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Suzuki R, Maruyama K, Sato S. Anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin on human gingival fibroblasts stimulated by lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00988-0. [PMID: 39162858 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogenic bacteria, the inflammatory response generated against them, and host factors. Furthermore, environmental factors can lead to disease progression. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblast (HGF), this study investigated the bioactivity of HGF after exposure to hesperidin (Hesp) and the anti-inflammatory activity of Hesp against early periodontitis. HGF were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum. They were exposed to LPS for 6 h, followed by Hesp (1, 10, 30, and 50 µM) exposure for 4 h. Cell proliferation was evaluated using reduction staining with alamerBlue™. Inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8] and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels were assessed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hesp 50 µM + LPS inhibited cell proliferation. The Hesp exposure group inhibited the expression of IL-8 and IL-6. No significant difference in TLR4 expression was observed. Hesp significantly suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 expression by inhibiting downstream signaling without inhibiting TLR4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Suzuki
- Periodontology, Graduate School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda, Japan.
| | - Kousuke Maruyama
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chou-ku, Niigata, 951-8150, Japan
| | - Soh Sato
- Periodontology, Graduate School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda, Japan
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chou-ku, Niigata, 951-8150, Japan
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Cortez N, Villegas C, Burgos V, Cabrera-Pardo JR, Ortiz L, González-Chavarría I, Nchiozem-Ngnitedem VA, Paz C. Adjuvant Properties of Caffeic Acid in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7631. [PMID: 39062873 PMCID: PMC11276737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is a polyphenol belonging to the phenylpropanoid family, commonly found in plants and vegetables. It was first identified by Hlasiwetz in 1867 as a breakdown product of caffetannic acid. CA is biosynthesized from the amino acids tyrosine or phenylalanine through specific enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Extensive research since its discovery has revealed various health benefits associated with CA, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These effects are attributed to its ability to modulate several pathways, such as inhibiting NFkB, STAT3, and ERK1/2, thereby reducing inflammatory responses, and activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway to enhance antioxidant cell defenses. The consumption of CA has been linked to a reduced risk of certain cancers, mitigation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced toxicity, and reversal of resistance to first-line chemotherapeutic agents. This suggests that CA could serve as a useful adjunct in cancer treatment. Studies have shown CA to be generally safe, with few adverse effects (such as back pain and headaches) reported. This review collates the latest information from Google Scholar, PubMed, the Phenol-Explorer database, and ClinicalTrials.gov, incorporating a total of 154 articles, to underscore the potential of CA in cancer prevention and overcoming chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cortez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Cecilia Villegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Viviana Burgos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Jaime R. Cabrera-Pardo
- Laboratorio de Química Aplicada y Sustentable (LabQAS), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile;
| | - Leandro Ortiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
| | - Iván González-Chavarría
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | | | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (N.C.); (C.V.)
