Utilization of Isoflavones in Soybeans for Women with Menopausal Syndrome: An Overview

Urinary Equol and Equol-Predicting Microbial Genera Are Favorably Associated with Body Fat Measures among Chinese Adults

BACKGROUND

Many studies have investigated the intake of dietary isoflavones in relation to obesity risk, whereas the association using objective biomarkers of isoflavones, particularly equol (a gut-derived metabolite of daidzein with greater bioavailability than other isoflavones) has been less studied. In addition, the associations between equol and gut microbiota profile at the population level remain to be fully characterized.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to identify equol-predicting microbial species and to investigate the associations of equol-predicting microbial species and urinary excretion of isoflavones including glycitein, genistein, daidzein, and equol with diverse obesity markers in free living-individuals.

METHODS

In this 1-y longitudinal study of 754 community-dwelling adults, urinary isoflavones, fecal microbiota, height, weight, and circumferences of waist and hip were measured at baseline and again after 1 y. Liver fat [indicated by the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)] and other body composition were also measured after 1 y. Linear models and linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the associations for single measure and repeated measures, respectively.

RESULTS

Among 305 participants (median age: 50 y, IQR, 37-59 y) including 138 males and 167 females, higher urinary excretion of equol was associated with lower CAP (β = -0.013, P < 0.001) and body fat mass (β= -0.014, P = 0.046). No association was found between any other urinary isoflavones and obesity markers (all P > 0.05). We identified 21 bacterial genera whose relative abundance were positively associated with urinary equol concentrations (all Pfalsediscovery rate < 0.05), and constructed an equol-predicting microbial score to reflect the overall equol-producing potential of host gut microbiota. This score was inversely associated with CAP (β = -0.040, P = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

High urinary equol concentrations and equol-predicting microbial species could be favorably associated with liver fat and other obesity markers.

Joint GWAS and WGCNA Identify Genes Regulating the Isoflavone Content in Soybean Seeds

Isoflavone is a secondary metabolite of the soybean phenylpropyl biosynthesis pathway with physiological activity and is beneficial to human health. In this study, the isoflavone content of 205 soybean germplasm resources from 3 locations in 2020 showed wide phenotypic variation. A joint genome-wide association study (GWAS) and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 11 key genes associated with soybean isoflavone content. Gene ontology enrichment analysis, gene coexpression, and haplotype analysis revealed natural variations in the Glyma.12G109800 (GmOMT7) gene and promoter region, with Hap1 being the elite haplotype. Transient overexpression and knockout of GmOMT7 increased and decreased the isoflavone content, respectively, in hairy roots. The combination of GWAS and WGCNA effectively revealed the genetic basis of soybean isoflavone and identified potential genes affecting isoflavone synthesis and accumulation in soybean, providing a valuable basis for the functional study of soybean isoflavone.

S-Equol Ameliorates Menopausal Osteoarthritis in Rats through Reducing Oxidative Stress and Cartilage Degradation

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease leading to articular cartilage destruction. Menopausal and postmenopausal women are susceptible to both OA and osteoporosis. S-equol, a soy isoflavone-derived molecule, is known to reduce osteoporosis in estrogen-deficient mice, but its role in OA remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect of S-equol on different degrees of menopausal OA in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats induced by estrogen deficiency caused by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) combined with intra-articular injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA). Knee joint histopathological change; serum biomarkers of bone turnover, including N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) and N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX-I); the cartilage degradation biomarkers hyaluronic acid (HA) and N-terminal propeptide of type II procollagen (PIINP); and the matrix-degrading enzymes matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13, as well as the oxidative stress-inducing molecules nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were assessed for evaluation of OA progression after S-equol supplementation for 8 weeks. The results showed that OVX without or with MIA injection induced various severity levels of menopausal OA by increasing pathological damage, oxidative stress, and cartilage matrix degradation to various degrees. Moreover, S-equol supplementation could significantly reduce these increased biomarkers in different severity levels of OA. This indicates that S-equol can lessen menopausal OA progression by reducing oxidative stress and the matrix-degrading enzymes involved in cartilage degradation.

Role of sex steroids in colorectal cancer: pathomechanisms and medical applications

Given that the colon represents the most extensive hormone-responsive tissue in the human body, it prompts a compelling inquiry into whether the progression of its cancer is intimately linked to hormonal dynamics. Consequently, the interplay between sex steroids - a pivotal constituent of hormones - and colorectal cancer has increasingly captivated scientific interest. Upon a comprehensive review of pertinent literature both domestically and internationally, this study delineates the present landscape of three pivotal steroids - estrogen, progestin, and androgen - in the context of colorectal cancer. More specifically, this investigation probes into the potential utility of these steroids in providing therapeutic interventions, diagnostic insights, and prognostic indicators. Furthermore, this study also delves into the mechanistic pathways through which sex steroid interventions exert influence on colorectal cancer. It was discovered that the trio of sex steroid hormones partakes in an array of biological processes, thereby influencing the onset and progression of colorectal cancer. In conclusion, this study posits that a profound interconnection exists between colorectal cancer and sex steroids, suggesting that elucidating the targets of their action mechanisms could unveil novel avenues for the diagnosis and prevention of colorectal cancer.

Equol: a metabolite of gut microbiota with potential antitumor effects

An increasing number of studies have shown that the consumption of soybeans and soybeans products is beneficial to human health, and the biological activity of soy products may be attributed to the presence of Soy Isoflavones (SI) in soybeans. In the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, certain specific bacteria can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol. Equol has a similar chemical structure to endogenous estradiol in the human body, which can bind with estrogen receptors and exert weak estrogen effects. Therefore, equol plays an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of hormone-dependent malignancies such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. Despite the numerous health benefits of equol for humans, only 30-50% of the population can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol, with individual variation in gut microbiota being the main reason. This article provides an overview of the relevant gut microbiota involved in the synthesis of equol and its anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer. It also summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor properties, aiming to provide a more reliable theoretical basis for the rational utilization of equol in the field of cancer treatment.

[Soy isoflavones alleviates calcium overload in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by inhibiting the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the mechanism by which soybean isoflavone (SI) reduces calcium overload induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).

METHODS

Forty-eight SD rats were randomized into 4 groups to receive sham operation, cerebral middle artery occlusion for 2 h followed by 24 h of reperfusion (I/R model group), or injection of adeno-associated virus carrying Frizzled-2 siRNA or empty viral vector into the lateral cerebral ventricle after modeling.Western blotting was used to examine Frizzled-2 knockdown efficiency and changes in protein expressions in the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway.Calcium levels and pathological changes in the ischemic penumbra (IP) were measured using calcium chromogenic assay and HE staining, respectively.Another 72 SD randomly allocated for sham operation, I/R modeling, or soy isoflavones pretreatment before modeling were examined for regional cerebral blood flow using a Doppler flowmeter, and the cerebral infarct volume was assessed using TTC staining.Pathologies in the IP area were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, and ROS level, Ca2+ level, cell apoptosis, and intracellular calcium concentration were analyzed using immunofluorescence assay or flow cytometry; the protein expressions of Wnt5a, Frizzled-2, and P-CaMK Ⅱ in the IP were detected with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

In rats with cerebral I/R, Frizzled-2 knockdown significantly lowered calcium concentration (P < 0.001) and the expression levels of Wnt5a, Frizzled-2, and P-CaMK Ⅱ in the IP area.In soy isoflavones-pretreated rats, calcium concentration, ROS and MDA levels, cell apoptosis rate, cerebral infarct volume, and expression levels of Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway-related proteins were all significantly lower while SOD level was higher than those in rats in I/R model group.

CONCLUSION

Soy isoflavones can mitigate calcium overload in rats with cerebral I/R by inhibiting the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway.

