulated into foods, beverages, and dietary supplements. To help meet this demand, the safety and efficacy of daily supplementation of Bacillus subtilis BS50 for 6 weeks was investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel clinical trial of 76 healthy adults. Before and during supplementation, gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded daily using a multi-symptom questionnaire. Clinical chemistry, hematology, plasma lipids, and intestinal permeability and inflammation markers were measured at baseline and end of study. Compared to placebo, 2 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU) BS50 per day increased the proportion of participants showing improvement from baseline to week 6 in the composite score for bloating, burping, and flatulence (47.4% vs. 22.2%), whereby the odds of detecting an improvement were higher with BS50 (OR [95% CI]: 3.2 [1.1, 8.7], p = .024). Analyses of individual gastrointestinal symptoms indicate that BS50 increased the proportion of participants showing an improvement at week 6 compared to placebo for burping (44.7% vs. 22.2%, p = .041) and bloating (31.6% vs. 13.9%, p = .071), without affecting other symptoms. There were no clinically meaningful changes in clinical chemistry, hematology, plasma lipids and intestinal permeability and other inflammation markers. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary supplementation of 2 × 109 CFU Bacillus subtilis BS50 per day is a well-tolerated and safe strategy to alleviate gas-related gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults. ABBREVIATIONS AE adverse event; BHD bowel habits diary; BMI body mass index; BSS Bristol Stool Scale; CFU colony-forming unit; CRP C-reactive protein; FGID functional gastrointestinal disorder; GI gastrointestinal; GITQ Gastrointestinal Tolerance Questionnaire; GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1; GSRS Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; IBS irritable bowel syndrome; IL-10 interleukin-10; ITT intent-to-treat; LBP lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; PP per protocol; PYY peptide YY; TG triglyceride; total-C total cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Garvey
- BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC, Shakopee, MN, USA,BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, USA,Sean M. Garvey Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC, 689 Canterbury Rd S, Shakopee, MN55379, USA
| | - Eunice Mah
- Biofortis Research, Inc., Addison, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Jessica L. Spears
- BIO-CAT Microbials, LLC, Shakopee, MN, USA,CONTACT Jessica L. Spears
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Preclinical Safety Assessment of Bacillus subtilis BS50 for Probiotic and Food Applications. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051038. [PMID: 35630480 PMCID: PMC9144164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the commercial rise of probiotics containing Bacillaceae spp., it remains important to assess the safety of each strain before clinical testing. Herein, we performed preclinical analyses to address the safety of Bacillus subtilis BS50. Using in silico analyses, we screened the 4.15 Mbp BS50 genome for genes encoding known Bacillus toxins, secondary metabolites, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance. We also assessed the effects of BS50 lysates on the viability and permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). We found that the BS50 genome does not encode any known Bacillus toxins. The BS50 genome contains several gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, but many of these antimicrobial metabolites (e.g., fengycin) are common to Bacillus spp. and may even confer health benefits related to gut microbiota health. BS50 was susceptible to seven of eight commonly prescribed antibiotics, and no antibiotic resistance genes were flanked by the complete mobile genetic elements that could enable a horizontal transfer. In cell culture, BS50 cell lysates did not diminish either Caco-2 viability or monolayer permeability. Altogether, BS50 exhibits a robust preclinical safety profile commensurate with commercial probiotic strains and likely poses no significant health risk to humans.
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Zhang R, Li Z, Gu X, Zhao J, Guo T, Kong J. Probiotic Bacillus subtilis LF11 Protects Intestinal Epithelium Against Salmonella Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:837886. [PMID: 35252040 PMCID: PMC8889029 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.837886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric diseases caused by Salmonella are prevalent in poultry farming. With the forbiddance of antibiotics in feedstuff industry, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) preparation as antibiotic alternatives against Salmonella infection has gained increasing attention recently. However, the protection modes of B. subtilis against Salmonella infection in broilers are strain-specific. In this study, probiotic B. subtilis LF11 significantly reduced diarrhea and mortality of broilers caused by Salmonella braenderup (S. braenderup) in spite of no inhibition effect on it in vitro. Here, the intestinal epithelial cells NCM460 were incubated to explore the protection of B. subtilis LF11 on intestinal epithelium against Salmonella. The results revealed that B. subtilis LF11 showed obvious exclusion activity with the decrease of adhesion and invasion of S. braenderup to NCM460 cells, accordingly with the increase of NCM460 cell survival compared with S. braenderup challenge alone. Meanwhile, RT-PCR and Western blot proved that the gene transcription and expression levels of four tight junction proteins in NCM 460 cells were upregulated, which was further confirmed by immunofluorescence observation. Besides, B. subtilis LF11 downregulated the gene transcription levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α induced by S. braenderup H9812. ELISA analysis also verified that B. subtilis LF11 reduced the IL-8 production significantly. In general, B. subtilis LF11 has the ability to protect the intestinal epithelium against Salmonella infection by reducing the Salmonella adhesion and invasion, enhancing the intestinal barrier and attenuating the enterocyte inflammatory responses, and has the potential as probiotics to prevent enteric diseases in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Research and Development Center, Jinan Scenk Sanfeng Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiancun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Kong,
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Piewngam P, Chiou J, Ling J, Liu R, Pupa P, Zheng Y, Otto M. Enterococcal bacteremia in mice is prevented by oral administration of probiotic Bacillus spores. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf4692. [PMID: 34818053 PMCID: PMC11097119 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whether and how probiotics promote human health is a controversial issue. Their claimed benefit for counteracting gastrointestinal infection is linked predominantly to reducing pathogen abundance within the intestinal microbiota. Less understood mechanistically is the reported value that probiotics could have in reducing systemic infections. Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes systemic infection after translocation through the intestinal epithelium, particularly in hospitalized and immune-depleted patients receiving antibiotic therapy. In this study, we used an E. faecalis mouse infection model with wild-type and isogenic mutant strains deficient in genes of the E. faecalis Fsr (fecal streptococci regulator) quorum-sensing system. We show that E. faecalis translocation from the mouse gut into the blood is mediated by the Fsr quorum-sensing system through production of the protease GelE, which compromises intestinal epithelium integrity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that orally administered probiotic Bacillus subtilis spores blocked E. faecalis translocation from the gut to the bloodstream and subsequent systemic infection in mice by inhibiting Fsr activity. These findings demonstrate that a key aspect of Enterococcus pathogenesis is controlled by quorum sensing, which can be targeted with probiotic Bacillus spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Janice Chiou
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Joie Ling
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Pawiya Pupa
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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