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Wenjing S, Mengmeng L, Lingling S, Tian D, Wenyan K, Shaohua G. Galectin-3 inhibition alleviated LPS-induced periodontal inflammation in gingival fibroblasts and experimental periodontitis mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:725-739. [PMID: 38840496 DOI: 10.1042/cs20240036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical studies have confirmed that galectin-3 (Gal-3) levels are significantly elevated in periodontitis patients. The present study aimed to explore the effects of Gal-3 inhibition on periodontal inflammation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) with or without Gal-3 knockdown were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and a ligation-induced mouse periodontitis model treated with a Gal-3 inhibitor was established. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were used to evaluate Gal-3 levels in gingival tissues. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect Gal-3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) expression. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to detect NF-κB and ERK signaling pathway activation. Micro-computed tomography was used to analyse the degree of bone loss. RESULTS Gal-3 was significantly up-regulated in inflamed gingival tissues and LPS-induced HGFs. Gal-3 knockdown markedly decreased LPS-induced IL-6, IL-8, and CCL2 expression and blocked NF-κB and ERK signaling pathway activation in HGFs. In the mouse periodontitis model, Gal-3 inhibition significantly alleviated IL-1β and IL-6 infiltration in gingival tissue and mitigated periodontal bone loss. CONCLUSIONS Gal-3 inhibition notably alleviated periodontal inflammation partly through blocking NF-κB and ERK signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wenjing
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.639 Zhizaoju Road, 200011, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Mengmeng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shang Lingling
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ding Tian
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Wenyan
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ge Shaohua
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM, Kusumaningrum A, Sunarto H, Soeroso Y, Sulijaya B, Theodorea CF, Pratomo IP, Yudhistira, Efendi D, Apriyanti E, Said SM. Association between dysbiotic perio-pathogens and inflammatory initiators and mediators in COVID-19 patients with diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24089. [PMID: 38293542 PMCID: PMC10825424 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that a corona virus infection is linked to chronic periodontitis (COVID-19). Our objectives were to look at the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) in periodontal compartments containing periodontal infections to determine if ACE2 is directly or indirectly responsible for the inflammation in periodontal tissues getting worse. In this study, six non-COVID-19 periodontitis patients without diabetes served as controls, and 23 hospitalized periodontitis patients were admitted with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 with diabetes mellitus (Group 1/G1, n = 10), and without diabetes (Group 2/G2, n = 13). We evaluated the mRNA expression of ACE2, IL-6, IL-8, complement C3, and LL-37, as well as the relative proportion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Veillonella parvula to represent the dysbiosis condition in periodontal microenvironment using subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) samples and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Every analysis was done to ascertain how they related to one another. The area under the curve (AUC) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of inflammatory indicators. All the grouped patients had ACE2 detected, according to our findings, but only the G1 patients had a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between ACE2 expression and the inflammatory markers. The combination of IL-6 and C3 mRNAs was found to be 0.78 and 0.55 for the G1 group and the G2 group, respectively, based on the ROC and AUC values. According to our research, the relationship between complement C3 and IL-6 may be able to predict the degree of periodontal inflammation in COVID-19 patients who also have diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W. Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Boy M. Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Ardiana Kusumaningrum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Clinical Microbiology Medicine Staff Group, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Hari Sunarto
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Dental Center Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Yuniarti Soeroso
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Citra Fragrantia Theodorea
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Irandi Putra Pratomo
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
- Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Staff Group - COVID-19 Task Force, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Yudhistira
- Clinical Pathology Medicine Staff Group, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Defi Efendi
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Efa Apriyanti
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia, and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Shahida Mohd Said