Phytoestrogens: Chemistry, potential health benefits, and their medicinal importance

Phytoestrogens, also known as xenoestrogens, are secondary metabolites derived from plants that have similar structures and biological effects as human estrogens. These compounds do not directly affect biological functions but can act as agonists or antagonists depending on the level of endogenous estrogen in the body. Phytoestrogens may have an epigenetic mechanism of action independent of estrogen receptors. These compounds are found in more than 300 plant species and are synthesized through the phenylpropanoid pathway, with specific enzymes leading to various chemical structures. Phytoestrogens, primarily phenolic compounds, include isoflavonoids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans. Extensive research in animals and humans has demonstrated the protective effects of phytoestrogens on estrogen-dependent diseases. Clinical trials have also shown their potential benefits in conditions such as osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, and certain types of cancer. This review provides a concise overview of phytoestrogen classification, chemical diversity, and biosynthesis and discusses the potential therapeutic effects of phytoestrogens, as well as their preclinical and clinical development.

Unlocking the Nutraceutical Potential of Legumes and Their By-Products: Paving the Way for the Circular Economy in the Agri-Food Industry

Legumes, including beans, peas, chickpeas, and lentils, are cultivated worldwide and serve as important components of a balanced and nutritious diet. Each legume variety contains unique levels of protein, starch, fiber, lipids, minerals, and vitamins, with potential applications in various industries. By-products such as hulls, rich in bioactive compounds, offer promise for value-added utilization and health-focused product development. Various extraction methods are employed to enhance protein extraction rates from legume by-products, finding applications in various foods such as meat analogs, breads, and desserts. Moreover, essential fatty acids, carotenoids, tocols, and polyphenols are abundant in several residual fractions from legumes. These bioactive classes are linked to reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammation, some cancers, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, among other relevant health conditions. The present contribution provides a comprehensive review of the nutritional and bioactive composition of major legumes and their by-products. Additionally, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability aspects of legume consumption, as well as in vitro and in vivo evidence of their health effects are addressed.

A Review of Bioactive Compound Effects from Primary Legume Protein Sources in Human and Animal Health

The global demand for sustainable and nutritious food sources has catalyzed interest in legumes, known for their rich repertoire of health-promoting compounds. This review delves into the diverse array of bioactive peptides, protein subunits, isoflavones, antinutritional factors, and saponins found in the primary legume protein sources-soybeans, peas, chickpeas, and mung beans. The current state of research on these compounds is critically evaluated, with an emphasis on the potential health benefits, ranging from antioxidant and anticancer properties to the management of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. The extensively studied soybean is highlighted and the relatively unexplored potential of other legumes is also included, pointing to a significant, underutilized resource for developing health-enhancing foods. The review advocates for future interdisciplinary research to further unravel the mechanisms of action of these bioactive compounds and to explore their synergistic effects. The ultimate goal is to leverage the full spectrum of benefits offered by legumes, not only to advance human health but also to contribute to the sustainability of food systems. By providing a comprehensive overview of the nutraceutical potential of legumes, this manuscript sets a foundation for future investigations aimed at optimizing the use of legumes in the global pursuit of health and nutritional security.

Dietary Supplementation of Myo-Inositol, Cocoa Polyphenols, and Soy Isoflavones Improves Vasomotor Symptoms and Metabolic Profile in Menopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome: A Retrospective Clinical Study

Background and Objectives: Hormonal changes physiologically occurring in menopausal women may increase the risk of developing metabolic and vasomotor disturbances, which contribute to increase the risk of developing other concomitant pathologies, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data from 200 menopausal women with MetS and vasomotor symptoms taking one sachet per day of the dietary supplement INOFOLIC® NRT (Farmares srl, Rome, Italy) were collected. Each sachet consisted of myo-Inositol (2000 mg), cocoa polyphenols (30 mg), and soy isoflavones (80 mg, of which 50 mg is genistin). Patients recorded their symptoms through a medical questionnaire at the beginning of the administration (T0) and after 6 months (T1). Results: We observed an improvement in both the frequency and the severity of hot flushes: increased percentage of 2-3 hot flushes (28 at T0 vs. 65% at T1, p value < 0.001) and decreased percentage of 4-9 hot flushes (54% at T0 vs. 18% at T1, p value < 0.001). Moreover, symptoms of depression improved after supplementation (87% at T0 vs. 56% at T1 of patients reported moderate depression symptoms, p value < 0.001). Regarding metabolic profile, women improved body mass index and waist circumference with a reduction in the percentage of overweight and obesity women (88% at T0 vs. 51% at T1, p value = 0.01; 14% at T0 vs. 9% at T1, p value = 0.04). In addition, the number of women suffering from non-insulin dependent diabetes reduced (26% at T0 vs. 16% at T1, p value = 0.04). Conclusions: These data corroborate previously observed beneficial effects of the oral administration of myo-Inositol, cocoa polyphenols, and soy isoflavones against menopausal symptoms in the study population. Considering the promising results of the present study, further prospective controlled clinical trials are needed to deeply understand and support the efficacy of these natural compounds for the management of menopausal symptoms.

From Gut to Hormones: Unraveling the Role of Gut Microbiota in (Phyto)Estrogen Modulation in Health and Disease

The human gut microbiota regulates estrogen metabolism through the "estrobolome," the collection of bacterial genes that encode enzymes like β-glucuronidases and β-glucosidases. These enzymes deconjugate and reactivate estrogen, influencing circulating levels. The estrobolome mediates the enterohepatic circulation and bioavailability of estrogen. Alterations in gut microbiota composition and estrobolome function have been associated with estrogen-related diseases like breast cancer, enometrial cancer, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). This is likely due to dysregulated estrogen signaling partly contributed by the microbial impacts on estrogen metabolism. Dietary phytoestrogens also undergo bacterial metabolism into active metabolites like equol, which binds estrogen receptors and exhibits higher estrogenic potency than its precursor daidzein. However, the ability to produce equol varies across populations, depending on the presence of specific gut microbes. Characterizing the estrobolome and equol-producing genes across populations can provide microbiome-based biomarkers. Further research is needed to investigate specific components of the estrobolome, phytoestrogen-microbiota interactions, and mechanisms linking dysbiosis to estrogen-related pathology. However, current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is an integral regulator of estrogen status with clinical relevance to women's health and hormonal disorders.

Royal Jelly and Fermented Soy Extracts-A Holistic Approach to Menopausal Symptoms That Increase the Quality of Life in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women: An Observational Study

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of royal jelly and fermented soy extracts on menopausal symptoms and on quality of life in pre- and post-menopausal women.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This prospective observational study was carried out in a Clinical Hospital of Brasov, Romania, during June 2020 and December 2021. Eighty pre- and post-menopausal women, aged between 45 and 60 years, were included in two groups. The first group (40 women) received a dietary supplement with fermented soy extract twice a day for eight weeks and the second group (40 women) received the same dietary supplement with fermented soy extracts and 1500 mg of royal jelly capsules for eight weeks. After the treatment, the MENQOL score, DASS-21 score, and the mean number and intensity of daily hot flushes were recorded and compared with baseline values.

RESULTS

After eight weeks of treatment, the score of the MENQOL questionnaire and all its domains' scores decreased in comparison with the baseline in both groups (p < 0.001). Also, the DASS-21 score (p < 0.001), depression score (p < 0.001), anxiety score (p < 0.001), and stress score (p < 0.001) improved. The mean number and the intensity of hot flushes decreased in both groups (p < 0.001). Comparing these variables after the treatment in both groups, we observed that the women who received dietary supplements with fermented soy extracts and royal jelly capsules recorded better scores for MENQOL (vasomotor, physical, and psychosocial domains) and a more reduced mean number of daily hot flushes.

