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Wang G, Xu Z, Sun J, Liu B, Ruan Y, Gu J, Song S. O-GlcNAcylation enhances Reticulon 2 protein stability and its promotive effects on gastric cancer progression. Cell Signal 2023; 108:110718. [PMID: 37196774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that Reticulon 2 (RTN2) was upregulated and facilitated the progression of gastric cancer. Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a general feature during tumorigenesis, and regulates protein activity and stability through post-translational modification on serine/threonine. However, the relationship between RTN2 and O-GlcNAcylation have never been determined. In this study, we explored the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on RTN2 expression and its promotive role in gastric cancer. We found that RTN2 interacted with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and was modified by O-GlcNAc. O-GlcNAcylation enhanced RTN2 protein stability via attenuating its lysosomal degradation in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that RTN2-induced activation of ERK signalling was dependent on O-GlcNAcylation. Consistently, the stimulative effects of RTN2 on cellular proliferation and migration were abrogated by OGT inhibition. Tissue microarray with immumohistochemical staining also confirmed that the expression of RTN2 was positively correlated with the level of total O-GlcNAcylation as well as the phosphorylation level of ERK. Besides, combined RTN2 and O-GlcNAc staining intensity could improve predictive accuracy for gastric cancer patients' survival compared with each alone. Altogether, these findings suggest that O-GlcNAcylation on RTN2 was pivotal for its oncogenic functions in gastric cancer. Targeting RTN2 O-GlcNAcylation might provide new ideas for gastric cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojia Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianxin Gu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shushu Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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2
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Dave BP, Shah KC, Shah MB, Chorawala MR, Patel VN, Shah PA, Shah GB, Dhameliya TM. Unveiling the modulation of Nogo receptor in neuroregeneration and plasticity: Novel aspects and future horizon in a new frontier. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115461. [PMID: 36828272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis have emerged as the most dreaded diseases due to a lack of precise diagnostic tools and efficient therapies. Despite the fact that the contributing factors of NDs are still unidentified, mounting evidence indicates the possibility that genetic and cellular changes may lead to the significant production of abnormally misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins lead to damaging effects thereby causing neurodegeneration. The association between Neurite outgrowth factor (Nogo) with neurological diseases and other peripheral diseases is coming into play. Three isoforms of Nogo have been identified Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Among these, Nogo-A is mainly responsible for neurological diseases as it is localized in the CNS (Central Nervous System), whereas Nogo-B and Nogo-C are responsible for other diseases such as colitis, lung, intestinal injury, etc. Nogo-A, a membrane protein, had first been described as a CNS-specific inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Several recent studies have revealed the role of Nogo-A proteins and their receptors in modulating neurite outgrowth, branching, and precursor migration during nervous system development. It may also modulate or affect the inhibition of growth during the developmental processes of the CNS. Information about the effects of other ligands of Nogo protein on the CNS are yet to be discovered however several pieces of evidence have suggested that it may also influence the neuronal maturation of CNS and targeting Nogo-A could prove to be beneficial in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavarth P Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashvi C Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vishvas N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Palak A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar 380023, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad-382481, Gujarat, India
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3
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Fuentes LA, Marin Z, Tyson J, Baddeley D, Bewersdorf J. The nanoscale organization of reticulon 4 shapes local endoplasmic reticulum structure in situ. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525608. [PMID: 36747764 PMCID: PMC9900957 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The endoplasmic reticulum’s (ER) structure is directly linked to the many functions of the ER but its formation is not fully understood. We investigate how the ER-membrane curving protein reticulon 4 (Rtn4) localizes to and organizes in the membrane and how that affects local ER structure. We show a strong correlation between the local Rtn4 density and the local ER membrane curvature. Our data further reveal that the typical ER tubule possesses an elliptical cross-section with Rtn4 enriched at either end of the major axis. Rtn4 oligomers are linear-shaped, contain about five copies of the protein, and preferentially orient parallel to the tubule axis. Our observations support a mechanism in which oligomerization leads to an increase of the local Rtn4 concentration with each molecule increasing membrane curvature through a hairpin wedging mechanism. This quantitative analysis of Rtn4 and its effects on the ER membrane result in a new model of tubule shape as it relates to Rtn4. SUMMARY Rtn4 forms linear-shaped oligomers that contain an average of five Rtn4 proteins, localize to the sides of elliptical tubules, prefer orientations near parallel to the tubule axis, and increase local curvature of the ER membrane by increasing local Rtn4 density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A. Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zach Marin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Tyson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Baddeley
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Liao W, Luo H, Ruan Y, Mai Y, Liu C, Chen J, Yang S, Xuan A, Liu J. Identification of candidate genes associated with clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1060111. [PMID: 36605552 PMCID: PMC9808086 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1060111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, with its pathology like beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau beginning several years before the clinical onset. The aim is to identify genetic risk factors associated with the onset of AD. Methods We collected three microarray data of post-mortem brains of AD patients and the healthy from the GEO database and screened differentially expressed genes between AD and healthy control. GO/KEGG analysis was applied to identify AD-related pathways. Then we distinguished differential expressed genes between symptomatic and asymptomatic AD. Feature importance with logistic regression analysis is adopted to identify the most critical genes with symptomatic AD. Results Data was collected from three datasets, including 184 AD patients and 132 healthy controls. We found 66 genes to be differently expressed between AD and the control. The pathway enriched in the process of exocytosis, synapse, and metabolism and identified 19 candidate genes, four of which (VSNL1, RTN1, FGF12, and ENC1) are vital. Conclusion VSNL1, RTN1, FGF12, and ENC1 may be the essential genes that progress asymptomatic AD to symptomatic AD. Moreover, they may serve as genetic risk factors to identify high-risk individuals showing an earlier onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Ruan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingren Mai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongxu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Shaoqing Yang,