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Gupta S, Mohindra R, Ramola M, Kanta P, Singla M, Malhotra M, Mehta N, Goyal A, Singh MP. Convergence of inflammatory response: Salivary cytokine dynamics in coronavirus disease 2019 and periodontal disease. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2024; 28:113-121. [PMID: 38988958 PMCID: PMC11232810 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_508_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal disease is associated with immune dysregulation, and cytokines released can add on to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated cytokine storm, further worsening the related adverse outcomes. Specific studies investigating cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients with periodontal disease are lacking. Examining the correlation between these conditions could aid in categorizing risk categories, determining referrals, and strengthening oral hygiene protocols. The current study sought to evaluate cytokine levels in the saliva of COVID-19-positive patients with and without periodontal disease. Materials and Methods Twenty-six COVID-19-positive patients were subjected to periodontal examination, saliva collection, and assessment of cytokine levels through cytokine bead-based multiplex assay, using fluorescence-encoded beads with flow cytometry (BD FACS LSRFortessa). Eleven cytokines were assessed (interleukin [IL] 2, 4, 6, 10, 17A, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 8/IL 8, CXCL 9/monokine-induced gamma interferon [MIG]), and CXCL 10 (chemokine IFN-gamma inducible protein 10 kDa). The cytokine levels of the recruited subjects were also compared graphically with the salivary cytokine levels reported in the literature for health, COVID-19, and periodontal disease alone. Results Out of 26 COVID-19-positive patients, 17 had periodontal disease. Levels of all cytokines were raised in patients with both diseases when compared to values reported in literature for health, periodontal disease alone, or COVID-19 alone. However, there was no statistical difference among the recruited subjects for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-gamma, TNF-α, CCL2, CXCL 8, and CXCL 10. MIG levels were found to be higher in periodontally healthy, COVID-19-positive subjects (P = 0.01). Conclusions Periodontal disease might contribute to the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm, potentially amplifying its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritin Mohindra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manisha Ramola
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Poonam Kanta
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohita Singla
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nishant Mehta
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashima Goyal
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Mao D, Inoue H, Notomi T, Goda S. P38α contributes to TNF-α-induced IL-8 production in human gingival cells. Biofactors 2023; 49:1223-1232. [PMID: 37448358 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a major inflammatory cytokine that induces interleukin (IL)-8 production. Although some studies have reported the involvement of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in TNF-α-induced IL-8 production, its specific regulatory mechanisms in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are still poorly understood. In the present study, Ca9-22 cells were used as representative GECs to investigate the effect of p38 signaling on TNF-α-induced IL-8 production. We found that TNF-α enhanced IL-8 production in Ca9-22 cells by activating the p38 signaling pathway, and one of its isoforms, p38α, played a key role. P38α deletion markedly inhibited TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression in Ca9-22 cells, while p38α gene rescue could reverse this effect. Further studies revealed that TNF-α-induced IL-8 production was markedly reduced when the threonine 180 and tyrosine 182 p38α phosphorylation sites were targeted for mutagenesis to alanine and phenylalanine, respectively, suggesting their critical role in the process. In conclusion, p38α plays an important role in TNF-α-induced IL-8 production, providing a potential therapeutic target to prevent and treat periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mao
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Notomi
- Institute of Dental Research, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Seiji Goda
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
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Bailey RJ, Sarkar A, Snell-Bergeon JK, Burkhardt BR, Chandrasekaran S, Johnson L, Alman AC. Periodontitis and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with and without type 1 diabetes: A cross sectional analysis. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108494. [PMID: 37209505 PMCID: PMC10601755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This cross-sectional analysis explored the relationships between periodontal disease (PD) and subclinical CVD in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes and non-diabetic controls. METHODS Data were collected from adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study or enrolled through the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes Adult Clinic. A clinical periodontal exam measured attachment loss and probing depth. Brachial artery distensibility (brachD), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed as measures of subclinical cardiovascular structure and function. RESULTS 144 participants with T1D and 148 non-diabetics were enrolled. Compared to non-diabetic controls, T1D participants had a higher probing depth (2.6 mm vs. 2.5 mm; p = 0.04), higher attachment loss (2.7 mm vs. 2.4 mm; p < 0.01), lower brachD (mean 5.8 vs. 6.4 mmHg; p < 0.01), a higher cIMT (mean 0.68 vs. 0.64 mm; p < 0.01), and a higher PWV (mean 8.3 vs. 7.8 m/s; p < 0.01). There were no significant associations between PD and CVD metrics. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal and cardiovascular health was worse in participants with T1D compared to non-diabetics. No significant associations between PD measures and CVD were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Bailey
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, United States of America.