CONCLUSIONS

This observational study suggests that both dietary fermented soy supplements and royal jelly capsules possess beneficial effects against menopausal symptoms, increase the quality of life in pre- and post-menopausal women, and that the effects might be significantly improved if those dietary supplements are administered in association.

Isoflavones isolated from chickpea sprouts alleviate ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats by dual regulation of bone remodeling

Osteoporosis is a common systemic skeletal disease and a predominant underlying factor in the increased occurrence of fractures. The structure of isoflavones resembles that of estrogen and can confer similar but weaker effects. This study investigated the potential inhibitory effects of isoflavones from chickpea sprouts (ICS) on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we found that ICS treatment could attenuate bone loss and improve trabecular microarchitecture and biomechanical properties of the fourth lumbar vertebra in OVX-induced osteoporotic rats and could also inhibit the development of a hyperosteometabolic state in this model. The osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) was significantly enhanced by ICS intervention in vitro, and we confirmed that estrogen receptor α signaling was required for this increased osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, ICS has been shown to inhibit bone resorption via ERa modulation of the OPG/RANKL pathway. RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was reduced under ICS treatment, supporting that NF-κB signaling was inhibited by ICS. Thus, ICS attenuates osteoporosis progression by promoting osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting osteoclastic resorption. These results support the further exploration and development of ICS as a pharmacological agent for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.

Regulation of the Notch signaling pathway by natural products for cancer therapy

The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that modulates normal biological processes involved in cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and stem cell self-renewal in a context-dependent fashion. Attributed to its pleiotropic physiological roles, both overexpression and silencing of the pathway are associated with the emergence, progression, and poorer prognosis in various types of cancer. To decrease disease incidence and promote survival, targeting Notch may have chemopreventive and anti-cancer effects. Natural products with profound historical origins have distinguished themselves from other therapies due to their easy access, high biological compatibility, low toxicity, and reliable effects at specific physiological sites in vivo. This review describes the Notch signaling pathway, particularly its normal activation process, and some main illnesses related to Notch signaling pathway dysregulation. Emphasis is placed on the effects and mechanisms of natural products targeting the Notch signaling pathway in diverse cancer types, including curcumin, ellagic acid (EA), resveratrol, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, and xanthohumol and so on. Existing evidence indicates that natural products are feasible solution to fight against cancer by targeting Notch signaling, either alone or in combination with current therapeutic agents.

Icariin rescues developmental BPA exposure induced spatial memory deficits in rats

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been implicated in cognitive impairment. Icariin is the main active ingredient extracted from Epimedium Herb with protective function of nervous system. However, the potential therapeutic effects of Icariin on spatial memory deficits induced by developmental BPA exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats have not been investigated. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of Icariin (10 mg/kg/day, from postnatal day (PND) 21 to PND 60 by gavage) on spatial memory deficits in rat induced by developmental BPA exposure (1 mg/kg/day, from embryonic to PND 60), demonstrating that Icariin can markedly improve spatial memory in BPA-exposed rat. Furthermore, intra-gastric administration of Icariin could attenuate abnormal hippocampal cell dispersion and loss, improved the dendritic spine density and Nissl bodies. Moreover, Icariin reversed BPA induced reduction of frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents(mEPSC) and decrease of Vesicular glutamate transporter 1(VGlut1). Collectively, Icariin could effectively rescue BPA-induced spatial memory impairment in male rats by preventing cell loss and reduction of dendritic spines in the hippocampus. In addition, we also found that VGlut1 is a critical target in the repair of BPA-induced spatial memory by Icariin. Thus, Icariin may be a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate BPA-induced spatial memory deficits.

Clinical guidelines for managing menopausal symptoms in women with (a history of) breast cancer

Background

One in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer. At the time of diagnosis, 75% of patients are postmenopausal. Many will receive anti-hormone therapy, which often induces menopausal symptoms. Premenopausal breast cancer patients frequently become postmenopausal as a result of the treatment and often experience menopausal symptoms. The increased incidence of breast cancer, combined with longer survival, has led to an increase in the number of women experiencing menopausal symptoms. Therefore, the management of menopausal symptoms in women with a history or current breast cancer is a relevant and common clinical problem.

Objectives

To provide a clinically useful overview of the steps in the management of menopausal symptoms in women with (a history of) breast cancer.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted by authors JS and WT using the PubMed and Medline databases. Abstracts were critically appraised and, where appropriate, the full text was analysed.

Main Outcome Measures

Not applicable.

Results

Depending on the condition, either meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials or retrospective cohorts were identified. No evidence was found for some proposed treatments.

Conclusions

Menopausal symptoms in women with (a history of) breast cancer require a patient-tailored approach. Shared decision making is paramount and adequate up-to-date knowledge can help the breast cancer specialist to advise and guide patients accordingly.

What is new?

A comprehensive, clinically-based overview of evidence-based treatment options for menopausal symptoms in women with (a history of) breast cancer.

D-Pinitol attenuates postmenopausal symptoms in ovariectomized mice

AIMS

Menopause is a natural process in women that can lead to post-menopausal syndrome with symptoms such as hot flushes, weight gain, anxiety, cognitive decline, and depression. Hormonal replacement therapy is commonly prescribed. However, it has serious adverse effects. Herbal medicinal products and isoflavones are used as alternatives. D-Pinitol found in Pinaceae and Fabaceae families has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, it has not received as much attention as isoflavones. In this study, we investigated whether D-pinitol could alleviate post-menopausal symptoms using an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model.

MAIN METHODS

Female ICR mice were divided into six groups: sham (vehicle), OVX (vehicle), OVX + D-pinitol (10, 30, 100 mg/kg, p.o.), and OVX + estradiol (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Treatment with vehicle, D-pinitol, and estradiol began at seven weeks post ovariectomy. We employed several behavioral tests, hot-flush test, and Western blot analysis.

KEY FINDINGS

We found that D-pinitol treatment (30, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) reversed cognitive dysfunction in OVX mice (novel object recognition and Y-maze test). Additionally, D-pinitol alleviated anxiety-like behaviors (elevated plus-maze) and reversed depressive-like behaviors (splash test, tail suspension test). It also normalized increased basal tail skin temperature in OVX mice. Moreover, D-pinitol administration reversed decreased expression of ERβ and synaptophysin and phosphorylation of ERK and PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β induced by OVX in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings indicate that D-pinitol might be a promising candidate for treating post-menopausal symptoms by increasing ERβ and synaptophysin expression levels and activation of ERK or PI3K-Akt-GSK-3β signaling pathway, at least in part.

The Role of Genistein in Mammalian Reproduction

Genistein is a natural compound belonging to flavonoids, having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic properties. Genistein is considered a phytoestrogen. As such, genistein can bind estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), although with a lower affinity than that of estradiol. Despite considerable work, the effects of genistein are not well established yet. This review aims to clarify the role of genistein on female and male reproductive functions in mammals. In females, at a high dose, genistein diminishes the ovarian activity regulating several pathway molecules, such as topoisomerase isoform I and II, protein tyrosine kinases (v-src, Mek-4, ABL, PKC, Syk, EGFR, FGFR), ABC, CFTR, Glut1, Glut4, 5α-reductase, PPAR-γ, mitogen-activated protein kinase A, protein histidine kinase, and recently circulating RNA-miRNA. The effect of genistein on pregnancy is still controversial. In males, genistein exerts an estrogenic effect by inducing testosterone biosynthesis. The interaction of genistein with both natural and synthetic endocrine disruptors has a negative effect on testis function. The positive effect of genistein on sperm quality is still in debate. In conclusion, genistein has a potentially beneficial effect on the mechanisms regulating the reproduction of females and males. However, this is dependent on the dose, the species, the route, and the time of administration.