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Aiguo Xuan,
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jun Liu,
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Sever B, Ciftci H, DeMirci H, Sever H, Ocak F, Yulug B, Tateishi H, Tateishi T, Otsuka M, Fujita M, Başak AN. Comprehensive Research on Past and Future Therapeutic Strategies Devoted to Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052400. [PMID: 35269543 PMCID: PMC8910198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly debilitating fatal neurodegenerative disorder, causing muscle atrophy and weakness, which leads to paralysis and eventual death. ALS has a multifaceted nature affected by many pathological mechanisms, including oxidative stress (also via protein aggregation), mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, skeletal muscle deterioration and viruses. This complexity is a major obstacle in defeating ALS. At present, riluzole and edaravone are the only drugs that have passed clinical trials for the treatment of ALS, notwithstanding that they showed modest benefits in a limited population of ALS. A dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate combination was also approved to treat pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in the course of ALS. Globally, there is a struggle to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of this neurodegenerative disease, including implementation of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), CRISPR-9/Cas technique, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) or ALS-on-a-chip technology. Additionally, researchers have synthesized and screened new compounds to be effective in ALS beyond the drug repurposing strategy. Despite all these efforts, ALS treatment is largely limited to palliative care, and there is a strong need for new therapeutics to be developed. This review focuses on and discusses which therapeutic strategies have been followed so far and what can be done in the future for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Sever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir 26470, Turkey;
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Halilibrahim Ciftci
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Hasan DeMirci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Hilal Sever
- Ministry of Health, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Istanbul 34098, Turkey;
| | - Firdevs Ocak
- Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey;
| | - Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya 07425, Turkey;
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
| | - Takahisa Tateishi
- Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan;
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.C.); (H.T.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (A.N.B.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.); +90-850-250-8250 (A.N.B.)
| | - Ayşe Nazlı Başak
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (KUTTAM-NDAL), Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (A.N.B.); Tel.: +81-96-371-4622 (M.F.); +90-850-250-8250 (A.N.B.)
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6
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Li X, Xu Y, Li H, Jia L, Wang J, Liang S, Cai A, Tan X, Wang L, Wang X, Huang Y, Tao E, Ye H, Asakawa T. Verification of pain-related neuromodulation mechanisms of icariin in knee osteoarthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112259. [PMID: 34607107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common disease with no specific treatment. Icariin (ICA) is considered an agent for KOA. This study aimed to confirm the pain-related neuromodulation mechanisms of ICA on KOA. Three experiments were designed: (1) verifying the therapeutic effects of ICA in vivo and in vitro, (2) exploring the potential pain-related neuromodulation pathways involved in ICA treatment by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and virus retrograde tracing (VRT) and (3) confirming the pain-related targets by tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics and bioinformatic analyses. Experiment 1 verified the efficacy of ICA in OA animal and cell models. Experiment 2 found a series of brain regions associated with KOA reversed by ICA treatment, indicating that a pain-related hypothalamic-mediated neuromodulation pathway and an endocannabinoid (EC)-related pathway contribute to ICA mechanisms. Experiment 3 explored and confirmed four pain-related genes involved in KOA and ICA treatment. We confirmed the key role of pain-related neuromodulation mechanisms in ICA treatment associated with its analgesic effect. Our findings contribute to considering ICA as a novel therapy for KOA.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/innervation
- Joints/metabolism
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/diagnostic imaging
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/drug therapy
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/physiopathology
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Proteomics
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihai Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yunteng Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Hui Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Liangliang Jia
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan 430071, China; Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shengxiang Liang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Rehabilitation Industry Institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Aoling Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan 430071, China; Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xue Tan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yanfeng Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Enxiang Tao
- Department of Neurology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Hongzhi Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fuzhou 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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7
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ER Morphology in the Pathogenesis of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112870. [PMID: 34831093 PMCID: PMC8616106 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the most abundant and widespread organelle in cells. Its peculiar membrane architecture, formed by an intricate network of tubules and cisternae, is critical to its multifaceted function. Regulation of ER morphology is coordinated by a few ER-specific membrane proteins and is thought to be particularly important in neurons, where organized ER membranes are found even in the most distant neurite terminals. Mutation of ER-shaping proteins has been implicated in the neurodegenerative disease hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). In this review we discuss the involvement of these proteins in the pathogenesis of HSP, focusing on the experimental evidence linking their molecular function to disease onset. Although the precise biochemical activity of some ER-related HSP proteins has been elucidated, the pathological mechanism underlying ER-linked HSP is still undetermined and needs to be further investigated.
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