| | - Anujit Sarkar
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville, College of Nursing, United States of America
| | - Janet K Snell-Bergeon
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Barbara Davis Center, United States of America
| | - Brant R Burkhardt
- University of South Florida, College of Arts and Sciences, Molecular Biosciences, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, United States of America
| | - Sangeetha Chandrasekaran
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Dental Medicine, United States of America
| | - Lonnie Johnson
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Dental Medicine, United States of America
| | - Amy C Alman
- University of South Florida, College of Public Health, United States of America
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Lee MJ, Ryu HH, Hwang JW, Kim JR, Cho ES, Choi JK, Moon YJ. Sirt6 Activation Ameliorates Inflammatory Bone Loss in Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10714. [PMID: 37445896 PMCID: PMC10341680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microorganisms that induce the destruction of periodontal tissue. Inflamed and damaged tissue produces various inflammatory cytokines, which activate osteoclasts and induce alveolar bone loss and, eventually, tooth loss. Sirt6 expression suppresses inflammation and bone resorption; however, its role in periodontitis remains unclear. We hypothesized that Sirt6 has a protective role in periodontitis. To understand the role of Sirt6 in periodontitis, we compared periodontitis with ligature placement around the maxillary left second molar in 8-week-old control (C57BL/6J) male mice to Sirt6-overexpressing Tg (Sirt6Tg) mice, and we observed the resulting phenotypes using micro-CT. MDL801, a Sirt6 activator, was used as a therapy for periodontitis through oral gavage. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased osteoclast numbers were observed in alveolar bone tissue under periodontitis surgery. In the same condition, interestingly, protein levels from Sirt6 were the most downregulated among sirtuins in alveolar bone tissue. Based on micro-CT and CEJ-ABC distance, Sirt6Tg was observed to resist bone loss against ligature-induced periodontitis. Furthermore, the number of osteoclasts was significantly reduced in Sirt6Tg-ligated mice compared with control-ligated mice, although systemic inflammatory cytokines did not change. Consistent with this observation, we confirmed that bone loss was significantly reduced when MDL801, a Sirt6 activator, was included in the ligation mouse model. Our findings demonstrate that Sirt6 activation prevents bone loss against ligature-induced periodontitis. Thus, a Sirt6 activator may provide a new therapeutic approach for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Hyang Hwa Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (H.H.R.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Jae Won Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (H.H.R.); (J.W.H.)
| | - Jung Ryul Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Jeonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Kyeong Choi
- Department of Immunology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (H.H.R.); (J.W.H.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
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9
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Butucel E, Balta I, Bundurus IA, Popescu CA, Iancu T, Venig A, Pet I, Stef D, McCleery D, Stef L, Corcionivoschi N. Natural Antimicrobials Promote the Anti-Oxidative Inhibition of COX-2 Mediated Inflammatory Response in Primary Oral Cells Infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051017. [PMID: 37237883 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis can colonize the tooth root canals, adhere to dentin walls, and frequently cause periodontitis in dogs. Bacterial periodontal diseases are common in domesticated pets, causing severe oral cavity inflammation and a strong immune response. This study investigates the antioxidant effect of a natural antimicrobial mixture (Auraguard-Ag) on the ability of S. aureus, S. pyogenes and E. faecalis to infect primary canine oral epithelial cells as well as its impact on their virulence factors. Our data show that a concentration of 0.25% Ag is sufficient to inhibit the growth of all three pathogens, whereas a concentration of 0.5% will become bactericidal. The sub-inhibitory concentration of 0.125% Ag reveals that the antimicrobial mixture can significantly reduce biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production. The impact on these virulence factors was further translated into a significantly reduced ability to infect primary canine oral epithelial cells and restore epithelial tight junctions, with no impact on the epithelial cell viability. The post-infection inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-8) and the COX-2 mediator were also reduced both in mRNA and protein expression levels. The oxidative burst, detected upon infection, was also decreased in the presence of Ag, as our results show a significant decrease in H2O2 released by the infected cells. We show that inhibition of either NADPH or ERK activity will result in a downregulation of COX-2 expression and lower levels of H2O2 in infected cells. Conclusively, our study shows that natural antimicrobials reduce pro-inflammatory events, post infection, through an antioxidative mechanism that involves the downregulation of the COX-2 mediator via the inactivation of ERK in the absence of H2O2. As a result, they significantly reduce the risk of secondary bacterial infections and host oxidative stress caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis accumulation in biofilms in an in vitro canine oral infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Butucel
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Igori Balta
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Adelina Bundurus
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cosmin Alin Popescu
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- Faculty of Management and Rural Tourism, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adelina Venig
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ducu Stef
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - David McCleery
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Lavinia Stef