Anti-Menopausal Effect of Soybean Germ Extract and Lactobacillus gasseri in the Ovariectomized Rat Model

Menopause is a significant phase in a woman's life. Menopausal symptoms can affect overall well-being and quality of life. Conventionally, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used to alleviate menopausal symptoms; however, depending on the conditions, HRT may lead to side effects, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of a combination of soybean germ extract (S30) containing 30% (w/w) isoflavone and a probiotic, Lactobacillus gasseri (LGA1), on menopausal conditions in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. We evaluated the impact of S30+LGA on body weight, estrogen markers, uterine and bone health, vascular markers, and neurotransmitter levels. The results revealed that treatment with S30+LGA1 significantly improved body weight and uterine and bone health. Moreover, S30+LGA1 demonstrated promising effects on lipid profile, liver function, and vascular markers and positively impacted serotonin and norepinephrine levels, indicating potential mood-enhancing effects. In conclusion, S30+LGA1, possessing anti-menopausal effects in vitro and in vivo, can be recommended as a soy-based diet, which offers various health benefits, especially for menopausal women.

Soy Protein Containing Isoflavones Improves Facial Signs of Photoaging and Skin Hydration in Postmenopausal Women: Results of a Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

Preliminary findings from multiple studies indicate that dietary intake of soy-derived isoflavones exert beneficial effects on the skin including defense against oxidant damage, stimulation of collagen synthesis, and increased hydration. This study aims to investigate how oral supplementation of a soy protein isolate with added isoflavones (SPII) affects components of photoaging such as facial wrinkles and dyspigmentation, and skin biophysical measures such as skin hydration and sebum excretion in postmenopausal women. This 6-month prospective, randomized double-blind controlled study was conducted on 44 postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, and III who were randomized to receive either casein protein or SPII. A high-resolution facial photography system was used to measure wrinkle severity and pigmentation at 0, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Skin biophysical measurements included skin hydration and sebum production. The average wrinkle severity was decreased in the SPII intervention group at week 16 and week 24 by 5.9% and 7.1%, respectively, compared to the baseline. Compared to the casein group, average wrinkle severity was significantly decreased at week 16 (p < 0.05) and week 24 (p < 0.0001). Facial pigment intensity was decreased by -2.5% (p < 0.05) at week 24, whereas there was no significant change in the casein group. Compared to baseline, skin hydration in the SPII group was significantly increased by 39% and 68% on the left and right cheeks (p < 0.05), respectively, at 24 weeks. There were no significant differences in sebum production. Dietary soy protein supplementation with isoflavones may improve skin photoaging, including wrinkles and dyspigmentation, and increase skin hydration in postmenopausal women with Fitzpatrick skin types I, II, and III.

Designing plant flavonoids: harnessing transcriptional regulation and enzyme variation to enhance yield and diversity

Plant synthetic biology has emerged as a powerful and promising approach to enhance the production of value-added metabolites in plants. Flavonoids, a class of plant secondary metabolites, offer numerous health benefits and have attracted attention for their potential use in plant-based products. However, achieving high yields of specific flavonoids remains challenging due to the complex and diverse metabolic pathways involved in their biosynthesis. In recent years, synthetic biology approaches leveraging transcription factors and enzyme diversity have demonstrated promise in enhancing flavonoid yields and expanding their production repertoire. This review delves into the latest research progress in flavonoid metabolic engineering, encompassing the identification and manipulation of transcription factors and enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as the deployment of synthetic biology tools for designing metabolic pathways. This review underscores the importance of employing carefully-selected transcription factors to boost plant flavonoid production and harnessing enzyme promiscuity to broaden flavonoid diversity or streamline the biosynthetic steps required for effective metabolic engineering. By harnessing the power of synthetic biology and a deeper understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis, future researchers can potentially transform the landscape of plant-based product development across the food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, ultimately benefiting consumers worldwide.

Metabolic profiling and expression analysis of key genetic factors in the biosynthetic pathways of antioxidant metabolites in mungbean sprouts

Mungbeans (Vigna radiata L.), a major legume crop in Asia, contain higher amounts of functional substances than other legumes, such as catechin, chlorogenic acid, and vitexin. Germination can improve the nutritional value of legume seeds. Here, 20 functional substances were profiled in germinated mungbeans and the expression levels of the transcripts of key enzymes in targeted secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways were identified. VC1973A, a reference mungbean elite cultivar, had the highest amount of gallic acid (99.93 ± 0.13 mg/100 g DW) but showed lower contents of most metabolites than the other genotypes. Wild mungbeans contained a large amount of isoflavones compared with cultivated genotypes, especially for daidzin, genistin and glycitin. The expression of key genes involved in biosynthetic pathways had significant positive or negative correlations with the target secondary metabolite contents. The results indicate that functional substance contents are regulated at the transcriptional level, which can be applied to improve the nutritional value of mungbean sprouts in molecular breeding or genetic engineering, and wild mungbeans are a useful resource to improve the quality of mungbean sprouts.

Gut Microbiome Composition and Its Association with Sleep in Major Psychiatric Disorders

INTRODUCTION

Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent across most major psychiatric disorders. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroimmune mechanisms, and circadian rhythm disturbances partially explain this connection. The gut microbiome is also suspected to play a role in sleep regulation, and recent studies suggest that certain probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiome transplantation can improve sleep quality.

METHODS

We aimed to assess the relationship between gut-microbiota composition, psychiatric disorders, and sleep quality in this cross-sectional, cross-disorder study. We recruited 103 participants, 63 patients with psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder [n = 31], bipolar disorder [n = 13], psychotic disorder [n = 19]) along with 40 healthy controls. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The fecal microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and groups were compared based on alpha and beta diversity metrics, as well as differentially abundant species and genera.

RESULTS

A transdiagnostic decrease in alpha diversity and differences in beta diversity indices were observed in psychiatric patients, compared to controls. Correlation analysis of diversity metrics and PSQI score showed no significance in the patient and control groups. However, three species, Ellagibacter isourolithinifaciens, Senegalimassilia faecalis, and uncultured Blautia sp., and two genera, Senegalimassilia and uncultured Muribaculaceae genus, were differentially abundant in psychiatric patients with good sleep quality (PSQI >8), compared to poor-sleep quality patients (PSQI ≤8).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study raises important questions about the interconnection of the gut microbiome and sleep disturbances.

The Role of Choline, Soy Isoflavones, and Probiotics as Adjuvant Treatments in the Prevention and Management of NAFLD in Postmenopausal Women

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent condition among postmenopausal women that can lead to severe liver dysfunction and increased mortality. In recent years, research has focused on identifying potential lifestyle dietary interventions that may prevent or treat NAFLD in this population. Due to the complex and multifactorial nature of NAFLD in postmenopausal women, the disease can present as different subtypes, with varying levels of clinical presentation and variable treatment responses. By recognizing the significant heterogeneity of NAFLD in postmenopausal women, it may be possible to identify specific subsets of individuals who may benefit from targeted nutritional interventions. The purpose of this review was to examine the current evidence supporting the role of three specific nutritional factors-choline, soy isoflavones, and probiotics-as potential nutritional adjuvants in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in postmenopausal women. There is promising evidence supporting the potential benefits of these nutritional factors for NAFLD prevention and treatment, particularly in postmenopausal women, and further research is warranted to confirm their effectiveness in alleviating hepatic steatosis in this population.