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
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10
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Tang V, Hamidi B, Janal MN, Barber CA, Godder B, Palomo L, Kamer AR. Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA) associates with composites of salivary cytokines. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280333. [PMID: 36791096 PMCID: PMC9931150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease (PerioD) is a chronic, complex inflammatory condition resulting from the interaction between subgingival dysbiotic bacteria and the host immune response leading to local inflammation. Since periodontal inflammation is characterized by multiple cytokines effects we investigated whether Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA), a continuous measure of clinical periodontal inflammation is a predictor of composite indexes of salivary cytokines. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a cross-sectional study of 67 healthy, well-educated individuals, we evaluated PISA and several cytokines expressed in whole stimulated saliva. Two salivary cytokine indexes were constructed using weighted and unweighted approaches based on a Principal Component Analysis [named Cytokine Component Index (CCI)] or averaging the (standardized) level of all cytokines [named Composite Inflammatory Index (CII)]. In regression analysis we found that PISA scores were significantly associated with both salivary cytokine constructs, (CCI: part R = 0.51, p<0.001; CII: part R = 0.40, p = 0.001) independent of age, gender and BMI showing that single scores summarizing salivary cytokines correlated with severity of clinical periodontal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Clinical periodontal inflammation may be reflected by a single score encompassing several salivary cytokines. These results are consistent with the complexity of interactions characterizing periodontal disease. In addition, Type I error is likely to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Tang
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bubak Hamidi
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Barber
- Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Godder
- Cariology and Comprehensive Care, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Leena Palomo
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Angela R. Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Peng C, Wang G, Wang Y, Tang M, Ma X, Chang X, Guo J, Gui S. Thermosensitive acetylated carboxymethyl chitosan gel depot systems sustained release caffeic acid phenethyl ester for periodontitis treatment. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Peng
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application Hefei Anhui China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics Anhui Education Department (AUCM) Hefei Anhui China
| | - Guichun Wang
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
| | - Maomao Tang
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
| | - Xiangwei Chang
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application Hefei Anhui China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics Anhui Education Department (AUCM) Hefei Anhui China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application Hefei Anhui China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics Anhui Education Department (AUCM) Hefei Anhui China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei Anhui China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application Hefei Anhui China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics Anhui Education Department (AUCM) Hefei Anhui China
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12
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Gao J, Shui W, Ren L. Clinical Significance of Inflammatory Factors, Osteocalcin, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Drug Treatment of Severe Periodontitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:8825540. [PMID: 35855828 PMCID: PMC9288294 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8825540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whether gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) indexes in patients with severe periodontitis affect the efficacy of drug treatment was a new direction of recent research. At present, there were few studies on the effects of inflammatory indicators, BGP, and MMP-8 levels in GCF on the efficacy of drug treatment in such patients. So the purpose of this study was to observe the changes in osteocalcin (BGP), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and inflammatory indexes levels in GCF of patients with severe periodontitis. The correlation between the above indexes and the effect of drug treatment in the patients was analyzed, in order to provide guidance for improving the clinical curative effect of severe periodontitis. A retrospective analysis was conducted to collect the baseline data of patients with severe periodontitis who were treated with Minocycline Hydrochloride Ointment in our hospital. The inflammatory indicators, BGP, and MMP-8 levels in GCF were analyzed before drug treatment, and the treatment effect on the patients was counted. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between BGP, MMP-8, and inflammatory indicators levels in GCF and the drug treatment effect on the patients. After statistical analysis, we found that the response rate was 69% and the inefficiency was 31%. There were no significant differences in C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels between the inefficacy group and efficacy group (P > 0.05). Compared with the efficacy group, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), BGP, and MMP-8 were increased in the inefficacy group. High levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, BGP, and MMP-8 were associated with ineffective drug treatment in patients with severe periodontitis (all OR >1 and P < 0.05). Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, BGP, and MMP-8 predicted that the AUCs of drug treatment failure in patients with severe periodontitis were all greater than 0.7, which were 1.398, 1.458, 1.244, 1.012, and 1.012, respectively. From this, we can conclude that increased levels of BGP, MMP-8, and inflammatory indicators such as IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 in GCF would increase the risk of ineffective drug treatment in patients with severe periodontitis. The clinical treatment plan could be adjusted according to the levels of the above indicators in GCF to improve the effectiveness of drug treatment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Shui