Functional biotransformation of phytoestrogens by gut microbiota with impact on cancer treatment

The human gut is a host for trillions of microorganisms, divided into more than 3000 heterogeneous species, which is called the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota composition can be altered by many different endogenous and exogenous factors, especially diet and nutrition. A diet rich in phytoestrogens, a variable group of chemical compounds similar to 17-β-estradiol (E2), the essential female steroid sex hormone is potent to change the composition of gut microbiota. However, the metabolism of phytoestrogens also highly depends on the action of enzymes produced by gut microbiota. Novel studies have shown that phytoestrogens could play an important role in the treatment of different types of cancers, such as breast cancer in women, due to their potential to decrease estrogen levels. This review aims to summarize recent findings about the lively dialogue between phytoestrogens and the gut microbiota and to address their possible future application, especially in treating patients with diagnosed breast cancer. A potential therapeutic approach for the prevention and improving outcomes in breast cancer patients could be based on targeted probiotic supplementation with the use of soy phytoestrogens. A positive effect of probiotics on the outcome and survival of patients with breast cancer has been established. However, more in vivo scientific studies are needed to pave the way for the use of probiotics and phytoestrogens in the clinical practice of breast cancer treatment.

Peripubertal soy isoflavone consumption leads to subclinical hypothyroidism in male Wistar rats

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during critical windows of development may lead to functional abnormalities in adulthood. Isoflavones are a flavonoid group of phytoestrogens that are recognized by their estrogenic activity and are highly abundant in soybean. Since the thyroid gland presents estrogen receptors and infants, toddlers and teenagers may consume isoflavones from soy-based infant formula and beverages as alternatives to animal milk, we propose to investigate the potential effects of relevant concentrations of soy isoflavones in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) thyroid axis using peripubertal male rats as an experimental model. Thirty-two 23-day-old male rats were exposed to 0.5, 5, or 50 mg of soy isoflavones/kg from weaning to 60 days of age, when they were euthanized, and the tissues were collected to evaluate the mRNA expression of genes involved in the regulation of the HP thyroid axis and dosages of thyroid hormones (THs). Serum TSH concentrations were increased, while alterations were not observed in serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Regarding mRNA gene expression, Mct-8 was increased in the hypothalamus, Mct-8, Thra1, and Thrb2 were decreased in the pituitary, and Nis and Pds were reduced in the thyroid. In the heart, Mct8 and Thrb2 were increased, and Thra1 was decreased. In the liver, Mct8, Thra1, and Thrb2 were decreased. These results suggest that the consumption of relevant doses of soy isoflavones during the peripubertal period in males may induce subclinical hypothyroidism, with alterations in the regulation of the HP thyroid axis, modulation of TH synthesis, and peripheral alterations in TH target organs.

Genistein Inhibits Clostridioides difficile Infection via Estrogen Receptors and Lysine-Deficient Protein Kinase 1

BACKGROUND

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a debilitating nosocomial disease. Postmenopausal women may have an increased risk of CDI, suggesting estrogen influence. Soybean products contain a representative estrogenic isoflavone, genistein.

METHODS

The anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of genistein were determined using primary human cells and fresh colonic tissues. The effects of oral genistein therapy among mice and hamsters were evaluated.

RESULTS

Within 10 days of CDI, female c57BL/6J mice in a standard environment (regular diet) had a 50% survival rate, while those with estrogen depletion and in an isoflavone-free environment (soy-free diet) had a 25% survival rate. Oral genistein improved their 10-day survival rate to 100% on a regular diet and 75% in an isoflavone-free environment. Genistein reduced macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) secretion in fresh human colonic tissues exposed to toxins. Genistein inhibited MIP-1α secretion in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, abolished apoptosis and BCL-2-associated X (BAX) expression in human colonic epithelial cells, and activated lysine-deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1) phosphorylation in both cell types. The anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of genistein were abolished by inhibiting estrogen receptors and WNK1.

CONCLUSIONS

Genistein reduces CDI disease activity by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis via the estrogen receptor/G-protein estrogen receptor/WNK1 pathways.

Association of plant-based dietary patterns with the risk of osteoporosis in community-dwelling adults over 60 years: a cross-sectional study

Plant foods are rich in many important micronutrients that are beneficial for bone health. This cross-sectional study of 9613 community-dwelling older adults found that more consumption of healthy plant foods and less consumption of animal foods and unhealthy plant foods were associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION

Osteoporosis,a common chronic disease in older adults, threatens their health. Many nutrients in plant foods are important for preventing osteoporosis. However, the relationship between plant-based dietary patterns and osteoporosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cross-sectional association between plant-based dietary patterns and osteoporosis in older adults.

METHODS

This study was conducted among 9613 community-dwelling older adults in Liaoning Province, China. The effective food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and plant-based diet index (PDI) were used to evaluate compliance with plant-based dietary patterns. Osteoporosis was defined based on heel ultrasound. We analyzed the association between healthy plant-based diet index (HPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (UPDI) and the risk of osteoporosis.

RESULTS

A higher PDI was associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults. In logistic regression models, the highest quartile of PDI and HPDI had a significantly lower risk of osteoporosis than the lowest quartile, whereas UPDI in the highest quartile was associated with a higher risk of osteoporosis. There was a dose-response relationship between the three indices and the risk of osteoporosis. Subgroup analysis revealed differences in the relationship between HPDI and the risk of osteoporosis according to gender and age.

CONCLUSIONS

Older adults, especially women, consume more healthy plant foods and reduce the consumption of animal foods and unhealthy plant foods, which was associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis.

Use of kefir-derived lactic acid bacteria for the preparation of a fermented soy drink with increased estrogenic activity

Fermented foods are receiving growing attention for their health promoting properties. In particular, there is a growing demand for plant-based fermented foods as dairy alternatives. Considering that soy is a vegetal food rich in nutrients and a source of the phytoestrogen isoflavones, the aim of this study was to select safe food microorganisms with the ability to ferment a soy drink resulting in a final product with an increased estrogenic activity and improved functional properties. We used milk kefir grains, a dairy source of microorganisms with proven health-promoting properties, as a starting inoculum for a soymilk. After 14 passages of daily inoculum in fresh soy drink, we isolated four lactic acid bacterial strains: Lactotoccus lactis subsp. lactis K03, Leuconostc pseudomesenteroides K05, Leuconostc mesenteroides K09 and Lentilactobacillus kefiri K10. Isolated strains were proven to be safe for human consumption according to the assessment of their antibiotic resistance profile and comparative genomics. Furthermore, functional characterization of the bacterial strains demonstrated their ability to ferment sugars naturally present in soybeans and produce a creamy texture. In addition, we demonstrated, by means of a yeast-based bioluminescence reporter system, that the two strains belonging to the genus Leuconostoc increased the estrogenic activity of the soybean drink. In conclusion, the proposed application of the bacterial strains characterized in this study meets the growing demand of consumers for health-promoting vegetal food alternatives to dairy products.

Assessment of short-read shotgun sequencing and microbiome analysis of faecal samples to discriminate between equol producers and non-producers

Among the isoflavones and isoflavone-derived metabolites, equol, which in the human gut is synthesised from daidzein by minority bacterial populations, shows the strongest estrogenic and antioxidant activity. The beneficial effects on human health of isoflavone consumption might be partially or indeed totally attributable to this equol. Although some of the bacterial strains involved in its formation have been identified, the interplay between the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota and equol producer phenotype has hardly been studied. In this study, after shotgun metagenomic sequencing, different pipelines for the taxonomic and functional annotation of sequencing data were used in the search for similarities and differences in the faecal metagenome of equol-producing (n=3) and non-producing (n=2) women, with special focus on equol-producing taxa and their equol-associated genes. The taxonomic profiles of the samples differed significantly depending on the analytical method followed, although the microbial diversity detected by each tool was very similar at the phylum, genus and species levels. Equol-producing taxa were detected in both equol producers and non-producers, but no correlation between the abundance of equol-producing taxa and the equol producing/non-producing phenotype was found. Indeed, functional metagenomic analysis was unable to identify the genes involved in equol production, even in samples from equol producers. By aligning equol operons with the collected metagenomics data, a small number of reads mapping to equol-associated sequences were recognised in samples from both equol producers and equol non-producers, but only two reads mapping onto equol reductase-encoding genes in a sample from an equol producer. In conclusion, the taxonomic analysis of metagenomic data might not be suitable for detecting and quantifying equol-producing microbes in human faeces. Functional analysis of the data might provide an alternative. However, to detect the genetic makeup of the minority gut populations, more extensive sequencing than that achieved in the present study might be required.

Phytoestrogens and Health Effects

Phytoestrogens are literally estrogenic substances of plant origin. Although these substances are useful for plants in many aspects, their estrogenic properties are essentially relevant to their predators. As such, phytoestrogens can be considered to be substances potentially dedicated to plant-predator interaction. Therefore, it is not surprising to note that the word phytoestrogen comes from the early discovery of estrogenic effects in grazing animals and humans. Here, several compounds whose activities have been discovered at nutritional concentrations in animals and humans are examined. The substances analyzed belong to several chemical families, i.e., the flavanones, the coumestans, the resorcylic acid lactones, the isoflavones, and the enterolignans. Following their definition and the evocation of their role in plants, their metabolic transformations and bioavailabilities are discussed. A point is then made regarding their health effects, which can either be beneficial or adverse depending on the subject studied, the sex, the age, and the physiological status. Toxicological information is given based on official data. The effects are first presented in humans. Animal models are evoked when no data are available in humans. The effects are presented with a constant reference to doses and plausible exposure.

Association between Dietary Behaviors and BMI Stratified by Sex and the ALDH2 rs671 Polymorphism in Japanese Adults

The rs671 polymorphism, unique to East Asians, is well known to change the sensitivity to alcohol. Moreover, this polymorphism is associated not only with alcohol intake but also with several dietary behaviors (DBs), chronic diseases, and BMI, but the triadic association among the rs671 genotype, DBs, and BMI is unclear. This study included 12,271 Japanese subjects and aimed to observe this three-way association using the rs671 polymorphism, data of 56 DBs, and BMI. All analyses were stratified by participant sex. First, linear regression analyses resulted in significant associations between 18 and 21 DBs and BMI in males and females, respectively. Next, genetic heterogeneity was observed in all sub-groups via interaction analysis of the rs671 genotype stratified by drinking habits. Finally, we observed the characteristics of BMI-related DBs based on the rs671 genotype via stepwise regression analyses stratified by the rs671 genotype and drinking habits. Notably, positive associations were observed between lactobacillus beverage intake and BMI among participants with the rs671 polymorphism AA genotype in both sexes. This study suggests that the rs671 polymorphism modifies the association between DBs and BMI independently of drinking habits, providing evidence for the potential use of rs671 polymorphism information for precision nutrition with East Asians.

Inhibition of α1-Adrenergic, Non-Adrenergic and Neurogenic Human Prostate Smooth Muscle Contraction and of Stromal Cell Growth by the Isoflavones Genistein and Daidzein

Isoflavone-rich legumes, including soy, are used for food production, as dietary supplements and in traditional medicine. Soy consumption correlates negatively with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and voiding symptoms. However, isoflavone effects on the prostate are hardly known. Here, we examined the effects on human prostate smooth muscle contractions and stromal cell growth, which are driving factors of voiding symptoms in BPH. Smooth muscle contractions were induced in prostate tissues from radical prostatectomy. Growth-related functions were studied in cultured stromal cells (WPMY-1). Neurogenic, α1-adrenergic and non-adrenergic contractions were strongly inhibited with 50 µM and by around 50% with 10 µM genistein. Daidzein inhibited neurogenic contractions using 10 and 100 µM. Agonist-induced contractions were inhibited by 100 µM but not 10 µM daidzein. A combination of 6 µM genistein with 5 µM daidzein still inhibited neurogenic and agonist-induced contractions. Proliferation of WPMY-1 cells was inhibited by genistein (>50%) and daidzein (<50%). Genistein induced apoptosis and cell death (by seven-fold relative to controls), while daidzein induced cell death (6.4-fold) without apoptosis. Viability was reduced by genistein (maximum: 87%) and daidzein (62%). In conclusion, soy isoflavones exert sustained effects on prostate smooth muscle contractions and stromal cell growth, which may explain the inverse relationships between soy-rich nutrition, BPH and voiding symptoms.

Soy Isoflavones and Bone Health: Focus on the RANKL/RANK/OPG Pathway

Bone remodels via resorption and formation, two phenomena that continuously occur in bone turnover. The RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway is one of the several mechanisms that affect bone turnover. The RANKL/OPG ratio has a substantial role in bone resorption. An imbalance between formation and resorption is related to an increased RANKL/OPG balance. OPG, a member of this system, can bind to RANKL and suppress RANK-RANKL interaction, and subsequently, inhibit further osteoclastogenesis. The serum levels of RANKL and OPG in the bone microenvironment are vital for osteoclasts formation. The RANK/RANKL/OPG system plays a role in the pathogenesis of bone disorders. This system can be considered a new treatment target for bone disorders. Soy isoflavones affect the RANK/RANKL/OPG system through numerous mechanisms. Soy isoflavones decrease RANKL levels and increase OPG levels. Therefore, isoflavones improve bone metabolism and decrease bone resorption. Soy isoflavones decrease serum markers of bone resorption and improve bone metabolism. However, while the available data are promising, the results of several studies reported no change in RANKL and OPG levels with isoflavones supplementation. In this regard, current evidence is insufficient for conclusive approval of the efficacy of isoflavones on RANKL/RANK/OPG and further research, including animal and human studies, are needed to confirm the effect of soy isoflavones on the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway. This study was a review of available evidence to determine the role of isoflavones in bone hemostasis and the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway. The identification of the effects of isoflavones on the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway directs future studies and leads to the development of effective treatment strategies for bone disorders.

Sex differences in peripheral monoamine transmitter and related hormone levels in chronic stress mice with a depression-like phenotype

Backgrounds

Chronic stress could induce depression-like phenotype in animal models. Previous data showed that sex differences exist after chronic stress model establishment, however, the detailed information about the difference of blood biochemical indexes is not clear. In this study, we aim to supply comparison of monoamine transmitters and related hormone markers in serum between male and female depressed mice, and in order to better understand the sex difference in transmitters and hormone levels in depression occurrence and development.

Methods

Sixty C57BL/6 mice (both male and female) were divided into two groups by gender. Same gender mice were then divided randomly into the non-treated control group and chronic stress group which was exposed to 8 weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Depression-like behavior was assessed with open-field test and sucrose preference test. Blood sample was collected and monoamine transmitter and related hormone in serum were measured by ELISA.

Results

The depression-like phenotype mice model was established successfully after 8 weeks of chronic stress. The locomotion activity scores in male stressed mice declined more than that in female stressed mice, while the exploratory behavior scores in female stressed mice declined more than that in male stressed mice. Compared to non-treated control group mice, mice in the chronic stress group in response to stress showed greater declines in monoamine transmitters (5-HT, dopamine, norepinephrine) and sex hormones (androgen, estrogen, oxytocin and prolactin), while stress hormones (adrenaline, corticosterone and ACTH) were significantly increased. The decrease of norepinephrine, androgen and estrogen in female stressed mice was greater than in male stressed mice, whereas the 5-HT and oxytocin in male stressed mice decreased more than in female stressed mice, and the corticosterone in male stressed mice increased more than in female stressed mice.

Conclusion

Sex differences of monoamine transmitter and related hormone levels in serum occurred in chronic stress induced depression-like phenotype mice model. It may provide a useful reference to guide precise antidepressant treatment in different gender population in clinical care.