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou Ruli Medical Beauty Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Stomatology, Hangzhou Meilai Medical Beauty Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Zhou S, Ji Y, Yao H, Guo H, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Du M. Application of Ginsenoside Rd in Periodontitis With Inhibitory Effects on Pathogenicity, Inflammation, and Bone Resorption. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:813953. [PMID: 35480231 PMCID: PMC9035930 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.813953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a worldwide oral disease induced by the interaction of subgingival bacteria and host response and is characterized by local inflammation, bone resorption, and tooth loss. Ginsenoside Rd (Rd) is a biologically active component derived from Panax ginseng and has been demonstrated to exert antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory efficiency of Rd towards Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), periodontal inflammatory response, and osteoclastogenesis in vitro and to further validate the results in a mouse periodontitis model, thus, evaluate the potential effects of Rd on the control and prevention of periodontitis. According to the results, Rd exerted excellent antibacterial activities against planktonic P. gingivalis, along with attenuating P. gingivalis virulence and inhibiting its biofilms. Meanwhile, the inflammatory cytokine production and osteoclastogenesis were remarkably inhibited by Rd both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Rd efficiently ameliorated the subgingival P. gingivalis abundance and suppressed the alveolar bone resorption in vivo as well. In conclusion, Rd has the potential to be developed as a promising medication in the control and prevention of periodontitis.
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14
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Zamani-Garmsiri F, Emamgholipour S, Rahmani Fard S, Ghasempour G, Jahangard Ahvazi R, Meshkani R. Polyphenols: Potential anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of metabolic disorders. Phytother Res 2021; 36:415-432. [PMID: 34825416 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence highlights the potential benefits of polyphenols in health status especially in obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistically, due to the key role of "Metainflammation" in the pathomechanism of metabolic disorders, recently much focus has been placed on the properties of polyphenols in obesity-related morbidities. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of polyphenols, including genistein, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and silymarin in inflammatory responses pertinent to metabolic disorders and discusses the implications of this evidence for future directions. This review provides evidence that the aforementioned polyphenols benefit health status in metabolic disorders via direct and indirect regulation of a variety of target proteins involved in inflammatory signaling pathways. However, due to limitations of the in vitro and in vivo studies and also the lack of long-term human clinical trials studies, further high-quality investigations are required to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the polyphenols for the prevention and management of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani-Garmsiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Rahmani Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of immunology and infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghasempour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Jahangard Ahvazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Tsai TH, Chang CI, Hung YL, Huang WC, Chang H, Kuo YH, Chyuan JH, Chuang LT, Tsai PJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Charantadiol A, Isolated from Wild Bitter Melon Leaf, on Heat-Inactivated Porphyromonas gingivalis-Stimulated THP-1 Monocytes and a Periodontitis Mouse Model. Molecules 2021; 26:5651. [PMID: 34577123 PMCID: PMC8466092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis has been identified as one of the major periodontal pathogens. Activity-directed fractionation and purification processes were employed to identify bioactive compounds from bitter melon leaf. Ethanolic extract of bitter melon leaf was separated into five subfractions by open column chromatography. Subfraction-5-3 significantly inhibited P. gingivalis-induced interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 productions in human monocytic THP-1 cells and then was subjected to separation and purification by using different chromatographic methods. Consequently, 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,23(E),25(26)-triene-3β,19(R)-diol (charantadiol A) was identified and isolated from the subfraction-5-3. Charantadiol A effectively reduced P. gingivalis-induced IL-6 and IL-8 productions and triggered receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 mRNA level of THP-1 cells. In a separate study, charantadiol A significantly suppressed P. gingivalis-stimulated IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA levels in gingival tissues of mice, confirming the inhibitory effect against P. gingivalis-induced periodontal inflammation. Thus, charantadiol A is a potential anti-inflammatory agent for modulating P. gingivalis-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzung-Hsun Tsai
- Department of Dentistry, Keelung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ling Hung
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Ho Chyuan
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien 973, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Jung Tsai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (W.-C.H.)
- Program of Nutrition Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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