Soybean isoflavones modulate gut microbiota to benefit the health weight and metabolism

Soybean isoflavones (SIs) are widely found in food and herbal medicines. Although the pharmacological activities of SIs have been widely reported, their effects on the intestinal microecology of normal hosts have received little attention. Five-week-old Kunming (KM) mice were administered SIs (10 mg/kg/day) for 15 days. Food intake, body weight, and digestive enzyme activity were measured. Small intestine microbiota, including lumen-associated bacteria (LAB) and mucosa-associated bacteria (MAB), were analyzed using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene sequencing. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the mice that consuming SIs showed a higher food intake but a lower body weight gain rate than that of normal mice. Sucrase, cellulase, and amylase activities reduced, while protease activity increased after SIs intervention. Moreover, SIs increased the intestinal bacterial diversity in both LAB and MAB of normal mice. The composition of LAB was more sensitive to SIs than those of MAB. Lactobacillus, Adlercreutzia, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, Butyricicoccus, and Desulfovibrio were the differential bacteria among the LAB of mice treated with SIs. In addition, acetic acid, valeric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and caproic acid decreased, while butyric acid and propionic acid increased in the mice treated with SIs. Taken together, SIs are beneficial for weight control, even in short-term interventions. The specific mechanism is related to regulating the gut microbiota, changing digestive enzyme activities, and further affecting carbohydrate absorption and metabolism.

Discovery of genistein derivatives as potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors by virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulations and ADMET analysis

Background: Due to the constant mutation of virus and the lack of specific therapeutic drugs, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) still poses a huge threat to the health of people, especially those with underlying diseases. Therefore, drug discovery against the SARS-CoV-2 remains of great significance.

Methods: With the main protease of virus as the inhibitor target, 9,614 genistein derivatives were virtually screened by LeDock and AutoDock Vina, and the top 20 compounds with highest normalized scores were obtained. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for studying interactions between these 20 compounds and the target protein. The drug-like properties, activity, and ADMET of these compounds were also evaluated by DruLiTo software or online server.

Results: Twenty compounds, including compound 11, were screened by normalized molecular docking, which could bind to the target through multiple non-bonding interactions. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that compounds 2, 4, 5, 11, 13, 14, 17, and 18 had the best binding force with the target protein of SARS-CoV-2, and the absolute values of binding free energies all exceeded 50 kJ/mol. The drug-likeness properties indicated that a variety of compounds including compound 11 were worthy of further study. The results of bioactivity score prediction found that compounds 11 and 12 had high inhibitory activities against protease, which indicated that these two compounds had the potential to be further developed as COVID-19 inhibitors. Finally, compound 11 showed excellent predictive ADMET properties including high absorption and low toxicity.

Conclusion: These in silico work results show that the preferred compound 11 (ZINC000111282222), which exhibited strong binding to SARS-CoV-2 main protease, acceptable drug-like properties, protease inhibitory activity and ADMET properties, has great promise for further research as a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19.

To clot, or not to clot: The dilemma of hormone treatment options for menopause

Untreated menopause may have serious health implications, but treatments can have dangerous side effects. We evaluate menopausal symptoms as well as available treatments -the routes of administration and their effect on blood coagulation. Menopausal females may experience hot flushes, vulva- and vaginal atrophy and osteoporosis. Many treatments are available to relieve these symptoms such as Conjugated Equine Estrogen and bioidentical hormones. The routes of administration include oral and transdermal. Hormones that are administered orally undergo a hepatic first pass metabolism. The by-products have a lower efficacy and possibly enhanced side effects. Furthermore, hormone treatments influence the coagulation cascade through coagulation factors or their regulators. Increased coagulation poses a risk for venous thromboembolism. Currently a definite conclusion on whether the side effects from hormone treatments exceed the risk of untreated menopause cannot be made. However, a more individualised approach to hormone treatments may be the most feasible solution to this dilemma.

Distribution and metabolism of daidzein and its benzene sulfonates in vivo (in mice) based on MALDI-TOF MSI

Daidzein (D1) has been proved to be of great benefit to human health. More and more attention was paid to the metabolic process of D1. Most studies focused on the metabolites of D1 and analogs were determined through the excretion of animals and humans by traditional HPLC-MS, while their in situ distribution and metabolism in organs in vivo has not been reported. In our group, novel daidzein sulfonate derivatives were synthesized and confirmed to have excellent pharmaceutical properties. They exhibited good anti-inflammatory, inhibitory activities on human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and other bioactivities. Compared with traditional analytical methods, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-TOF MSI) can directly analyze the distribution of compounds in tissues and organs. In this study, we investigate the in situ distribution and metabolism of D1 and its derivatives (DD2, DD3) in the organs of mice based on MALDI-TOF MSI for the first time. Trace prototype compounds were detected in the plasma 4 h after the intravenous injection of D1, DD2, and DD3. Seven phase I metabolites and seven phase II metabolites were detected. D1 sulfates were found in the plasma and in organs except the heart. The presence of D1 and DD3 monosulfates in the brain indicated that they could penetrate the blood–brain barrier. DD2 and DD3 could be hydrolyzed into D1 and their metabolic pathways were similar to those of D1. In addition, a ligand-receptor docking of D1 and DD2 with mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK1) was performed because of their significant anti-inflammatory activities through the JNK signaling pathway. It showed that the binding energy of DD2 with JNK1 was obviously lower than that of D1 which was consistent with their anti-inflammatory activities. It provided a theoretical basis for further validation of their anti-inflammatory mechanism at the protein level. In summary, the research will provide beneficial guidance for further pharmacological, toxicological studies and the clinical-use research of these compounds.

Calycosin suppresses colorectal cancer progression by targeting ERβ, upregulating PTEN, and inhibiting PI3K/Akt signal pathway

High intake of phytoestrogen has been reported to be associated with the prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). Calycosin belongs to the phytoestrogen that has been shown to suppress CRC cells in our previous study. However, its anticancer activity and molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the effect of calycosin on the viability and apoptosis of human CRC HCT116 and SW480 cells via MTT assay, flow cytometry assay, and caspase-3/7 activity assay. The protein expressions of estrogen receptor β (ERβ), PTEN, and PI3K/Akt signal pathways were determined by Western blot analysis. And then, the alterations of biological behavior in CRC cells transfected with ERβ siRNA were analyzed. Mouse xenograft models were further performed to detect the antitumor effect in vivo. The results show that calycosin reduces CRC cell viability, induces cell apoptosis, and suppresses xenograft tumor growth. The protein expressions of ERβ and PTEN are significantly upregulated following calycosin treatment, whereas p-AKT/AKT ratio and Bcl-2 level are downregulated. Suppressing ERβ with siRNA partially attenuates the reduction in viability and apoptosis induced by calycosin. Our results indicate that calycosin shows inhibitory effects on CRC cells, which might be obtained by targeting ERβ, upregulating PTEN, and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signal pathway.

Production of Daidzein and Genistein from Seed and Root Extracts of Korean Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) by Thermostable β-Galactosidase from Thermoproteus uzoniensis

Isoflavone glycosides are commonly biotransformed into isoflavone aglycones due to the superior biological activities of the latter. Wild soybeans contain a higher isoflavone content than domesticated soybeans due to their high level of genetic diversity. In this study, we cloned and characterized a thermostable β-galactosidase from the extreme thermophile Thermoproteus uzoniensis for potential application in isoflavone conversion in Korean wild soybeans. The purified recombinant enzyme exhibited a maximum specific activity of 1103 μmol/min/mg at pH 5.0 and 90 °C with a half-life of 46 h and exists as a homodimer of 113 kDa. The enzyme exhibited the highest activity for p-nitrophenyl (pNP)-β-D-galactopyranoside among aryl glycosides and it hydrolyzed isoflavone glycosides in the order genistin > daidzin > ononin > glycitin. The enzyme completely hydrolyzed 2.77 mM daidzin and 3.85 mM genistin in the seed extract of wild soybean after 80 and 70 min with productivities of 1.86 and 3.30 mM/h, respectively, and 9.89 mM daidzin and 1.67 mM genistin in the root extract after 180 and 30 min, with the highest productivities of 3.30 and 3.36 mM/h, respectively, compared to other glycosidases. Our results will contribute to the industrial production of isoflavone aglycone using wild soybean and this is the first report on the enzymatic production of isoflavone aglycones from isoflavone glycosides in wild soybeans.

The Inverse Correlation of Isoflavone Dietary Intake and Headache in Peri- and Post-Menopausal Women

This study investigated the relationship between headache and dietary consumption of a variety of nutrients in middle-aged women. This cross-sectional analysis used first-visit records of 405 women aged 40–59 years. The frequency of headaches was assessed using the Menopausal Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire. Of the 43 major nutrient intakes surveyed using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire, those that were not shared between women with and without frequent headaches were selected. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify nutrients independently associated with frequent headaches. After adjusting for background factors related to frequent headache (vasomotor, insomnia, anxiety, and depression symptoms), the estimated dietary intake of isoflavones (daidzein + genistein) (mg/1000 kcal/day) was negatively associated with frequent headaches (adjusted odds, 0.974; 95% confidence interval, 0.950–0.999). Moreover, the estimated isoflavone intake was not significantly associated with headache frequency in the premenopausal group, whereas it significantly correlated with that in the peri- and post-menopausal groups. Headache in peri- and post-menopausal women was inversely correlated with the dietary intake of isoflavones. Diets rich in isoflavones may improve headaches in middle-aged women.

Relationship of Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women

The increased deposition of visceral fat in the postmenopause period increases the production of inflammatory cytokines and the release of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and decrease in IL-10. This study investigated the relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and metabolic syndrome (MS) in postmenopausal women considering different diagnostic criteria. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study based on STROBE. Data were collected regarding the diagnostic criteria for MS (International Diabetes Federation; NCEP (International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP-III), and Harmonized criteria), body composition, comorbidities, time without menstruation, values of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Levene tests, ROC, and odds ratio were performed to analyze the data. The results showed no significant difference between the methods and no interaction between the method and the presence of MS. However, for the values of WC, body fat percentage, TNF-α, and IL-10/TNF-α ratio, a significant effect of MS was observed. In subjects with MS, lower values of body fat percentage and TNF-α and higher values of the IL-10/TNF-α ratio were also observed. The higher IL-10/TNF-α ratio in the MS group is related to the greater anti-inflationary action of IL-10. The IL-10/TNF-α ratio showed significant accuracy to discriminate patients with MS according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria.

Gut-Bone Axis: A Non-Negligible Contributor to Periodontitis

Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease characterized by alveolar bone loss. Systemic diseases or local infections, such as diabetes, postmenopausal osteoporosis, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease, promote the development and progression of periodontitis. Accumulating evidences have revealed the pivotal effects of gut microbiota on bone health via gut-alveolar-bone axis. Gut pathogens or metabolites may translocate to distant alveolar bone via circulation and regulate bone homeostasis. In addition, gut pathogens can induce aberrant gut immune responses and subsequent homing of immunocytes to distant organs, contributing to pathological bone loss. Gut microbial translocation also enhances systemic inflammation and induces trained myelopoiesis in the bone marrow, which potentially aggravates periodontitis. Furthermore, gut microbiota possibly affects bone health via regulating the production of hormone or hormone-like substances. In this review, we discussed the links between gut microbiota and periodontitis, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanisms of gut-bone axis by which systemic diseases or local infections contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Effects of Soybean Isoflavones and Their Metabolites for Humans

Soybeans are rich in proteins and lipids and have become a staple part of the human diet. Besides their nutritional excellence, they have also been shown to contain various functional components, including isoflavones, and have consequently received increasing attention as a functional food item. Isoflavones are structurally similar to 17-β-estradiol and bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The estrogenic activity of isoflavones ranges from a hundredth to a thousandth of that of estrogen itself. Isoflavones play a role in regulating the effects of estrogen in the human body, depending on the situation. Thus, when estrogen is insufficient, isoflavones perform the functions of estrogen, and when estrogen is excessive, isoflavones block the estrogen receptors to which estrogen binds, thus acting as an estrogen antagonist. In particular, estrogen antagonistic activity is important in the breast, endometrium, and prostate, and such antagonistic activity suppresses cancer occurrence. Genistein, an isoflavone, has cancer-suppressing effects on estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers, including breast cancer. It suppresses the function of enzymes such as tyrosine protein kinase, mitogen-activated kinase, and DNA polymerase II, thus inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Genistein is the most biologically active and potent isoflavone candidate for cancer prevention. Furthermore, among the various physiological functions of isoflavones, they are best known for their antioxidant activities. S-Equol, a metabolite of genistein and daidzein, has strong antioxidative effects; however, the ability to metabolize daidzein into S-equol varies based on racial and individual differences. The antioxidant activity of isoflavones may be effective in preventing dementia by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Alzheimer's-related tau proteins. Genistein also reduces allergic responses by limiting the expression of mast cell IgE receptors, which are involved in allergic responses. In addition, they have been known to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. Further, it also has positive effects on menstrual irregularity in non-menopausal women and relieving menopausal symptoms in middle-aged women. Recently, soybean consumption has shown steep increasing trend in Western countries where the intake was previously only 1/20-1/50 of that in Asian countries. In this review, I have dealt with the latest research trends that have shown substantial interest in the biological efficacy of isoflavones in humans and plants, and their related mechanisms.

Pleiotropic Effects of Isoflavones in Inflammation and Chronic Degenerative Diseases

Isoflavones are phytoestrogens of plant origin, mostly found in the members of the Fabaceae family, that exert beneficial effects in various degenerative disorders. Having high similarity to 17-β-estradiol, isoflavones can bind estrogen receptors, scavenge reactive oxygen species, activate various cellular signal transduction pathways and modulate growth and transcription factors, activities of enzymes, cytokines, and genes regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Due to their pleiotropic activities isoflavones might be considered as a natural alternative for the treatment of estrogen decrease-related conditions during menopause. This review will focus on the effects of isoflavones on inflammation and chronic degenerative diseases including cancer, metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and adverse postmenopausal symptoms.

In Vitro and Vivo Identification, Metabolism and Action of Xenoestrogens: An Overview

Xenoestrogens (XEs) are substances that imitate endogenous estrogens to affect the physiologic functions of humans or other animals. As endocrine disruptors, they can be either synthetic or natural chemical compounds derived from diet, pesticides, cosmetics, plastics, plants, industrial byproducts, metals, and medications. By mimicking the chemical structure that is naturally occurring estrogen compounds, synthetic XEs, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenol A (BPA), and diethylstilbestrol (DES), are considered the focus of a group of exogenous chemical. On the other hand, nature phytoestrogens in soybeans can also serve as XEs to exert estrogenic activities. In contrast, some XEs are not similar to estrogens in structure and can affect the physiologic functions in ways other than ER-ERE ligand routes. Studies have confirmed that even the weakly active compounds could interfere with the hormonal balance with persistency or high concentrations of XEs, thus possibly being associated with the occurrence of the reproductive tract or neuroendocrine disorders and congenital malformations. However, XEs are most likely to exert tissue-specific and non-genomic actions when estrogen concentrations are relatively low. Current research has reported that there is not only one factor affected by XEs, but opposite directions are also found on several occasions, or even different components stem from the identical endocrine pathway; thus, it is more challenging and unpredictable of the physical health. This review provides a summary of the identification, detection, metabolism, and action of XEs. However, many details of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown and warrant further investigation.